Dry root Rot Caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola - International ...

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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701carbendazim Thiobedazole (all 0.2%) andtridemorph (0.07%) effectively controlled growthon Sclerotial germination of R. bataticola invitro. Carbendazine and thiobendozale were mosteffective and inhibited growth at the concentrationof 0.006%. In successive cultures, the fungusshould increase tolerance to Mancozeb and PCNBand to a lesser extent to thiram, Campton, carboxinand iprodione. There was no reduction insensitivity towards carbendazim or thiobendazale.Vijay-Mohan et al. (2006) reported in fungicidaltrails on management of dry root rot of chickpeacaused by R. bataticola carbendozin (0.2%) andEtaconazole (0.1%) used as seed treatment, soildrenching and seed treatment plus soil drenchingrecorded lowest disease incidence of 15.6 and 18.2per cent highest grain yield of 192 and 18.9 q/harespectively, during rabi 2001-2002 and 2002-2003crop seasons. The above treatment recorded 57.2and52.4% higher yield over control with per rupeereturn of 12.78 and 11.80 respectively.Singh et al. (2007) this chapter focuses on theeconomically important disease of chickpea, i.e. –Ascochyta blight (caused by Ascochyta rabiei )botrytis Grey mould (caused by Botrytis cinerea),Fusarium wilt (caused by fusarium oxysporum f. sp.ciceris), dry root rot caused by Rhizoctoniabataticola ), Sclerofinia stem rot (caused bySclerotiorum) foot rot (caused by Operculellapodwickii), rust (caused by Vromyces cicerisarietini),parasite weed (Orabanche and Cuscutaspp.) and other diseases information is provided ontheir distribution, economic importance’ssymptoms, epidemiology, pathogen variability,host plant resistance and management (usingfungicidal control).Singh and Mehrotra (1980) investigated biologicalcontrol of R. bataticola on chickpea and reported4 bacteria and 6 actinomycetes proved antagonisticin culture with the exception of streptomycesisolates, all these reduced disease symptoms andincreased plant growth and dry matter when testedfurther by coating chickpea seed sown in field soilinoculated with the pathogen.Parakhia and Vaishnow (1986) reported that whenchickpea seed were treated with T. harziamumbefore sowing in pot inoculated with R. bataticolainfection reached 18% when the antagonist wasapplied as a soil drench disease levels were 28%and incorporation of wheat husk bran cultures gavelevels of 14% compared with 70% in the untreatedcontrols.Kumar and Khare (1990) investigated theantagonistic relationship of soybean with R.bataticola and Sclerotium rolfsi. It was inferredthat the population increased and decreased due tothe antagonistic activity of T. harziamum andBacillus subtilis.Haram et al. (1996) evaluated that trichodermaharzianum is an efficient biological agent that iscommercially produced to prevent development ofseveral soil seed pathogenic fungi like Rhizoctoniabataticola, Fusarium Solani, F. oxysporum.Different mechanisms have been suggested asbeing responsible for their biocontrol activity,which include competition for space and nutrients,secretion of chitinolytic enzymes mycroparasitismand production of inhibitory compounds.Chandra Shekhar et al. (1997) reported that Aprocedure that consumes less screening time wasdeveloped for screening Rhizophore-competenetbacteria for suppression of the chickpea of thepathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysparum f. sp. ciceri,Rhizoctonia bactalicola and phytium sp. of the 478bacteria by random selection of the predominant.Xue and Allen, (2002) observed a biological agentand method of use therefore controlling diseasescaused by fungal pathogens in plants.Singh et al. (2003) the efficacy of Trichodermaharzianum. T. Viride, T. hematum, glicladimvire,Psedomona fleurescens and Bacillus subtilis incontrolling Rhizoctonia bataticola casing dry rootrot in chickpea was determined in vitro and in fieldexperiment conducted in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh,India 2001-02. T. harzianum recorded the highestcontrol of the pathogen both in vitro and vivo.Gurha, -S.N.; et al. (2007) reported that thischapter the ecofriendly management of dry root rot(Rhizoctonia bataticola ) and wilt (Fusariumoxysporum) infecting chickpea. The tropicdiscussed include disease resistance in plant;cultural control; intercropping and rotation;biological control; chemical control. Screening ofchickpea germplasm lines against dry root rotdisease in pot.Krishnamohan et al. (1981) tested 20 chickpeaforms screened under field conditions andartificially in the green house, using a 1-6 score (1-highly resistant), BG205 and BG206, althoughmoderately susceptible in the green house, were,highly resistant under field conditions against. R.bataticola .Singh et al. (1982) reported that 3 chickpeacultivars did not to be related to their resistance toR. bataticola carbohydrate content was higher inthe susceptible cultivar than in the 2 resistant ones.Singh and Mehrotra (1982) reported resistant to R.bataticola was shown by the cultivars BG-203,G-543 and Hare Chhole when grown in infestedsoil.Reddy et al. (1990) tested resistant to wilt anddifferent root rots of chickpea and found that themortality of variety J.G.-62 (100%), Avrodhi andICCC-48 was (20%).Baker and Ahmed (1991) tested the resistance of90 genotypes of chickpea in field infested withwilt, dry root rot pathogens and found that ICC12263 was most resistant.Jayant –Bhatt and Bhatt (1993) pre-germinatedseed of 21 chickpea varieties were sown inVol. 3 (4) Oct – Dec 2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 1540
