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Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS)11Sammon‘s objective function ijHnijf( ij) d(xi,xis dissimilarity measure between sequences i and jd is Euclidean distance between projections x i and x jDenominator: larger contribution from smallerdissimilaritiesf is monotone transformation of dissimilarity measurechosen “artistically”f( ij)j)2Visualizing PSUECMLS 2012