Presentation slides for this white paper - 4G Americas

Transition to 4G3GPP Broadband Evolution to IMT-Advanced (4G)Peter Rysavy, Rysavy Research2010This presentation is based upon the white paper written by Peter Rysavy, RysavyResearch, which is available for free download at www.3gamericas.orgAll figures Rysavy Research or 3G Americas member contributions unless otherwise noted.

Key Conclusions (1)• The wireless technology roadmap now extends to IMT-Advanced with LTE-Advanced being one of the first technologies defined to meet IMT-Advancedrequirements. LTE-Advanced d will be capable of peak throughput h t rates that texceed 1 gigabit per second (Gbps).• Future networks will be networks of networks, consisting of multiple-accesstechnologies, multiple bands, widely-varying coverage areas, all selforganizedand self-optimized.• GSM-HSPA has an overwhelming global position in terms of subscribers,deployment, and services. Its success will continue to marginalize otherwide-area wireless technologies.• In current deployments, HSPA users regularly experience throughput rateswell in excess of 1 megabit per second (Mbps) under favorable conditions,on both downlinks and uplinks, with 4 Mbps downlink speed commonlybeing measured. Planned enhancements such as dual-carrier operation willdouble peak user-achievable throughput rates.Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper2

Key Conclusions (2)• HSPA+ provides a strategic performance roadmap advantage for incumbentGSM-HSPA operators. Features such as multi-carrier operation, MultipleInput Multiple l Output t (MIMO), and higher-order h modulation offer operatorsmultiple options for upgrading their networks, with many of these features(e.g.,multi-carrier, higher-order modulation) being available as networksoftware upgrades. With all planned features es implemented, e ed, HSPA+ peakrates will eventually reach 168 Mbps.• HSPA+ with 2x2 MIMO, successive interference cancellation, and 64Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is more spectrally efficient thancompeting technologies including Worldwide Interoperability for MicrowaveAccess (WiMAX) Release 1.0.• The 3GPP OFDMA approach used in LTE matches or exceeds thecapabilities of any other OFDMA system. Peak theoretical downlink ratesare 326 Mbps in a 20 MHz channel bandwidth. LTE assumes a full InternetProtocol (IP) network architecture, and it is designed to support voice in thepacket domain.Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper3

Key Conclusions (3)• LTE has become the technology platform of choice as GSM-UMTS andCode Division Multiple Access (CDMA)/One Carrier Evolved, DataOptimized (EV-DO) operators are making strategic, long-term decisions ontheir next-generation platforms.• GSM-HSPA will comprise the overwhelming majority of subscribers over thenext five to ten years, even as new wireless technologies are adopted. Thedeployment of LTE and its coexistence with UMTS/HSPA will be analogousto the deployment of UMTS/HSPA and its coexistence with GSM.• 3GPP has made significant progress on how to enhance LTE to meet therequirements of IMT-Advanced in a project called LTE-Advanced. LTE-Advanced is expected to be the first true 4G system available.Specifications are scheduled to be completed in March of 2011, with earliestavailability for deployment in 2012.• HSPA-LTE has significant economic advantages over other wirelesstechnologies.• WiMAX has developed an ecosystem supported by many companies, but itwill still only represent a very small percentage of wireless subscribers overthe next five years.Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper4

Key Conclusions (4)• EDGE technology has proven extremely successful and is widely deployedon GSM networks globally. Advanced capabilities with Evolved EDGE candouble and eventually quadruple current EDGE throughput rates, halvelatency and increase spectral efficiency.• EPC will provide a new core network that supports both LTE andinteroperability with legacy GSM-UMTS radio-access networks and non-3GPP-based radio access networks. Policy-based charging and controlprovides flexible quality-of-service management, enabling new types ofapplications, as well as billing arrangements.• Innovations such as EPC and UMTS one-tunnel architecture t will “flatten”the network, simplifying deployment and reducing latency.Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper5

1G to 4GGeneration Requirements Comments1GNo official requirements.Analog technology.Deployed in the 1980s.2G3G4GNo official requirements.Digital Technology.First digital systems.Deployed in the 1990s.New services such as SMS andlow-rate data.Primary technologies include IS-95 CDMA and GSM.Primary technologies includeITU’s IMT-2000 required 144CDMA2000 1X/EV-DO and UMTSkbpsmobile, 384 kbpsHSPA.pedestrian, 2 Mbps indoors WiMAX now an official 3Gtechnology.ITU’s IMT-Advancedd No technology meetsrequirements include ability to requirements today.operate in up to 40 MHz radio IEEE 802.16m and LTE-Advancedchannels and with very high being designed to meetspectral efficiency.requirements.Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper6

Relative Adoption of TechnologiesRelativ ve Subscr riptionsGSM/EDGEUMTS/HSPALTE1990 2000 2010 20202030Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper7

Wireline and Wireless Advances100Mbps10 MbpsADSL2+ 25 MbpsFTTH 100 MbpsLTE 10 Mbps1 Mbps100 kbps10 kbpsADSL 3 to 5 MbpsHSPA+ 5 MbpsADSL 1 MbpsHSDPA 1 MbpsISDNUMTS 350 kbps128 kbpsEDGE 100 kbpsGPRS 40 kbps2000 200520108Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper

CAPEX+OPEX For 1 GByte of DataMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper9

