1912 Olympic Games Official Report Part 2

THE TUG-OF-WAR.ITS ORGANIZATION.he tug-of-war competition was included in the programmefor field and track events when the invitations to theOlympic Competitions were issued, the Committee forAthletics having the management of this event too. Atthe beginning of October, 1911, the Secretary of theSwedish Olympic Committee issued an appeal in thesporting press of the country, begging those interested in the matterto attend a meeting to be held on the 17 October at the offices ofthe Olympic Committee “in order to discuss the question of carryingout organized training all over the country and to take other measuresto solve the problem of Sweden’s participation in the tug-of-warcompetition”. Some 15 persons attended the meeting in question, and,after an animated discussion, a motion was passed for the appointmentof a special committee for the tug-of-war competition. The SwedishAthletic Association afterwards approved of the choice of the followingCommittee for the Tug-of-war competition.President: Captain GösTA DRAKE.Vice-President: Lieutenant E. KILLANDER.Secretary: KRISTIAN HELLSTRÖM, Esq.Other Members: Sergeant A. ALMQVIST,Lieutenant A. DAEVEL,Paymaster NILS DJURBERG,Police-Inspector A. FÄLDT,Lieutenant C. GYLLENHAMMAR,J. AF KLERCKER. Esq.423

Police-Sergeant G. H. LINDMARK.Sergeant A. HJ. WOLLGARTH.Lieutenant B. EKSTRÖM.The first thing to be done was, of course, to begin the systematictraining of our competitors for the event, and then to issue an invitationaccompanied with as complete a list of rules as possible. After fourpreliminary and three final try outs, in all of which the first teamof the Stockholm Police was victorious, the team mentioned waschosen to represent the blue and yellow flag of Sweden against theredoubted City of London Police team and other opponents. TheSwedish team was composed as follows: Constables A. L. Andersson(Captain), A. Bergman, J. V. Edman, E. A. Fredriksson, C. Jonsson(anchor), E. V. Larsson, — all belonging to the Stockholm Police— Aug. Gustafsson, of the Gothenburg Police, and Mr. C. H. Lindström,Sandhamn. The reserves were Constables D. Larsson, Hj. T.Lundberg, G. S. Strid (Stockholm Police) and Corporal O. E. Sköld,Göta Life Guards.At first, very short and simple rules had been issued by the Committeefor Athletics in the invitation programme for the Tug-of-Warcompetition, but it was now found necessary to revise them and makethem considerably stricter. The new rules were specially directedagainst the turning allowed at the Games in 1908, and also againstthe plan, adopted by some teams, of making a spring upwards onthe word being given to start, so as to get a fast foothold, or hollow,for the feet.We shall now let the protocol tell its own tale.THE COMPETITION.On the close of entries, June 6, five nations had announced theirintention of sending a team for the tug-of-war competitions; these wereAustria, Bohemia, Great Britain, Luxemburg and Sweden. In orderto make the competition as just as possible, the Committee had determinedthat each team should compete against all the other teams and,after lots were drawn and the dates of the matches fixed, theprogramme was as follows:Sunday, 7 July: Bohemia v. Great Britain ; Sweden v. Austria.Monday, 8 Great Britain v. Sweden; Luxemburg v. Austria.Tuesday, 9 Luxemburg v. Great Britain; Bohemia v. Sweden.Thursday, 11 Luxemburg v. Sweden; Bohemia v. Austria.Friday, 12 Great Britain v. Austria; Bohemia v. Luxemburg,For the competition, the Committee had been given a sand tracksituated at the north end of the Stadium arena, 40 met. longand 8 met. wide, and before the beginning of the competitions theground became very good indeed, and of a sufficient hardness. New ropeswere procured, and to enable those of the spectators that were seated ata distance to follow the progress of the competition, flag staffs with424

Pl. 172.GT. BRITAIN’S TUG-OF-WAR TEAM.TO the left, Mr. CHAFFE, the captain.TUG-OF-WAR. GT. BRITIAN V. SWEDENThe first bout; won by the Swedish team. The British team to the left.

Pl. 173.TUG-OF-WAR: GT. BRITAIN V. SWEDEN.Second bout in Tug-of-War, Gt. Britain v. Sweden. Gt. Britain lost on a foul,several of the team sitting on the ground.

the flags of the competing nations were provided, to be placed atthe sides of the track where the respective teams were pulling.The competition as a whole was disappointing, as, of the five nationsentered, only two took part in the event. When, at 3.45 p. m. on Sunday,the 7 July, the match between Bohemia and Great Britain was tobegin, the stately British team was the only one that marched intothe arena, the Bohemians, for some unknown reason, not putting inan appearance. Great Britain’s team was therefore declared the winnerof this match.The same thing happened in the next bout, which was to be heldthe same day, for, at 5 p. m. the Swedish Police team awaited invain the arrival of its opponents, the Austrians. The British andthe Swedish teams could thus count a win each, without catching evena glimpse of their opponents.But when at 5.15 p. m. on Monday, the 8 July, notice was giventhrough the megaphones of the beginning of the tug-of-war match forthe day, there marched in simultaneously from either tower-entrance,the teams from Great Britain and Sweden. The first-mentioned seemedcast in a more massive mould than the latter, although the Swedisheight seemed a formidable one, in consequence of the finely andharmoniously developed athletic forms of the men.Great Britain’s team was as follows: A. Munro (b. 1870), J. Shepherd(b. 1884), J. Sewell (b. 1882), J. Dowler (b. 1879), E. Mills(b 1878), F. Humphreys (b. 1878), M. Hynes (b. 1883), and W.Chaffe (b. 1870),all of whom, excepting J. Sewell and M. Hyneswere members of the victorious British team at the Olympic Gamesof London, in 1908.On drawing lots for sides, the British team won and elected to pullwith the sun at its back. The rope lay at full length along the ground,and the teams took up their positions alongside it. The leader ofthe competition explained the words of command that were to begiven, and then everything was in readiness. A feeling of the intensestexcitement filled the atmosphere; not a movement was to be seenamong the thousands of breathless spectators that filled the standsof the Stadium.“Ready!” — “Pull!”. The rope is lifted from the ground; it tightensand trembles like a well-tuned violin string, for a tremendous amountof massed strength is exerted on each side. The red knotson the rope seem, at first, as if they were nailed fast to the dividinglines, but, after about 30 seconds, the blue band marking the middleof the rope begins slowly but surely to move towards the Swedish side,and, with short, powerful pulls, the Swedish Police draw their City ofLondon comrades gradually nearer to the fatal middle line. For onesingle moment, which to the spectators seems an eternity, the strifeappears uncertain of issue, but then again the Swedish team beginsto draw in inch after inch of the rope, until, at last, the judge’s red flagis lowered as the signal that the home-team has succeeded in the firstpull. A thunder of applause roars through the Stadium, the spectatorsshouting and stamping with joy at Sweden’s success.425

The pitch is once more made in readiness and the rope laiddown afresh and, after an interval of 5 minutes, the leader summonsthe teams to meet for the second pull. Having changed sides, theBritish team now faces the sun, but it gives a tremendous pull, andthe Swedes are drawn forward a considerable distance. Then therope stands still again and, in a short time, the short, intensive “Hej”shout of the Stockholm Police is heard, and the line movesslowly back to their side of the ground. Once or twice the centralmark moves in indecision a few inches backwards and forwards, butthen the knots on the line suddenly stand still, and the judge’s flagfalls for the second time. Neither team has succeeded in drawingits opponent across the central mark, but the verdict goes in favourof the Swedish team on this occasion too, as a couple of the Britishteam have become so exhausted during the pull that they sink tothe ground, unable to rise again in spite of the repeated admonitionsof the judge to do so.As the Luxemburg team made no appearance when called on, thistrial of strength and skill between the chosen representatives of theLondon and the Stockholm Police was the only match in the tug-of-warcompetition during the Olympic Games of 1912.The Gold Medal was thus awarded to Sweden and the Silver Medalto Great Britain.426

CYCLING.ROAD RACE ROUND LAKE MÄLAR DURINGTHE OLYMPIC GAMES OF STOCKHOLM 1912.ORGANIZATION.hen, in 1910, the Swedish Cycling Association appointedthe Committee which, together with those nominatedby the other Swedish Athletic Governing Bodies, wasto have the task of arranging and carrying out thevarious details of the vast programme of the OlympicGames of Stockholm, the Association mentioned receivedat the same time the far from welcome information that theonly cycle track possessed by Stockholm was to be destroyed, for thepurpose of making way for the new Stadium, and that it was not intendedto build any new track for cyclists — not even for theOlympic Games of 1912. There could not, therefore, be any questionof holding track-races during the Games.Ever since the year 1901 the race “round Mälar” has certainlybeen the most popular road-race in Sweden in cycling circles. Thecompetition in question dates back to 1892—93; but after these twoyears of what may be called premature existence, nothing more washeard of it until the beginning of the new century. In 1912 the eventwas raised by the Swedish Cycling Association from being the SwedishLong Distance Championship Road Race to a place of honour, as thecompetition for the premier cycling honours of the world.The Olympic Cycling Committee was elected by the Swedish CyclingAssociation at the beginning of 1910, and at once began the427

necessary preliminary preparations. The Committee in question,when its numbers were complete, comprised the following members:President:Vice-President:Treasurer:Secretary:Other Members:Captain C. G. DRAKE, President of theSwedish Cycling Association.A. STORM, Esq.O. KRAEPELIN, Esq.C. ULLÉN, Esq.ERIK PALLIN, Esq.,FRANS PETTERSSON, Esq.,S. AKERSTEDT, Esq.,K. S. HELLBERG, Esq.,C. F. R. PLATIN, Esq.,E. SALMSON, Esq.A special Training Committee, consisting of Messrs. Hellberg, Petterssonand Akerstedt, was chosen from among the members of theprincipal Committee, for the purpose of arranging, carrying out andsupervising the training of the Swedish cyclists.Early in 1911, a great number of inquiries began to be receivedfrom abroad, together with requests for the programme and proposalsfor amendments in the scheme drawn up, etc. Several nations, too,came forward with additions that they wished to have made to theprogramme.One thing that caused a considerable amount of trouble at first,was the determination that all those who intended taking part in thecycling competition, should be provided with a certificate issued bythe Union Cycliste Internationale, or by an Association affiliated tothat body. Two years before the date mentioned, Germany hadwithdrawn from the Union, and would not now consent to be compelledto apply to its Committee for a license. The matter was arranged,however, by the Swedish representative at the Congress of theUnion Cycliste Internationale, at Paris in February, 1912, and theGerman Association applied for, and obtained, re-admission to theInternational Federation in question.The complete ignorance, shown by many nations, of the existenceof the Union Cycliste Internationale and of the method of applyingfor, and obtaining, the license, also caused some difficulty, but, finally,all these matters were settled satisfactorily. The immediate resultof all this trouble about the license was, that all those nations whichprevious to the Games, had not been affiliated to the Union, tooksteps to obtain admission to the Federation as soon as they wereconcluded. The Union Cycliste Internationale has, therefore, grownboth in numbers and in strength, as a result of the Olympic Gamesof 1912.Several nations requested that track-racing should be included inthe programme, but for reasons mentioned on the preceding page, theCommittee was, unfortunately, not able to comply with this wish.428

Germany asked to have Cycle-Polo and Figure-Cycling placed onthe programme, but the Committee considered that it could not complywith this request; first, as far as Cycle-Polo was concerned, becauseit would be impossible to procure a suitable ground for such an eventwithout going to very great expense, and, secondly, with regard toFigure-Cycling, because this sport could not be considered as beingof such athletic importance as to deserve a place on the Olympicprogramme.THE METHOD OF STARTING.Proposals and criticisms respecting the method of carrying out therace were received from many quarters, most of them dealing withthe same subject, however, and asking for an alteration of the planof starting. It was to be expected, of course, that the regulationthat the competitors were to start one at a time, at intervals of acouple of minutes, would awaken much opposition abroad, where thecustom is for all the riders to start at once. The question had beenmost thoroughly discussed by the Committee, however. For onething, the probable number of competitors was not yet known, althoughthe Committee imagined that there might be 100, at most. Withsuch a number, how would it be possible to have all the competitorsstarting at once in an international race of such importance, and onour Swedish roads, which can by no means be compared with the fine,broad highways of France, Germany or Great Britain, which almostseem to have been constructed with a special view to such competitions.The thought of a simultaneous start, therefore, was at once banished,especially as the Committee was well aware that the Policeauthorities would never give their consent to such a proposal. And,we may ask, what would have been the result of letting all the 123competitors that actually took part in the event, starting at one andthe same time?The next idea of the Committee was, to let the competitors startin groups, but it was difficult to draw up the scheme necessary forsuch a method several months in advance, the Committee having noidea, at the time, of the number of nations that intended to compete,or of how many representatives would be entered by the countries inquestion. In addition to this, the police absolutely forbade any otherkind of start excepting that of sending the riders off one at a time,on account of the traffic along the roads.It was determined, then, that the method of starting long employed,and approved of, in Sweden, should be used for the race in question.The Committee resolved that there should be an interval of 3 minutesbetween two starters, but this had to be altered, and the intervalfixed at 2 minutes, instead.THE PREVENTION OF PACING.Another thing which, long before the event came off, was subjectedto much criticism, was the rule: “Pacing by non-competitors is strictlyforbidden during the race”, although, according to the method employed429

for the drawing of lots, there would not be the least risk of the representativesof any one nation pacing each other either.THE ARRANGEMENTS ALONG THE COURSE.The labours of the Cycling Committee were continued at highpressure during the whole of the winter, 1911—12. Lists of officialswere drawn up and a letter was addressed to each person chosen tofill such any post, asking him to forward to the Committee a writtenpledge that he was willing to undertake the duties of the post duringthe Cycling competition, and that he would keep the rules and regulationsof the Committee and the leader of the competition. For thepurpose of establishing control-stations in the country districts alongthe course, the President of the Committee was desired to personallyvisit the places in question, and form Control-Committees there. Thistrying work had the best possible result, however, thanks to the kindnessand good-will of everyone concerned. And it was by no meansa little troop of assistants that was required, but quite an army ofable, interested and experienced men had to be mobilized. CaptainGösta Drake, president of the Cycling Committee, was elected tobe the chief manager or leader of the competition, assisted, in thefirst place by the other members of the Committee, who had the directionof the various details of the work under the leader’s generalsuperintendence. Altogether, there were no less than 73 officials requiredin Stockholm alone for this competition, and 89 in the country districts,or a grand total of of 162 men.A series of regulations, drawn up by the leader and approved ofby the Committee, was issued for the officials acting at the starting-placeand at the finish, as well as for those functionaries on dutyat the various control-stations along the course.According to the instructions for the control committees in thecountry districts, each of the said sub-committees was to be responsiblefor its own section of the course, i. e., the said committee wasanswerable for that part of the course lying from and between thecontrol-station in question, to the next station in the direction ofthe finish. For example, the Södertälje station had to answer forthe section Södertälje—Mariefred; Mariefred for the section Mariefred—Strängnäs,and so on. A four-fold object was served by thisregulation, viz. :1) The arrangement and carrying-out of the steps necessary forkeeping each section of the course clear and fit for the race;2) The keeping open for road-traffic of all canal- and other bridges,railway-crossings, and the like, during the time when the competitionwas being held, and the seeing that such bridges and crossings wereclear for cyclists; there were also to be at each such place not lessthan two control officials for the purpose of calculating the time a competitorwould lose in the event of a bridge being closed to traffic onhis arrival at the spot, and in order to be able to give information,etc., to foreign competitors, etc.430

3) The obtaining aid from the local police-authorities, for thepurpose of admonishing the public to observe correctness of behaviourtowards the competitors, so that there would be no disturbance ofthe peace, and4) the exercising proper supervision of the competitors, so as toprevent, as much as possible, all illegal pacing.From the very beginning, the Committee felt the absolute necessityof having the roads and the bridges in the best possible condition.In order to facilitate the labours of the control committees in thisrespect, written application was made to the County GovernmentBoards of all the counties through which the course ran, beggingthem to request these responsible for keeping the roads in order, notto mend the roads immediately before the race, by laying down stones,but to do their best, in every possible way, to repair the roadsand bridges beforehand, wherever necessary. The County GovernmentBoards were also begged to assist the Committee by seeing that thehigh road around Lake Mälar, i. e., along the course, was in as goodrepair as circumstances would allow, so that the competitors would sufferas little inconvenience as possible in this respect. Written applicationwas also made to all the Canal-, Transport-, and Railway Companiesthat could be in any way affected by the competition, begging themto allow the bridges across the water-ways to be clear for road-traffic,and the bars and the gates at the railway crossings to be open, duringthe race.The Cycling Committee also wrote to the State Telegraph and TelephoneCo., and to the Stockholm Telephone Co., asking to haveextra telephones put up, and also to have the ordinary telephoneoffices open all the time the race lasted, and, consequently, duringthe early hours of the morning, too.All the various departments to which the applications in questionwere made, showed the greatest willingness to oblige, and promised todo their best to comply with the wishes of the Committee; a promisefaithfully kept when the race came off.Towards the spring of 1912 the Cycling Committee found itselfobliged to open its own offices, and took advantage of the kind offermade by O. Kraepelin, Esq., who placed two of his private roomsat the full disposal of the Committee, free of charge. The arduouswork of the last two months was carried out at these temporary offices,the address of which was 42, Kommendörsgatan.The Swedish Cycling Association arranged that the annual raceround Lake Mälar, which forms the Swedish long distance championshiproad race, should be the final try out for the cyclists from whoseranks the Swedish representatives were to be chosen.THE NUMBER OF COMPETITORS.The entries for the cycling competition closed on July 7th, at 12p. m., and showed the surprising result that no less than 19 nationshad entered for the Race round Lake Mälar, with 151 competitorsand 15 reserves. This number was considerably larger than the Cyc-431

ling Committee had counted on, and proved that the interest takenin the competition was very great. The entries were divided amongthe various nations as follows:NationCompetitorsEntriesReservesAustriaBelgiumBohemiaCanadaChiliDenmarkEnglandFinlandFranceGermanyHungaryIrelandMonacoNorwayRussiaScotlandSouth AfricaSwedenU. S. A.TotalTHE DRAW FOR THE START.The draw for the order of starting, a matter of special importancein such a competition as this, took place at the first meeting of theCommittee after the close of entries, and in accordance with the followingprinciples.First of all, the nations entered were divided into groups of 12riders (the highest number of cyclists any nation was allowed to enter),and lots were drawn to decide the order in which these nationsshould start in respect to each other. In the groups which werecomposed of competitors from more than one nation, lots were alsodrawn to decide the order of starting of the various nations in thegroups. By means of this system of drawing lots, the various groups,and also those nations that belonged to one and the same group,came in the following order: 1. France; 2. South Africa, Monaco andIreland: 3. Sweden; 4. Chili and Denmark; 5. Austria and Finland;6. Hungary; 7. U. S. A.; 8. Scotland; 9. England; 10. Norway;11. Germany; 12. Russia; 13. Belgium, Bohemia and Canada.After this, there was made a final draw, to decide the starting orderof the various competitors with respect to each other, this being carriedout as follows. First there was drawn, as No. 1, a cyclist from France;then, as No. 2, one representing South Africa; as No. 3, one fromSweden, and so on. In the groups consisting of more than one nation,all the competitors representing the nation that was drawn first432

in that group, were first drawn, before any cyclist of the next nationin that group was taken. In consequence of the plan thus adoptedfor the drawing, it was found possible to prevent two members ofthe same nation pacing each other.THE MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPETITION.By means of the grand try out, held on the 2 June, and whichwas arranged as a general rehearsal of the coming Olympic race, theCycling Committee had an opportunity of seeing how the machineryof the whole worked; if all the cogs were there, so to say, and ifthey engaged in each other as they should. All those persons thathad been asked to act as officials were requested to be present at thetry out, but before the event came off, the leader of the competitionsummoned all the officials — those who were to be stationed in thecountry places, as well as those that were to be on duty in Stockholm,on the occasion of the Olympic Race — to a meeting inStockholm, 120 persons answering the call. At this meeting, theleader read and explained the “Instructions for officials”, etc., andthe functionaries were given the opportunity of making themselvesperfectly well acquainted with their duties, by means of questioning,etc. The race on June 2, showed that all the arrangements, withthe exception of one or two details of minor importance, were thebest possible.At the start in the try out, which took place on the high roadjust opposite the primary school at Liljeholmen, the building mentionedwas very kindly placed at the disposal of the managers of therace by the head master, Mr. A. G. Kjellberg. It was found possibleto make every desirable arrangement in the large, light and convenientrooms, for the comfort both of the officials and the competitors, whofound here warm and pleasant rooms for changing clothes, and forthe medical inspection as well, in those cases where it had not previouslybeen carried ont. Those who came too soon to the startingplace were able to rest here in comfort, while, in the large schoolyard,there was plenty of room for cycles, the assistants, etc. Theimportant matter of the time-keeping had also been arranged in the bestpossible way, and first-class chronometers were employed, placed at thedisposal of the Committee by F. Höglund, Watchmaker, Stockholm.The eleven Control Committees, too, — at Södertälje, Läggesta(Mariefred), Strängnäs, Eskilstuna, Kungsör, Köping, Västerås, Enköping,Bålsta and Järfva — did their work excellently. By each ofthese control committees arrangements had to be made for:a) the presence at the stations of persons of linguistic acquirements,or the purpose of rendering the necessary assistance to foreign competitors;the languages that had to be represented first and foremostwere English, German, French and Russian, in the order given;b) a special attendant to superintend and manage any necessary repairsto the cycles;c) a doctor — who, if not actually present, had to be ready tocome at a moment’s call, if necessary;28 Fifth Olympiaden. 433

d) interesting the local Press in the race, so that the public couldbe made acquainted with the competition and various details in connectionwith it.The instructions for the control committees also contained regulationsrespecting the telephone arrangements, the use of secret controlofficials, the reckoning of time lost at open bridges, railway crossings,etc., the providing of suitable refreshments for the competitors, etc.At the finish, which, according to the original plan, was to havebeen inside the Stadium, the management had the south-western towerplaced at its disposal. Three extra Riks telephones and three additionalStockholm Telephone Co’s apparatus were procured speciallyfor this race, while, besides these, which were in direct connectionwith the chief telephone office in the town, there was a special switchstationin the Stadium, with a number of telephones in the vicinityof the office near the finish, which could be used in case of necessity.In order to keep the public acquainted with the progress of the race,there had been put up just outside the great entrance towards Valhallavägen,between the gate and the railings, and also behind the northernstand, large result-boards, on which were displayed the names, numbersand starting-times of all the competitors, with spaces in whichcould be written the hours of the arrival of the men at the variouscontrol stations. A similar result-board, but of smaller dimensions,was placed close to the stairs of the Press Gallery. All these boardswere revised every half hour, so that the public could see, at a glance,the position of the various competitors along the course, and the timesmade to the different control stations. At the finish, too, of course,arrangements were made for supplying the competitors with refreshments,any necessary medical aid, etc.ALTERATIONS MADE IN THE RULES.Both on account of the experience gained by the try out on the 2of June, and of one or two other circumstances influencing the decisioncome to, the Committee found itself obliged to make one or twolittle alterations in the “Special rule” first issued for the OlympicCompetition and sent with the official invitation to the Games. Asalready mentioned, the interval between the competitors at the startwas changed from 3 minutes to 2. In order to lessen the inconveniencethat would be caused to competitors by their having toprove their identity at several control stations by signing their names,it was determined that this should be done at one such station only,viz., that at Köping (the turning point towards Stockholm). In consequenceof the competitions in athletics going on simultaneously withthe arrival of the cyclists at the intended finish in the Stadium, itwas determined to have the winning-post on the northern carriagewayin Valhallavägen, almost opposite the Sofiahemmet Hospital, atwhich spot, therefore, a tent was raised, which was placed in telephoniccommunication with the Cycling Offices in the south-westerntower of the Stadium. All possible steps were taken here for theconvenience of the judges, timekeepers and other functionaries, and434

of the competitors, too, of course. But, although the time was takenat this spot, just outside the Stadium, the competitors had to ride oninto the Stadium through the principal entrance, turn to the left andcycle half a lap along the running track, where they would be metby their countrymen and assistants.In order to render the greatest possible assistance to the competitors,and especially to those that were unacquainted with the Swedishlanguage, the leader of the competition drew up a P. M. which wasprinted in English, French, German and Swedish editions, and givento the various competitors in the language they best understood. ThisP. M. contained all the information the competitor needed to be ableto be present at the right time at the starting place, etc., and wasas follows :The competition will take place on Sunday, July 7th ; the first man startingat 2 a. m.The medical examination, which is obligatory for everyone taking part in therace, will take place on Saturday, July 6th, from 2 p. m., at the PrimarySchool, 63—65 Valhallavägen, near the Stadium.You are requested to present yourself for this examination at p. m.The start will take place on the high road in front of the schoolhouse, 1,000metres (ca. mile) south of Liljeholmsbro (L. bridge), which is situated on thesouth-west outskirts of Stockholm.Your number in the competition isYou must present yourself at the starting-post not later than a. m.After dressing for the race, unnecessary clothing will be left in charge of thestarter’s adjutant (who wears a brown and blue badge on his arm), who willtransport each competitor’s things, enclosed in a separate sack marked with thename of the competitor, to the dressing room of his nation in the Stadium.Each competitor shall wear, both on his breast and back, the number whichhas been assigned to him by lot.Your starting-time in the race is a. m.Your reserve-machines have been stationed by the Committee atAt the start and the finish, the competitors must not be assisted by anybodyelse than persons approved of by the Committee (“start-helpers”).The words of command on starting are:30 sec. before the start : “Sitt upp!”5 “Färdigza!” (Ready !), andon the stroke of time: “Gå!” (Go !)All pacing by persons who are not taking part in the race is strictly forbidden,and no person not taking part in the competition will be allowed toaccompany the competitor.Refreshments must only be given by persons on foot.During the race the competitor shall keep to the left, and shall ring his bell.or other signal, in good time, to warn anyone coming in the opposite direction.In the case of a competitor being, necessitated against his will, to wait at thecanal-bridges at Fittja, Södertälje, Eskilstuna, Kungsör, Kolbäck, Stäket orÅlkistan, the time he has lost at any of these places, in order to allow ofthe passage of a boat, will be deducted from his total time.Such a deduction will not be made, however, for a delay caused at any ofthe railway crossings.At the control station at Köping, you must sign your name on the list keptthere, in order to show that you have passed the place.Refreshments can be had at all the control stations.If you retire from the competition, you are bound to give notice of the factat the nearest control station as soon as you can, and also to take off yournumber.435