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701contaminated soil. R. bataticola caused seed rotwithin 24h in NEC874 and EG234, Bold 2375,BG209, JG62, JG315, ICC 3357 and JG1133developed necrotic lesion 3 to 5 cells deep on thehypocotyls region within 7 days, RSG-44,AGC677, NEC41, GL269, JG74, ICC8983 andICC 5003, developed only superficial necrosisalong the hypocotyle region. BGM416, BG416,ICC1376 and ICC113314 were resistant. Resistantcultivars had a greater number of lateral rootsduring early growth phases.Mishra et al. (2005) have tested 470 germplasmlines are found KG-86 KWR-4, KWR-108 andKWR-277 as a resistant genotype.Chaturvedi and Dua (2009) have reported 25resistant cultivars including KPG-59, Radhey andK-50 against dry root rot.Aghakhani et al. (2009) twenty – three isolates ofR. bataticola causing dry root rot of chickpea(Cicer arietinum collected from 10 different majorchickpea growing states of India were highlyvariable in their morphological and culturalcharacters as well as pathogenicity /virulence. Thevirulence analysis of the isolates on a set ofchickpea cultivars namely ICC12441, ICC1224,ICC12450, Pusa 362, BGD112, Pusa1103,Pusa212, Pusa1088 and under blotter paper as wellas sick soil grouped them into 6 pathotypes . Thepathotype groups were related to agro ecologicalregion of he country. The most virulent isolate(RBI from Bangalore, Karnataka) was fast growingand produced largest Sclerotia. A set of cultivarswas proposed for the first time for differentiatingthe pathotypes of R. bataticola causing dry rootrot of chickpea.Ved Ratan et al. (2010) reported that the variationin date of sowing was tested as an effective andeconomic strategy against dry root rot caused by(R. bataticola) and wilt (Fusarium oxysoporumf.sp. ciceris) disease of chickpea.MATERIAL AND METHODSSURVEY TO KNOW THE PREVALENCE OFTHE DISEASE IN JAMMU AND KASHMIRThe survey for the occurrence and severity ofchickpea dry root rot was made during crop season2010-11. Observation were recorded mostly fromfarmers field under natural conditions. Data wererecorded on different varieties at different placesand dates. Five to six place of each village wereselected at random. Five hundred plants were takenrandomly from the field and the number of diseaseand healthy plants were then sorted out. Thepercentage of plant showing disease was workedout.The percentage infection of each field in a villagewas used for calculating the village average andpercentage average of each village was used incalculating district average. Sample of naturallyinfested chickpea plants showing characteristicsdisease symptoms were collected from each placesurveyed, and brought to the laboratory. Thesample were critically examined for the presence ofcausal organism.COLLECTION OF DISEASE MATERIALNaturally infected chickpea plants, showingcharacteristic symptoms of dry root rot werecollected from different villages which weresurveyed. Such affected plants were brought to thelaboratory. These plant were washed and criticallyexamined for the presence of causal organism.Diseased material was used for isolating thepathogen. Suitable wet and dry specimens werealso prepared for future use.PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THEPATHOGENEffect of temperature on the growth andsporulation of the pathogen: To study the effect oftemperatures on the growth and sporulation of thepathogen, it was grown at eight differenttemperature viz., 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and45 0 C. In this study potato dextrose agar was usedas basal medium and the method of sterilization,incubation, filtration and determination of the drymycelial weight, were followed as describedearlier. The dry mycelial weight were determinedafter 15 days of incubation. Three replicationswere kept for each treatment.Effect of H-ion concentration on the growth andsporulation of the pathogen: In order to study theeffect of H-ion concentration on the growth andsporulation of the pathogen twelve different level,viz. 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0and 9.0 before autoclaving by Backman pH meterusing N/10 sodium hydroxide and N/10hydrochloric acid. The method of sterilization ofthe medium, filtration and determination of drymycelial weight of the fungus were the same asdescribed earlier. The average dry weight of themycelium and extent of sporulation were recordedafter 15 days in incubation at 301 0 C.Laboratory bioassay of fungicides: The followingeight fungicides were evaluated against thepathogen under laboratory conditions to screen outthe best fungicides depending upon their inhibitoryeffect on the growth of the fungus (Rhizoctoniabataticola ).S.No. Fungicides Dose %1. Indofil M-45 0.22. Bavistin 0.23. Companion 0.24. Copper oxycloride 0.25. Benlate 0.26. Indofil Z-78 0.27. Ridomil 0.28. Sulphur 0.29. Control 0.2Vol. 3 (4) Oct – Dec 2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 1541
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