UMTS-HSPA Voice and Data TrafficRelative Network LoadWCDMA/HSPASpeech + DataWCDMASpeechQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q42007 2008 2009Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper

Global Mobile Data Growth40003500Monthetabytes PerP3000250020001500100050002008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015YearSource: Cisco, “Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global l Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update,” February 10, 2010.Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper11

Deployments as of 2Q 2010• Over 4.4 4 billion GSM-UMTS subscribers• Most GSM networks now support EDGE• More than 478 commercial EDGE networks• 500 million UMTS customers worldwide across 347commercial networks• 324 operators in 137 countries offering HSDPA servicesMigration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper12

Characteristics of 3GPP Technologies (1)TechnologyNameTypeCharacteristicsTypicalDownlinkSpeedTypicalUplink SpeedGSMTDMAMost widely deployedcellular technology in theworld. Provides voice anddata service viaGPRS/EDGE.EDGETDMAData service for GSMnetworks. Anenhancement to originalGSM data service calledGPRS.70 kbpsto 135 kbps70 kbpsto 135 kbpsEvolvedEDGETDMAAdvanced version of EDGEthat t can double andeventually quadruplethroughput rates, halvelatency and increasespectral efficiency.175 kbps to350 kbpsexpected(SingleCarrier)350 kbps to700 kbpsexpected(Dual Carrier)150 kbps to300 kbpsexpected13Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper

Characteristics of 3GPP Technologies (2)TechnologyNameTypeCharacteristicsTypical DownlinkSpeedTypical UplinkSpeedUMTSCDMA3G technology providing voiceand data capabilities. Currentdeployments implement HSPAfor data service.200 to 300 kbps 200 to 300 kbpsHSPACDMAData service for UMTS networks.An enhancement to originalUMTS data service.1 Mbps to4 Mbps500 kbpsto 2 MbpsHSPA+CDMAEvolution of HSPA in variousstages to increase throughputand capacity and to lowerlatency.1.9 to Mbps to8.8 Mbps1 Mbps to4 MbpsLTEOFDMANew radio interface that can usewide radio channels and deliverextremely high throughputrates. All communicationshandled in IP domain.5.9 to 21.5 Mbpsin 2 X 10 MHzLTE AdvancedOFDMAAdvanced version of LTEdesigned to meet IMT-Advancedrequirements.Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper14

Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper15

3GPP Releases (1)• Release 99: Completed. First deployable version of UMTS.Enhancements to GSM data (EDGE). Majority of deployments today arebased on Release 99. Provides support for GSM/EDGE/GPRS/WCDMAradio-access networks.• Release 4: Completed. Multimedia messaging g support. First stepstoward using IP transport in the core network.• Release 5: Completed. HSDPA. First phase of IMS. Full ability to useIP-based transport instead of just Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)in the core network.• Release 6: Completed. HSUPA. Enhanced multimedia support throughMultimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services (MBMS). Performancespecifications for advanced receivers. WLAN integration option. IMSenhancements. Initial VoIP capability.Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper16

3GPP Releases (2)• Release 7: Completed. Provides enhanced GSM data functionality with EvolvedEDGE. Specifies HSPA Evolution (HSPA+), which includes higher order modulationand MIMO. Provides fine-tuning and incremental improvements of features fromprevious releases. Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) enables efficient “alwayson”service and enhanced uplink UL VoIP capacity as well as reductions in call setupdelay for PoC. Radio enhancements to HSPA include 64 QAM in the downlink DLand 16 QAM in the uplink. Also includes optimization of MBMS capabilities throughthe multicast/broadcast single-frequency network (MBSFN) function.• Release 8: Completed. Comprises further HSPA Evolution features such assimultaneous use of MIMO and 64 QAM. Includes dual-carrier HSPA (DC-HSPA)wherein two WCDMA radio channels can be combined for a doubling of throughput h tperformance. Specifies OFDMA-based 3GPP LTE. Defines EPC.• Release 9: Completed. HSPA and LTE enhancements including HSPA dual-carrieroperation in combination with MIMO, EPC enhancements, femtocell support,support for regulatory features such as emergency user-equipment positioning andCommercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS), and evolution of IMS architecture.• Release 10: Under development. Expected to be complete in 2011. Will specifyLTE-Advanced that meets the requirements set by ITU’s IMT-Advanced IMTAdvanced project.Also includes quad-carrier operation for HSPA+.Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper17

Operator Spectrum Requirements250Operator Spectrum Requiremente eBusiest Markets200MHz of Spectrum1501005002010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016Rysavy Research 2010YearSource: Rysavy Research, “Mobile Broadband Capacity Constraints And the Need forOptimization,” February 24, 2010.Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper18

LTE Spectral Efficiency as Function of Radio Channel Size10090% Efficie ency Relative to20 MHz807060504030201001.4 3 5 10 20MHzMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper19