17.On your arrival at the Stadium, you must ride half a lap round the Stadiumtrack, beginning from the left. Your time will be taken before this lap isbegun, however.18. In other respects, the competition will take place in accordance with the U.C. I. regulations for racing’s.Thanks to this P. M. the competitors were not obliged to keep onmaking inquiries every now and then, but, as they all acknowledgedafter the race, they were able to ride on knowing very well whatthey had to do. The P. M. was placed in the hands of each nationleaderas soon as he presented himself at the Office of the CyclingCommittee, or as soon as the Committee learned of the arrival of thevarious nations in Stockholm and of their addresses in town.Everything now seemed to be in readiness for the cycling competition“round Lake Mälar”, but it was hardly possible to foretell whatwould happen at the grand road race. It could be seen, of course,from the entries, that the match would be an exceedingly keen one,for the very best amateur cyclists from abroad intended competing,and it scarcely lies within the scope of this report, written by Swedes,to discuss the possibilities for and against a Swedish victory. Thismay be said, however, that those amongst us who took the troubleto try and discover the most dangerous rivals of our representatives,considered that they were to be found among the cyclists from England,France and Finland. But, on the other hand, there were manynations competing, of whose men one knew next to nothing, so thatthere were really dozens and dozens of “dark horses”. In a word,the excitement was intense and the result most uncertain, althoughhopes were entertained of Sweden being placed at least in the teamcompetition. As far as the individual competition was concerned,however, it was considered, and with very good reason, that theSwedes were “out of the running”.RECEPTION OF THE FOREIGN GUESTS. MEETINGS, ETC.Our guests from abroad began to arrive as early as the middle ofJune. The Chilian representatives were the first to put in an appearance,and then came one contingent after another in quick succession,It was a matter of course that all other the competitors shouldwant to cycle over the course once or twice, in order to make themselvesacquainted with it, and to examine the character of the road,which the Committee, in its official correspondence, had by no meansdescribed in too glowing colours, or as a first class one. Duringthe course of all the experimental runs which were undertaken byour visitors from abroad, they were received and cared for, as theyunanimously acknowledged, in the most obliging and hearty fashion,our own representatives outdoing themselves in their endeavours to beof every service to their foreign rivals.Everything, then, pointed to a most successful meeting and, onFriday evening, July 5, the Swedish Cycling Association invited a436

number of its guests from abroad to a banquet at the Grand HotelRoyal, some 50 persons being present. Those invited consisted ofthe honoratiores, as they were called, i. e., the managers or leadersof the teams, and the chief representatives for cycling sport. Theoccasion served to make the visitors from abroad acquainted with theSwedes and with each other, and a most harmonious spirit prevailed, which,there is every reason to believe, lasted long after the evening was over.There was one drop of bitterness in the cup, however, and thatwe had to taste the very next morning, for the representative ofFrance protested against the determination of the Cycling Committeeto allow England, Ireland and Scotland to compete as separate nations.At the meeting of the Cycling Committee which was heldsubsequently, when there were present the Rev. Mr. Laffan, representingGreat Britain, and delegates from each of the three nations inquestion, the Committee determined to stand by its resolve. On Saturdayevening there was another meeting, at which were present therepresentatives of all the nations taking part in the competition, who,according to the rules of the Union Cycliste Internationale, had toelect three "commissaires de course” and the following gentlemen werechosen to fill these positions; Comte d’Arnaud, France, Herr Baeckling,Germany and Mr. Blair, England. The three commissaires atonce held a meeting together with Captain Drake, leader of thecompetition, Mr. Salmson, one of the judges at the finish, and Mr.Ullén, the secretary of the Committee, when Captain Drake informedthe three commissaires of the circumstances leading to the determinationof the Committee to allow England, Ireland and Scotland toeach be represented by 12 competitors, i. e., to appear as separatenations. The Cycling Committee regretted that this concession hadbeen made, but declared at the same time that, as the teams fromthe countries in question had come to Sweden to take part in theevent, the Swedish Cycling Committee did not wish to prevent themfrom doing so, and that the Swedish Cycling Association intended totake the responsibility for their so doing on its own shoulders, shouldany steps be taken in the matter by the Union Cycliste Internationale.The reason the Cycling Committee had made the original, illegal concessionto Great Britain was, that in the Union Cycliste Internationale,the English, Irish and Scotch Cycling Associations are each representedby 4 voting delegates, or 12 altogether, each of the said Associationspaying its fees separately to the Federation. The SwedishCycling Committee had forgotten however, that the three countries inquestion had only the right of being represented as one whole nation,that representative being England.The three commissaires de course let the matter remain as it was,although the French representative remarked that he, formally, wasobliged to forward the protest to the Union Cycliste Internationale.But, as can be seen by the following detailed account of the race,it would have made no difference in the relative positions of thewinning teams if the three nations in question had been representedas but one, with their best four men counting.437

THE RACE.On Sunday, July 7, at 2 a. m. precisely, the race was begun by Rillon,(France), who had the competing number, 1, being sent on his journey,the other competitors following at intervals of 2 minutes. There were28 absentees out of the 151 entered, so that 123 cyclists took partin the competition. The appended general protocol and tables showto which nations they belonged.There was an enormous crowd gathered at the starting place, andit with the greatest difficulty that the local police and the soldierswho had been sent to their assistance, could manage to keep justenough of the road clear for the passage of the competitors. Duringthe whole of the race the weather was as fine as could be, althoughthe heat was pretty great, especially towards noon, and greatly troubledour continental visitors. A westerly wind blew now and then duringthe forenoon, but proved to be of no hindrance to the riders. Thechoking dust, on the other hand, was what the competitors sufferedfrom most.All those taking part in the race declared that the control stationswere managed in the very best possible way. Lewis, especially, statedthat he experienced the greatest help and kindness everywhere, andthat, thanks to the instructions he received, he had had no difficultyin finding the way, especially as the control committees, acting onthe instructions of the Cycling Committee, had marked out the routeby means of large red arrows on a white ground, at all the crossroadsand at other places where it was possible for the competitorsto take a wrong turning.Besides one or two tumbles of the ordinary kind, and which werenot at all dangerous, there were not more than a couple of accidentsduring the whole of this great competition, both of them, however,being, fortunately enough, of such a character that no lasting injurywas caused to the sufferers. Stokes (England) broke his collar-boneat Södertälje and he was at once taken in hand by the doctor actingon behalf of the control committee there. The injured man wastaken to the hospital where he received every attention, and was soonable to be removed to Stockholm by his fellow-countrymen. Theother accident was a more serious one, and happened to one of theSwedish representatives, Mr. Landsberg, of Örebro, only a few hundredmetres from the start. He was trying to get out of the way of amotor-waggon, but he was run into, his cycle smashed and he himselfdragged along some distance before the waggon stopped. Hewas carried back to the starting place, whence he was conveyed toSt. Mary’s Hospital, where he had to remain for some days.At the finish and the Office in the Stadium, the officials on dutywere kept busy from 3 a. m., receiving all the reports sent in bytelephone from the various control stations, from which, as we havealready mentioned, reports were made every half hour, giving thenames of those competitors that had passed, and other information ofany importance. The six telephones were ringing incessantly the438

whole day, from 3 a. m. until 5 or 6 p. m., i. e., as long as therace continued. There were relays of 12 men each at the office,for the purpose of attending to the telephones, and they were keptat work the whole of the time. Close to each telephone lay specialprinted forms, on which the assistant who received the messages,wrote the name of the control station and the number of the competitoror competitors that had passed, together with the time ofpassing ; these forms were then given without delay to the secretarywho was entering the minutes for the telephone in question. Onceevery half hour the reports received were sent to the result-boards, tobe shown there, as already described. Everything acted most satisfactorily.It is hardly possible to give here a fully descriptive account of therace. The best and completest way for the reader to gain some ideaof the competition is to study the accompanying general protocol, theprotocol of the team competition, and the table showing the comparativeresults obtained by the various nations, all of which togetherwill show, as clearly as can be desired, the progress of the race fromthe start to the finish. Still, as this cycle race was the greatest competitionthat has ever taken place between the best cyclists in theworld, certain facts should be related, however, as being well worthyof special mention and study.If we examine the reports showing the times at which the competitorsarrived at the various control stations, we become simply astoundedat the way in which the winner, Lewis (South Africa), rodefrom the very beginning of the race. He started as No. 2 fromLiljeholmen (Stockholm) at 2.02 a. m. and at 3.00 a. m. the reportwas received that he had passed the control station at Södertälje,having traversed the 33 kilometres (ca. 2ox/, miles) in 57 minutes(cfr. the pace in the 100 kilometres’ race in London, in 1908, whenon a cycling-track, 24 miles, 1,450 yards — 40 kilometres — were coveredin the hour), and had then taken the lead, having passed the firststarter, the Frenchman, Rillon, just before reaching Södertälje. Thislead the South African retained to the end, as he did, too, the time-record in the race for this part of the journey. The next best timeto Södertälje, after Lewis’s, was that made by Richter (Russia), No. 38,and Brown (Canada), No. 65, both of whom did the distance in 58minutes. The best Swede along this part of the course was No. 3,Persson, with a time of 59 minutes, the same as was taken by No.48, Meredith and No. 74, Moss (both representing England), and No.108, Raita (Finland). The longest time taken for the distance (1 hr.16 min.) was made by some who held out to the finish, however.The favourites for the day were Meredith, the English champion,Raita (Finland), Brown (Canada), Racine (France), Loftes (U. S. A.)and, quite naturally, our own Morén, who had 10 times won the Swedishchampionship over this course.439

It is specially interesting to follow the progress of the best twelveriders during the race and see which of them were to the fore at thevarious control stations, and which of them, from the times they hadhitherto made, could be picked out as the winner. We shall examinethe times at the control station at Eskilstuna, a little more than onethirdof the distance; at that of Köping, which may be consideredas the place where the road turned towards Stockholm; at the Västeråscontrol station, when not quite two-thirds of the 320 kilometres( ca. 192 miles) had been covered, and at the last three control stations,Enköping, Bålsta and Järfva. After the last-mentioned stationshave been passed, it is easy to place the leaders, and it can be seenthat there will be put little difference between them at the finish, anexception, perhaps, being made in the case of Lewis, who can bepicked as a safe winner.At the control station at Eskilstuna, 120 kilometres (72 miles) fromthe start, after somewhat more than one-third of the total distance hadbeen covered, the first twelve men were:No. Lewis South Africa hrs. min. secs.Hill ScotlandMeredith EnglandSchutte U. S. A.Kopsky U. S. A.Persson SwedenBrown CanadaWilson ScotlandGrubb EnglandMalm SwedenRaita FinlandMoss EnglandThe times show how very evenly the competitors were matched upto this point.The first twelve men to reach Köping (the turning point), ca. 165kilometres (99 miles) from the start, were :No.LewisMeredithMalmWilsonGrubbSchutteKrushelRaitaHillBrownPerssonKopskySouth AfricaEnglandSwedenScotlandEnglandU. S. AU. S. A.FinlandScotlandCanadaSwedenU. S. A.hrs. min. secs.Here we see that No. 74, Moss (England) has had to make wayfor Krushel, a representative of the U. S. A., who has placed himselfseventh. There are a number of other changes, too, and it can benoticed that the interval between the second man and the twelfth hasgrown greater, for while at Eskilstuna, the difference between the secondand the last man was less than 4 minutes, it is about 7 here.440

R. LEWIS, South Africa, chaired by his countrymen, after his victory in the Cycle Road Race round Lake Mälar.Pl.174

CYCLE ROAD RACE ROUND LAKE MÄLAR. R. LEWIS (South Africa) about to ride in through the grand south entranceof the Stadium, after having passed the winning post at Valhallavägen.Pl. 175.

AtorderVästerås, c:a 200 kilometres (abt. 123 miles) from the start, theof the first twelve men, as regards time taken, was as follows:No. Lewis South AfricaBrownCanadaSchutte U.S. A.GrubbEnglandMeredithEnglandHillScotlandMalmSwedenWilsonScotlandKrushel U. S. A.RaitaFinlandLoftes U. S. A.EkströmSwedenThe interval between the second man and the twelfth has now increasedto 12 minutes, and Persson (Sweden) and Kopsky (U. S. A.)have been obliged to retire in favour of two new men, representativesof the same countries, however; Persson making way for Ekström,and Kopsky for Loftes. Kopsky does not appear among the firsttwelve any more.Enköping, 231 kilometres (c:a 140 miles) from the start, was passedin the following order, by the first twelve in point of time taken:No. LewisBrownSchutteGrubbHillRaitaMeredithKrushelLoftesWilsonMalmFriborgSouth AfricaCanadaU. S. A.EnglandScotlandFinlandEnglandU. S. A.U. S. A.ScotlandSwedenSwedenhrs. min. secs.Friborg (Sweden) has replaced his countryman, Ekström, and 19minutes now separate the second man and the twelfth. The competitionis now beginning to take a more decided character.At Bålsta, abt. 265 kilometres (c:a 162 miles) from the start, the sixmen who actually passed the post as the first half dozen are alreadyin the front, although their respective positions are not fixed asyet. Of the Swedish competitors, Friborg, Persson and Malm areamong the first dozen, and are waiting to come somewhat more tothe fore. Hill and Wilson have fallen to the rear, and appear nomore among the first twelve. Ekström once more comes on, andthe order (in point of time taken) on passing Bålsta is:No.LewisSchutteGrubbBrownRaitaMeredithLoftesFriborgSouth AfricaU. S. A.EnglandCanadaFinlandEnglandU. S. A.Sweden441hrs.hrs.min.min.

No. Krushel U S. A.PerssonSwedenMalmSwedenEkströmSwedenhrs.min.The time separating the second man and the twelfth has not increased,but remains at 19 minutes, and it is clear that the competitorsare doing all they know, for, from this station to the finish, thereremain little more than 50 kilometres (30 miles).Then the riders reach the last control station, that at Järfva, 5—6kilometres (a little more than 3 miles) from the finish and 315 kilometres(195 miles) from the start. Here the competitors are alreadyin the order (in point of time) in which they will pass the post, withthe exception of Brown, Raita, Lönn (the latter of whom is now amongthe leaders) and Loftes. Lönn has found a place in consequence ofKrushel’s (U. S. A.) falling back, the new man drawing up andoccupying tenth place. It will be seen that the time interval betweenthe second man and the twelfth has increased to 23 minutes, whilethe difference between the first and second man has fallen to 9 minutesinstead of the 13—15 minutes it was a long time before.This final difference between the two remained almost unaltered tothe close.Time-order at Järfua:No.LewisGrubbSchutteMeredithRaitaBrownFriborgMalmPerssonLoftesLönnEkströmSouth AfricaEnglandU. S. A.EnglandFinlandCanadaSwedenSwedenSwedenU. S. A.)SwedenSwedenhrs. min. secs.The general protocol, studied in connection with the reports givenby the various control-stations, makes a most interesting study, and,consequently, before placing the protocol in question before the reader,some additional comparisons will be made that may be found worthyof his attention. One of them gives the time taken for the secondhalf of the journey, i. e., from Köping to the Stadium; the secondis the time required from Enköping to the Stadium. The twodistances are, respectively, 155 and 89 kilometres (ca. 95 and 55miles). It can be seen by both the times given, that Lewis is comingback more and more to the rest of the field. The first distance iscovered by 5 men in better time than the leader’s, and, as regardsthat part of the course between Enköping and the Stadium, no lessthan 9 of the best twelve had better time than the first man.442

The times required for the distances in question were:No.Köping—the Stadium.Grubb hrs. min. secs.SchutteFriborgBrownRaitaLewisNo.MeredithFriborgLönnGrubbRaitaPerssonMalmSchutteEkströmLewisEnköping—the Stadium.hrs. min. sec.After having thus given these various short tables which, in theirsilent yet eloquent language, give an account of the most prominentfeatures of the race, we shall here present the reader with the generalprotocol, or full table of results, and a classified list as well, basedon the general protocol.Table showing the best 25 men in the Race.R. LewisF. G. GrubbC. O. SchutteL. MeredithF. R. BrownA. RaitaE. FriborgR. MalmA. W. PerssonA. LönnA. H. LoftesA. EkströmA. KrushelB. M. AndreasenH. MorénJ. WilsonW. C. MartinCh. MossW. KarlssonJ. G. KopskyV. O. TilkanenV. R. HammondR. RammerR. ThompsonO Meyland-SmithSouth AfricaEngland (Gt. Brit.)U. S. A.England (Gt. Brit.)CanadaFinlandSwedenU. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.NorwaySwedenScotland (Gt. Brit.)U. S. A.England (Gt. Brit.)SwedenU. S. A.FinlandEnglandAustriaScotlandDenmark443hrs. min. secs.

GENERALPROTOCOL.No.NameNationHour ofarrivalat theStadiumTimeforentiredistanceNo.RemarksRillon, RenéLewis, RudolphPersson, A. W.Torres, José P.Kofler, AdolfToth, GyulaPofhal, W. L.Herd, George R.Kirk, J. W.Guldbrandsen, CarlWarsow, GeorgKoepke, KarlBulger, ThomasGanget, RenéMédecin, JulienFriborg, ErikFriedemann, ArturoRammer, RobertMerényi, LajosKopsky, Joseph G.Hill, CharlesJones, S. L.Andreasen, B. M.Rabe, WilhelmPohle, AnsSpencer, WilliamRacine, JosephBernardi, H. J.Malm, RagnarDowney, Albert0Kramer, RudolfHenszely, JánosKockler, ErnestStevensen, JamesStokes, A. J.Hansen, Anton L.Rathmann, OswaldRichter, EdgarAndrews, WalterCapelle, AndreMecredy, Ralph J. R.Lönn, AlgotKoller, Cárlos V.Wacha, A.Retzischar, FerenczKrushel, AlbertWilson, JohnMeredith Leon.Henriksen, P. G. E.Birker, RobertKoepke, A.Watson, GeorgeFranceSouth AfricaSwedenChiliAustriaHungaryU. S. A.ScotlandEnglandNorwayGermanyRussiaCanadaFranceMonacoSwedenChiliAustriaHungaryU. S. A.ScotlandEnglandNorwayGermanyRussiaCanadaFranceMonacoSwedenChiliAustriaHungaryU. S. A.ScotlandEnglandNorwayGermanyRussiaCanadaFranceIrelandSwedenChiliAustriaHungaryU. S. A.ScotlandEnglandNorwayGermanyRussiaCanadaSmashed cycleDid not start.Retired.Did not start.Did not start.Did not start.Did not start.Did not start.Did not start.Retired.Injured : retired.Did not start.Did not start.kilometresRetired.Retired.mile) past Södertälje ; retired.min. compensation.min. compensation.min. compensation.min. compensation.444445

No. Name NationHour ofarrivalat theStadiumTimeforentiredistanceNo.RemarksMichiels, Alexis FranceAnderson, C. W. IrelandKarlsson, Werner SwedenHansen, Charles DenmarkHellensteiner, Josef AustriaMazur, GyulaHungaryBecht, John U. S. A.Thompson, Robert ScotlandHammond, W. R. EnglandSaeterhaug, Martin NorwayMännel, OttoGermanyApsit, AndreiRussiaBrown, F. R.CanadaPeinaud, Pierre FranceDonaldson, Thomas IrelandPettersson, Arvid SwedenNielsen, Vald.DenmarkZilker, JosefAustriaGröger, Károly HungaryLoftes, A. H. U. S. A.Quinn, DanielScotlandMoss, Charles EnglandBye, J. S.NorwaySmiel, Hermann GermanyBosch, Friedrich RussiaRames, Bohumil BohemiaAlancourt, Gaston FranceDoyle, B. J.IrelandMorén, Henrik SwedenNielsen, Vald. C. DenmarkTilkanen, V. O.. FinlandParaker, Istvan HungarySchutte, C. O. U. S. A.Stevensen, D. M. Scott andGibbon, A. W. EnglandOlsen, Carl Th. NorwayRieder, Joseph GermanyEulenberg, Jeannot RussiaKubrycht, Bohumil BohemiaLepère, André FranceLivingston, David IrelandLandsberg, K.SwedenOlsen, HansDenmarkKankkonen, J. W. FinlandSchwartz, Lajos HungaryMartin, W. C. U. S. A.Petrie, William ScotlandDavey, C. F.EnglandPenz, JohannGermanyBorrisow, Fedor RussiaTintera, Vaclav BohemiaValentin, Georges FranceGuy, FrancisIrelandEkström, Alex. SwedenDid not start.Retired.Did not start.Did not start.Did not start.Did not start.Did not start.Did not start.Retired.Retired.Retired.Did not start.Retired before reaching Södertäle ;Did not start.Did not start.Did not start.cycle damaged.Retired.Retired.Retired.446447

No. Name NationHour ofarrivalat theStadiumTimeforentiredistanceRemarksJensen, OttoDenmarkRaita, A.FinlandMüller, IstvánHungarySteinert, Jerome U. S. A.Griffiths, A. J. ScotlandGayler, H. H. EnglandBaier, P. Rudolf GermanyPratneck, Iahn RussiaKundert, Fr.BohemiaCheret, Etenne FranceWalker, JohnIrelandLevin, Hjalmar SwedenMeyland-Smith, O. DenmarkJaakonaho, Juho FinlandTeiszenberger, Ignatz HungaryMeissner, F. A. U. S. A.Corsar, George ScotlandHiggins, F. C. EnglandLemnitz, Franz GermanyLiewen, Johan RussiaVokoun, JanBohemiaBes, LouisFranceWalsh, Matthew IrelandBjörk, GunnarSwedenOlsen, G.DenmarkVäre, F. A. H. FinlandHuszar, Guyla HungaryNorgauer, G. F. U. S. A.Farquhar, John ScotlandGrubb, F. G.EnglandLüthje, CarlGermanyBukse, JakobRussiaBodson, Omer BelgiumMarcault, Jaques FranceWalker, Michael IrelandLundquist, Carl SwedenReinwald, C. J. DenmarkLindberg, C. J. FinlandTeppert, Karoly HungaryPike, Jesse K. U. S. A.Miller, JohnScotlandMerlin, E. A.EnglandKoch, MartinGermanyPestereff, Sergei RussiaPatou, JulesBelgiumRetired.Retired before reachingRetired.Retired ; cycle damaged.Retired.Retired.Did not start.Retired.Did not start.Retired.Did not start.Retired.Retired.Retired.Södertälje.Retired.Retired.Maximum time: 13 hrs. 23 min. 19 secs.448Stockholm, July 7th, 1912.29 Fifth Olympiaden.C. Gösta DrakePresident of the Swedish Cycling Association;Leader of the Cycling Competition.C. O. Ullén.Sec.449

