Field Manual for the Investigation of Coral Disease Outbreaks

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4.10.2 MicrobiologyMicrobiology is one of the fundamental disciplines used in clinical diagnostics when aninfectious agent has not been excluded. Coral disease research focuses heavily onmicrobiology ideally combining culture-dependent methods, with DNA-basedtechnologies. While culture dependent methods are useful in identifying specificdominant cultivable microorganisms, culture-independent methods allow examination ofthe diversity of microbial communities associated with corals and coral mucus and shiftsin these communities between hosts, species, seasons, geographic location and whenexposed to different stressors. This facilitates investigations in microbial ecology,functional studies of microbial communities and differential analyses of thesecommunities between various health conditions of corals.Figure 4.10.2.1 Culture dependent microbiology. Shown are samplesplated on selective media (TCBS) and general media (glycerolseawater agar)Figure 4.10.2.2 Culture independent microbiology.Example shown is microbial community profile usingdenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.4.10.3 MolecularMolecular analyses address the formation, structure, and function of macromoleculesessential to life, such as nucleic acids and proteins. Biochemical and cellular endpointsare often used in clinical diagnostic assays. Several of these have been adapted to coraland referred to as cellular diagnostics (Downs 2005a). The concept of cellulardiagnostics is based on using a systematic approach to defining biomarkers of exposure,effect, and susceptibility and integrating levels of these cellular parameters into a profilethat is diagnostic for certain cellular functions and disease states, and provide indicatorsof overall performance. The selection of cellular parameters is based on knownfunctionality within a cell and knowledge or inference of how alterations in single or setsof cellular parameters affect cellular physiological processes. Many of these processesare involved in key metabolic pathways or cellular structural components that are54
essential for cellular function and homeostasis. The behavior of these processes definesthe cell’s physiological condition. Thus the identification and quantification of patternchanges in the cellular endpoints provides a basis for defining health status (i.e.,diagnosis) and providing a prognosis.Molecular biology and coral functional genomics projects focus on nucleic acid, RNAand DNA. These studies are also vital to improving our understanding of the functionand control of coral genes. One of the most urgent applications is to begin identifyingmore coral genes, understanding their expression patterns and control mechanisms. Thiswill assist in improving our understanding of coral cellular physiology and form astronger basis for pathology and the development of new diagnostic assays for studyingand diagnosing coral disease.Figure 4.10.3 ELISA assay for measuring cellular diagnostic parameters. (Photocourtesy of CA Downs)55
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DisclaimerThe contents of this docu
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PREFACECoral reefs throughout their
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe would like to ack
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CHAPTER 4 CASE HISTORY, SAMPLE COLL
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diseases, however, remain elusive a
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Page 50 and 51: 4.4.5 Field Microscopy4.4.5.1 Intro
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Page 68 and 69: 5.4 Precautions in the FieldCoral H
Page 70 and 71: Glossary of TermsBleaching: Loss or
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Page 76 and 77: 66Appendices
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Page 80 and 81: Level II Data: Coral Disease Event
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Field Manual for the Investigation of Coral Disease Outbreaks

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