Parlay X SpecificationsPart Title Functions1 Common Definitions common across Parlay X specifications2 Third Party Call Creates and manages calls3 Call Notification Management of calls initiated by a subscriber4 Short Messaging Send and receive of SMS including delivery receipts5 Multimedia Messaging Send and receive of multimedia messages6 Payment Pre-paid and post-paid payments and paymentreservations7 Account Management Management of accounts of prepaid customers8 Terminal Status Obtain status such as reachable, unreachable or busy9 Terminal Location Obtain location of terminal10 Call Handling Control by application for call handling of specificnumbers11 Audio Call Control for media to be added/dropped during call12 Multimedia Conference Create multimedia conferences including dynamicmanagement of participants13 Address ListManage subscriber groupsManagement14 Presence Provide presence information15 Message Broadcast Send messages to all users in specified area16 Geocoding Obtain location address of subscriber17 Application-driven QoS Control quality of service of end-user connection18 Devices Capabilities andConfigurationObtain device capability information and be able to pushdevice configuration to device19 Multimedia Streaming Control multimedia streaming to deviceControl20 Multimedia MulticastSession ManagementControl multicast sessions, members, multimedia streamand obtain channel presence informationMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper20

Expected Features/CapabilitiesYear201020112012 andlaterFeaturesEvolved EDGE capabilities available to significantly increase EDGE throughputrates and announced deployments.HSPA+ peak speeds further increased to peak rates of 42 Mbps based onRelease 8.LTE introduced d for next-generation throughput performance using 2X2 MIMO.Advanced core architectures available through EPC, primarily for LTE, but alsofor HSPA+, providing benefits such as integration of multiple network typesand flatter architectures for better latency performance.LTE enhancements such as 4X2 MIMO and 4X4 MIMO available.LTE-Advanced specifications completed.HSPA+ with MIMO and dual-carrier available.LTE-Advanced potentially deployed in initial stages.HSPA+ with MIMO and quad-carrier available.Most new services implemented in the packet domain.Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper21

Peak Rates Over TimeDownlink Speeds100 Mbps10 MbpsMIMO/64QAM 42MMIMO 2x2 28MHSDPA 14.4MHSUPA/16QAM 11MHSDPA 7.2MHSDPA 3.6MHSUPA 5.6MDL LTE (20MHz) 300MMIMO 4X4DL LTE (20MHz) 140MMIMO 2X2, 4X220 MbpsUL LTE (10MHz) 50M64 QAMUL LTE (10MHz) 25M16 QAM10 MbpsUplink Speeds1 MbpsHSDPA 1.8MDL R’99-384kUL R’99 384kHSUPA 1.5M• HSPA DL and UL peak throughputs expectedto double every year on average.• Limitations not induced by the technology itself,but time frames required to upgradeinfrastructure and transport networks, obtaindevices with corresponding capabilities, andperform interoperability tests.1 Mbps100 kbps100 kbps2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper22

Different LTE Deployment ScenariosToday Medium term Long termScenario A3G1XEV-DO RevA3G1XEV-DO RevA/B3G1xEV-DO RevA/BLTECDMA toLTEScenario B3G1XEV-DO RevA3G1xEV-DO RevA/BLTE3G1xEV-DO RevA/BLTEScenario C3G1x3G1xLTE3G 1XLTEW- CDMAto LTEScenario AScenario BGSMWCDMAGSMWCDMAGSMWCDMAGSMWCDMALTEGSMWCDMALTEGSMWCDMALTEGSM toLTEGSMGSMLTEGSMLTEWiMAXto LTEWiMAXWiMAX.16 e evolsome 16m featuresMigration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paperWiMAX23 | LTE Presentation Title |Month 2008

Radio Resource Management1xRTT/1xEV-DO versus UMTS/HSPASpeechUnavailable High-Efficient i Allocation of ResourcesBlocking Speed Data CapacityBetween Voice and DataThree 1.25 MH Hz ChannelsEV-DO1xRTT1xRTTOne 5 MHz Ch hannelHigh-Speed DataVoiceMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper24

Throughput ComparisonDownlinkUplinkPeakNetworkSpeedPeakAnd/OrTypical UserRatePeakNetworkSpeedPeakAnd/OrTypical UserRateEDGE (type 2 MS) 473.6 kbps 473.6 kbpsEDGE (type 1 MS)(Practical Terminal)236.8 kbps200 kbpspeak70 to 135kbps typical236.8 kbps200 kbpspeak70 to 135kbps typicalEvolved EDGE(type 1 MS)1184 kbps1 Mbps peak350 to 700kbps typicalexpected(DualCarrier)473.6 kbps400 kbpspeak150 to 300kbps typicalexpectedEvolved EDGE(type 2 MS)1894.4 kbps 947.2 kbpsBlue Indicates Theoretical Peak Rates, Green TypicalMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper25

Throughput Comparison (2)DownlinkUplinkPeakNetworkSpeedPeakAnd/OrTypical UserRatePeakNetworkSpeedPeakAnd/OrTypical UserRateUMTS WCDMA Rel’99 2.048 Mbps 768 kbpsUMTS WCDMA Rel’99(Practical Terminal)384 kbps350 kbpspeak200 to 300kbps typical384 kbps350 kbpspeak200 to 300kbps typicalHSDPA Initial Devices(2006)1.8 Mbps> 1 Mbpspeak384 kbps350 kbpspeakHSDPA 14.4 Mbps 384 kbpsHSPA InitialImplementation7.2 Mbps> 5 Mbpspeak700 kbps to1.7 Mbpstypical2 Mbps> 1.5 Mbpspeak500 kbps to1.2 MbpstypicalMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper26

