T. Bullet - lisn

Appleton EquationA magneto-plasma is absorptiveThe radio wave amplitude decreases as energy is lost due to collisionsThe full Appleton equation with collisionsZ = f fn 2 X=1−2Y1−iZ− T21− X −iZ ± 4Y T41− X −iZ Y 2LWith propagation below 30 MHz in the Earth's Ionosphere,all of these factors can substantially influence the radio waveThis influence provides both Great Opportunity and Great Difficulty withRemote Sensing and Radio Science with IonosondesAfter Davies, 1965