COMPARISONS.After what has been said about the individual competition, the followinggeneral protocol ought to be sufficient to give an idea of theresult of the team competition, without the aid of any commentary.But, in consequence of the protest by France, which has already beenmentioned, it may be as well to point out in some few words, that,even if England, Ireland and Scotland had been obliged to compete witha total of 12 men only, the result would not, consequently, havebeen altered as far as regards the relative positions of the winning teams.If, for example, we take the best four men amongst all the representativesof the three countries in question, it will be seen that thereis only a Scotchman that has a better time than the worst of England’sbest four. The man in question is No. 47, Wilson, who, onthe hypothesis stated above, would have taken the place of No. 61,Hammond. This alteration would have lowered the total time forwhat would have been Great Britain’s team, to 44 hrs. 37 min. 53/Ssecs., and this would have brought the team considerably nearer thatof Sweden, but would not have beaten it.General Protocol of the Team Competition.The sum of the times made by the best four cyclistsdecides the relative positions of the various nations.of each nationSwedenEnglandU.S.A.Sc0tlandFinlandGermanyFriborgMalmPerssonLönnGrubbMeredithMossHammondSchutteLoftesKrushelMartinWilsonThompsonMillerStevensenRaitaTilkanenKaukkonenVäreLemnitzBaierRathmanWarsow450

AustriaDenmarkChiliFranceIrelandHungaryRammerKoflerKramerHellensteinerMeyland-SmithHansenReinwaldOlsenDowneyKollerFriedemannTorresRacineCapelleGangetValentinWalker, M.GuyMecredyWalker, J.MüllerHenszelyMazurTeiszenbergerBohemia, Norway and Russia took part in the team competition,too, but the prescribed number (4) of representatives of each of thesenations did not succeed in reaching the finish.Stockholm, 10 July, 1912.C. Gösta Drake.Leader of the Competition,Of great interest is the comparison between the number of representativesentered by the various nations and the number that actuallystarted, together with the number of those who retired from therace, and the total that reached the finish within the maximum timewhich was 13 hrs. 23 min. 19 secs., i. e., the time of the first manplus 25 % of that time. In this respect, Germany makes, most undisputably,a very fine show, no less than all her I I representativesreaching the finish under the maximum time. All the representativesof Austria, Canada, Chili and the U. S. A., too, came in in less thanthe maximum time. These nations had, respectively, 6, 2, 4 and 9men that started. Of the 12 Swedes that started, 8 reached the finish,all under the maximum time. One of the others (Landsberg) retiredon account of an accident.451

Comparative Table of Results gained by the Nations represented.Entries(Exclu-Nation sive Started Retiredof reserves)Completedthe CourseUnderFinmax.ishedtimeHow the men were placedAustriaBelgiumBohemiaCanadaChiliDenmarkEnglandFinlandFranceGermanyHungaryIrelandMonacoNorwayRussiaScotlandSouth AfricaSwedenU. S. A.TotalPRESENTATION OF THE PRIZES.The presentation of the prizes took place at 8 p. m., on Monday,July 9, during the course of a banquet given by the Cycling Committeeat Hasselbacken. The evening was a most animated and agreeableone, and many speeches were held, of course. After the dinner,the President of the Cycling Committee gave away the prizes, which,in addition to the Olympic gold, silver and bronze medals to thewinners of the individual and the team competitions, also includedfive large commemoration cups of silver, which had been placed atthe disposal of the Committee by the Control Committees of Mariefred,Eskilstuna, Köping, Västerås and Enköping, at which towns themeans of procuring the cups in question had been collected, and asixth, presented by the Sundsvall Cycling Club. These cups were tobe awarded as follows:The Eskilstuna Commemaration Cup to the winner of the race —R. Lewis, South Africa.The Västerås Commemoration Cup to the best Swedish competitor —E. Friborg.The Enköping Commemoration Cup to the rider that covered thedistance between Enköping and the Stadium in the shortest time —L. Meredith, England.452

The Mariefred Commemoration Cup to that competitor who, althoughnot among the winners of any Olympic prize for cycling, had donea very good performance — this was awarded by the Cycling Committeeto F. R. Brown, Canada.The Sundsvall Cycling Club's Commemoration Cup to the nation thatwon the team competition — to Sweden and the Swedish CyclingAssociation.The Köping Commemoration Cup to the nation that had the greatestnumber of representatives reaching the finish under maximum time —this cup was, of course, awarded to Germany and its Cycling Association: all the eleven German representatives that started, finishingunder the maximum time.REFLECTIONS.As regards the great cycling competition of the Olympic Gamesof 1912 — the race round Lake Mälar — it may be said that neverbefore had there been such a tremendous rivalry in a road race inthis branch of sport, and it can safely be asserted that the strugglewhich took place on the dusty, rut-marked and hilly highways aroundthe Swedish lake, was the most sternly contested of any in the historyof cycling, and may therefore be called, without much fear of contradiction,the greatest event of the kind that has ever been held.The riding of the winner, Lewis, was simply unique, and the resulta magnificent one. He beat the Swedish record for the course, thatmade by Morén in 1909, by no less than 39 min. 48 secs., hisaverage speed for the whole distance (ca. 320 kilometres ; 198 miles)was 29 kilometres (18 miles) per hour. Lewis rode the whole timewithout the assistance of the pacing that competitors with othermen in front of them generally enjoy, and his work awakened the greatestadmiration on the part of the spectators along the course. On theother hand, it must be pointed out that Lewis had the advantage ofriding during the early and comparatively cool hours of the day, whileother competitors — Grubb, for example — suffered more or lessfrom the intense heat that prevailed later on. Grubb, who started at6,30 a. m., was exposed to this warmth during the whole of the race,so that it must be said that his feat was a wonderfully fine one, andit would be difficult to say which of the two men, Lewis or Grubb,did the best piece of work.The Swedish team (Friborg, Malm, Persson and Lönn) is also worthyof all praise, and the men fully deserve the gratitude of their fellowcountrymen for the untiring energy with which they performed theirwork, and for the honour reaped thereby for their nation and themselves.That this gratitude was felt was best shown by the enthusiasticreception they received from the immense crowd that greetedthem on their arrival at the finish at Valhallavägen Road, outside theStadium, and from the 30,000 spectators that crowded the standsinside. The fine work of the Swedish competitors, as a whole, maybe seen by a glance at the table of comparative results, which showsthat Sweden took 7 of the first 20 places.453

Strictly speaking, cycling does not really belong to the OlympicGames, and its right to a place on the programme is more thandoubtful. In our opinion, cycling ought not to be included in futureOlympic Games. It is a form of sport that thrives best by itself, and itshould have its own great international celebrations. Pure athleticswould then have more justice done to them, and would be of much greaterutility than at present. But if cycling races are to form a part ofthe Olympic Games, then track races should most certainly have theirplace on the programme. Cycle races are immensely popular, andare always sure to attract vast crowds of spectators, and to keepeveryone’s excitement at fever-heat — if “crawling” were, as it couldbe, successfully prevented. Everybody interested in cycling must, therewhenthe Stadium was built, it was notfore, deeply deplore that,considered necessary to construct a cycling track there too. TheStadium as a centre of Swedish athletic life, would certainly havebeen a gainer by it.Other forms of cycling sport, such as cycle-polo, or other ballgames in connection with cycling, and figure cycling especially, oughtnot to find a place on the Olympic programme; in the first place, becausetheir athletic value is very, very little, and secondly, and mostly, becausetheir inclusion would at last make it impossible to set a limitto the fertile crop of fantastic proposals that, year by year, is proposedto be garnered for use at coming Olympic Games.454

FENCING.ORGANIZATION.fter the Swedish Olympic Committee for the OlympicGames of Stockholm, 1912, had commenced its laboursduring the course of 1910, it applied to the FencingSection of the National Association of the SwedishGymnastic and Athletic Clubs, requesting it to draw upa plan for the fencing competitions that were to formpart of the Games, to make rules and regulations for the competitionsin question, and also to take all other measures necessaryfor the proper representation of this branch of athletics.The Section undertook this task with the greatest pleasure, as it wasquite in agreement with its mission, i. e., the promotion of SwedishFencing.The Fencing Committee of the Olympic Games thus first consistedof the above-mentioned section as a whole, but its final compositionwas as follows :President: Captain E. FICK.Secretary: Lieutenant B. CNATTINGIUS.Other Members: Captain, Baron H. VON ESSEN.Lieutenant C. HJORTH.I. TÄGTSTRÖM, Esq.Lieutenant N. BRAMBACK.Rules for the Fencing Competitions.The spirit in which the rules and regulations for any branchof athletics are drawn up is, probably, in a very great measure deter-455

minative of the proper carrying out of competitions in the branch ofsport in question, and also of its healthy development.It need hardly be said that the drafting of the said rules involvedno very little labour; and the difficulties met with in giving definiteform to the various details of an international competition so comprehensiveas the one now in question, became still greater as, on theone hand, it was necessary to endeavour to bring into agreement thediscordant principles existing between various schools and nations,and, at the same time, to pay due consideration to the peculiaritiesand demands distinguishing their conflicting views. A short accountof some of the details of the task of drawing up the rules will,therefore, probably not be altogether without interest.The first question that came to the fore was that of the amateurdefinition. With a knowledge of the difficulties to which this questionhad given rise within Sweden alone, the problem was solved in theonly possible practical way by stating the rule as follows: that anyonewho was an amateur according to the rules of his own country wouldbe recognized as such; the Olympic Committees of the respective nations,however, were made responsible for the validity of the statementsin this regard made by their competitors for the fencing competitions.The satisfactory formulation of some of the rules of the competitionwas a far more intricate matter. One might think that, consideringthe long time the art of fencing has taken to develop itsprinciples, these rules now ought to be such as are accepted everywhere,but this is by no means the case. The fully justifiable, butsomewhat brutal appearance in the field, of épée fencing, with itsattempts to undervalue and supplant the more classic art of foil-fencing,has given birth to quite a number of new points of view respectingthe holding and judging of fencing competitions — pointsof view which have not obtained general adoption as yet, and whichcannot be considered as being altogether correct.The desire that competitions and the regulations governing themshould remain as constant as possible, and should not be altered beforefresh conditions make such a step absolutely necessary, is quite anatural one. While warmly acknowledging the merits of the Englishfencing rules and regulations for the Olympic Games of London in 1908,and the assistance they have been in drawing up those for the Swedishcompetitions of 1912, it must be stated that there were some rules,one, at least, of which was considered as being incorrect in principle, whileothers dealt with questions which had come to a head since 1908, andnow required to be formulated anew to be able to obtain legitimacy.Fencing with foils had been eliminated from the English programme,and had been replaced in London with a display (in contrast to whathad been the case at the Games of Athens, in 1906); this step wasexplained in the English Official Report of the Games of 1908 bythe statement that fencing with foils is not a form of athletic sportsuitable for competitions. The Swedish Committee, however, couldby no means share this view, and allowed fencing with foils to456

GROUP OF COMPETITORS AND OFFICIALS AT THE OLYMPIC FENCING COMPETITIONS.

ÉPÉE TEAM COMPETITION.

FINAL IN ÉPÉE COMPETITION.P. ANSPACH (Belgium) v. SELIGMAN (Great Britain).

FINAL IN SABRE COMPETITON.FUCHS (Hungary) v. NADI (Italy).

GROUP OF COMPETITORS IN FINAL OF FOIL COMPETITION.FINAL IN FOIL COMPETITION.BERTI (Hungary) v. BÉKESSY (Hungary).

GROUP OF COMPETITORS IN ÉPÉE IN INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION.GREAT BRITAIN'S TEAM IN ÉPÉE COMPETITION

SWEDEN'S TEAM IN ÉPÉE COMPETITIONGROUP OF COMPETITORS IN FINAL OF SABRE INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION.

GREAT BRITAIN’S TEAM IN SABRE COMPETITION.ITALY’S TEAM IN SABRE COMPETITION.

make its appearance once more on the competition “piste”, or track,with the hope that it will be found there in future Olympic Games, too.In other respects, the composition of the programme of the OlympicGames of Stockholm was the same as that of the London competitionin 1908, the Swedish Committee being happy to be able tocomply with the wish expressed in many quarters, that the team competitionin any of the arms might precede the individual meeting withthe same weapon.Questions that were destined, on the other hand, to occasion bothtrouble and disappointment were:a) that of the length of the weapon, and, in connection with thismatter, the question of the grasp;b) that of the extent of the vulnerable surfaces in foil-and sabre fencing.During the eleboration of the regulations for these details (the“Règlement de Combat des Armes de France” being taken as a guidefor this work it was found that the rules in force varied very much,not only as far as different countries were concerned, but also withinthe same nation. In order to decide fairly between all the conflictingregulations it was necessary, therefore, to gain a knowledge of thewishes in the matter entertained by various nations. This gaverise to an instructive and interesting correspondence with persons representingthe art of the sword, in the countries interested in the question.No difficulty was found in the reduction of the vulnerable surfacein the sabre competition to include nothing but the trunk alone, while,in most cases, the proposal of France to extend the vulnerable surfacein foil competitions so as to include the upper arm, too, wasdisapproved of. No other objections, however, were raised againstthe proposed regulations, with the exception that, in the case of theépée competitions, Italy asked for a lengthening of the blade to 94centimetres, a step that was opposed by France, however.This proved to be a point in which it was found impossible toreconcile the conflicting interests. It would occupy altogether toomuch space to give a detailed account of the debate that arose withregard to this matter. The result, however, was, that the originalregulations were retained, modified as regards the questions of the extentof the vulnerable surface, in the sabre competitions, and of the graspof the épée, while the wish of the Italians concerning the lengtheningof the blade, and that of the Frenchmen, for an increase of the vulnerablesurface in the foil competitions, were negatived.The result of this was, that France declared that it could not takepart in the foil competitions, and the Italians refused to enter forthe épée events. Both nations, however, sent in numerous entries forall the other fencing competitions, so that it was a painful surprise foreverybody when, at the very last minute, France determined to take no partat all in any of the events. The Committee received this information onlytwo days before the beginning of the competitions, and no officialexplanation of the grounds of the French withdrawal was ever given.On the 1 June 1912, the date when entries were closed, 17nations had entered a total of about 250 competitors.457

Time Table for theof the Olympic GamesFencing Competitionsof Stockholm, 1912.I. Individual Competition with FoilsII A. Épée TeamCompetitionII B. Individual Épée CompetitionIII A. Sabre Team Competition III B. Individual Sabre CompetitionFriday,5thJulyElimination Series1st round2nd roundSemifinalsFinalSaturday, 6 Sunday, 7 Monday, 8 Tuesday, 9Wedn.,10Elimination .Series1st round2nd roundSemiinalsFinal Elimination Series SemifinalsFinalElimination Series1st round2nd roundThursday, 11 Friday, 12 Saturday, 13 Sunday, 1 4 Monday, 15 Tuesday, x6 Wednesday, 17 Thursday, x8SemifinalsFinalFinalFinalFinalIV. ModernPentathlon ÉpéeCompetitionThe TennisPavilion'sout-of-doorcourts.458 459

THE PRINCIPLES FOR THE JUDGING.Another important question to which the rules and regulations endeavouredto give more definite form, was that of the method ofjudging to be employed by the juries of the competitions. It is, unfortunately,necessary to employ juries; it must be acknowledged thattheir task is a most difficult and unthankful one, in fencing especially,for, in the competitions in question, their duty is not restricted to themere stating of a definite fact as, for example, who has passed thewinning post first or who has jumped farthest, but it is necessaryto decide at one and the same moment, whether a hit has been madeand, if so, also to analyze the movement by which this hit has beenbrought about, and thereby to come to a fair decision. This is reallya very difficult task, especially in the case of rapid fencers, the swiftnessof whose movements is, so to say, an endeavour to shuffle thecards. Nothing, either, is more calculated to detract from the pleasurethe correct fencer has in this sport, and from the sympathy feltby the spectators, than disputes between the members of the jury, andinconsistencies in their decisions. Considering that an improvementin these respects could be gained by a clearer definition, and a betterdivision, of the tasks of the jurymen, the Committee consulted allavailable treatises on the matter and finally felt itself most attractedby the rules proposed by Comte du Cugnon d’Alincourt, of the Sociétéde l’Escrime à l’épée de Paris. The merits of this paper are itsclear division of the tasks of the members of the jury, and the logicalarrangement in the method of stating the observations they have made,whereby the phrase d’armes is decided in the quickest and most reliableway. Wherever this system has been used in all its strictness it hasjustified all expectations ; that this could not always be carried outwas quite naturally the result of the difficulty there was in obtainingfully competent judges, and of the difficulty of bringing about uniformityin all these international juries, whose members speak differentlanguages and have different customs.The rules and regulations finally adopted proved to satisfy allreasonable demands for clearness and conciseness; the small numberof protests, and the facility with which the matters in dispute weredecided, also speak in favour of their practical nature.The question of the jury is the most delicate matter regardingfencing competitions, for, on the simple, clear decisions that are given,there rests not only the maintenance of the art of fencing, but also theretention of the sympathetic interest of the spectators. The competitionought to consist of the spirited bouts of the fencers, and not ofthe lengthy deliberations of the jurymen. The attention of futureOlympic Committees should be carefully directed to this end.THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS.It is of the greatest importance to find the right place, and to makethe proper arrangements, for competitions on an extensive scale, ifthe events in question are to be carried out in a natural manner, andso that everyone can feel himself quite at home during the course460

of the competitions. Our stating that it was that the unanimousopinion the Swedish Committee succeeded in these two points, ismerely the expression of the gratitude of the Committee towards all thefriendly powers that allowed its lengthy and laborious endeavours tobe carried out in their entirety, without any disturbing influences.The demands that should be made for such arrangements as thosein question are: the scene of the combats shall form a suitable “frame”for the competitors and the spectators; there shall be the properamount of space and a pleasant field for the eye; the competitionsshall be arranged in such a manner that those taking part in themknow the exact times when they are to be present, so that they canenjoy their leisure in peace and quiet, either for the purpose of restor to satisfy other interests; in a word, every detail must, as far aspossible, be so arranged that when once the competitions have begun,everything will go as if by clock-work.For the first scheme that was drawn up the following factors weretaken as the basis. The number of the competitors was estimated toamount to 200—250, of which total there would be about 100 ineach of the individual competitions; the number of the pistes, ortracks, was fixed at four, this being considered the greatest numberthe Committee could venture to arrange, as it could not calculate onmore than 40 jurymen for the competitions, divided into two reliefsof 20 jurymen each.The rules fixing the highest number of competitors in one roundat 8, the eliminating rounds in I series would thus amount to about16. As the number of rounds in each following series would be diminishedto one half, the total number of rounds, inclusive of thefinal, would be 29. It was thought that it would not be possible tofinish more than 12 rounds each day; consequently, the individualcompetitions would require three days for their completion, this spaceof time also including that necessary for the Olympic solemnities inwhich all the competitors were to take part, and the intervals allowedfor Divine Service on Sundays. 2 days were considered sufficient forthe team competitions, the same space of time being thought enoughfor the épée event in the Modern Pentathlon, too.On this basis there was drawn up the time-table, given on pages 458—459, which shows the entire plan of the fencing competitions, and whichwas of great actual value for their performance according to schedule.The Tennis Pavilion at the Ötermalm Athletic Grounds was chosenas the scene of the competitions, and it proved to be an ideal one.The two tennis courts, which lie there side by side, gave the fourpistes, each of which measured 2 metres by 33 metres, together witha sufficient intermediate space where the jurymen could move aboutwithout hindrance. The pavilion also allowed of the erection of stands,each of two rows, along the middle and the sides of the hall, andseating altogether 400 spectators. The pistes were bounded by lowposts supporting ropes separating them from each other and from thespectators. At the farther end of each piste there were 8 easy-chairsreserved for the competitors, while the marking-boards were placed461

nearest to the wall close to the entrance. Each piste and the fittingsbelonging to it was of a special colour (blue, yellow, red and white)so that the competitors might more easily find their places.The interior of the hall was decorated with a bust of H. M. theKing, surrounded by the standard of Sweden and those of the othercompeting nations interwoven with green garlands, the whole offeringa very inviting appearance with these simple, yet richly coloured decorations.Nowadays the wish is generally expressed to have the épée- andsabre competitions as much as possible in the open air, but whenarranging such competitions, it is necessary to be certain of having aroof above one’s head to be able to feel sure that the events in questioncan be completed.The épée competition of the Modern Pentathlon, however, realizedthe first of these wishes, as it was fought out on the new out-of-doorstennis courts, which, without any very special preparations, satisfied allthe demands made on first class fencing-grounds. The only thingwanted to make this competition a success was fine weather, and thiswe enjoyed, with brilliant sunshine and southern warmth.As far as regards the arrangements necessary for the personal convenienceof the competitors, such as dressing-rooms, lavatories etc.those already existing in the tennis pavilion proved quite sufficientand satisfactory.After the list of entries of the competitors who were going to takepart in the various competitions was definitely fixed, each man’s placein the eliminating rounds of the first series was determined by thedrawing of lots immediately before the arrival of the competitors.This was done in accordance with the regulations.The drawing for this first round is given at the beginning of thereport of every special competition. It can be seen there, too, howthe winners in this round (italicized) take part in the rounds of thenext series (shown by a Roman figure after the name). The groupsin which the competitors were, placed were decided by the drawing oflots at the Secretariat, care being taken to have as few competitorsas possible belonging to the same nation opposed to each other, andalso that those competitors who had already met should, in the nextround, compete with new men.Immediately after the finish of a series, those competitors that wereto take part in a second were given a card, issued by the Secretariat,by the aid of which and of the time-table already mentioned, thecompetitor at once knew the hour when he should next present himself.The colour of the card agreed with that of the piste where theevent was to take place.These arrangements, which were quite new of their kind, provedto be very practical ones, much questioning being thus made quiteunnecessary, for each competitor had a printed notice of the hourswhen his presence was required, and he could spend his leisuretime without any fear of coming too late to a competition.462

THE FENCING.At 5 p. m. on the 5 July, the competitors were summoned to ageneral meeting held at the Tennis Pavilion in order to receive instructionsconcerning the dispositions made, and also for the purposeof being introduced to each other. Captain Fick, President of theFencing Committee, gave the competitors from abroad a hearty welcometo Sweden, after which refreshments were taken. At the sametime, the international jury of honour was elected, which, when itsnumbers were complete, comprised the following members:President :Colonel C. G. Platen.Members :for AustriaMajor Tenner.BelgiumM. A. Feyerick.GermanyCaptain Jürst.Great BritainLord Desborough.HollandCaptain A. Wallenberg.ItalyMarquis de Brichanteau.RussiaSweden Major Drakenberg.As may be seen by the time-table, the Fencing Competitions ofthe Olympic Games of 1912 began on July 6 at 8 a. m., the firstevent being the individual competition with the foil.1. INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION WITH FOILS.6—8 July.Protocol.Elimination series. Ist Round.6-7 July.de Kniajevitsch,D. Russ.Klika, M. Boh.Tom, L. Belg. ISchenker, Z. Hung. ICarlberg, E. Swed.Gate, W. P. S.-Afr.I Tvorzsky, V. Boh. IIThomson, J. Germ.Jack, F.IVGerm.Breckinridge,S.D. U. S. A. IIIFöldes, D. Hung. IIIGeorgacopoulos,P. GreeceSuttner, A. Aust.Nadi, N.Dawson, P. H.Ital. IIG. Brit.IIAdam, J. Aust.Leparsky, F.Berthelsen, J.O.H. Denm. IIRuss.Benfratello, J.Fagan, A. W. G. Brit. VIItal.Krokstedt, C. G. Swed.Lichtenfels, J. Germ. IV Keiser, W. Russ.Larimer, M. W. U. S. A. IAmphlett, E. M. G. Brit. IIArmgarth, G. Swed.Salmon, G. C. J. M.Berré, M. Belg.Belg.IIIHammond, D. U. S. A.Alexander, G. R. G. Brit. ICooke, S. G. Brit.Dunay, B. Hung.Pietrasanta, F. Ital. IIPontenani, A. Ital.Aas, L. T. Norw.III Post, A. van Zo. U. S. A. II VI Notaris, S. Greece V.Pfeiffer, V. Boh. IIIMc Laughlin, J. A. U. S. A.Stöhr, G. Germ.Gordetsky, N. Russ.Guoworsky, P. Russ.de Montigny, F. Belg. IV463