Throughput Comparison (3)DownlinkUplinkPeakNetworkSpeedPeakAnd/OrTypical UserRatePeakNetworkSpeedPeakAnd/OrTypical UserRateHSPA CurrentImplementation7.2 Mbps 5.76 MbpsHSPA 14.44 Mbps 5.76 MbpsHSPA+ (DL 64 QAM, UL16 QAM, 2 X 5 MHz)21.6 Mbps 1.9 Mbps to8.8 Mbps11.5 Mbps 1 Mbps to 4MbpsHSPA+ (2X2 MIMO,DL 16 QAM, UL 16 QAM,2 X 5 MHz)HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO,DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM,2 X 5 MHz)HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO,DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM,Dual Carrier, 2 X 10 MHz)28 Mbps 11.5 Mbps42 Mbps 11.5 Mbps84 Mbps 23 MbpsHSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, 168 Mbps 23 MbpsDL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM,Quad Carrier, 2 X 20 MHz)Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper27

Throughput Comparison (4)DownlinkUplinkPeakNetworkSpeedPeakAnd/OrTypical UserRatePeakNetworkSpeedPeakAnd/OrTypical UserRateLTE (2X2 MIMO, 2 x 10MHz)70 Mbps 5.9 to 21.5Mbps35 MbpsLTE (4 X 4 MIMO, 2 x 20MHz)326 Mbps 86 MbpsMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper28

Throughput Comparison (5)DownlinkPeak NetworkSpeedPeak And/OrTypical User RateUplinkPeak NetworkSpeedPeak And/OrTypical User RateCDMA2000 1XRTT 153 kbps 130 kbps peak 153 kbps 130 kbps peakCDMA2000 1XRTT 307 kbps 307 kbpsCDMA2000 EV-DO Rev 0 2.4 Mbps > 1 Mbps peak 153 kbps 150 kbps peakCDMA2000 EV-DO Rev ACDMA2000 EV-DO Rev B (3 radiochannels MHz)CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev BTheoretical (15 radio channels)3.1 Mbps> 1.5 Mbps peak600 kbps to 1.41.8 MbpsMbps typical14.7 Mbps 5.4 Mbps73.5 Mbps 27 Mbps> 1 Mbps peak300 to 500 kbpstypicalWiMAX Release 1.0 (10 MHz TDD,DL/UL=3, 2x2 MIMO)46 Mbps1to 5Mbpstypical4 MbpsWiMAX Release 1.5 TBD TBD802.16m TBD TBDMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper29

0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%Throughput Distribution6.05.04.03.02.010 1.00.0100% 0%95%90%85%80%75%70%65%60%55% 5%50%45%40%Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper30Throughput [Mbps]

HSDPA Performance in 7.2 Mbps NetworkGood CoverageMedian bitrate3.8 MbpsBad CoverageMedian bitrate1.8 Mbps -106 dBmPerformancemeasured in acommercialnetworkMobileMedian bitrate19Mb 1.9 MbpsMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper31

HSUPA Performance in a Commercial NetworkMobile10090Median bitrate1.0 Mbps80706050403020100070140210280350420490560630700770840910980105011201190126013301400Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper32

HSPA+ Performance, 2 X 5 MHzIndoor coverageRSCP: -98 dBm10072 7.2 21 28cdf, %80Median60MIMO: 8.2 Mbps64QAM: 7.2 MbpscHSPA7.2: 6.0 Mbps402000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000Throughput (kbps)Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper

Drive Test of Commercial European LTE Network, 2 X 10 MhzMbpsNote: Throughput would doublewith 2 x 20 Mhz carriersSource: EricssonMigration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper

LTE Throughputs in Various ModesMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper35

LTE Actual Throughput Rates Based on ConditionsSource: LTE/SAE Trial Initiative, “Latest Results from the LSTI, Feb 2009,”http://www.lstiforum.org.Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper36

Latency of Different Technologies700600500Mi illiseconds s400300200100GPRSRel’97EDGERel’99EDGERel’4WCDMARel’99EvolvedEDGEHSDPAHSPALTE37Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper

Performance Relative to Theoretical Limitsiency (bps/H z)Ach hievable Effic654321Shannon boundShannon bound with 3dB marginHSDPAEV-DOIEEE 802.16e-200520050-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20Required SNR (dB)Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper38

Comparison of Downlink Spectral EfficiencySpe ectral Effici iency (bps s/Hz/secto or)2.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.615 1.51.41.31.211 1.11.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.1FutureimprovementsHSPA+SIC, 64 QAMHSPA+2X2 MIMOHSDPAMRxD,EqualizerFutureimprovementsLTE4X4 MIMOSICLTE4X2 MIMOLTE2X2 MIMOFutureimprovementsRev BCross-CarrierSchedulingRev A,MRxD,EqualizerHSDPA EV-DO Rev 0UMTS R’99FutureimprovementsRel 1.54X2 MIMORel 1.52X2 MIMORel 1.02X2 MIMOUMTS/HSPALTEMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paperCDMA2000WiMAX

Comparison of Uplink Spectral EfficiencySpectral Efficiency (bps/Hz/s sector)1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.1FutureImprovementsHSPA+InterferenceCancellation,16QAMHSUPA Rel 6UMTS R’99 R99to Rel 5LTE 1x4ReceiveDiversityLTE 1X2ReceiveDiversityFutureImprovementsEV-DO Rev B,InterferenceCancellationEV-DORev AEV-DORev 0FutureImprovementsRel 1.51X4ReceiveDiversityRel 1.5 1X2Rx DivRel10 1.0UMTS/HSPA LTECDMA2000 WiMAXMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper

