Performance of Generating Plant - World Energy Council

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6Performance of Generating Plant: Managing the Changes Executive Summary World Energy Council 2007Figure 2 Reactor units by regionSource: IAEA-PRISM14012010080604020011301168Reactor units by region10 1928190 4122Europe - W Europe - E Asia - FE Asia - ME&S NorthAmerica1 06 2LatinAmericaAfricaIn operation Long-term shutdown Under constructionimportant part of the global energy mix. In 2006nuclear power supplied about 15.2% of theworld’s electricity. For over 50 years nuclearpower plants have accumulated 12,500 reactoryearsof operating experience. The statisticspresented in this report are based on datacollected by the International Atomic EnergyAgency (IAEA) for its Power Reactor InformationSystem (PRIS). The database system coverstwo kinds of data: general and designinformation on power reactors, and performancedata consisting of energy production, energyunavailability and outages.General and design information relates to allreactors that are in operation, underconstruction, or shutdown in the world.The PRIS can be used to assess nuclear powerperformance as it provides information on plantutilisation and planned and unplannedunavailability due to internal and externalcauses. Using detailed classification of energylosses and a comprehensive outage codingsystem, a set of internationally acceptedperformance indicators is calculated using thePRIS performance data. The indicators can beused for benchmarking, internationalcomparison or analysis of nuclear poweravailability and reliability from reactor specific,national or worldwide perspectives. Thisanalysis can be utilised in evaluation of nuclearpower competitiveness compared with otherpower sources.In October 2007, there were 439 operatingnuclear power plants (NPPs) around the worldtotalling 371.7 GWe of installed capacity. Inaddition there were also 5 operational units inlong-term shutdown with a total net capacity 2.8GWe. There also were 31 reactor units with atotal capacity 23.4 GWe under construction.The ten countries with the highest reliance onnuclear power in 2006 were: France, 78.1%;Lithuania, 72.3%, Slovakia, 57.2%, Belgium,54.4%; Sweden, 48.0%, Ukraine, 47.5%;Bulgaria, 43.6%, Armenia, 42.0%, Slovenia40.3% and Republic of Korea 38.6%.In North America, where 121 reactors supply19% of electricity in the United States and 16%in Canada, the number of operating reactors hasincreased in the last three years due to reconnectionof two long-term shutdown reactorunits in Canada (Bruce-3 in 2004 and Pickering-1 in 2005) and one in USA (Browns Ferry-1 in2007).In Western Europe, with 130 reactors, overallcapacity has declined by 1966 GWe because ofshutdown of 11 ageing reactor units. In Eastern
Performance of Generating Plant: Managing the Changes Executive Summary World Energy Council 20077Europe the same number of shutdowns and newgrid connections (4) resulted in unchangednumber of operating units (68). In Asia, with atotal of 111 reactors at present, the number ofoperating reactors has increased by 10 since thebeginning of 2004.Nuclear electricity production has beengrowing continuously since the nuclearindustry’s inception.From 1975 through 2006 global nuclearelectricity production increased from 326 to2,661TWh. Installed nuclear capacity rose from72 to 369.7GW(e) due to both new constructionand uprates at existing facilities.In 2006 the worldwide EAF (Energy AvailabilityFactor) was 83% on average. Half of nuclearreactors operated with EAF above 86% (worldwidemedian value). The top quarter of reactorsreached EAF above 91%. For comparison theglobal energy availability factor for NPPs was72% in 1990.The continuous increase in the EAF averagedaround 1% per year in the period 1990-2002 butsince 2002 this positive trend has stagnated atabout 83%.The average planned unavailability factor hasbeen decreasing continuously from about of20% at the beginning of the 1990s to 12% inrecent years. PHWR, BWR and PWR units haveachieved the best results.The improvement in the UnplannedUnavailability Factor (UUF) was alsosignificant. It decreased from about 8% to4% during the last 15 years. In 2006 themedian of UUF was 1.32%, but more than45% of reactors were operated with UUFlower than 1%.Nuclear plant operators are achieving highavailability through integrated operation andmaintenance programmes. These achievementsshow the efforts made by the nuclear industryfor a reliable and safe operation of nuclearpower plants. They also reflect the impact of deregulationand privatisation of the electricitymarket, which have affected all electricityproducers.The main factors contributing to improvementsin reactor availability are:• The elimination of unplanned energylosses through effective failure prevention(root cause analysis), on-line preventivemaintenance, timely indications ofequipment degradation, and theimplementation of concurrent designimprovements.• The reduction of planned energy outagesthrough fuel cycle extensions, effectivemanagement of refuelling andmaintenance outages, and risk orientedmaintenance.• The continuing exchange anddissemination of operating experiences.
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Performance of Generating Plant - World Energy Council

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