VIIVIIIIXXPersonne, C. B. Swed.Hall, S.U. S. A. IVSpeciale, P. Ital. IIIOlsen, H. Denm.Martineau, S. G. Brit.Willems, V. Belg. VMordovine, A. Russ.Rayner, H. M. U.S.A. Vde Samoiloff, W. Russ.Davids, A. Germ. IVGrönvall, N. R. J. Swed.Rechner, V. Boh.di Nola, N. Ital.Zulawsky, B. Hung. IIDiana, D. Ital.Seligman, E. G. Brit. IIIJavurek, J. Boh.Löffler, W. Germ. VBékessy, B. Hung. IVDereani, F. Aust.Gignoux, J. E. U. S. A.Levison, E. Denm. VIIIPajzs, P. Hung. VIPuhm, J. Aust.Castorina, C.Vávra, Z.Ital.Boh.Plaskuda, H. Germ. IIIBowman, W. L. U. S. A.XIIXIIIXIVxvGoppold de Lobsdorf,V., sr. Boh. VIIPeyron, H. G. R. Swed.Alajmo, A. Ital. IVde Samawsky, W. Russ.Toth, P. Hung. VSauer, A. E. U. S. A.Naumann, A. Germ.Anspach, P. Belg. VIIIMontgomerie, R.C. L. G. Brit. VIIHjorth, C. Swed. VIvon Tangen, G. Norw.Vigeveno, F. Hol.Martucheff, L. Russ.Berntsen, O. Denm.Trampler, R. Aust.Eriksen, B. G. Norm. VIIIHassanein, A. M. Egy.de Jakovleff, A. Russ.Lindblom, G. T. Swed.Verderber, R. Aust. VIIAnspach, H. Belg. VIde Jong, A. E. W. Holl.Ziegler, H. Germ.Kriz, F.Boh.Ochs, J. Belg. VIIISetterberg, C. L. Swed.Berti, L. Hung. VIIICvetko, R. Aust.Östrup, L. C. Denm. VIIXIBelloni, G.Kudloff, W.Rom, F.Bertrain, G.Golling, F.Jöncke, A.Osiier, J.Ital.Germ.Belg.Russ.Aust. VISwed. IVDenm. VXVIBöös, G. O. E. Swed.Grineff, L. Russ.Hennet, R. Belg. VIITucek, J. Boh.Cavallini, F. Ital. VIBreed, G. H. U. S. A.Schön, E. Germ. VIIIElimination series.2nd Round.I7 July.Tom, L. Belg.Larimer, M. W. U. S. A.Alexander, S. R. G. Brit.Schenker, Z. Hung. IIIINadi, N. Ital. IILichtenfels, J. Germ. IIIFöldes, D. Hung. IVBerré, M. Belg.Pfeiffer, V. Boh.Breckinridge,S.D. U. S. A.Seligman, E. G. Brit. ISpeciale, P. Ital. IIIIITvorzsky, V. Boh. IAmphlett, E. M. G. Brit. IIPost, A. van Zo U. S. A.Pietrasanta, F. Ital.Berthelsen, I.O.H. Denm.Zulawsky, B. Hung. IIIIVde Montigny, F. Belg.Hall, S. U. S. A. IVDavids, A. Germ.Békessy, B. Hung. IIJöncke, A. Swed.Alajmo, A. Ital. I464

VVINotaris, S.Willems, V.Rayner, H. M.Löffler, W.Osiier, I.Toth, P.Fagan, A. W.Golling, F.Pajzs, P.CavalliniHjort, C.Anspach, H.GreeceBelg. IVU. S. A.Germ.Denm. IIHung. IIIG. Brit.Aust.Hung. IItal. IVSwed.Belg. IIIVIIVIIIGoppold de Lobsdorf,V., j:r. Boh.Plaskuda, H. Germ.Hennet, R. Belg. IMontgomerie,R.C. G. Brit. IIIVerderber, R. Aust. IVÖstrup, L. C. Denm.Levison, E. Denm.Schon, E. Germ. IIAnspach, P. Belg. IIEriksen, B. G Norw.Berti, L. Hung. IIOchs, J. Belg.IElimination series. 3rd Round.8. July.Schenker, Z. Hung.Lichtenfels, J. Germ.Tvorzsky, V. Boh.Zulawsky, B. Hung.Seligman, E. G. Brit. win.Speciale, P. Ital. winIIIAlajmo, A. Ital. win.Toth, P. Hung.Pajzs, P. Hung.Anspach, H. Belg.Hennet, R. Belg.Montgomery, R.C. G. Brit. win.IINadi, N. Ital. win.Amphlett, E. M.Békessy, B.G. Brit.Hung. win.Osiier, J. Denm.Schon, E. Germ.Anspach, P. Belg.IVFinal Round.8 July.Földes, D. Hung.Hall, S. U. S. A.Willems, V. Belg.Cavallini, F Ital.Verderber, R. Aust. winBerti, L. Hung. winNation Name No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 WinsPlacingAustriaVerderberHungary BertiHungary BékessyItalyItalyNadiSpecialeGr. Brit. MontgomerieGr. Brit. SeligmanItalyAlajmoN. NADIP. SPECIALER. VERDERBER30 Fifth Olympiad.Result :465Italy.Italy.Austria.

The foil, which, at the Olympic Games of London, in 1908 madeits appearance only at a display, was now again seen in a competition,and it is difficult to understand why this branch of fencingshould not have a place on the programme equally with the épée andthe sabre. Granted, it is not the weapon of actual conflict, but then,on the other hand, it is the classic symbol of instruction and refinementin the art of fencing.The foil represents the speed-moment in the art of fencing, thisbeing a result of the fact that the points of attack for both opponentsare always about equally distant from each other. In the case of theépée and the sabre, rapidity of movement plays, in a certain degree,a more subordinate role, as, in a serious attack, the risk is run ofbeing repulsed at a point which is farther forward than that correspondingto the one it was the intention to touch. The rapid, intrepid,and logical play of the foil, with its expression of the real laws offence is, therefore, quite as entitled to be used in competitions asépée and sabre fencing, which base their claims on a closer approachto the realities of actual combat.Épée-fencing may be an excellent art but, hitherto, it has not proveditself able to replace fencing with the foil, on which science it hasmerely exercised an injurious influence.The fencing with the foil showed, consequently, a falling off in style,both as regards the guard position and the attack, and also in thevariations of the play in general. This holds good particularly withregard to the French school, where the difference between foil- andépée fencing is more pronounced than in the Italian, where both theguard positions are as good as uniform, and it was the Italian school,and the Italian fencers, too, that dominated the meeting. Fromthe very beginning, young Nedo Nadi showed himself to be anattractive exponent of the genial art of his native land. The broad,low-lying guard, with the outstretched weapon-arm, was typically Italian.The vibrating muscles, the speaking movements of the disengagedhand, all showed the southern, nervous impatience. One or two preparatorymovements when the right moment seemed to have arrived— a cry — a lightning-like lunge — the whole made a delightful,ideal picture of athletic sport. It mirrored, too, the happy confidenceof a southern spirit that success has been attained; spring-like comesthe elastic recovery after the lunge; the mask is wrenched from theface, showing a delighted smile sometimes changing, the next moment,to the deepest astonishment, should the judge declare “No hit!”It is a pleasure to see this graceful exhibition of power; one istouched by this naive ingenuousness, this innocent by-play. We seea child of the south from the slopes of Vesuvius.This school has attracted many disciples of late; it embraces, too,the Austrian countries and Germany, but its characteristics vary somewhat,according to the temperament of the various nations amongstwhom it is in use. During the Games of Stockholm it was morenumerously represented than the French, and, in the final, by no lessthan six disciples, three Italians, two Hungarians and one Austrian;466

the rival school, on the same occasion, boasted but two, both ofthem entered by Great Britain. The result of the contest can beseen by the table given above.An examination of the tables shows us, too, the results gained bythe different nations and their representatives in the struggle towardsthe final. To give an account in words of the “varying issue of thefight” would be of little value; the struggle had to be seen tobe appreciated. Still, the characteristic features of the two leadingschools, the Italian and the French, are deserving of a word or two ofmention.The Italian School, which, on the whole, is faithful to ancient traditions,with its stronger weapon, its larger guard, its more powerfulgrasp (the hand often being bound fast) gives at once the impressionof a more serious conception of the art; the deep-lying guard with thethreatening, outstretched arm gives the illusion of actual combat, especiallywhen a fiery temperament sets every force in motion to reachits aim or to avoid defeat. It is temperament that places its sealon this form of the art of fencing. When it leaves its native countryand finds a home beneath northern skies, its characteristics alter to acertain degree. In Austria, its disciples are still warm-blooded fencers;but this feature disappears amongst the colder Germanic peoples.This type of fencing therefore, child of speed and power as it is,seems more pristine, more natural, and possesses a certain uniformityof method in the use of the various weapons.These characteristics appear most clearly when the Italian schoolis seen side by side with its most successful rival, the French. Thelast line of one of Coppée’s ballads runs: ‘Il n’est de fin fleuret qu’enFrance!’ and perhaps the poet is right. Here we meet a lighter weapon,one possessing no special guard, and with the simplest of grasps.These features alone hint at the refined nature of the school, a naturethat is quite a natural one. Transplanted to French soil during theRenaissance period, fencing, like other forms of art, put on the featurescharacteristic of French culture — elegance, lucidity, logic. Andit is on this basis that its school of fencing has since developed. Wesee the French guard a calmer one; its movements are not so threatening;it endeavours to oppose elegance to violence, and to meet theimpetuous attacks of an opponent with smiling confidence, in full relianceon the superiority of a refined technique. In a powerful handit possesses equal authority with the Italian, while, just as a resultof its more refined temperament, it lends itself more easily to thesubtleties of the art. This it is, that, in France, has given rise to thefanatical strife between the fleurettists and the épéeists — a strifewhich, hitherto, has brought defeat to the first-named, but which, atbottom somewhat artificial, will probably prove beneficial for the development of both weapons.The influence of the French school has extended to Great Britain,Scandinavia, Russia and, of late, both to North and South America,while, at the same time, it has numerous adherents in all countrieswhere the art of fencing is practised.467

It is more than a pity that the French themselves were not presentto defend their own school. Nedo Nadi’s skill would then most certainlyhave been put to a severer test — and his glory havebeen the greater had he still been the victor.1st round9—1.30II. A. ÉPÉE TEAM COMPETITION.EliminationTuesday, 9 July9—10 July.Protocol.Series2nd round2—6.30FinalWednesday, 10 July9—3IIIIIIIVHolland. IGermany. II Holland. Win.Great Britain. Win.IRussia.Bohemia.Great Britain. IDenmark.Belgium. IIBohemia.Norway.Sweden.Denmark.Greece.U. S. A.IIIIIIIIGermany.Belgium.Sweden.Greece.Result:Win.Win.FinalHolland.Great Britain.Belgium.Sweden.I. BELGIUM .2. G REAT BRITAIN .3. HOLLAND .The épée competitions began on July 9th. The épée is the armthat, during the last two decades, has worked its way onwards to thefirst place in fencing programmes; with much grandesse it has compelledthe foil to yield its pride of place, and has quite won thefavour of the public.But épée fencing deserves all possible encouragement, for it affordsthe spectacle of a play as fine, if not finer than that given by the foil,while, at the same time, it demands of its exponent a real knowledgeof the art of fencing. The reproach often directed by the lovers ofthe épée against fencers with the foil, that their play is all too conventional,can, with much show of reason, be also addressed to theformer too ; the restrictions blamed differing merely in kind. But,by degrees, the influence of international meetings, and the properelaboration and application of such criticisms, will be sure to rub offthe rough corners of both.The programme of the épée competitions displayed the fine figureof no less than eleven nations prepared to enter the lists. The468

contest was one of special interest to us, Swedes; our team fightingits way on to the final, and, at one moment promising to carry offthe third prize.The draws for the rounds were so arranged that, of three nationteamsin the pools of the first round, two appeared in the secondround, while, of four teams in the pools of the second round, tworemained for the final, so that no team was excluded from the finalunless it had met, and lost against, two other teams at least.The table given above shows how the nations struggled on the pathleading to the final, and it was a pleasure for us, quite naturally,that the Swedish team held its own so long.The struggle in the final was a hot one, and marked by constantlyvarying fortunes. The Belgians issued successful from the contest,having beaten all their opponents, thus making sure of the gold medal.The other teams proved to be so well matched that, after thefirst meeting, they stood equal, with one win and two defeats each.The original intention had been that, in the event of this (barrage)happening, the ties should be fought out, but in consequence ofpressure of time and other circumstances, it was determined, later on,that the placing should be settled by the number of hits received.This was fatal to the Swedish team, for it was found that its totalhits received amounted to 32, the Dutch team counting but 30,and Great Britain’s, only 28.There were many exciting moments during the course of the final,the result of the matches between the British and Dutch teams, on theone hand, and the Dutch and the Swedish teams on the other, dependingon one — the last — hit alone. In the last-named match,the meeting was especially interesting, as it had to be re-fought, inconsequence of a fault in the judging leading to a protest which wasupheld by the jury of honour. As was said above, the three nationsin question proved to be pretty equal, but Holland’s team fought onwith an energy worthy of all admiration, even when, on one or twooccasions, its chances of success seemed very dark. The team’s mottowas, very evidently “Never despair”, and it finally succeeded ingaining third place.II B. Individual Épée Competition.11—13 July.IProtocol.Elimination Series : 1st Round.11-12 JulyGrönhagen, Å. E. Swed.Hassanein, A. M. Egyp.de Jongh, H. Holl. I Manos Greece VNotaris, S. Greece II Anspach, P. Belg. IVGuoworsky, P. Russ.Schwarz, F. Germ.IILevisonDenm. IIISoldatencow, A. Russ.Alexander, G. R. G. Brit.Enell, K. H. A. Swed.Lichtenfels, J. Germ.Berthelsen, J.O.H. Denm. VIWillems, V. Belg.Tucek, J. Boh.469

IIIIVVErckrath de Bary,J.Correa, F.Germ.Port.Tvorzsky, V. Boh.Tom, L. Belg. VIIIGriez von Ronse,A. D. Aust. IVCotzias, C. Greece VIIBergsland, H. Norw.Keiser, W. Russ.Sörensen, E. Swed. VCambas, P. A. GreeceTrampler, R. Aust.Goppold de Lobsdorf,V., j:r Boh. VIHall, S. U.S. A.Finne, S. Norm. IVde Samawsky, W. Russ.van Rossem, G. Hol.Breed, E. H. U. S. A. VVávra, Z. Boh. IRom, F. Belg.Cvetko, R. Aust.de Laval, E. P. H. Swed.von Tangen, G. Norw.Charalampoulos. GreeceBertrain, G. Russ. IIIXXXIvan Geuns, J. E. G. Holl.Rechner, V. Boh.Ziegler, H. Germ.Everitt, A. F. G. G. Brit. IIBoin, V. Belg. VIMathiesen, S. W. Norm. VHammond, D. U. S. A.Thomson, H. Germ. IIIde Beaufort, J. D.H. Holl. IVVersisGreeceMacLaughlin,J.A. U. S. A.Salmon, G. C. J. M. Belg.Dawson, P. M. G. Brit.Pfeiffer, V. Boh.Sparre, L. Swed. VIIAnspach, H. Belg.Verderber Aust.VIIGoppold de Lobsdorf,s:r Boh.Amphlett, E. M. G. Brit. IIIDahmen von Buchholz,R. W. Holl.Schenk, F. U. S. A. Ivon Rosen, P. Swed.Kudloff, W. Germ.VIde Laval, P. G. F. Swed.Ochs, J. Belg. IIISuttner, A. Aust.Eriksen, B. G. Norw.Klika, M. Boh. IIBreckinridge,S.D. U. S. A.Seligman, E. G. Brit. IMartucheff, L. Russ.XIIBarta, Z. Boh. VIIIOsiier, J. Denm. IWooijewaard, H. Holl.Bowman, W. L. U. S. A. IIPeyron, H. G. R. Swed.Jack, F.Germ.Cook, S. G. Brit.Hennet, R. Belg.VIIPerk, A. C. Holl.Holt, M. D. V. G. Brit. VIIISauer, A. E. U. S. A.Hardy de Beaulieu,P. Belg. IIJavrirek, J. Boh.Aas, L. T. Norw. IIIGate, W. P. S. Afr.XIIILindblom, G. T. Swed. VIde Jong, A. E. W. Holl. VIIBerré, M. Belg.Plaskuda, H. Germ.Olsen, H. Denm.Versis, C. Greece VIIIGignoux, J. E. U. S. A.Martineau, S. G. Brit.VIIINardus, L. Holl.de Montigny, F. Belg. ILarimer, M. W. U. S. A.Platou, H. Norw.Kriz, F. Boh. IIISchrader, H. Germ.Montgomerie, R.C. L. G. Brit. IVXIVvan Zo Post, A. U. S. A. VIIISander, K. Denm.Georgiades, J. N. GreeceBos, A.Holl.Rosty, P. Hung. VIINaumann, A. Germ.van der Byl, C. G. Brit. IICarlberg, E. Swed.470

XVMoore, J. M. U. S. A.van Blijenbourg,W. P. H. Holl.Triantaphillacos,T. Greece VIBlake, J. P. G. Brit.Békessy, B. Hung.Branting, G. Swed. VIIIBeRNtsen, O. Denm.Schön, E. Germ. VXVIPetropoulos, G. Greece IVKrokstedt, C. G. Swed.Meienreis, W. Germ.Molijn, W. E. Holl.de Kniajêvitsch,D. Russ.Ames, G. G. Brit. VÖstrup, L. C. Denm.Goppold de Lobsdorf,K. s:r Boh. VIIElimination Series : 2nd Round.I12 July.de Jongh, H. Holl.Vávra, Z. Boh. ISeligman, E. G. Brit. IIde Montigny, F. Belg.VSchenk, F. U. S. A.Osiier, J. Denm. IIIManos, P. Greece ISörensen, E. Swed. IBreed, E. H. U. S. A.Mathiesen, S. W. Norw.Schön, E. Germ.Ames, G. G. Brit. IIIIIIIIVNotaris, S. GreeceBertrain, G. Russ.Klika, M. Boh. IIHardy de Beaulieu,P. Belg. IVEveritt, A. F. G. G. Brit.Bowman, W. L. U. S. A. ILevison, E. Denm. IVOchs, J. Belg.Kriz, F. Boh. IIIAas, L. L. Norw.Amphlett, E. M. G. Brit. IThomson, H. Germ.Anspach, P. Belg. IIFinne, S. Norw.Montgomerie, R.C. L. G. Brit. IIIde Beaufort, J. D.H. Holl.Griez v. Ronse,A. D. Aust.Petropoulos, G. Greece IVVIVIIVIIIBerthelsen, J. O.H. Denm.Goppold de Lobsdorf,V., j:r Boh. IVBoin, V. Belg. IIIvan der Byl, C. G. Brit.Triantaphillacos,T. GreeceLindblom, S. T. Swed. IIICotzias, C. GreeceAnspach. H. Belg. IIISparre, L. Swed.Goppold de Lobsdorf,K., s:r Boh.Rosty, P. Hung. IIde Jong, A. E. W. Holl. IITom, L. Belg. IHolt, M. D. V. G. Brit. IVvan Zo Post, A. U. S. A.Barta, Z. Boh.Branting, G. Swed. IVVersis, C. GreeceElimination Series : 3rd Round.I13 July.Vávra, Z. Boh. Seligman, E. G. Brit. win.Bowman, W. L. U. S. A. Klika, M. Boh.Amphlett, E. H. G. Brit. Anspach, P. Belg. win.IIManos, P. GreeceAmes, G. G. Brit.Tom, L. Belg. win. Rosty, P. Hung.Sörensen, E. Swed. win. de Jong, A. E. W. Holl.471

IIIOsiier, J. Denm. win.Kriz, F.Boh.Montgomerie, R.C. L. G. Brit.Boin, V. Belg.Anspach, H. Belg. win.Lindblom, G. T. Swed.IVHardy de Beaulieu,P.Levison, E.Petrapoulos, G.Goppold de Lobsdorf,V., j:rBranting, G.Holt, M. D. V.Belg.Denm.GreeceBoh.Swed.G. Brit.win.win.Final.13 July.Nation Name No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8No. of PlacwinsingBelgium Anspach, P.Belgium Boin, V.Sweden Sörensen, E.G. Britain Holt, M. D. V.Belgium Tom, L.G. Britain Seligman, E.BelgiumH. de BeaulieuDenmark Osiier, J.Result: 1. P. ANSPACH Belgium.2. J. OSSIIER Denmark.3. P. LE HARDY DE BEAULIEU BelgiumThe above table shows us, in the same way as that for the foilfencing, the progress of the individual épée competition, and we canthus follow the varying fortune of the competitors during the threedays’ struggle. Quite naturally, during the progress of the team events,the interest of the public is concerned with the triumph of the onenation or the other, while, when the individual competitions begin, itis the fortunes of the single player alone that excites us, and drawsour attention to his style and personal ability. In the latter case itis a matter of individual against individual, and the result of themeeting is seen almost immediately, without any very circumstantialcalculations.It was a great loss not to see any Italians present to defend theirschool in this competition. As it was, the French school dominatedthe proceedings, represented as it was by Belgians, Danes and Swedesand the competitors from Great Britain. There was no representativeof the Italian school in the final, and the Belgians confirmed theirsuccess in the team competition by carrying off the gold and the472

onze medals in the individual event, too, the silver medal falling toDenmark.It was encouraging to Swedish fencing to find that, thanks to CaptainSörensen, who was placed No. 5, our country was again representedin the final.III A. SABRE TEAM COMPETITION.14—15 July,Protocol.E l i m i n a t i on S e r i esIst round2nd roundSunday, 14 July8—11 a. m.; 1—2.30 p. m. 3—7.30 p. m.F i n a lMonday, 15 July9 a. m.—3 p. m.IIIIIIIVBohemia. IHungary. IIGreece.Belgium.Russia.Italy.Sweden.Great Britain.Italy.Holland.Austria.Denmark.IIIIIIIIIBohemia. win.Belgium.Great Britain.Holland. win.Hungary.Russia.Germany.Austria.win.win.FinalBohemia.Holland.Hungary.Austria.Result:1. HUNGARY.2. AUSTRIA.3. HOLLAND.The competitions with the sabre began on July 14. The weaponused was one somewhat unfamiliar here; it was the light form of thesabre which is generally called ‘the Italian’, the style of fencing beingsomething between those of the foil and the épée. New nations withvictories in new arts of fence now come to the fore, and compelmore ancient styles to withdraw to the background. Hungary dominatedthe entire field and carried off the gold medal in both theteam and the individual competition, thus repeating the victories itgained in London, at the Olympic Games of 1908. Now, as then,the fencing of the Hungarians awakened well-deserved attention, andafforded an encouraging example of the results that can be obtainedby means of a good school and methodical work. They excludedevery other nation from the final with the exception of Italy, whosesole representative was Nedo Nadi, the winner in the foils. Swedenhad a team in this event, too, its members giving hopes for the future.473