Comparison of Voice Spectral EfficiencyErlangs, 10+10 MH Hz500450400350300250200150100FutureImprovementsHSPA VoIP,InterferenceCancellationAMR 5.9 kbpsFutureImprovementsLTE AMR 5.9 kbpsLTE AMR 7.95kbpsLTE VoIPAMR 12.2 kbpsFutureImprovementsEV-DO Rev A VoIP, IC,EVRC-B 6 kbps1xRTT QLICEVRC-B 6 kbpsFutureImprovementsUMTS MRxDRel 1.5AMR 5.9 kbpsEVRC-BUMTS1xRTT6kbpsAMR 5.9 kbps EVRC 8 kbpsRel 1.0UMTSAMR 7.95 kbpsUMTS50 AMR 12.2 kbpsEVRC8 kbpsUMTS/HSPA LTECDMA2000 WiMAXMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper

LTE and WiMAX FeaturesFeature LTE WiMAXWiMAXRelease 1.0 Release 1.5ImpactMultiple AccessOFDM in downlink,Discrete FourierTransform (DFT)-spread OFDM inuplinkOFDM in downlinkand uplinkOFDM in downlinkand uplinkDFT-spread OFDM reducesthe peak-to-average powerratio and reduces terminalcomplexity, requires one-tapequalizer in base stationreceiver.Uplink PowerControlFractional path-losscompensationFull path-losscompensationFull path-losscompensationFractional path-losscompensation enablesflexible tradeoff betweenaverage and cell-edge edge dataratesSchedulingChannel dependentin time andfrequency domainsChannel dependentin time domainChannel dependentin time andfrequency domainsAccess to the frequencydomain yields largerscheduling gainsMIMO SchemeMulti-codeword(horizontal), closedloop with precodingSingle codeword(vertical)Single codeword(vertical), with rankadaptiveMIMO(TDD) and withclosed-loop pre-coding (FDD)Horizontal encoding enablesper-stream link adaptationand successive interferencecancellation receivers.Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper42

LTE and WiMAX Features (2)Feature LTE WiMAXWiMAXRelease 1.0 Release 1.5Modulation andCoding SchemeGranularityFine granularity (1-2 dB apart)Coarse granularity(2-3 dB apart)Coarse granularity(2-3 db apart)ImpactFiner granularity enablesbetter link adaptationprecision.HybridIncrementalChase combining Chase combining Incremental redundancy isAutomaticRepeat Request(ARQ)redundancymore efficient (lower SNRrequired for given error rate)Frame Duration 1 msec subframes 5 msec subframes 5 msec subframes Shorter subframes yieldlower user plane delay andreduced channel qualityfeedback delaysOverhead /Control ChannelEfficiencyRelatively lowoverheadRelatively highoverheadRelatively highoverhead apart fromreduction in pilotsLower overhead improvesperformanceMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper43

Relative Volume of Wireless Subscribers Across NetworksMil llions8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0002,0005.4 B48 4.8B6.0 B5.4B6.6 B5.8B7.0 B62 6.2B7.3 B6.4B7.6 B Total GlobalSubscriptions6.6B3GPPSubscriptionsGSM-HSPACDMA3,000 Other1,00002010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Source: Informa Telecoms & Media Forecast, WCIS+, June 2010Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paperTD-SCDMA

UMTS FDD BandsOperating BandUL FrequenciesUE transmit, Node B receiveDL frequenciesUE receive, Node B transmitI 1920 - 1980 MHz 2110 -2170 MHzII 1850 -1910 MHz 1930 -1990 MHzIII 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHzIV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHzV 824 - 849MHz 869-894MHzVI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHzVII 2500 -2570 MHz 2620 -2690 MHzVIII 880 - 915 MHz 925 - 960 MHzIX 1749.9 - 1784.9 MHz 1844.9 - 1879.9 MHzX 1710-1770 MHz 2110-2170 MHzXI 1427.9 - 1447.9 MHz 1475.9 - 1495.9 MHzXII 698 - 716 MHz 728 - 746 MHzXIII 777 - 787 MHz 746 - 756 MHzXIV 788 - 798 MHz 758 - 768 MHzXV Reserved ReservedXVI Reserved ReservedXVII Reserved ReservedXVIII Reserved ReservedXIX 830 – 845 MHz 875 -890 MHzXX 832 - 862 MHz 791 - 821 MHzXXI 1447.9 - 1462.9 MHz 1495.9 - 1510.9 MHzSource: 3GPP Technical Specification 25.104, V9.4.0Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper45

