Hybrid Wood and Steel Details– Builder's Guide

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Hybrid Wood and Steel Details–Builder’s Guide3 MaterialsTable 3.8–Lumber GradesLumber GradeDescriptionCommon LumberNo. 1 (Construction)Moderate-sized tight knots. Paints well. Used for siding, cornice, shelving, paneling,and some furniture.No. 2 (Standard) Knots larger and more numerous. Paints fair. Similar uses as No. 1.No. 3 (Utility)Splits and knotholes present. Does not take paint well. Used for crates, sheathing,subflooring, and small furniture parts.No. 4 (Economy)Numerous splits and knotholes. Large waste areas. Does not take paint well. Used forsheathing, subflooring, and concrete formwork.No. 5 (Economy) Larger waste areas and coarser defects. Unpaintable. Applications are similar to No. 5.Select Appearance Lumber GradesA SelectB SelectC SelectD SelectNo knots, splits, or other visible defects. Used for fine furniture, exposed cabinetry, trim,and flooring.A few small defects but nearly perfect. Used for fine furniture, exposed cabinetry, trim,and flooring.Small tight knots. May be nearly perfect on one side. Used for most furniture, shelving,some trim, and flooring.More numerous “pin” knots and other small blemishes. May be used for some furniture,shelving, some trim, and flooring.Dimension Lumber Grades2"x4" and Wider 2"x4" Posts, Timber, Beams, and So ForthSelect Structural Standard and Better Select Structural(STD&BTR)No. 1 Utility and Better No. 1 Structural (Douglas Fir)(UTIL&BTR)No. 2 STUD (10-foot maximum) No. 1 SR (Southern Pine)No. 3No. 2 SR (Southern Pine)No. 2&BTRNo. 3&BTRFor SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.16
Hybrid Wood and Steel Details–Builder’s Guide3 Materials3.2.4 Engineered Wood ProductsEngineered wood products are steadily increasing inpopularity and are manufactured from wood fiber and glue(see Figure 3.7). They are considered a “value-added”product because they improve the efficient use of woodresources and address problems associated with thevariability of lumber. They tend to be more stable (resisttwisting or cupping) and can be produced in sizes muchlonger and wider than solid wood. Unlike dimensionallumber, which is a commodity, many engineered woodproducts are proprietary.Wood Structural Panels (WSPs)Wood structural panels dominate the wood frameconstruction market when it comes to sheathing for floors,walls, and roofs. However, competition with other wallsheathing products (i.e., hardboard and foam insulation) isstrong. Wood structural panels include plywood andoriented strand board (OSB), which typically come in 4-footby 8-foot (1.2 x 2.4 m) panels with thicknesses typicallyranging from 3 /8 inch to 3 /4 inch (9.5 to 19 mm) for structuralframing applications. Like dimension lumber, these productsare usually manufactured and labeled according to voluntarystandards administered by the U.S. Department ofCommerce (i.e., USDOC PS-1 [17] and PS-2 standards[18]).Wood I-JoistsWood I-joists are engineered wood products with eitherflanges of solid wood or one of the manufactured engineeredwood products (such as LVL) on the top and bottom of, andglued to, a vertical web of either plywood or OSB. Wood I-joists are typically used for floor joists and rafters and areavailable in long lengths for long spans. This productduplicates the flexural efficiency of the steel I-beam.The wood I-joist is a lightweight, dimensionally stable, longspansecondary framing component that is predictable inperformance, manufactured to close tolerances, easilytransported to a site, and easily trimmed and installed by acarpentry crew. As a result, wood I-joists are now used onmore than one-third of the floor area in new residentialconstruction.Finger-Jointed LumberFinger-jointed lumber is dimensional lumber made up ofshort pieces where the ends are machined in a finger profileand glued together. Finger-jointed lumber has been inproduction for more than 20 years and is widely acceptedthroughout North America. The finger-jointing process addsenvironmental benefits to the lumber manufacturing processby salvaging short lengths from low-quality lumber to makelong lengths of higher-grade lumber. Machining of the fingersand mixing and curing of the adhesive are required to meetstrict tolerances. Finger-jointed lumber may be usedinterchangeably with regular lumber such as joists, studs, orrafters.Laminated-Veneer Lumber (LVL)Laminated-veneer lumber (LVL) is an engineered woodproduct produced by layering dried and graded woodveneers with waterproof adhesive into blocks of materialknown as billets. Cured in a heated press, LVL is typicallyavailable in various thicknesses and widths and is easilyworked in the field with conventional construction tools. LVLis also known as structural composite lumber (SCL). LVL isa solid, highly predictable, and uniform engineered woodproduct that is sawn to consistent sizes and is virtually freefrom warping and splitting. LVL is used primarily asstructural framing for residential and commercialconstruction. It is typically designed for use as floor and roofbeams, headers, valley rafters, scaffold planking, and theflange material for prefabricated wood I-joists. It is wellsuited to applications where open web steel joists and lightsteel beams might otherwise be considered.LVL Flange TimberStrand Flange Solid-Sawn FlangeFigure 3.7–Engineered Wood Products17
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