The eliminating rounds were carried out group-wise, on the sameprinciples as those obtaining in the épée competition. In the firstround, the Greeks retired without a stroke. In the second, the Russianswere beaten after an energetic resistance; the team really deserveda better fate, for its fencing, as a whole, was a most artistic display,and the superiority shown by the Belgians and the Italians was exceedinglylittle. The Swedes and the Danes were eliminated in thefirst round, each in its special group, and it soon grew evident thatAustria, Hungary, and Bohemia had the lead, no other country thanHolland being able to fight its way to the final. This round was aseries of most brilliant meetings, the Hungarians remaining unbeatento the end. As in the contests with the épée, the Dutch team workedwith the greatest energy, and finally succeeded in beating the Bohemianteam, which, although pursued by ill-luck, gave a first-class exhibitionof fencing, under its 50-year old leader, Gopphold de Lobsdorf, s:r,seconded by his two sons.III B. INDIVIDUAL SABRE COMPETITION.16—18 July.Protocol.Elimination Series : 1st Round.16—17 July.Armgarth, G. Swed.van der Byl, C. G. Brit. VSteffan, M. Germ.Javurek, J. Boh. IICveto, R. Aust.Olsen, H. Denm.I Werkner, L. Hung. IIVdi Nola, U. Ital.Danitch, W. Russ. IIIDoorman, J. Holl.Benfratello, J. Ital. IKlerck, C. G. Swed.Cambas, P. A. GreeceSakiritch G. Russ.Östrup, L. C. Denm.Puhm, J., Aust. VIIIIKolling, J. C. Holl.Belloni, G. Ital.Trampler, R. Aust.Golling, F. Aust.Tvorzsky, V. Boh.Werner, H. Swed.Ridley-Martin, A. G. Brit. VIIIZulawsky. B. Hung. VII VIKullberg, A. B. G. Swed.Schejbal, B. Boh.Levison, E. Denm. IOsiier, I. Denm.Timoféew, A. Russ. IILichtenfels, J. Germ. VIIIDiana, D. Ital.Andreeff, W. Russ. IBoin, V. Belg.Nepokoupnoi, B. Russ.Marsh, W. W. G. Brit. IIIMünich, C. Aust. IVJöncke, A. Swed.Cipera, J. Boh. Békessy, B.VIIHung. IVIIIThomson, H. Germ. VWatercampf, C. Russ.Berthelsen, J.O.H. Denm. VIde Jong, A. E. W. Holl.Cavallini, F. Ital.Dereani, F. Aust. VGeorgacopoulos,Kriz, F. Boh.P. GreeceJack, F.Germ.de Jongh, H. Holl. VIKordojiannis, T. GreeceOchs, J. Belg.van Rossem, G. Holl.Godfree, D. W. G. Brit.IVBogen, A. Aust. II VIII Nordenström, S.Barta, Z. Boh.A. M. Swed. VIIAlajmo, E. Ital. IIIToth, P; Hung. VIIIBerntsen, O. Denm. IVMordovine, A. Russ.Chkileff, A. Russ.Pfeiffer, J. Boh.474

IXXXIXIIGopphold de Lobsdorf,K. Hung.Stöhr, G. Germ. IDahmen v. Buchholz,R. W. Holl.Kousniezoff, N. Russ. IVHardy de Beaulieu,P. Belg.Fitz-Clarence, C. G. Brit.Stranne, J. S. M. Swed.Mészáros, E. Hung. IIIAnspach, P. Belg.Goppold de Lobsdorf,V., s:r Boh.Guiber von Greifenfels,A. Russ. VWooijewaard, H. Holl.Fuchs, J. Hung. VIFeilman, F. E. B. G. Brit.Personne, C. B. Swed. VIIISchön, E. Germ.Ziegler, H. Germ.Dunay, B. Hung. Izu Hohenlohe, E. Aust. IIIvan Blijenburgh,W. P. Holl.Georgiades, J. N. GreeceCrawshay, R. O. G. Brit.Tucek, J. Boh.Arsenieff, B. Russ. VISvorcik, O. Boh.Versis, C. GreeceFilatoff, P. Russ.Scalongue, D. Holl.Tom, L. Belg.Butterworth,H. R. G. Brit. IISchwarz, F. Germ. IIISchenker, Z. Hung. VXIIIXIVXVXVIPajzs, P. Hung. VIIGate, W. P. S.-Afr.Pietrasanta, F. Ital. VIIISyson, A. E. G. Brit. VIAnspach, H. Belg.Triantaphillacos,T. GreeceErckrath de Bary, J. Germ.Suttner, A. Aust.Nadi, N. Ital. VIISalmon, G. C. J. M. Belg.Plaskuda, H. Germ.Petropoulos, G. GreeceCorble, A. H. G. Brit.Gerde, O. Hung. IIPost van Z0, A. U. S. A. VIIIGoppold de Lobsdorf,V., j:r, Boh.Notaris, S. GreeceSpeciale, P. Ital.Brambeck, N.F.O. Swed.Meienreis, W. Germ.Herschmann, O. Aust.Sauer, A. E. U. S. A. IIFoldes, D. Hung. IVKeene, A. V. G. Brit. VIIBerti, L. Hung. IPatton, G. S., J:r U. S. A.Adam, J. Germ.Lindholm, G. W. Swed.Pontenani, A. Ital. IVBrookfield, E. W.H. G. Brit. VCotzias, C. GreeceVerderber, R. Aust.Elimination Series : 2nd Round.I17 July.Benfratello, J. Ital.Andreeff, W. Russ. IILevison, E. Denm.Stöhr, G. Germ.IIIDunay, B. Hung. IBerti, L. Hung. IVDanitch, W. Russ.Alajmo, E. Ital.Marsh, W. W. G. Brit. IVMészáros, E. Hung. IIIzu Hohenlohe, E. Aust.Schwarz, F. Germ. IIIWerkner, L. Hung. IVBogen, A. Aust.Timoféew, A. Russ. IButterworth, H. R. G. Brit.Sauer, A. E. U. S. A.Gerde, O. Hung. IIIVMünich, C. Aust.Bemtsen, O. Denm. IVBékessy, B. Hung. IKousniezsoff, N. Russ.Földes, D. Hung. IIIPotenani, A. Ital.475

VVIThomson, H. Germ. Zulawsky, B. Hung. Ivan der Byl, C. G. Brit. III Puhm, J. Aust.Dereani, F. Aust. Nordenström, S.G. v. Greifenfels, VII A. M. Swed.A. Russ. IV Keene, A. V. G. Brit.Schenker, Z. Hung. IV Nadi, N. Ital. IBrookfield, E. W. Pajz, P. Hung. IIIH.G. Brit.Berthelsen, O.Javurek, J.de Jong, H.Fuchs, J.Arsenieff, B.Syson, A. E.Denm.Lichtenfels, J. Germ. IIBoh.Ridley-Martin, A. G. Brit.Holl.VIIIToth, P. Hung. IIIHung. II Personne, C. B. Swed. IIIRuss. III van Z0 Post, A. U. S. A.G. Brit. II Pietrasanta, F. Ital.IIIDunay, B.Timoféew, A.Schwartz, F.Békessy, B.Zulawsky, B.Nadi, N.Gerde, O.Andreeff, W.Syson, A. E.Fuchs, J.Toth, P.LichtenfelsElimination Series : 3rd Round.I8 July.Hung. Földes D. Hung. winRuss. van der Byl G. Brit.Germ.Arsenieff, B. Russ.IIIHung. win.Mészáros, E. Hung. win.Hung. Pajzs, P. Hung.Ital. win. Personne, C. B. Swed.Werkner. L. Hung. win.Hung. Marsh, W. W. G. Brit.Russ. Berntsen, O. Denm.G. Brit. IV Berti, L. Hung.Hung. win. Schenker, Z. Hung. win.Hung. win. Guiber van Grei-Germ. fenfels, A. Russ.Final.I8 July.NationHungaryItalyHungaryHungaryHungaryHungaryHungaryNameBékessy, B.Nadi, NedoFuchs, J.Toth, P.Földes, D.Mészáros, E.Werkner, L.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 No. of PlacwinsingHungary Schenker, Z.476

Result: 1. J. FUCHSHungary.2. B. BÈKESSY Hungary.3. E. MESZAROS Hungary.Interest in the sabre competitions increased considerably during thelatter part of the meeting, and the public, often present in fairlylarge numbers, seemed to have a better appreciation of the lively,sporting character of the fencing, features that distinguished it fromthe competitions with the other weapons.The Hungarians in this event brilliantly maintained their reputationas, perhaps, the greatest masters of the sabre in Europe, and theirleading representative, Dr. Fuchs, awakened general admiration by theskill and strength he displayed during the course of the competition.Although of slight build and rather low stature, he succeeded, bymeans of his well-calculated sabre-play, in repelling the attacks of,and defeating, the most powerfully built and vigorous opponents. Onesaw the results of good schooling and methodical training; there wereno attempts at artificial surprises; nothing was left to chance; determinationand strength were not spared, on the other hand, wheneveran attack was at length made from some well-chosen position.This event closed the Fencing Competitions of the Olympic Gamesof Stockholm, 1912. They had continued uninterruptedly for thirteendays, and were a good test of the strength and endurance of thosecompetitors who had taken part in a majority of the events. Nothingoccurred to disturb the harmony of the proceedings, and the meetingleft nothing but the most pleasant memories.The chief lessons taught by the competitions, and which are worthyof attention on the part of those that have to undertake the arrangementof future Olympic Games, were:1) The necessity of having a proper time-table and a detailed planfor the competitions, so as to be certain of all the events going offwithout any hitch as regards time, and of the competitors beingcaused the least possible inconvenience. The arrangements in theserespects made on the present occasion were fully satisfactory.2) The adoption of fixed international rules, accepted by all thenations taking part in the Olympic Games.3) The arrangement of the Jury question, both as regards the matterof obtaining a sufficient number of competent judges, and also withregard to a speedy and uniform method of judging.4) The desirability of the retention of the foil competition.5) The desirability of the inclusion of bayonet-fencing in the programme.477

The relative position of the nations, according to the official methodof counting points, was as follows:Nation1:st Prize 2:nd Prize 3:rd Prize PointsHungaryBelgiumItalyAustriaDenmarkGreat BritainHolland478

FOOTBALL.THE INCLUSION OF FOOTBALL IN THE PROGRAMMEOF THE FIFTH OLYMPIAD.hen the Olympic Committee began the work of drawingup the plan for the Olympic Games of Stockholm in1912, there was, as has already been pointed out, onespecial point of view which was greatly emphasized andkept to, viz., that the programme of the Games shouldembrace nothing but real compeititions. This was donefor the purpose of freeing the Games, as much as possible, from thatsub-division of athletics which goes under the name of ‘games’ while,of course, it was clearly understood that no forms of sport that werenot generally practised were to be included in the coming Games.The question then quite logically arose of whether Association Footballwas to be placed on the programme or not. This branch of sportcomes, undeniably under the title of “game” but, on the other hand,there was a debate as to whether it had won such world-wide extension,such undisputable popularity, that Association Football clubs wereto be found in almost every country where climatic conditions didnot place insuperable hindrances in the way. The Committee had toact consistently, too. If football could not be included, its exclusionwould result in the omission from the programme of Water-polo ;“aquatic football” as it may be called. In addition to this, the FootballAssociations of a great number of nations had, as early as theautumn of 1910, made inquiries of the Swedish Olympic Committeeand of the Swedish Football Association, whether football accordingto Association rules would form part of the programme of the Games,479

and so the Technical Section of the Committee found itself obliged torecommend the adoption of Association Football as part of the programmeof the coming Olympiad.THE TECHNICAL MANAGEMENT OF THECOMPETITION.The Swedish Football Association which, at first, had shared theopinion of the Swedish Olympic Committee that it was an error inprinciple to add games to the Olympic programme, had nothing tourge against Association Football’s obtaining a place on the list ofevents, after the turn matters had taken, and the Swedish Associationalso expressed its willingness to make itself responsible for all thearrangements necessary for the Olympic football competitions and, forthat purpose, instructed its Secretary to draw up the form of agreementto be entered into with the Swedish Olympic Committee, tonegotiate with that body and, eventually, to sign the agreement inquestion on behalf of the Association.In consequence of the plan of work adopted by the SwedishOlympic Committee, the latter considered, however, that it could notenter into direct communication with the Swedish Football Associationin the matter, but begged the Association to appoint a special Committeefor the purpose. The request was at once complied with,Messrs. ANTON JOHANSON, GOTTHOLD OHRLING and EDVIN SANDBORGbeing chosen as the members of this committee.As early as January, 1911, the negotiations between the SwedishOlympic Committee and the Swedish Football Association had beenbrought to a close and the above-mentioned agreement signed, afterwhich, the Association, at a meeting held the same month, nominatedsome of its number as members of the Olympic Football Committeewhich, consisting at first of 11 persons, all of them belonging to theCommittee of the Swedish Football Association, was afterwards furtherincreased until its final composition was as follows:President:C. L. KORNERUP, Esq., Stockholm.Secretary : ANTON JOHANSON, Esq., Stockholm.Other Members: Messrs. RICKARD ANDERSSON, Stockholm.GÖSTA DALMAN, Gothenburg.OSCAR FORSHELL, Gothenburg.WILHELM FRIBERG, Gothenburg.EKIK GRAHN, Örebro.A. HAMMAR, Gäfle.CARL HELLBERG, Stockholm.ERLAND HJÄMEJE, Gothenburg.IVAR HOLM, Stockholm.RYBIN JOHANSSON, Helsingborg.JOHN OHLSON, Eskilstuna.GOTTHOLD OHRLING, Stockholm.EDVIN SANDBORG, Stockholm.The members of the various sub-committees were:480

GREAT BRITAIN (white jerseys) V. DENMARK, IN THE FOOTBALL FINAL AT THE STADIUM.

H. R. H. THE CROWN PRINCE AND THE HUNGARIAN FOOTBALL TEAM.

FROM THE FOOTBALL FINAL, GREAT BRITAIN v. DENMARK. MIDDELBOE , the Danish captain, at work.

THE FOOTBALL FINAL, GREAT BRITAIN v. DENMARK. The British goal in danger.

FinanceCommittee:Messrs. CARL HELLBERG, ANTON JOHANSON, JOHN OHLSON, G. OHR-LING and EDVIN SANDBORG.Reception Committee:Messrs. GÖSTA DALMAN, OSCAR FORSHELL, CARL HELLBERG, ANTONJOHANSON, ERNST KILLANDER, C. L. KORNERUP and G. LINDENCRONA.TechnicalCommittee:Messrs. OSCAR FORSHELI,, WILHELM FRIBERG, ERIK GRAHN, A.HAMMAR, CARL HELLBERG, ERLAND HJÄRNE, ANTON JOHANSON, RYBINJOHANSON, JOHN OHLSON, G. OHRLING and EDVIN SANDBORG.According to the agreement made between the Swedish OlympicCommittee and the Swedish Football Association, the football competitionswere to be arranged independently by the Swedish OlympicFootball Committee, in full agreement with the regulations of the InternationalFootball Federation. The matches were to take placeduring the period June 29th—July 5th, 1912. The Swedish FootballAssociation was to undertake the financial risk attendant on thecompetitions, and, in return, was to receive any eventual profit resultingfrom the matches, the Swedish Olympic Committee, however,being entitled to 25 % of the money received from the sale of tickets,and also to a certain number of complimentary tickets. The SwedishOlympic Committee also reserved the right of inspecting the accountsof the money received from the sale of tickets. The Swedish OlympicCommittee was to pay all advertising and printing expenses, whilstthe Football Committee itself was responsible for the procural ofreferees, and for expenses incurred by the arrangement of the competitionsand any eventual festivities for the competitors in the matches.The entries for the competition and all the foreign correspondencewere to be the charge of the Secretariat of the Olympic Committee.SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE FOOTBALLCOMPETITIONS.The Swedish Olympic Football Committee thereupon commencedits labours, on the basis of the above-mentioned agreement.The Committee had a very easy task as regards the general rulesand regulations for the football-matches, no special arrangements havingto be made in this matter, as, thanks to the existence of the FederationInternationale de Football Association, whose rules were adopted, allthe rules of the competitions, the amateur definition, etc., alreadyexisted and sufficed for their purpose. The following expression ofopinion made in 1911, at the annual meeting of the International FootballFederation, in connection with the right of making entries, deservesattention, however: “Although the rules for the Football Competitionsat the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912 permit every nation affiliat-31 Fifth Olympiad. 481

ed to the Fédération Internationale de Football Association to sendfour teams to the competition, the Federation considers it most suitablethat each nation should send only one”, a wish which was compliedwith by all the nations competing, as the regulation allowing each nationto enter four teams had been made merely to permit the English, Irish,Scotch and Welsh Football Associations to enter separate teams for theGames if they so desired.One of the most important questions to be settled was that of thegrounds where the football-matches were to be held. According tothe agreement entered into by the Swedish Football Association andthe Swedish Olympic Committee, all the matches in the Olympiccompetition, with the exception, possibly, of the final, were to takeplace at the Råsunda athletic grounds, belonging to the Swedish Associationand the Viking Football Club. It was seen, however, thatit would be impossible to get all the matches in the competition andin the consolation-series finished in time, unless some other footballgroundscould be used too, and so, in February 1912, it was found necessaryto draw up a fresh agreement respecting the places where thematches were to be played, this new arrangement being made betweenthe Swedish Olympic Committee, the Swedish Football Association, theRåsunda Athletic Grounds and the Djurgården Athletic Club, and placingat the disposal of the Football Committee a total of three grounds,viz., those at the Stadium, Råsunda and Traneberg.But to put the athletic-grounds at Råsunda and Traneberg in firstclassorder it was found necessary to carry out some extensive reconstructionsand improvements, in addition to erecting extra stands. Forthis purpose the Swedish Olympic Committee gave a sum of Kr. 33,600(£ 1,860 : $ 9,300) to the Football Committee, and the work wascarried out under the superintendence of Mr. Charles Bunyan, a retiredprofessional footballer who was then acting as trainer to the Swedishplayers for the Olympic Games. As a result of the work carried out,the grounds, Råsunda especially, were put into quite first-class order.As regards that at the Stadium, however, it turned out that the dimensionsof this ground did not reach the minimum figures mentioned inthe official invitation to participation in the football competitions, sothat on the 27th June, 1912, it was considered advisable to requestall the nations taking part in the competition in question to sign anagreement by which they bound themselves not to base any protestagainst a match in consequence of the minimum measures for theOlympic Football grounds being too small, but on the understandingthat the grounds used would measure at least 105 metres x 65 metres,the dimensions of that at the Stadium.Concerning the teams representing the various nations, it was determinedthat 22 reserves might be entered, in addition to the II menforming the team, a step that caused the German football authoritiesto inquire whether this proposed number of reserves ought not to bereduced to 11; the memorandum, however, did not influence thedetermination already come to by the Football Committee.482

Referees.The Football Committee which, in accordance with the agreementmade with the Swedish Olympic Committee, had undertaken the taskof procuring referees, was not forced to rely solely on our own Swedishfootball-referees but could also reckon on the assistance of anumber of well-known men from abroad who, before the Games began,informed the Football Committee of their intention to be present atthese competitions and, at the same time, expressed their willingnessto assist the Football Committee as referees, if their help should bedesired. The following persons acted as referees during the courseof the competition: GROOTHOFF (Holland), HERCZOG (Hungary), H.MEISL (Austria), P. PHILIPS (Scotland), G. WAGSTAFFE-SIMMONS (England),H. G. WILLING (Holland), R. GELBORD and P. SJÖBLOM (Sweden).The linesmen, however, were exclusively Swedes.The draws for the matches.When the football-entries closed on the 29 May, the followingnations had given notice of their participation in the competition:Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain,Holland, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Russia and Sweden, or 13 together.Of this number France and Belgium withdrew from the event.The matches were played according to the International Cup Tie(elimination) method, by which the teams are drawn in couples. The teamswhose lots bring them together play against each other, the winnersof the first round having then to draw again in couples, and so on,until but two teams are left. The winner of the final receives thefirst prize ; the loser in the final, the second, while the two teamsthat were beaten in the semi-finals play each other for third prize.If, as in the case of the competition in 1912, there are 12 teamsentered, only eight of these play in the first round, the other fourhaving a “bye” and not playing before the second round begins; thefour matches of this round giving the semi-finalists.The consolation series, in which all the teams, with the exceptionof the semi-finalists, had the right to take part, were arranged inaccordance with the same system.Attention is called to the fact that, for the Olympic Football Competition,only nations and associations affiliated to the FédérationInternationale de Football Association were allowed to enter teams, asotherwise, the result would most certainly have been, that the Federationwould have vetoed the holding of the competition. The Bohewrote,asking for permission to take partmian Football Associationin the event, but, for the reason mentioned above, the Swedish FootballAssociation was unable to be of service to Bohemia in the matter,and the entry was not accepted.The draws for the Olympic Football Competition of 1912 tookplace at the Office of the National Association on the 18June, 1911, the public being allowed to be present. All the nationstaking part in the contest had been informed by circular that, if they483

so wished, they could be represented at the drawing by their respectiveConsuls or any other authorized person. The result of the drawswill be seen by the reports of the matches given below, and from thetable of the series of matches appended to the report.THE COMPETITIONS.All the matches took place without any difficulties or complicationsarising, and the Swedish Olympic Football Committee succeeded inbringing the competition to a successful issue within the time allottedto it. We shall now proceed to give the following account ofthe various matches.Principal series.FIRST ROUND.FINLAND v. ITALY. 3—2.Traneberg, Saturday, 29 June, II a. m.FINLAND: (forwards, from left) : A. Niska, J. Öhman, A. Nyyssönen, B. Wiberg,A. Wickström; (half-backs): K. Lund, E. A. Soinio, K. Soinio; (backs) G. B. Löfgren,J. Holopainen ; (goal): N. Syrjläinen.ITALY: (forwards): D. Mariani, C. Sardi, F. Berardo, F. Bontadini, E. Zuffi;(half-backs): B. Leone, G. Milano, C. Demarchi; (backs): B. Devecchi, A. Binaschi;(goal) : P. Campelli.Referee: H. Meisl (Austria).The first football match of the Fifth Olympiad was favoured, like all the succeedingmatches, with brilliant, but, for football, most unsuitably warm weather. Thesun was almost unbearably hot but, in spite of this, the game was played at highpressure the whole of the time.Italy kicked off at 11 precisely and at first pressed their opponents hard, butbefore 2 minutes had elapsed, Wiberg (Finland) got the first goal of the matchand the series. By degrees, play was transferred to the middle of the field until,by means of a beautiful attack, Italy came level after 10 minutes’ play, Bontadiniscoring for them.Inspired by their success, the southerners now did all they knew, and a freshgoal by Sardi put them ahead and, immediately afterwards, Syrjäläinen was compelledto kneel in order to save a hard, low shot. Italy continued to press,but their better knowledge of the fine points of the game was more than counterbalancedby the fearless play and great speed of the Finlanders. Just before halftimethe score was altered to 2—2 by E. A. Soinio, who played most brilliantlythe whole of the time.The beginning of the second half was distinguished by quite a crowd of freekicksgiven against Finland ; Niska, especially, offending very frequently by placinghimself off-side. Finland was soon compelled to play a man short, Wickströmbeing pretty badly hurt in a collision.The game was not without its exciting moments. Twice the Italian forwardshad their opponents’ goal at their mercy, but Campelli, too, was also kept verybusy, the Finnish forwards putting in some hard, straight shots towards the close484

of the second half. Comers were forced on both sides, but most of them werebadly placed.When time was called the game thus stood at 2 goals all, and an extra halfhour had to be played. This gave the inherent tenacity of the Finnish-Swedishrace an opportunity of showing what it could do, the Finns obtaining the lead after10 minutes and retaining it to the end.Finland had its best men at centre half-back and outside left, while the strengthof the Italian team lay in the outside left — Mariani — the left back and the goalkeeper.All the Italian team seemed to be tired after the long journey from thesouth of Europe. If the men had been thoroughly rested they would have had afar greater chance of beating the Finlanders.AUSTRIA v. GERMANY. 5—1.Råsunda, Saturday, 29 June, 3 p. m.AUSTRIA : (forwards, from the left): L. Neubauer, A. Müller, J. Studnicka, R.Merz, L. Hussak; (half-backs) : R. Cimera, K. Braunsteiner, J. Brandstetter; (backs):B. Graubard, L. Kurpiel; (goal) : O. Noll.GERMANY: (forwards): J. Hirsch, E. Kipp, W. Worpitzky, A. Jäger, K. Wegele;(half-backs): H. Bosch, M. Breunig, G. Krogmann; (backs): E. Hollstein, H. Röpnack;(goal): A. Weber.Referee: H. G. Willing (Holland).This match had drawn a pretty numerous public out to Råsunda and, as wasto be expected, the spectators saw a hard, quick game. Little was seen of thefiner points of football but still, the match was a very entertaining one.Germany won the toss and, during the first half, played with the wind at itsback. At first it seemed as if Austria was going to be beaten by Germany, whoseforwards were working magnificently. In front of goal, however, the attack wasaltogether too nervous to be able to trouble Noll very seriously. Graubard veryfinely cleared a hard head-punt at goal by Worpitzky. The Austrian right wingHussak and Merz, distinguished itself now and then by fine runs, but the forwardsfell asleep with the ball when they came near the goal.After 30 minutes, Germany was given the lead by Wegele who should havebeen given off-side. Immediately after, Noll was hard put to it to keep the ballout, and when half-time came, Germany still led by a goal.During the pause, the Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf came out to shake hands withthe men and then the game began again, but the character of the play was quitealtered, the Austrian forwards beginning to get a good deal of life into theirwork. Their rushes came with lightning rapidity and with lots of power behindthem, and during the course of one of these attacks the German goal-keeper washurt pretty badly, though he managed to stay at his post. Ten minutes afterplay had re-started, however, he lost his first goal, the ball being put into thenet by Studnicka. The ice was now broken for the Austrians, and a brilliantpiece of combination by their forwards allowed Müller to give Austria the leadwith a very hot shot. A brief pause had to be made in order to attend to theGerman goal-keeper, who was obliged to leave the ground. Worpitzky tookhis place, but the match was hopelessly lost for Germany and, with very brief intervals,Merz put 2 balls past the temporary goal-keeper. Germany’s defeat was madecomplete when, just before the whistle was blown, Cimera found the net with awell-directed side-shot.485