LTE FDD and TDD BandsE-UTRAOperatingBandUplink (UL) operating bandBS receiveUE transmitDownlink (DL) operating bandBS transmitUE receiveDuplexModeF UL_low – F UL_highF DL_low – F DL_high1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD2 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz FDD3 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz 1805 MHz – 1880 MHz FDD4 1710 MHz – 1755 MHz 2110 MHz – 2155 MHz FDD5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894MHz FDD6 1 830 MHz – 840 MHz 875 MHz – 885 MHz FDD7 2500 MHz – 2570 MHz 2620 MHz – 2690 MHz FDD8 880 MHz – 915 MHz 925 MHz – 960 MHz FDD9 1749.9 MHz – 1784.9 MHz 1844.9 MHz – 1879.9 MHz FDD10 1710 MHz – 1770 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD11 1427.9 MHz – 1447.9 MHz 1475.9 MHz – 1495.9 MHz FDD12 698 MHz – 716 MHz 728 MHz – 746 MHz FDD13 777 MHz – 787 MHz 746 MHz – 756 MHz FDD14 788 MHz – 798 MHz 758 MHz – 768 MHz FDD15 Reserved Reserved FDD16 Reserved Reserved FDD17 704 MHz – 716 MHz 734 MHz – 746 MHz FDD18 815 MHz – 830 MHz 860 MHz – 875 MHz FDD19 830 MHz – 845 MHz 875 MHz – 890 MHz FDD20 832 MHz – 862 MHz 791 MHz – 821 MHz21 1447.9 MHz – 1462.9 MHz 1495.9 MHz – 1510.9 MHz FDD...33 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD34 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz TDD35 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz TDD36 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz TDD37 1910 MHz – 1930 MHz 1910 MHz – 1930 MHz TDD38 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz TDD39 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD40 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz TDDNote 1: Band 6 is not applicable.Source: 3GPP Technical Specification 36.104, V9.4.0.Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper46

Throughput Requirements• Microbrowsing (for example, WirelessApplication Protocol [WAP]): 8 to 128 kbps• Multimedia messaging: 8 to 64 kbps• Video telephony: 64 to 384 kbps• General-purpose Web browsing: 32 kbps tomore than 1 Mbps• Enterprise applications including e-mail,database access, and VPNs: 32 kbps to morethan 1 Mbps• Video and audio streaming: 32 kbps to 2 MbpsMigration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper47

GPRS/EDGE ArchitectureMobileStationMobileStationMobileStationBaseTransceiverStationBaseTransceiverStationCircuit-SwitchedTrafficBaseMobileStationSwitchingControllerCenterIPTrafficHomeLocationRegisterPublic SwitchedTelephone NetworkGPRS/EDGE DataInfrastructureServingGPRSSupportNodeGatewayGPRSSupportNodeExternal DataNetwork (e.g., Internet)48Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper

Example of GSM/GPRS/EDGE Timeslot StructurePossible BCCHcarrier configurationPossible TCH carrierconfiguration4.615 ms per frame of 8 timeslots577 Sper timeslot0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7BCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7PBCCH TCH TCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCHBCCH: Broadcast Control Channel – carries synchronization, paging and other signalling informationTCH: Traffic Channel – carries voice traffic data; may alternate between frames for half-ratePDTCH: Packet Data Traffic Channel – Carries packet data traffic for GPRS and EDGEPBCCH: Packet Broadcast Control Channel – additional signalling for GPRS/EDGE; used only if neededdMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper49

Evolved EDGE Objectives• A 100 percent increase in peak data rates.• A 50 percent increase in spectral efficiency and capacity in C/I-limitedscenarios.• A sensitivity increase in the downlink of 3 dB for voice and data.• A reduction of latency for initial access and round-trip time, thereby enablingsupport for conversational services such as VoIP and PoC.• To achieve compatibility with existing frequency planning, thus facilitatingdeployment in existing networks.• To coexist with legacy mobile stations by allowing both old and new stationsto share the same radio resources.• To avoid impacts on infrastructure by enabling improvements through asoftware upgrade.• To be applicable to DTM (simultaneous voice and data) and the A/Gb modeinterface. The A/Gb mode interface is part of the 2G core network, so thisgoal is required for full backward-compatibility with legacy GPRS/EDGE.Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper50

Evolved EDGE Methods in Release 7• Downlink dual-carrier reception to increase the number of timeslots thatcan be received from four on one carrier to 10 on two carriers for a 150percent tincrease in throughput. h t• The addition of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 QAM, and32 QAM as well as an increased symbol rate (1.2x) in the uplink and anew set of modulation/coding schemes that will increase maximumthroughput per timeslot by up to 100 percent. Currently, EDGE uses 8-PSK modulation.• A reduction in overall latency. This is achieved by lowering the TTI to 10msec and by including the acknowledge information in the data packet.These enhancements will have a dramatic effect on throughput formany applications.• Downlink diversity reception of the same radio channel to increase therobustness in interference e e and to improve the receiver e sensitivity. s tySimulations have demonstrated sensitivity gains of 3 dB and a decreasein required C/I of up to 18 dB for a single cochannel interferer.51Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper

Evolved EDGE Two-Carrier OperationSlot NSlot N + 1(Idle Frame)Slot N + 2 Slot N + 3Rx1Rx2Tx (1)Neighbor Cell MeasurementsUplink TimeslotDownlink TimeslotMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper52

Evolved EDGE Theoretical Rates• Type 2 mobile device (one that can support simultaneoustransmission and reception) using DBS-12 as the MCS and adual-carrier receiver can achieve the following performance:– Highest data rate per timeslot (layer 2) = 118.4 kbps– Timeslots per carrier = 8– Carriers used in the downlink = 2– Total downlink data rate = 118.4 kbps X 8 X 2 = 1894.4kbps• This translates to a peak network rate close to 2 Mbps and auser-achievable data rate of well over 1 Mbps!Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper53

