Case Study: SPS Issues and Regional Trade in ... - OIE Africa

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Swaziland 19 21 CattleZambia 112 129 Cattle + PoultryTanzania 341 346 Cattle, Sheep + PoultryZimbabwe 139 210 Cattle + PoultryTable 3: Southern African Development Community (SADC) livestock production per product (millions of tonnes)Product 2006 2007 2008 2009Beef 1.25 1.28 1.33 1.39Mutton 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.16Goat meat 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.16Pork 1.32 1.35 1.40 1.41Poultry 1.83 1.88 1.95 2.04Milk 4.44 4.55 4.65 4.75Eggs 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.61Wool* 2,400 2,460 2,525 2,600Mohair* 400 410 420 430Game meat** 700 720 750 750Meat consumption includes beef, mutton, goat meat, pork and poultry.* Production from the Kingdom of Lesotho (tonnes)** Deer meat production from Mauritius (tonnes)Source: Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) and FANR, 2009While gains in the volume of meat trade have exceeded most other agricultural products,the total value of global livestock and meat trade since 1990 has grown slowly comparedto overall agriculture trade volumes. The largest exporters in the world are Australia,Brazil, China, India and New Zealand. Africa accounts for only about 2% of global trade(Table 4). 10Table 4: World and sub-Saharan Africa (s-SA) trade in livestock (selected years)1980 2006Global trade Million tonnes Million tonnesTotal 9.6 32.1Pigs 2.6 10.4Poultry 1.5 11.1Bovine 4.3 9.2Total trade-US millions 1997 2006World 73 972.5 117 599.4s-SA 1 329.4 2 299.0Intra-SADC trade in livestock remains low. The main regional meat exporters are Namibia,Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The largest livestock producers such as SouthAfrica are not necessarily the largest exporters and, in fact, South Africa is a net importerof livestock products. Although Zambia, Angola and Tanzania produce a significantamount of livestock and livestock products they are not significant exporters. Regionalexports are mainly bovine meat, accounting for about 80% of total exports, followed bysheep and goats with poultry being negligible. Regional trade is discussed in more detailbelow in terms of the selected country studies but a general point is that exporters in theregion primarily target the larger part of their exports at Europe or, regionally, to SouthAfrica. Botswana exports 80% of its beef to Europe, its largest market; the balance isexported to other international and regional markets with South Africa getting the biggestshare. Namibia exports about 36% of its livestock to South Africa, with the EU howeverbeing its largest market. 11 Trade with the EU has reduced the potential of intra-SADCtrade as exporters like Namibia and Botswana seek first to fulfill their EU quotas beforetrading in the region. 12 However, trade with the EU has contributed to improvements inanimal disease management, and animal production. Differences between trade andproduction patterns can be attributed mainly to animal disease management systems inthe region. Therefore, countries like Tanzania with a potential in livestock trade fail to10
penetrate South Africa market due to poor management of animal production and animaldiseases. Swaziland irrespective of a relatively large cattle population continues to be anet importer of beef and beef products.Table 5 compares intra-SADC Trade with SADC imports from the rest of the world. WhilstSADC imports less than 15,000,000 US$ of frozen beef from other SADC membercountries, it exports about 80,000,000 US$ to the rest of the world, and still imports over160,000,000 US$. Whilst this seems somewhat irrational, it must be noted that regionaltrade, to South Africa and the rest of SADC, are not as high priced (and thus presumablyof lower quality) as exports to Europe and elsewhere.ProductTable 5: Intra Southern African Development Community (SADC) Livestock Trade. (US$ „000)Southern AfricanSouthern African Southern AfricanDevelopment Community Development Community Development(SADC)'s imports from (SADC)'s exports to Community (SADC)'sSouthern Africanworldimports from worldDevelopment Community(SADC)2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008Meat & edible offal of poultry meat 28317 46184 7739 14801 358119 524549Meat of swine, fresh, chilled or frozen 8919 10739 7613 6558 83182 116137Meat of bovine animals, frozen 13436 7309 82896 71289 168715 196908Meat of bovine animals, fresh or chilled 2558 4818 88299 95451 8537 13068Edible offal of red meat 1432 3116 4856 6557 42110 71596Meat and edible meat offal nes 649 2991 42799 63529 3397 6970Meat & edible meat offal 679 676 2940 4669 15555 37190Meat of sheep or goats - fresh, chilled or frozen 2049 497 41679 45683 50903 60708Pigs and poultry fat 381 367 9 86 855 1281Meat of equines (fresh, chilled or frozen) 3 7 1014 3 1214(Source ITC Trademap* some of the data may be aggregated)3. SELECTED COUNTRY ANALYSISThe following country analysis is of the meat exporting countries in SADC and illustratessome of the issues that have to be met in the export of animals and animal products3.1 Swaziland3.1.1 IntroductionSwaziland is one of the smaller countries in s-SA with an area of some 17,000 squarekilometers, and a population of just under one million. Despite being classified as a lowermiddle-income country by the World Bank, a high level of poverty and of inequality exists.As a small, landlocked country bordering South Africa and Mozambique it is highlydependent on its neighbors South Africa and Mozambique for access to world markets.The main agricultural and land based crops in the formal sector are sugar, which benefitsfrom preferential access to the EU and US markets, maize, meat, dairy products,pineapples, citrus and timber. The industrial sector, produces goods based on agriculturaland tree crops including sugar, milled maize, animal feeds based on maize and othergrains, milk, other dairy products, canned fruit, beer, pulp and paper, and plasticpackaging. 13 Although animal rearing is a common activity in Swaziland the value ofanimal exports is tiny, accounting for only 1.5% of all SPS sensitive exports (Table 6).Table 6: Live animal and meat exports from Swaziland (average 2002 to 2007)11
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