Austria thus won a well-deserved victory by 5 goals to I. Their forwards weremuch superior in combination to those of their opponents, and were better servedby their half-backs. The result would probably not have been much changedeven if Germany had played the whole of the second half with a full team.HOLLAND v. SWEDEN. 4—3.The Stadium, Saturday, 29 June, 7 p.m.HOLLAND: (forwards from left): N. J. Bouvy, J. Vos, C. H. ten Cate. H. F.de Groot, J. G. van Bredakolff; (half-backs): D. N. Lotsy, J. M. de Korver, N.de Wolf; (backs): C. W. Feith, E. Wijnveldt; (goal): M. J. Göbel.SWEDEN: (forwards): K. Ansén, H. Ekroth, E. Börjesson, I. Svensson, H. Myhrberg;(half-backs): K. Gustafsson, G. Sandberg, R. Wicksell; (backs): J. Lewin, E.Bergstrom; (goal): J. Borjesson.Referee: G. Wagstaffe-Simmons (England).About 14,000 persons had passed the turnstiles at the Stadium when the twoteams turned out for this match. Never before had there been any football matchin Sweden when such excitement prevailed and, in spite of the — from the Swedishpoint of view — unfortunate result, there were many that drew a breath of reliefwhen the whistle blew at the end of a 2 hours’ game, and everybody’s nerves couldonce more settle down into their ordinary condition.The first few minutes were entirely Holland’s. The short rapid passing oftheir opponent’s forwards quite took the Swedish half-backs by surprize and it wasonly bad luck and the Swedish backs that prevented Holland from obtaining awell-deserved lead.But before long, Sweden recovered from its first surprise and then it becameGöbel’s turn to work at high pressure. A perfect hurricane of applause brokeforth when Svensson, the best forward on the ground, gave Sweden the lead witha ball that grazed one of the Dutch backs before it flew into the net. A veryhard shot by the same man a couple of minutes later found Göbel quite unpreparedfor its reception, but the ball struck the cross-bar.Holland’s forwards and half-backs now began to show a little better form, andit was clearly only a question of time ere the levelling goal would be made.Börjesson had to give away a corner in order to save a lightning shot off thelittle ten Cates’s foot, and from the scrummage in front of the goal the ball foundits way into the net. Ten Cate also had a “foot” in Holland’s second goal, whichwas made just before half time, a nice piece of work between him and Vos resultingin the Dutch getting the lead from a shot by the latter player.The second half was opened by Holland at high pressure, and the Swedishdefence was soon hard put to it. J. Börjesson cleared a low shot from de Grootexcellently, but, while he was still on the ground, Bouvy put the ball neatly pasthim into the net. With a lead of 2 goals Holland slackened speed a bit and thisalmost cost them the victory. A foul made against Svensson gave Sweden a penaltykick which was used to fullest advantage by E. Börjesson.During the last fifteen minutes of the second half the Swedish forwards playedmagnificently. Svensson brought the score level with a shot that gave Göbel nochance at all. Then Börjesson dribbled the ball almost into the net, when hewas tripped. He took the penalty kick himself, only to see that most phenomenalgoal-keeper, Göbel, clear in some marvellons way, and then Sweden’s last486

chance went when, a minute later, Ansén, 2 metres from the goal, sent the ballon the wrong side of the post.There is not much to be said about the extra half hour. Gustafsson made a presentof a corner to Holland, which gave the Dutch the winning goal. During the remainderof the time the Dutch played with 4 half-backs, and in the last line of defenceGöbel was always where he ought to be.Although Sweden ought to have won the match if it had had a little luck andhad taken advantage of all its opportunities, there is no doubt but that the betterteam — speaking of it as a whole — won. It was the better combination of theDutch and the unselfish play of their men that gained them the match. Individually,Sweden had quite as good a side as Holland — with a couple of pretty badexceptions. Svensson, E. Börjesson, Lewin and E. Bergström were the best ofthe Swedes, while Göbel, de Korver, Bouvy and van Bredakolff did most work forHolland.SECOND ROUND.FINLAND v. RUSSIA. 2—1.Traneberg, Sunday, 30 June, 10 a. m.FINLAND: (forwards, from left): A. Niska, J. Öhman, A. Nyyssönen, B. Wiberg,A. Wickstrom ; (half-backs): V. Lietola, E. A. Soinio,, K. Lund ; (backs): G. B.Löfgren, J. Holopainen ; (goal): M. Syrälänen.RUSSIA: (forwards, from left): S. Filippoff, B. Gitareff, W. Boutosoff, A. Filippoff,M. Smimoff; (half-backs): N. Kynin, N. Chromoff, A. Akimow; (backs): W. Markoff,P. Sokoloff; (goal): L. Faworski.Referee: P. Sjöblom (Sweden).The early hour at which this match was played, and the interesting events whichwere to come off later on in the day, had the result that there were only a coupleof hundred spectators present when the referee blew the whistle for the start.It could be seen from the first that the two teams knew each other’s“points” very well and, although they were the least bit stiff after the fatiguingmatch against Italy, the Finns played all the time as if they knew that theywould win.The result turned out as had been expected, although by a narrower majoritythan was generally looked for. No complaint could be made as to the pace ofthe play, which was very fast the whole of the time — the remarkable pace ofthe Russian players contributing not least to this — but there is not SO much tosay as regards the science and combination shown. A couple of first-class Swedishclubs could have shown better form.From the very beginning Finland had the upper hand, and their forwardsattacked again and again, but they shot very badly, so that half an hour passedbefore anything sensational occurred. At last, however, Finland’s inside right sentin a beautiful ball which Faworski could not quite clear, and Nyyssönen, whofollowed up, had no difficulty in getting the ball again and placing Finland ahead.After this success Finland played better, and managed to force several corners,but half time came without any additional goal.When the second 45 minutes began, Russia seemed as if it meant to surpriseits opponents. Filippoff, the outside left, a speedy and intelligent player, beingspecially prominent, and, if he had had better inside forwards, his well-placedcentering must have led to quite a number of goals. As it was, Russia got only487

one, made in the scrummage after a corner. The Finns now began to perceivetheir danger, and commenced to play a harder and more energetic game, and theRussians tiring towards the close of the match as a result of the severe pressure,it could be seen that Finland would be the victor. Just before time was called,Öhman made the winning goal after having dribbled through the Russian defence.The players on both sides had still much to learn in the technics of the game.As was said above, the Russian forwards were very speedy, but they could donothing in consequence of faulty combination. Filippoff, the outside left, and Sokoloff,the right back, were Russia’s best men, while the strength of the Finlandteam lay in the stubborn defence offered by their backs.GREAT BRITAIN V. HUNGARY. 7—0The Stadium, Sunday, 30 June, 1,30 p. m.GREAT BRITAIN : (forwards, from left): I. G. Sharpe, Gordon Hoare, H. Walden,Vivian Woodward, A. Berry; (half-backs): J. Dines, E. Hanney, H. C. Littlewort;(backs): A. E. Knight, T. C. Burn; (goal): R. G. Brebner.HUNGARY : (forwards, from left): Borbás Gáspár, I. Schlosser, M. Pataki, A.Bodnár, B. Sebestyén ; (half-backs): A. Vágo, J. Karoly, G. Biro; (backs): E. Payer,J. Rumbold; (goal): L. Domonkos.Referee: Groothoff (Holland).In spite of the tremendous heat that prevailed, this match was witnessed byabout 7,000 persons, quite a crowd for a football match in Stockholm.The heat seemed to suit the lively, powerfully built Hungarians and, at first,things looked a little dark for Great Britain, whose defence was really the onlypart of the team that had anything to do for the first quarter of an hour — though,at the same time, it seemed quite equal to any demands that might be made onit. If the Hungarian forwards had been a little cooler in front of goal, and hadcalculated their chances better, however, the result might easily have been altogetherdifferent to what it was. In any case, the ball went whizzing in every directionround Brebner’s goal — in every direction but the right one, and after some fifteenminutes, Hungary was awarded a penalty kick for “hands”. Bodnti made anexcellent effort, but Brebner cleared grandly.After this it was Great Britain’s turn to attack, Walden giving his team the lead by anirresistible shot, made at a distance of 20 metres from the goal-mouth. Only acouple of minutes elapsed ere the same player came forward again, after a “hands”that Mr. Groothoff, the referee, could not possibly see, and the Hungarians, whounwisely enough, did not play on while waiting for the whistle, but stopped toappeal to the referee, let Walden put the ball into the net without hindrance.Then succeeded a few uneasy minutes for Great Britain. Hanney, GordonHoare and Walden were all injured; the first so seriously that he was compelledto abstain from all further participation in the game, while the two others,fortunately for their side, were able to resume their places after a minute or two,Gordon Hoare retired from the front line to act as half-back, but, in spite ofthe numerically weakened attack, Woodward and Co. managed to give the Hungariandefence a very warm time, and, three minutes before the first forty-five wasended, Great Britain’s captain made a beautiful goal after a corner.The second half was entirely Great Britain’s, although they were playing onlyten men, Sharpe having to do double work on the left wing. Scarcely four minuteshad elapsed from the re-start, ere Walden got his forehead to a centre by Sharpe488

and made a very pretty goal. The fifth in the series was obtained by VivianWoodward, after threading through the Hungarian defence, while the sixth andseventh goals came from Walden’s foot. The game was now a hopeless one asfar as Hungary was concerned, but the Magyar team worked on indefatigably andkept the British defence fully employed, especially during the last few minutes,when the forwards of Great Britain’s team, relying on the 7 goals’ lead, tookthings pretty quietly.Of course, the best team won, but there was by no means 7 goals’ differencebetween the two elevens. If the Hungarians had but had the least bit of theiropponents’ finishing power, their forwards must have made several goals.Great Britain won the game by its confident play in front of goal, its fine combination,and the individual skill of its members. Nothing but praise can be givento the team, both as a whole and individually. Domonkos, Rumbold, Karoly andSchlosser, of the Hungarians, deserve more than a word of praise.DENMARK v. NORWAY. 7—0.Råsundo, Sunday, 30 June, 4:30 p.m.DENMARK: (forwards, from the left): V. Wolfhagen, H. J. Christoffersen, AntonOlsen, Sophus Nielsen, Axe1 Petersen; (half-backs): P. Berth, Niels Middelboe, I.L. Seidelin-Nielsen; (backs): H. Hansen, Ch. Buchwald; (goal): Sophus Hansen.NORWAY: (forwards, from the left) : E. Maartmann, R. Maartmann, H. Endrerud,K. Krefting, H. Reinholt; (half-backs): G. Andersen, C. Herlofsen, H. Johansen;(backs): E. Baastad, P. Skou; (goal): I. Pedersen.Referee: R. Gelbord (Sweden).Denmark, certain of winning, did not place its best team in the field, butplayed reserves instead of Paul Nielsen, Oscar Nielsen and Castella.The superiority of the Danes was evident from the very first moment, and thewhole resolved itself more into an exhibition game than a match. Only 3 minuteshad passed when Anton Olsen, the best shot at goal in all the Olympic footballmatches, found the way into the Norwegian net after a nice piece of work incombination with Sophus Nielsen. The Norwegians held their own very well forthe first quarter of an hour, and the two Maartmanns gave Buchwald a few livelymoments. They seldom came past the 18-yards line, however, Buchwald and HaraldHansen at back being in tip-top form. It would occupy too much space to attemptto describe the innumerable attacks on Pedersen’s goal made by the smart Danishquintette. Middleboe, undoubtedly one of the foremost football-players in the world,obtained the second goal for Denmark by a hot shot that went just below thecross-bar, and the third was made very prettily by Wolfhagen a couple ofminutes later.The second forty-five did not differ essentially from the first half, unless by afalling-off in the keenness of the play. The result was a foregone conclusion, asboth sides seemed to know. Christoffersen and Anton Olsen each made a coupleof goals more, but the attention of the lookers-on was, for the most part, directedto the very scientific displays given every now and then by Niels Middelboe,Sophus Nielsen and Berth. Both Middelboe and Berth came very near to making acouple of extra points, after having corkscrewed the ball through the perfectly demoralizedNorwegian defence, but in both instances Pedersen saved very resolutely.When the referee blew his whistle at the close of the 90 minutes, however, Denmarkhad won as it liked by 7 goals to none.489

The Danish team is not to be blamed for not having done all it could. Inspite of the presence of two or three reserve men in the eleven there was not aweak spot anywhere, and the game was finely generalled by the omni present NielsMiddleboe.Norway fell with honour, for its opponent was immensely superior, but it wasweakly represented in places. The best of the Norwegians were the brothersMaartmann, Herlofson and Baastad.HOLLAND V. AUSTRIA. 3—1.Råsunda, Sunday, 30 June, 7 p. m.HOLLAND : (forwards, from the left): Bouvy, Vos, ten Cate, de Groot, van Bredakolff;(half-backs): Fortgens, Bontmy, Lotsy; (backs): Bouman, Wijnveldt; (goal);Göbel.AUSTRIA : (forwards, from the left): Müller, Neubauer, Studnicka, Merz, Hussak;(halfbacks): Cimera, Braunsteiner, Brandstetter; (backs): Graubard Kurpiel; (goal):Noll.Referee: P. Philips (Great Britain).Austria played the same team that had beaten Germany, while Holland wasobliged to bring in a couple of reserves, these, however, by no means weakeningthe team, but rather the reverse.A hard, interesting game had been hoped for, and everything turned out accordingto expectations, the match proving one of the best played up to this point inthe competition.The Austrian forwards took charge of the ball for the first ten minutes, andought to have made a goal before the Dutchmen warmed to their work and takenthe measure of their opponents, but, when once they had done so, the roles werequite altered. The front five of the Hollanders soon found out how to trick theAustrian defence, which everywhere went in for hard, rushing tactics. The ballwas sent from one to the other of the five Dutch forwards with wonderful precision,and, after a brief period of this brilliant play the team had gained a lead— a winning one — as it turned out, of three goals.Bouvy, Holland’s reliable and speedy outside left, had the merit of finding thenet first, but off-side should have been given against him. Ere Austria had wellrecovered from the shock, the ball lay once more behind Noll for, directly theball was started again, Vos got hold of it, dribbled it down to the goal-mouthand, as Noll could only partly divert the shot, ten Cate, following up, had nodifficulty in putting the ball in from close quarters. Austria now began to playwith all the energy of despair, but Göbel was in the same brilliant form that hehad shown against Sweden, and he gathered in with the greatest confidence allthe balls directed against the Dutch goal. Then Holland’s forwards got possessionof the ball again, and, 34 minutes after the beginning of the game, Vos put alightning shot between Nell’s legs, making the game 3—0 in favour of Holland.During the last few minutes of the first half, however, the Dutch defence wastried to its uttermost, and at last Alois Müller succeeded in putting in a ball thateven Göbel had no possibility of clearing.A few sentences will be enough to describe the last half of the game. Hollanddrew in its team around the home goal and played entirely on the defensive,and it became plain that the hard match against Sweden had made the mena little stiff and tired. In spite of continual pressure, however, the Austrian attack490

could not get past Göbel who, during this portion of the game, simply surpassedhimself. Towards the close play became a bit rough, while several decisions ofthe referee’s did not seem to be very palatable to the supporters of the Austrians.The best men amongst Holland’s team were Göbel (in goal) the backs and theleft wing of the forwards, while Braunsteiner, Studnicka and Müller played a goodgame for Austria.SEMI=FINALS.GREAT BRITAIN v. FINLAND. 4—0.The Stadium, Tuesday, 2 July, 3 p.m.ENGLAND: (forwards, from left): E. G. D. Wright, G. Hoare, H. Walden, VivianWoodward, I. Sharpe; (half-backs): J. Dines, H. Stamper, H. C. Littlewort; (backs):A. E. Knight, T. C. Burn; (goal): K. G. Brebner.FINLAND: (forwards, from left): A. Niska, J. Öhman, A. Nyyssönen, B. Wiberg,R. Wickstrom; (half-backs): V. Lietola, E. A. Soinio, K. Lund; (backs): G. Löfgren,J. Holopainen; (goal): A. Syrjäläinen.Referee: R. Gelbord (Sweden).Finland, although a freak of Fortune had allowed it to reach the semi-final, hadnot, of course, the least chance of beating Great Britain, but the team in its game withits redoubtable opponent, played a far better game than in any of its other matcheson Swedish soil. The forwards worked really well together; the half-backs gavevery effective support to the attack, and the backs were of the “do or die” type.Great Britain, which was giving a rest to a couple of its best men, playedmerely to win the match, and not to break any record by piling up goals. Theyvery carefully avoided all collisions with the powerfully-built, tough Finlanders,but played a fine passing game, with plenty of science, so as to win with theleast possible expenditure of energy.The game, in consequence, did not present any features of very absorbinginterest and a very few words will suffice to describe it in full. Sharpe, who,on this occasion, took Arthur Berry’s place as Vivian Woodward’s companion onthe right wing, made a beginning immediately after the start by centering with aslow, falling ball towards the goal, which Holopainen, in his anxiety to clear, managedto put into the net. Everyone believed that goal would succeed goal in lightingsuccession when, scarcely 5 minutes later, Sharpe centered another ball which wasconverted by Walden, who was a bit livelier than the rest of the British forwards.Constantly on the defensive, the Finnish rear men began to be a little carelessas to the methods they employed, but when at the end of a quarter of an houra penalty kick was awarded to Great Britain, the leaders seem to consider thatthis was altogether too severe a punishment, and the ball was ostentatively put overthe cross-bar. During the remainder of the first half the impression grew strongerand stronger that the British team was playing with its opponent as a cat playswith a mouse; beautiful and well combined attacks finishing with careless shotsin every direction but the right one.The second forty-five minutes was of the same character as the first, although,during the first portion of the time, the Finlanders enjoyed a very good deal ofthe play. Nyyssönen lead a number of good attacks, but Brebner, who once ortwice put his hand to the ball, never really had to do much behind men like491

Burn and Knight. Then some more samples were given of delightful combinationsbetween Great Britain’s forward quintette and its half-backs, but no powerwas put into the shooting, although Syrjäläinen must be paid the compliment ofthe statement that he was in excellent form in goal. No less than 32 minuteselapsed ere Walden got a third goal for Great Britain from the scrummage a fewmetres in front of the Finnish net. Five minutes later when the cry of the spectators“We want more g-o-a-l-s” grew too strong, Vivian Woodward headed a finegoal as Great Britain’s fourth and last.DENMARK v. HOLLAND. 4—1.The Stadium, Tuesday, 2 July, 7 p. m.DENMARK : (forwards from left): V. Wolfhagen, Sophus Nielsen, Anton Olsen,Poul Nielsen, Oscar Nielsen; (half-backs): P. Berth, E. Jörgensen, Ch. Buchwald;(backs): H. Hansen, Niels Middelboe; (goal): Sophus Hansen.HOLLAND : (forwards from left): N. J. Bouvy, J. Vos, C. H. ten Cate, H. F.de Groot, J. G. van Bredakolff; (half-backs): D. N. Lotsy, J. V. Bontmy, G. Fortgens;(backs): P. Bouman, D. Wijnveldt; (goal): M. J. Göbel.Referee: Herczog (Hungary).If the semi-final, Great Britain v. Finland, had been almost featureless, thismatch was a beautiful and most interesting one. It may be said, without anyexaggeration, that it was the finest game ever played in this country, and it wasthe play of the Danish team that made it so.It will be easy to imagine Denmark’s superiority when we say that, duringthe whole of the match, the Danish goal was not even once seriously threatened.The single goal that Holland obtained was simply and solely the result of a misunderstandingbetween Sophus and Harald Hansen, while Göbel, the brilliant Dutchgoal-keeper, was the man that prevented Denmark from more emphatically accentuatingits superiority.Denmark played the game at high pressure from the very first moment. Theball flew from man to man with an almost unnatural precision, and, finely leadby Anton Olsen, the Danish forwards commenced to let the ball whizz in towardsthe Dutch goal, where Göbel won round after round of thundering applause whenhe cleared apparently impossible shots. His backs being close in upon him theyhid from view, however a long, high ball which was sent in by Jörgensen fromthe 18 yards line — and Denmark got the lead. The Dutch team strained everynerve and sinew, but all their attacks broke against the stubborn Danish defencewhich, at the same time, fed its own forwards most brilliantly. After 25 minutesAnton Olsen received the ball from Poul Nielsen, succeeded in avoiding all Bontmy’swell-meant attentions and in an instant had found his way through the crowdof defenders. Göbel made a vain attempt to clear the hard and well-directed shotthat followed, but the ball flew right into the comer of the net.The Danes now had their blood up and, during the remainder of the half, theyplayed ideal football. Niels Middelboe dribbled from his position as back, rightthrough the Dutch team, but the ball struck the cross-bar; shots from Jörgensen,Poul and Sophus Nielsen either struck the posts, or were cleared in a masterlyfashion by Göbel, but admirably as the latter played he could not prevent PoulNielsen, after a comer, from getting a third goal for Denmark.During the second forty-five minutes, Denmark relaxed the pressure somewhat, andbegan to rely on its defence and a three goals’ lead. Bouvy and ten Cate changed492

places, but Jorgensen shadowed the speedy Bouvy quite as effectively as Buchwaldand Middelboe had done at an earlier period of the game. In a collision withBouman, Poul Nielsen sprained his knee and had to be carried off the field, butthe accident made no noticable difference in the play of the Danes, Oscar Nielsensurpassing himself now that he was left alone on the right wing. But then Hollandmanaged to get a goal. Van Bredakolff succeeded in getting a loose balltowards the Danish home-quarters ; Sophus Hansen rushed forward to take the ballbut, at the same instant, Harald Hansen quite unexpectedly hindered him, and putthe ball into their own goal into the bargain.Denmark knew the right kind of cure for this accident. As soon as the ballwas kicked off it went to Wolfhagen, who tricked it past Fortgen and Wijnveldtand then sent it with a hard pass at the height of the hips across to Anton Olsenwho, from a distance of 20 metres made the loveliest goal of the Olympicfootball competition. The ball went with the speed of a cannon-ball and, wiselyenough, Göbel made no attempt to clear it. Thunders of applause were still echoinground the Stadium when the game was once more started, but then came “Time”with Denmark a well-deserving winner by 4 goals to 1.The Danes played an ideal game and no weak spot could be found in the team.The soul of the eleven was Niels Middelboe, but all the men deserved praise.Holland played as well as Denmark allowed them to do. Göbel, in goal, washead and shoulders above the other players of the team, and it was entirely dueto him that the defeat of the Dutch was kept within reasonable limits.FINAL.GREAT BRITAIN v. DENMARK. 4—2.The Stadium, Thursday, 4 July, 7 p. m.GREAT BRITAIN: (forwards, from left): I. Sharpe, G. Hoare, H. Walden,Vivian Woodward, A. Berry; (half-backs): J. Dines, H. C. Littlewort,D. Mc Whirter ; (backs): A. E. Knight, T. C. Burn; (goal) : R. G.Brebner.DENMARK: (forwards, from left): V. Wolfhagen, Sophus Nielsen,Anton Olsen, A. Thufvason, Oscar Nielsen ; (half-backs) : P. Berth,E. F. Jörgensen, Ch. Buchwald; (backs): Harald Hansen, Niels Middelboe;(goal): Sophus Hansen.Referee: Groothoff (Holland).The football final in the competition proper had been awaited withthe greatest interest, and close on 25,000 persons had passed themany turnstiles of the Stadium when the teams of Great Britain andDenmark met for the final struggle.Great Britain was able to place its best eleven on the ground, butthe chances of its opponent were lessened by the Danes being obligedto play reserves instead of the well-known Danish back, Castella, andPoul Nielsen, Thufvason not being anything like equal to Poul Nielsenin the front line of attack. Against Holland the Danish forwardshad played like one man, no one making a single fault, but now thecombination often went to pieces in Thufvason’s section.493