Evolved EDGE ImplementationMigration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper54

UMTS Multi-Radio NetworkGSM/EDGEPacket-SwitchedNetworksWCDMA,HSDPAUMTSCore Network(MSC, HLR,SGSN, GGSN)Circuit-SwitchedNetworksOthere.g., WLANOther CellularOperatorsCommon core network can support multiple radio access networksMigration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper55

High Speed Downlink Packet Access• High speed data enhancement for WCDMA/UMTS• Peak theoretical speeds of 14 Mbps• Current devices support 7.2 Mbps throughput• Methods used by HSDPA– High speed channels shared both in the code andtime domains– Short transmission time interval (TTI)– Fast scheduling and user diversity– Higher-order modulation– Fast link adaptation– Fast hybrid automatic-repeat-request (HARQ)Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper56

HSDPA Channel Assignment - ExampleUser 1User 2User 3User 4odeselization CoChanne2 msecTimeRadio resources assigned both in code and time domains57Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper

HSDPA Multi-User DiversitySignal Quali ityUser 1User 2High data rateLow data rateUser 2 User 1 User 2 User 1 User 2 User 1TimeEfficient scheduler favors transmissions to users with best radio conditionsMigration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper58

High Speed Uplink Packet Access• 85% increase in overall cell throughput on the uplink• Achievable rates of 1 Mbps on the uplink• Reduced packet delays to as low as 30 msec• Methods:– An enhanced dedicated physical channel– A short TTI, as low as 2 msec, which allows fasterresponses to changing radio conditions and errorconditions– Fast Node B-based scheduling, which allows thebase station to efficiently allocate radio resources– Fast Hybrid ARQ, which improves the efficiency oferror processingMigration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper59

HSPA+ Objectives• Exploit the full potential of a CDMA approach before moving to anOFDM platform in 3GPP LTE.• Achieve performance close to LTE in 5 MHz of spectrum.• Provide smooth interworking between HSPA+ and LTE, therebyfacilitating ti the operation of both technologies. As such, operatorsmay choose to leverage the EPC/SAE planned for LTE.• Allow operation in a packet-only mode for both voice and data.• Be backward-compatible with previous systems while incurring noperformance degradation with either earlier or newer devices.• Facilitate migration from current HSPA infrastructure to HSPA+infrastructure.Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper60

HSPA Throughput EvolutionTechnologyDownlink (Mbps)Peak Data RateUplink (Mbps)Peak Data RateHSPA as defined in Release 6 14.4 5.76Release 7 HSPA+ DL 64 QAM,UL 16 QAM21.11 11.5Release 7 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO,DL 16 QAM, UL 16 QAMRelease 8 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMODL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAMRelease 8 HSPA+ (no MIMO)Dual Carrier (2 X 10 MHz)Release 9 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO, DualCarrier (2 X 10 MHz)Release 10 HSPA + 4X4 MIMO, QuadCarrier (2 X 20 MHz)28.0 11.542.2 11.542.2 11.584.0 23.0168.0 23.0Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper61

Dual-Cell Operation with One Uplink CarrierUE1Uplink1 x 5 MHzDownlink2 x 5 MHzUE21 x 5 MHz2 x 5 MHzMigration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper62

Dual-Carrier Performance100Ped A, 10% load908070DF [%]C60504030RAKE, single-carrierRAKE, multi-carrier20GRAKE, single-carrier10GRAKE, multi-carrierGRAKE2, single-carrierGRAKE2, multi-carrier00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Achievable bitrate t [Mbps]Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper63

HSPA/HSPA+ One-Tunnel ArchitectureTraditional HSPAArchitectureHSPA with One-TunnelArchitecturePossible HSPA+ withOne-Tunnel ArchitectureGGSNGGSNGGSNUser PlaneControl PlaneSGSNRNCSGSNRNCSGSNNode BNode BNode BMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper64

Summary of HSPA Functions and BenefitsUplink DTX + downlinkDRXLower UE power consumptionCS voice over HSPAHigher voice capacityDownlink 64QAM, MIMOand Dual carrierHigher downlink peak datarates and higher data capacityUplink 16QAMHigher uplink peak data ratesL2 optimization(Flexible RLC)Higher L2 throughput and lessprocessing requirementsHigh speed FACH + Highspeed RACHLower latency = betterresponse timesMore efficient commonchannels = savings in channelelementsFlat architectureoptimizationMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paperLess network elements65

CS Voice Over HSPAScheduler prioritizesvoice packetsCS mapped to R99 or HSPA bearerdepending on terminal capabilityAMR adaptationpossibleCombinedto onecarrierHSPA schedulerTransportqueues etcCS R99HSPAAMRadapt.IuCSIuPSPS R99NodeBRNC66Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper

Smooth Migration to VoIP over HSPA1.4 VoIP1.2CS1 CS + VoIP0.8Relaative Cappacity060.60.4020.20Power reserved for PS traffic (W)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paperPS Evolution67