Denmark kicked off, but Great Britain was the first to make anattack by means of Berry. It was evident that the teams were takingeach other’s measure and, for the first ten minutes, the ball oscillatedsomewhat nervously between Hansen’s and Brebner’s goals. Whenten minutes had passed, however, the British line of forwards steadieditself, and a well-executed centre attack was completed by Walden’smaking the first goal of the match.Great Britain continued to press, but Middelboe and the rest of theDanish defence left nothing to chance, attacking with vigour andassurance, while, at the same time it gave good support to its ownforwards. Anton Olsen gave Brebner a whizzing shot which theBritish goal-keeper was obliged to tip over the bar, but, from the cornerthat followed, Jorgensen only put the ball hard against the timber.Great Britain’s second goal was a remarkable present from HaraldHansen, who stopped the ball a long way out on the line and directlyafterwards, without the least reason in the world, sent it in towardshis own goal. Quite naturally, two of the English forwards wereunmarked, and Gordon Hoare put the ball past Sophus Hansen,who was absolutely helpless.But Denmark did not lose courage. The half-backs began to playa harder game and, from a pass by Buchwald, Anton Olsen drove alightning ball past Brebner from a distance of about 25 metres. Thisgoal poured oil on the Danish fire, and each moment it looked as ifthe teams would be brought level when, suddenly, Buchwald afterhaving headed a ball, fell and sprained his hand badly. He had tobe helped from the field, and Sophus Nielsen, the brilliant strategistof the Danish five, was obliged to retire to half-back. As a naturalconsequence the Danish combination went to pieces in places, andthe British team knew very well how to make use of their opportunities.Before three minutes more had elapsed they had made thefigures 4-1, the result of most brilliant play on the part of theforwards. Gordon Hoare made the first of these two fresh goals, ahard and accurate header from Berry’s centering, and Berry himselfsecured the fourth after dribbling past Harald Hansen. Half timecame with this result unaltered.During the second half the Danes continued to play with ten men,and altered the arrangement of their team, Jörgensen and Niels Middelboechanging places. The first part of the second forty-five minutesresolved itself into a long duel between Great Britain’s forwards and theDanish defence, the latter being quite equal, however, to dealing withtheir formidable opponents. On the other hand, the four Danish forwardscould make no very great impression on the British defence,the latter, too, playing an exceedingly hard game, But then Middelboechanged places once more, this time with Anton Olsen, and theball began to whiz about Brebner’s goal again. Anton Olsen playedexcellently at centre halfback — the Danes seemed to be able to playequally well in any position — and from his foot came the onlygoal made during the second half, once more a long low ball acouple of inches above the ground.494

This goal made the British team uneasy. Woodward awakened hiscomrades’ spirits, which had shown the least signs in the world ofdrooping, and then Denmark could consider itself fortunate that ithad a man of Sophus Hansen’s high class in front of goal. Manywere the shots he saved, but still more numerous were those thatwhizzed beside and behind the posts. Gordon Hoare, especially, hadexceedingly bad luck with a magnificent shot that flew about I8 inchesabove the ground, and struck the outer comer of the side-post whenHansen was at the other side of the goal.Great Britain won a well deserved victory, and would probably havecome out on top, even if Denmark had been able to play I I men tothe close. The result might have been doubtful, however. Everyman in the British team did his duty, and did it to the utmost ofhis power. The backs allowed no one to come to close quarters.Denmark had two weak men in Harald Hansen and Thufvason,but it fell with honour and after having been treated by Fortune withmore than on average share of ill-will. Its semi-final against Hollandwas a far pleasanter match to look at, as, in the final, nervousnesswas too much in evidence in the Danish team.MATCH FOR THE THIRD PRIZE.HOLLAND v. FINLAND. 9—0Råsunda, Thursday, 4 July, 3 p. m.HOLLAND: (forwards from left): Bouvy, Vos, van der Sluis, de Groot, van Bredakolff; (half-backs) : Bontmy, Lotsy, de Wolff; (backs): Feith, Wijnveldt ; (goal):Göbel.FINLAND: (forwards from left): Niska, Nyyssönen, Öhman, Wiberg, Tanner;(half-backs ) : Lietola, Soinio, Lund ; (backs): Löfgren, Holopainen ; (goal): Syrjäläinen,Referee: P. Sjöblom (Sweden).There was a very small attendance, for the public had evidently made up itsmind beforehand as to the probable result of this match, everybody expectingHolland to win, a presumption that was fulfilled to the least tittle, the Dutch teamwinning with greater ease even, than had perhaps been expected.The Finlanders pressed at the beginning, still, without giving Göbel very muchto do. The great heat prevailing soon caused the pace to slacken somewhat, andthis gave Holland a chance to play the game it liked, but 30 minutes passed beforethe first goal came, made after a corner, and, when once the ice was broken,matters went far better for Holland. The Dutch left wing gave the ball to deGroot as he was excellently placed for the shot, and he fully responded to theconfidence placed in him. The Finlanders worked in the sweat of their browsbut, after a very short interval, the ball once more found its way into their net,put there by Vos, and immediately before half-time was called, it paid another visit,after a comer.The Dutch had thus a start of 4 goals and could have felt quite assured ofthe third prize, but they monopolized the play during the second half too. Vander Sluis, the new centre, was very attentive to the ball and managed to maketwo goals, in much about the same manner each time. Syrjäläinen muffed the495

all on each occasion, and the Dutchman was altogether too quick for him. Finland’sdefence was hard put to it the whole of the time and, towards the close,the only question was as the number of goals the Dutch forwards would be ableto make. Vos (2) an de Groot succeeded in bringing the total up to 9, and itwas only the referee’s whistle, proclaiming the finish of the game, that saved Syrjäläinen’sgoal from further visits.Finland played a great deal worse than it had done against Great Britain, andno one in the Dutch team had to exert himself very much in order to gain awell-deserved third prize for his country.Consolation Series.FIRST ROUND.AUSTRIA v. NORWAY. 1—0Traneberg, Monday, 1 July, 11 a.m.As had been expected, Austria had to bring up its reserves for this match tofill places in goal, the left and right inner forwards, and the centre half-back positions,while Norway had changed only one man, the left half-back. Under ordinarycircumstances, Norway would have been an easy prey for Austria, but, as it was,the difference was the least possible, I goal.The attack varied rapidly during the first quarter. of an hour but then camethe goal which was to be the only one made during the match and, therefore, thedeciding one, the Austrian inner left finding the comer of the net with a chance ball.Norway had quite as much of the game in the open as the Austrians, but thework of the latter in front of goal made their attack considerably more dangerous.They had no lack of opportunities to increase their lead, but every chance wasthrown away, or else Pedersen managed to save the Norwegian goal. The first20 minutes of the last half were entirely Austria’s, but after one of the Austrianforwards had been carried off the field injured, things took a fresh turn, and if theNorwegians had kicked straighter they would certainly have equalized. They, too,soon lost one of their attacking force, Reinholt, who hurt his foot. The gamenow went a bit lamely, and time was called with the figures unaltered.Austria showed superior skill, and deserved to win by a greater majority. Inthis match, however, Norway played better than it had done against Denmark.GERMANY v. RUSSIA. 16—0.Råsunda, Monday, 1 July, 5 p.m.For this match, Germany put into the field an almost entirely new team whichwas, perhaps, the least bit better than the one that had lost to Austria. Considerationmust, of course, be paid to the fact that Russia was not able to offer anyserious resistance, as the speady, ready-witted German forwards pierced the Russiandefence as easily as a sail-maker’s needle does the canvas.A description of the match would become a somewhat tedious enumeration ofthe goals made by Germany, which numbered no less than 8 during each period.The Russian defence was continually strengthened by the forwards, who seldomor never received the ball from their half-backs, and who therefore had to do whatthey could themselves, to prepare the way for an attack.Fuchs, Förderer and Oberle made the goals for their team, turn and turn about.496

FOOTBALL. HOLLAND v. SWEDEN. The Dutch goalkeeper saving.

Pl. 189.FOOTBALL. GREAT BRITAIN (white jerseys) V. HUNGARY.FOOTBALL.FINLAND (dark jerseys) v. ITALY.

Pl. 190.FOOTBALL.GREAT BRITAIN (white jerseys) v. FINLAND.FOOTBALL.AUSTRIA (white jerseys) V. GERMANY.

Pl. 191.DENMARK’S FOOTBALL TEAM.FINLAND’S FOOTBALL TEAM.

Pl. 192.HOLLAND’S FOOTBALL TEAM.ITALY’S FOOTBALL TEAM.

PL 193.NORWAY’S FOOTBALL TEAM.RUSSIA’S FOOTBALL TEAM.

PL 194.SWEDEN'S FOOTBALL TEAM.GERMANY’S FOOTBALL TEAM.

Pl. 195.HUNGARY’S FOOTBALL TEAM.AUSTRIA’S FOOTBALL TEAM.

Had they been opposed by a first class goal-keeper, however, the number of goalsmade against the Russians would have been reduced, as many balls which foundthe net were shot from at distance of 20 or 25 metres.ITALY v. SWEDEN. 1—0Råsunda, Monday, 1 July, 7 p.m.Italy relied on the same team that had been so narrowly beaten by Finland,while Sweden had new men on the inside left, at centre half-back and at leftback, viz. Dahlström (from Eskilstuna), Frykman and Törnqvist. Everyone hadprophesied an easy victory for Sweden, and the team evidently suffered from thefault of making light of its opponents.The Swedes began the game as if it was merely a question of playing withthe other team, but they soon had their eyes opened in a very unpleasant way.Italy knew that it was matched against a team which, on paper, was miles superiorto its own and so it played for all it was worth, and the Swedish defence almostat once found itself in difficulties. Not more than a couple of minutes had elapsedere a ball from the Italian centre found its way into the Swedish net, but Mr. Willing,the referee, disallowed the goal on account of “hands”. The Swedish forwardsplayed very limply, and could not keep the ball going, while, after abouta quarter of an hour’s play the Italian outside right passed very nicely to thecentre, who transferred the ball without any difficulty to the net, this time in aperfectly legitimate manner. For a short time the Swedes played up a bit, butItaly soon began to press again and forced a series of corners. Wicksell was injuredseriously in the back and was obliged to leave the field but, just before half time,Börjesson, the Swedish centre forward, almost succeeded in equalizing with ahard shot.During the second half there was a change in the game. Fatigued by theirexertions during the first 45 minutes, the Italians kept almost entirely on the defensive,while the Swedes did everything in their power to regain the ground theyhad lost. But, apparently as a punishment for their laziness during the first partof the game, Fortune turned its back on them entirely, and although the ball wasas good as always within the penalty sphere in front of the Italian goal, it wasimpossible for the Swedes to equalize. Börjesson, Dahlström and Svensson sentin shot after shot, but the Italian goal-keeper saved brilliantly, and when he wasunable to reach the ball, the Swedes only managed to hit the cross-bar or theside posts. All their efforts were in vain and they had to leave the field, afterhaving had by far the best of the last half of the game, beaten by I-0.Italy won, thanks to the unfailing energy of the team, and to the good fortunethat attended them. The best men on their side were the outside left, the centrehalf-back, the backs and the goal-keeper.The Swedes lost on account of their unaccountable indifference during the firsthalf. Only the right back, Erik Hergström, and the two outside half-backs, Wickselland Gustafsson, maintained their reputations, the play of the other membersof the team being considerably below par.SEMI=FINALS.HUNGARY v. GERMANY. 3—1.Råsunda, Wednesday, 3 July, 3 p.m.There were only a couple of hundred spectators of this match which, however,was one of great interest the whole of the time, and well worth watching.32 Fifth Olympiad.497

Hungary lost the toss but, during the first few minutes, was too aggressive tosuit the German defence, and their inside left made a lovely goal, only eight minutesafter the start. By degrees, however, Germany began to get going, and somegood combination by their forwards gave the Hungarian half-backs and backsplenty to do. The fine play of the latter, together with the trick the Germans hadof continually being off-side, saved a good many dangerous situations, and whenGermany began to slacken pace a little, Hungary was quite ready to renew theattack. But the same fault the team had exhibited in its play against Great Britainonce more became evident — its incapacity to do any calm, well-calculatedwork in front of goal being as great as ever. Numberless fine opportunities ofscoring were thrown away, but just before half time, the inside left again madea beautiful goal.It was clear that the lead Hungary had thus obtained was quite sufficient togive them the victory, but Germany worked with undiminished vigour, and, duringthe second half, had something more than its own share of the game. Now, asin the first half, the Hungarian forwards were unable to make any use of severalfine opportunities, and Germany was the first to score during the second fortyfive,though the goal should have been disallowed, as it was a clear case of offside.After half an hour, however, came Hungary’s third goal, from a corner, andthis settled theirHungary wellopponents’ fate.deserved its victory, but it ought to have had at least twice thenumber of goals it won by. The German goal-keeper had a very succesful day.AUSTRIA v. ITALY. 5—1.The Stadium, Wednesday 3 July, 7 p.m.This semi-final of the “Consolation-series” was very poorly supported too, butin contrast with the one just described, the play was hardly up to the level ofthat shown in the preceding matches. During the first forty-five minutes especially,it was often a matter of very great difficulty indeed, to follow the play with anyinterest.Austria had the upper hand the whole of the time, but the unceremoniousplay of the Italian defence seemed, at first, to make the, physically speaking,weaker Austrian forwards quite dumbfounded, time after time, when these latterwere in the neighbourhood of the Italian goal. After 30 minutes’ monotonousplay, however, Austria at length got its first goal, scored by Alois Müller, theinside right. The next minute, Berardo, the Italian centre forward, neglected abeautiful opportunity of equalizing, and play was at once transferred to the Italianquarters, where Campelli’s charge, five minutes before half time, was disturbedby Grundwald.The second forty-five brought several more goals and thus becamesomewhat pleasanter to look at. The Austrian forwards at length managed to findtheir right game and, four minutes after play recommenced, Hussak ran in withthe ball towards the Italian goal, Austria’s success on this occasion being repeatedimmediately afterwards, in consequence of a bad blunder by their opponents’ defence.By means of a last despairing rally, the Italians succeeded in penetratingthe Austrian lines successfully, but this goal was immediately afterwards nullifiedby one for the other side just before the whistle sounded, and the Austrians leftthe field victorious by 5 goals to I.The Italians could not at all manage to repeat the fine and energetic play they498

had shown against Sweden. During the second half, the Austrian forwards didthe best piece of work of all of their performances during the Olympic competitions,and it was only Campelli’s fine show in goal that kept the result of the playwithin reasonable proportions.FINAL.HUNGARY v. AUSTRIA. 3 — 0Råsunda, Friday 5 July, 7 p. m.HUNGARY: (forwards, from left): Borbás Caspár, I Schlosser, M. Pataki, ABodnár, B. Sebestyén ; (half-backs): B. Zoltan, A. Vago, G. Biró; (backs): E. PayerJ. Rumbold ; (goal): L. Domonkos.AUSTRIA : (forwards, from left) : L. Grundwald, L. Neubauer, R. Merz, A. Müller,L. Hussak ; (half-backs): J. Brandstetter, K. Braunsteiner, R. Cimera ; (backs): B.Graubard, L. Kurpiel ; (goal): J. Kaltenbrunner.Referee : H. G. Willing (Holland).As was to be expected, national feeling played no unimportant part in thismatch, and Mr. Willing’s rôle as — peacemaker — was anything but a sinecure. Arougher game has never been played in Sweden, and it was only the fear ofcausing the scandal to assume still greater proportions that prevented the refereefrom ordering several of the players of both sides off the field. The whistle washeard incessantly for free kicks, and on one occasion Mr. Willing was obliged tocall the teams together and admonish them to play a more gentlemanly game.Very naturally, the game suffered greatly in consequence of these continualfouls and interruptions, but in spite of this, the match was a most interesting one.The big, powerfully-built and speedy Hungarians played the whole of the time asif they were in an ecstasy, and, at times, the pace was quite abnormal. Thebrilliant Hungarian outside forwards centered towards goal time after time, but thevery agile Kaltenbrunner cleared the hard shots from Schlosser and Bodnársuperbly.It took no less than 30 minutes’ play to produce the first goal, this comingoff Schlosser’s foot, the Hungarian reaching the ball the fraction of a second beforeKaltenbrunner, and poking it into the net. Half time came with the score 1-0in favour of Hungary.The second half saw the culmination of the foul play which had been visibleduring the first half, and soon a short pause had to be made in order to allowthe hot blood of the players to cool a little. After this pause came the best playof the match. The Austrian forwards combined better than those of Hungary,but the latter’s backs, Rumbold especially, played brilliantly, and Domonkos wasseldom obliged to put his hand to the ball. After 27 minutes, Hungary’s leadwas increased by Pataki, who took a pass to centre by Borbás Gaspár and easilyplaced it into the net. Then Hungary began to force the game, sending the ballfrom wing to wing, with the result that Bodnár, after a brilliant individual attack,gave Hungary its third and finest goal.The Hungarians thus became the well-deserving winners of the consolationseries. Their best men for the day were the left wing, Gaspár and Schlosser,and the right back, Rumbold.Austria had more of the game than the goal-total shows. Kaltenbrunner, Braun-Steiner and Merz playing a superb game.499

Results of the Football Competitions of the Fifth Olympiad.Principal competition.FinlandItalyHollandSwedenAustriaGermanyG. BritainHungaryFinlandRussiaDenmarkNorwayHollandAustriaHollandMatch for third prize: FinlandG. BritainFinlandDenmarkHollandHolland.G. BritainDenmarkGreat Britain.Consolation series.GermanyRussiaAustriaNorwayItalySwedenHungaryGermanyAustriaItalyHungaryAustriaHungary.The 1:st prize in the principal competition thus fell to Great Britainwhich received the Challenge Cup presented by the English FootballAssociation, with a diploma and a silver-gilt Olympic Medal to eachman of the team;2:nd prize, Denmark, Olympic silver medal to each member of theteam, and3:rd prize, Holland, Olympic bronze medal to each member of theteam.Finland, which reached the semi-final, was awarded the silver medalof the Swedish Football Association for each of its players.The players received their prizes from the hands of His Majesty,The King, immediately after the conclusion of the final in the Stadium.In the consolation series, the prizes were given away by Dir. Kornerupafter the close of the final between Hungary and Austria atRåsunda, each member of the Hungarian team receiving the silver medalof the Swedish Football Association, and the Austrians, the bronze medalof the same Union.All the referees and linesmen taking part in the matches of the twoseries, received a little memorial of the Games in the form of asilver cup.500

SOME GENERAL REFLECTIONS AND WISHES.The Football Competitions of the Fifth Olympiad were thusbrought to a successful close and, when we make a general survey,we find that the international order of merit, as regards the nationsengaged, has remained unchanged since the matches in London,1908, with Great Britain, Denmark and Holland as Nos I, 2 and 3respectively.There is no doubt but that this placing represents the merits ofthe rival teams, even if Hungary, had it been matched against Holland,might have been successful against its Dutch rivals. The result,7—0, of Great Britain’s match v. Hungary is most misleading, asthe British team itself was the first to acknowledge. Hungary hadquite as much of the game as Great Britain, but it was the excellentwork of the British forwards in front of their opponent’s goal thatgave them their overwhelming victory.The undeniable superiority of Great Britain over the other nationstaking part in the competition lay, not only in better developedtechnical play, both individually and collectively, but also inthe cool, well-calculated “finish” in front of goal. With a reallyrepresentative team, Great Britain’s claim to the Olympic FootballCup can never be really challenged by any other football-playingnation, before the work of the opposing teams has become immenselybetter than it is at present.The Danes came nearest to the British, and they really are next tothem as regards power of combination and all-round skill. It is adebatable question whether Denmark would not have made a better showagainst Great Britain in the final if Buchwald had not been injured,but, at most, this accident did not mean more than the loss of onepoint to Denmark. It must be pointed out, that both the goals gainedby the Danish team were long shots, so that no one player of theEnglish defence could really be made responsible for them; the pointswere, consequently, the fruits of superb individual ability in makinglong shots at goal.As a whole, the play shown in the football competition was quitehigh class, even if the work of some of the teams, as, for example,the Russian and Italian, and the Swedish when playing against Italy,was not on a level with that of the other nations. It was speciallyinteresting to make a study of the various styles of play, which differedvery greatly. Both Denmark and Holland had fairly confirmedBritish style, both these teams relying more on science, combinationand agility than on speed and hard rushes, especially as regards theplay of the forwards. The opposite was the case with Germany,Austria, Hungary (in the case of the latter, less, perhaps, than, asregards the two preceding nations), Finland etc. Their game was tremendouslyspeedy and hard, which was successful as long as the ball501

was being carried onwards towards the goal, but it became a greathindrance when any accurate work had to be done immediately infront of the posts. These latter teams threw away innumerable chancesby what must really be termed slovenly shooting, added to toogreat eagerness in front of goal, while it may be questioned whetheraltogether too much bodily strength was not expended quite unnecessarily,and whether a little more brain-work would not have given far betterresults. The Swedish team can scarcely be said to have done its dutyvery successfully in the matches, but there is nothing but praise tobe given to its style of play, and Sweden has probably quite as goodprospects of development as any other nation. The Swedish forwardsplayed a well-balanced combination of long and short passing, of open,hard play, and fancy work.It is a pleasure to be able to state that, during the matches, therewas no rough play worth mentioning, with the exception, perhaps, ofduring the game between Austria and Hungary in the consolation series.But in this case, of course, scarcely anything else was to be expected.Hard knocks were given and taken without a word, and there wereone or two little accidents, but there is nothing to be said aboutthese, for football could not be what it is, unless physical advantageswere allowed to be advantages.The three grounds at the Stadium, Råsunda and Tranebergwere in excellent condition the whole of the time, and possessedevery convenience for the players as regards dressing-rooms, etc.;the tramway communications to the last two places (which lie outsideStockholm), were such as could satisfy all reasonable requirements,while everyone that paid to see the match could be certainof being able to get a good view of the play, whether he occupieda place on the grand stands, or was one of the standing public.The matches were so arranged that it was possible to attend everyoneof them without any great exertion, and the teamswere granted so much breathing-space between the matches as theshort period allowed for the whole of the competition permitted,while the players were given the fullest information respecting allthose matters they had to be acquainted with, in connection with thevarious matches.One thing should be pointed out, however, as being exceedinglydesirable for future meetings of this kind, viz., that, if possible, thematches should never be played at hours when the sun can be expectedto be hottest. Of course it is necessary, in order to make theOlympic Games a whole, for the football competitions to take placesimultaneously with the other event in athletics, i. e., in the middleof the summer, but it would not, probably, be a matter of any verygreat difficulty to have the football matches at a future Olympiadplayed at 6 p. m. at the very earliest. A football player cannot do502

his best when working in the midst of blazing sunshine, and the spectators,too, can be got to attend the matches in far greater numbersif the play takes place at a normal temperature, after the worst heatof the day is over, apart from the fact, that they will be certain tosee a far better game in the evening than in the middle of the day.503