LTE Capabilities• Downlink peak data rates up to 326 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth• Uplink peak data rates up to 86.4 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth• Operation in both TDD and FDD modes.• Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz, covering 1.4, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20MHz• Increased spectral efficiency over Release 6 HSPA by a factor of two tofour• Reduced latency, to 10 msec round-trip time between user equipment andthe base station, and to less than 100 msec transition time from inactive toactiveLTE ConfigurationDownlink (Mbps)Peak Data RateUplink (Mbps)Peak Data RateUsing 2X2 MIMO in the Downlink and 16QAM in the Uplink172.8 57.6Using 4X4 MIMO in the Downlink and 64326.4 86.4QAM in the UplinkHSPA Migration to LTE to Advanced, 4G, Rysavy Rysavy Research ResearchSept 2010 2009 white white paper paper68

LTE OFDMA Downlink Resource Assignment inTime and FrequencyUser 1User 2User 3quencyFreUser 4TimeMinimum resource block consists of14 symbols and 12 subcarriersMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper69

Frequency Domain Scheduling in LTEResource blockCarrier bandwidthTransmit on those resourceblocks that are not fadedFrequencyMigration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper70

LTE Antenna SchemesSource: 3G Americas’ white paper “MIMO and Smart Antennas for 3G and 4G WirelessSystems – Practical Aspects and Deployment Considerations,” May 2010.Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper71

Evolution of Voice in LTE NetworksMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper72

TDD Frame Co-ExistenceBetween TD-SCDMA and LTE TDDMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper73

LTE-Advanced Carrier AggregationRelease 10 LTE-Advanced UE resource poolRel’8 Rel’8 Rel’8 Rel’8 Rel’820 MHz100 MHz bandwidthRelease 8 UE uses asingle 20 MHz blockSource: "LTE for UMTS, OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access,”Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, Wiley, 2009.Migration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper74

LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregationgat Protocol LayersSource: “The Evolution of LTE towards IMT-Advanced”,Stefan Parkvall and David Astely, Ericsson ResearchMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper75

IMT-Advanced and LTE-AdvancedItemIMT-AdvancedRequirementLTE-AdvancedProjected CapabilityPeak Data Rate DownlinkPeak Data Rate Uplink1 Gbps500 MbpsSpectrum Allocation Up to 40 MHz Up to 100 MHzLatency User Plane 10 msec 10 msecLatency Control Plane 100 msec 50 msecPeak Spectral Efficiency DL 15 bps/Hz 30 bps/HzPeak Spectral Efficiency UL 6.75 bps/Hz 15 bps/HzAverage Spectral Efficiency DL 2.2 bps/Hz 2.6 bps/HzAverage Spectral Efficiency UL 1.4 bps/Hz 2.0 bps/HzCell-Edge Spectral Efficiency DL 0.06 bps/Hz 0.09 bps/HzCell-Edge Spectral Efficiency UL 0.03 bps/Hz 0.07 bps/HzMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper76

LTE-Advanced RelayDirect LinkRelay LinkAccessLinkMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper77

IP Multimedia SubsystemIMSSIP ApplicationServerHome SubscriberServer (HSS)SIPDIAMETERCall Session Control Function (CSCF)(SIP Proxy)Media ResourceFunction ControlMedia ResourceGateway ControlUMTS/HSPAPacket CoreNetworkDSLWi-FiMultiple l Possible Access NetworksMigration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper78

Heterogeneous NetworksMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper79

Efficient Broadcasting with OFDMLTE will leverage OFDM-based broadcasting capabilitiesMigration to 4G, Rysavy ResearchSept 2010 white paper80

Evolved Packet SystemGERANRel’7 Legacy GSM/UMTSSGSNUTRANOne-TunnelOptionControlMMEPCRFEvolved RAN,e.g., LTEUser PlaneServingGatewayPDNGatewayIPServices,IMSNon 3GPPIP AccessMigration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paperEPC/SAE Access Gateway81

Evolved Packet System Elements• Flatter architecture to reduce latency• Support for legacy GERAN and UTRAN networksconnected via SGSN.• Support for new radio-access networks such as LTE.• The Serving Gateway that terminates the interfacetoward the 3GPP radio-access networks.• The PDN gateway that controls IP data services, doesrouting, allocates IP addresses, enforces policy, andprovides access for non-3GPP access networks.• The MME that supports user equipment context andidentity as well as authenticates and authorizes users.• The Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)that t manages QoS aspects.Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper82

Conclusion• 2010 saw the success of smartphones as mobile broadband industry establisheditself.• Through constant innovation, the EDGE/HSPA/LTE family provides operators andsubscribers a true mobile broadband advantage.• UMTS/HSPA provides for broadband services that will deliver increased datarevenue and provide a path to all-IP architectures.• LTE is now the most widely chosen technology platform for the forthcomingdecade and with deployment imminent, LTE offers a best-of-breed, long-termsolution that matches or exceeds the performance of competing approaches.• UMTS/HSPA and/or LTE offer an excellent migration path for GSM operators, aswell as an effective technology solution for greenfield operators.• HSPA+ has peak theoretical rates of 168 Mbps, and in 5 MHz will largely matchLTE capabilities. Expected throughput typical throughput rates will be between 1.9and 8.88 Mbps in early versions of the technology (based on 64 QAM.)• EDGE/HSPA/LTE is one of the most robust portfolios of mobile-broadbandtechnologies and is an optimum framework for realizing the potential of thewireless-data market.Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research2010 white paper83