GYMNASTICS.THE COMMITTEE FOR GYMNASTICS.t the request of the Swedish Olympic Committee andof the Swedish National Gymnastic and Athletic Association,the Swedish Gymnastic Association electeda Committee to arrange for the gymnastic competitionsand displays of the Olympic Games of 1912. TheCommittee of the Association last-mentioned appointedCaptain EINAR NERMAN (as president), and GEORG LÖFGREN , Esq.,and empowered these gentlemen to add to their numbers as occasionrequired. This was done; Lieutenant W. CARLBERG being chosensecretary in the autumn of 1910, and other members were appointed,so that, finally, the Gymnastic Committee had the following composition:President:Captain EINAR NERMAN.Secretary:Lieutenant W. CARLBERG,Lieutenant O. HOLMBERG.Other Members: Captain E. LIEBERATH,Captain E. LITTORIN,GEORG LÖFGREN, Esq.,E. LÖFVENIUS, Esq.DRAWING UP THE PROGRAMME FOR GYMNASTICS.In the spring of 1910, the Committee sent in its first draft programmefor gymnastics. It included nothing but displays. The Meetingof the International Olympic Committee at Luxemburg expressedthe desire, however, that gymnastic competitions should be included,too, and although the Gymnastic Committee considered that internationalcompetitions were unsuitable, it determined to agree to theproposals of the International Olympic Committee, and have bothcompetitions and displays on the programme.504

After a number of alterations — caused by representations madefrom various quarters — had been made in the earliest proposals, thefinal programme for gymnastics was drawn up as follows.PROGRAMME FOR GYMNASTICS.The Stadium, Saturday, 6 July—Monday, 15 July, 1912.Max. number of competitors from each nation: in the individual competition 6,in each of the team competitions: I team.I. Team competition with exercises according to the Swedish system.Teams of not less than 16 nor more than 40.Time limit, 45 minutes.II. Team competition with exercises according to any system except theSwedish.Teams of not less than 16 nor more than 40Time limit, 45 minutes.III.Individual competition with exercises on horizontal bar, parallel bars,rings and pommelled horses.IV. Displays.One team of men and one team of women from each nation.Time limit, 45 minutes.The chief diversity of opinion in the Committee was caused bythe method to be adopted for the division of the competitors intogroups for the team competitions, and the time to be occupied byeach group, and as the fixing of a time-limit of 45 minutes for eachteam, especially, occasioned much discussion, some account oughtto be given here of the development of the question.The Committee for Gymnastics, after consulting the Swedish OlympicCommittee, originally fixed the limit at 45 minutes. At the Meetingof the International Olympic Committee at Buda-Pesth, aproposal was made on the part of Denmark that the time shouldbe extended to one hour, but Colonel Balck (Sweden) informed theMeeting that this was impossible. The Swedish Olympic Committee,during the summer of 1911, asked the Committee for Gymnastics,however, whether it had any objection to the proposed extension ofthe time. The Committee in question recommended the measure,but then the Swedish Olympic Committe found it could not adopt it.In December, 1911, the Committee for Gymnastics renewed itsapplication for an extension of the time to 60 minutes, but with thesame result.For various motives, Germany, among other countries, determinednot to take part in the Gymnastic Competitions, one reason givenbeing that the time proposed — 45 minutes — was too short. Todo away with this objection, the Swedish Olympic Committe, in thespring of 1912, determined that the time-limit should be extendedto one hour for team competitions, but the step did not have thedesired result as far as Germany was concerned.505

GENERAL PREPARATIONS.Apparatus.No suitable premises of sufficient size for the gymnastic competitionsand displays being available, arrangements had to be made tocarry them out in the Stadium.The Committee for Gymnastics, therefore, drew up plans for fixedgymnastic apparatus, so constructed that it could be erected in theStadium arena. This apparatus was made by E. G. Ekstrand, GymnasticApparatus Maker, Stockholm.Concrete sockets were sunk in the ground, intended to receive thesupports.As can be seen by the drawings, there were in this apparatus 20One side of fixed gymnastic apparatus, with 10 sets of ribb-stalls.“ribbstalls”, which could be used from both sides; 34 vertical ropes,2 inclined ropes, and 4 double beams.Some of the apparatus needed, but not existing in Sweden — 4 sets ofparallel bars; 4 horizontal bars; 4 pommelled horses and a stagingwith 4 rings — was obtained from Dietrich & Hannach, Chemnitz, but,unfortunately, some of the sections were not properly adjusted, norwere the horizontal bars of the length ordered. The competitors criticizedthis material in other respects, too, during the course of the Games.In order to give the gymnastic exercises a greater resemblance tothose carried out in gymnasiums, a large “floor”, 15 x 25 met., waslaid down close to the apparatus.Dressing Rooms.In spite of the Stadium being of great size, and of the bestuse being made of the space available, there was not a sufficient numberof dressing rooms for the gymnasts, so that the Riding School behindthe Stadium was taken and made use of for the purpose in question.506

Detail-drawing, showing method of fixing the ribb-stalls, and the beams and thebands of iron across the beams.Plan of the removable gymnastic apparatus, with one side turned outwards. Gymnasticapparatus shown: 20 sets ribb-stalls; 4 beams, with double beams and canalsfor d:o; 2 single inclined ropes with guide ropes: 26 vertical ropes.507

Detail-drawing of iron sockets sunk in arena, and of the posts, for fixed gymnasticapparatus, which are let down into these sockets, together with wooden wedges forwedging fast the posts after insertion.Plan, showing the beams, and the iron-bands across them for fixing the ribb-stalls.508

Detail-drawing showing method of fastening together the top beams.Detail-drawing of the top beams and of the iron band around them.509

Plan showing mountings for fastening of ribb-stalls.a) A piece of metal whose top (riveted on) is screwed fast to the ribb-stall posts;b) the metal screwed fast to the beam.Officials.The officials were:Chief Leader: Captain Einar Nerman. Adjutants: Dr. Hedvig Malmström;Mr Thure Lindforss (Gymnastic Director) and LieutenantHjalmar Hedenblad.Leader of the Team Competitions: Major P. Lundblad. Adjutant:Captain Gerhard Winroth.Leader of the Individual Competition: Lieutenant Wilhelm Carlberg.Adjutant: Lieutenant G. Setterberg.Leader of the Displays: Captain A. Krautmeyer.Chief Orderly: Lieutenant A. Berg von Linde. Adjutant: FrökenMia Shannong (Gymnastic Director).Chief Storekeeper: Georg Löfgren, Esq. Adjutant: Lieutenant GunnarHöjer.Secretaries of the Competitions: E. Löfvenius, Esq., Captain Carl vanPlaten, Lieutenant Gustaf Moberg.Hostesses of the Women Gymnasts: Fröknarna Louise von Bahr, AnnaLundberg, Maria Palmqvist, Sigrid Hellström and Signild Arpi.Offices.During the Games, the Offices of the Gymnastic Competitions wereon the 5th floor in the east tower of the Stadium. At this placeinformation was supplied, meetings were held, and results were calculated.THE COMPETITIONS AND DISPLAYS.Meetings of the Judges.In order to obtain uniformity in the judging, and to avoid disputesbetween the judges, during or after the competitions, the saidofficials in the various groups were called to meetings at different510

times by the chief leader, who then informed the judges in questionof their duties, gave them copies of the programme of the competitions,showed them the protocol-forms, etc. This having been done,the judges had private deliberations concerning their work.Saturday, 6 July:12.00 noon—p. m.Monday, 8 July:9.30a. m.—11.00 a. m.p. m.p. m.Wednesday, 10 July:a. m. a. m.p. m.p. m.Thursday, 11 July:a. m. a. m.p. m.p.m.Friday, 12 July:a.m. p. m.Time Table.Sweden: Display by men gymnasts.womenDenmark: Display by men gymnasts.womenNorway:Finland:Sweden: Team competition I (with movementsNorway:according to SwedishDenmark:system)Germany: Team competition IIINorway:(with free choice ofDenmark:movements and appa-Finland:ratus)LuxemburgHungary: Display by men gymnasts.Luxemburg: Team competition IIHungary:(according to specialGermany:regulations)Great Britain:Italy:Russia: Display by men gymnasts.Individual competition on horizontal bar, parallel bars,rings and pommelled horse.THE COMPETITIONS.TEAM COMPETITION I.This competition took place between 2 and 5 p. m. , Monday, 8 July.Judges:Major O. Lefebure, Belgium,N. H. Rasmussen, B. A., Denmark,Captain A. E. Syson, Great Britain,Major L. Bentzen, Norway,Captain L. K. Wallenius, Sweden.SWEDEN, 2—3 p. m.Leader, Captain Ebbe Lieberath.The team consisted of 24 men, in addition to the bearer of thecolours, Lieutenant K. E. E. Ekblad.Osvald Holmberg; Nils Daniel Granfeldt; Lars Daniel Norling; Knut E. Torell;Karl Silfverstrand; Karl J. Svensson; Axel Norling; Claës A. Wersäll; David Wi-511

man; P. D. Bertilsson; Per E. Nilsson; J. Sörensson; Sven Landberg ; Karl ErikSvensson; Bengt Rudolf Norelius; A. B. G. Kullberg; Anders Hyllander; YngveStiemspetz; O. Edward Wennerholm; C. Hartzell; Axel J. Janse; C. E. Carlberg;S. A. A. Rosén; O. Silfverskiöld.Dress : White gymnastic jersey with short arms; white trousers;white shoes; blue and yellow belt.Programme.Introductory Exercises:Arm rotating.Stretch — Knee-bend position. Double knee-bending to sitting (squat) position.Double arm sinking and lifting.Rest-Step (a) — Turn position. Back-bending backwards.Stretch-Step (a) — Turn—Steep position. Double arm-stretching outwards andupwards.Rest-Step (a) position. Twisting and bending of trunk to same side as rearfoot, with lifting of heel of front foot.Foot-flitting sideways (stand astride) ; rise on toes; double knee-bending withdouble arm-stretching upwards and downwards.Archflexion (Span-bending) Movements:Span-bending position. Alternate leg-lifting, with rising on toes.Crook-hanging position. Double knee-stretching.Stretch-Span-hanging position. Jump down to knee-bend position.Wing—Sitting (squat; position. Head twisting.Heaving Movements:Travelling along beam, with alternate grasps with hands and knees.Reverse-hanging position. Circle over and jump down to knee-bend position.Balance Movements:Counter-hanging position. Circle over to balance-hanging. Riding position.Rise to balance-standing position. Wave—Half-standing position. Spurn position.Sink to sit-position across beam. Back circle downwards.Shoulder-blade Movement:Stretch—Wave—Ankle-support position. Back-bending forwards and downwards(:).Abdominal Exercise:Stretch—Facing apparatus—Fall—Half-standing position. Double arm bendingand stretching.Lateral (Alternate) Trunk Movement:Half-stretch—Lunge (a) position. Arm shifting, with twisting and effacing.Marching and Doubling.Shoulder-blade Movement:Stretch—Lunge (a)-Turn position, Double arm-stretching.Abdominal exercise:Arch—Steep position. Starting position and double arm-bending (:).Lateral (Alternate) Trunk Movement:Rest—Side facing apparatus—Half-standing position. Side-bending (:).Leg movement:Rest position. Rise on toes; double knee-bending.Heaving Movement:Steep—Wave—Hanging position. Climbing downwards with alternate movementsof arms and legs.Vaulting:Free jumping.Circle over.512

THE SWEDISH GYMNASTS IN TEAM COMPETITION I. Balance-walk on beam.P l. 196.

THE NORWEGIAN GYMNASTS IN TEAM COMPETITION I.“Steep-hanging”.Pl.197.

Pl. 198THE SWEDISH GYMNASTS IN TEAM COMPETITION I. “Arch-steep-standing”.THE DANISH GYMNASTS IN TEAM COMPETITION I.

Pl. 199.THE HUNGARIAN GYMNASTS IN TEAM COMPETITION II.THE HUNGARIAN GYMNASTS IN TEAM COMPETITION II(on pommelled horse).

THE BRITISH GYMNASTS IN TEAM COMPETITION II.(on pommelled horse).Pl. 200.

Pl. 201.THE BRITISH GYMNASTS IN TEAM COMPETITION II.THE GERMAN GYMNASTS IN TEAM COMPETITION II.

THE LUXEMBURG GYMNASTS IN TEAM COMPETITION II.

Pl. 203.THE NORWEGIAN GYMNASTS IN TEAM COMPETITION III.THE FINNISH GYMNASTS IN TEAM COMPETITION III.Forward Bow-lying with living support.

Inside jump.Outside jump.Balance jump.Concluding exercises:Foot-flitting outwards; rising on toes and knee-bending, with double armstretchingupwards and downwards.Clasp position. Back-bending backwards, with double arm-lifting.Rest—Stride position. Side twisting.Double arm-lifting upwards, with rising on toes and double knee-bending.NORWAY 3—4 p. m.Leader: First Lieutenant C. Frølich-Hanssen.The team consisted of 22 men, as follows:Thorleif Thorkildsen; Conrad Christensen; Paul Pedersen ; Fritjof Olsen; EdvinPaulsen; Jörgen Andersen; Carl Pedersen; Arthur Amundsen; Georg Brustad; MariusEriksen; Peter Hol; Olof Ingebretsen; Thor Jensen; Sigurd Smeby; ReolfRoback; Eugen Engebretsen; Oscar Engelstad; Erling Jensen; Trygve Boysen;Axel Henry Hansen; Oscar Olstad; Olof Jacobsen.Dress: White jersey with short sleeves; white trousers; white shoes;white belt.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.Programme.Order- and Time exercises.Standing position. Head-bending backwards, with arm-lifting outwards.Wing position. Introduction to free jumping.Standing position. Arm stretching upwards, outwards, forwards and downwards.Stretch—Step position. Back-bending backwards.Clasp—Step position. Back-bending forwards.Rest—Step position. Twisting.Standing position. Foot-flitting outwards, with rising on toes and knee-bendingand arm-lifting outwards and upwards.Span-bending position. Leg-lifting and rising on toes.Stretch position. Back-bending forwards and downwards.Wing—Toe position. Deep knee-bending.Under-hanging position. Travel sideways, with alternate grasps, and withturning and heaving each time.Wing—Crook—Half-standing position. Knee stretching backwards.Balance exercise on high beam (Hanging somersault backwards and up. Mountbeam: Balance march. Clasp—Wave—Half-standing position. Somersault down).Stretch—Ankle-fast—Wave position. Back-bending forwards-downwards.Stretch—Counter—Half-standing position. Back-bending backwards.Stretch—Side-counter—Half-standing position. Side bending.March. March at the double. March on toes.Wing—Lunge (a) position. Rise on toes.Change between Stretch—Toes-fast—Half-standing position, and Clasp—Wave—Half-standing position, forwards.(Moving forwards with arm-swinging upwards — Wave-position with armsinkingoutwards. Toes fast — Half-standing position, with arm swingingdownwards, forwards, upwards.)Span—Steep position. Arm-bending (:).A game: (Relay race).Clasp—Stride—Toe-position. Knee-bending with arm-lifting upwards.Travelling on arms, in vertical position on 2 ropes, with somersault backwards.“Pumping” downwards on arms.Standing position. Throwing a “Catherine wheel”.Running “Land Surveyor’s” jump. In stream.Running jump with turn (right and left) over rope. Height 1 metre.33 Fifth Olympiad. 513

With vaulting-horse lengthwise: Height 1.45 metre.Running riding jump to standing position on saddle. Low jump down.Running straddle jump over horse.Running side jump; back turned to apparatus.With plinth sideways: Height 1.25 metre.Running circle over, with turn (right and left).With horse sideways: Height 1.45 metre.Inside Jump, in stream.16. Rest—Stride—Twist position. Back-bending backwards and forwardsClasp—Toe position. Knee-bendingClasp position. Marching with arm-swinging.Clasp position. Deep breathing.DENMARK 3—4 p. m.Leader: Captain A. Hansen.The team consisted of 28 men, as follows:Søren Peter Christensen; Ingvald Eriksen; George Falche; Thorkild Garp;Hans Trier Hansen; Johannes Hansen; Rasmus Hansen; Jens Kristian Jensen; SørenAlfred Jensen; Valdemar Jensen; Karl Kirk; Jens Kirkegaard; Olav NielsenKjems; Carl Otto Lauritz Larsen; Jens Peter Martinus Laursen; Marius LudvigLefevre; Povl Sørensen Mark; Ejnar Olsen; Hans Ejler Pedersen; Olaf Pedersen;Peder Larsen Pedersen; Hans Pedersen; Aksel Sørensen; Martin Hansen Thau;Søren Frederik Thorborg; Kristen Møller Vadgaard; Peder Villemoes; JohannesLarsen Vinther.Dress: white jersey with short sleeves; white trousers; white shoes;white belt.Programme.A. 1.2.3.4a.b.5.6.7.B. 1a.b.2a.B. 2b.3.4.5.6a.b.c.d.e.Half-stretch—Lunge a) position. Charge arms per Wing position.Standing position. Head-bending backwards.Standing position. Arm-stretching forwards, outwards, upwards, with armsinkingoutwards, downwards.Clasp—Stride position. Twisting, followed by arm-lifting upwards.Clasp—Stride position. Side-bending with arm-sinking. Hips-fast, andsingle-knee bending.Clasp—Step (a) position. Arm-flinging outwards.Wing—Half-kneel position. Trunk-bending backwards.Wing-Stride position. One-sided rising on toes and deep knee-bending.Stretch—Span—Sitting (Squat) position. Span-bending with rising on toes andleg-lifting.Trunk-bending forwards, with arm-lifting upwards ; Trunk-bending downwards;Span—Steep—Hand-standing position. Arm-bending.Counter Hanging position. Travel on arms, with heaving on alternate sides.Stretch—Reverse-hanging position. Forward circle up, and backward swingdown.Half-wing—half-stretch position. Side-falling with leg lifting.Stretch—Toes-fast — Wave position. Arm sinking outwards, followed bytrunk-bending downwards.Wing—Facing apparatus—Ankle-fast position. Trunk-bending backwards,followed by one-sided knee-bending and arm-bending, and slow armstretchingupwards.Marching.Side March.March with leg-swinging.Parade March.March at the Double.Free side-lying, with arm-lifting outward and upward, and with leg-lifting.8a. Jumping on place.b. 1. High jump: Right and left foot first. Any foot first.514

GENERALPROTOCOL.I. Team Competition with movements according to Swedish system.Points awarded byLefe- Bent- Ras- Walle- Total Averburezen mussen Syson nius ageIntroductory exercisesArchflexionsHeaving movementsBalance movementsShoulder-blade movementsAbdominal exercisesMarching and runningLateral trunk movementsVaultingConcluding exercisesEvenness and precisionTotal pointsIntroductory exercisesArchflexionsHeaving movementsBalance movementsShoulder-blade movementsAbdominal exercisesMarching and runningLateral trunk movementsVaultingConcluding exercisesEvenness and precisionTotal pointsIntroductory exercisesArchflexionsHeaving movementsBalance movementsShoulder-blade movementsAbdominal exercisesMarching and runningLateral trunk movementsVaultingConcluding exercisesEvenness and precisionTotal pointsSweden:Norway:Denmark:Approved, Stockholm, 8 July, 1912.O. LEFEBURE. L. BENTZEN. N. H. RASMUSSEN.A. E. SYSON. KONR. WALLENIUS.Judges.Confirmed: EINAR NERMAN, Chief Leader.515

C.Straddle vault over plinth (plinth lengthwise).Running jump. Stand on horse between pommels. Deep-jump down(feet together) forwards. (Horse sideways.)Running circle over (horse sideways). The jump down to be the startfor summersault on floor.Balance jump.Straddle vault (horse lengthwise).Inside jump (horse lengthwise).Side jump with front turn. (High plinth, sideways.)Straddle vault over high plinth (p. lengthwise).“Land Surveyor’s” jump over low plinth (p. sideways).Running circle over low plinth (p. sideways).Free foot, broad jump forward, with start from low plinth.“Wheeling”, on floor with both feet together; with feet apart. Walkingon hands.Foot-flitting sideways; with arm-swinging outwards + Wing position, footflittingoutwards + Clasp position, foot-flitting forwards with arm-flingingoutwards.Half-Wing—Half-standing—Step a) position. Side bending.Clasp—Stride position. Trunk-bending backwards with hand-turning inwards.Stretch—Stride position. Back-bending, forwards and downwards.Standing position. Arm-lifting outwards and upwards, with hand-tuningupwards and deep breathing.Result: prize SWEDENNORWAYDENMARKpointsTEAM COMPETITION II.Thursday, 11 July.This competition took place on Thursday, 11 July, between 9,30a. m.—12,3o p. m. and 2 p. m.—4 p. m.Judges :Herr Michael Bély, Hungary,Dr. Abr. Clod-Hansen, Denmark,Captain A. E. Syson, Great Britain.Professor Cesare Tifi, Italy,Dr. Wagner Hohenlobbese, Germany.LUXEMBURG 9,30—10,30 a. m.Leader: Direktor Valentin Peffer.Team: 16 men took part in the competition.Nic. D. Adam: Charles Behm; André Bordang; François Hentges; Pierre Hentges;Michel Hemmerling; J. B. Horn; Nicolas Kanivé; Nicolas Kummer; MarcelLangsam; Emile Lanners; J. P. Thommes; François Wagner; Antoine Wehrer;Ferdinand Wirtz; Joseph Zouang.Dress: White jersey, with sleeves reaching to elbows; black stockinetpantaloons with white facings.516

Programme.A) EXERCICES D’ENSEMBLE LIBRES.Remarques: Les exercices libres sont au nombre de trois; ils s’exécutent surdeux faces.Le premier exercice se compose de 6 mouvements, ce qui donne pour les deuxfaces, 12 mouvements à 4 temps, soit au total 48 temps.Les deux derniers exercices se composent de 7 mouvements, ce qui donne pourles 2 faces 14 mouvements à 4 temps, soit au total, 56 temps, soit pour les 3exercices 48 + 56 + 56 = 160 temps.La cadence est de 80 à la minute.Positions. Les chiffres soulignés indiquent les mouvements d’exécution, lesautres les maintiens. Les positions se prennent toujours au 1:er et au 3ieme temps.Mains. Elles sont toujours ouvertes, sauf indication contraire. Dans la position:bras en avant, -en haut, -latéralement, -en arrière, -en bas, se reporter àl’indication de l’exercice.Jambes. “Position d’à fond”. On tombe à fond en déplaçant et en fléchissantune jambe et en posant ce pied au plus grand écartement possible, tandis que lajambe stationnaire reste tendue. Le tronc se met en ligne droite avec la jambetendue. La tête reste toujours droite dans la ligne médiane du corps, comme dansla position initiale,Par exemple: Tomber à fond du pied gauche (droite) en avant, veut dire:Placer le pied gauche (droit) le plus loin possible en avant, en fléchissant la jambegauche (droite), la jambe droite (gauche) reste tendue; le tronc se met en lignedroite avec la jambe droite (gauche) tendue et la tête reste droite dans la lignemédiane du corps.Les élévations de jambes, en avant, en arrière et de côté se font à environ 40cm. du sol.Position initiale: Station tendue jointe, bras en bas, mains ouvertes.I. Exercice.I. 1. 2. Lever la jambe gauche tendue en avant, en élançant les bras horizontalementen avant; mains ouvertes, paumes en dedans.3. 4. Poser à fond de la pointe du pied gauche en arrière, en élançant brasgauche en arrière en bas, bras droit en haut; mains ouvertes, paumes en dedans.(Ne pas confondre avec tomber à fond.)II. 1. 2. Changer par un quart de tour à gauche sur les talons, à la stationécartée, en étendant jambe droite et en élançant les bras en haut; (bras droit passepar en bas, -en avant, -en haut, bras gauche par en avant, -en haut); mains ouvertes,paumes en dedans.3. 4. Fléchir le tronc en avant, en élançant les bras par en dehors à gaucheen avant; (le tronc doit suivre les mouvements des bras) mains ouvertes, paumesen dedans.III. 1. 2. Élancer les bras par en dehors à droite en haut, en suivant avec letronc les mouvements des bras, puis fléchir les bras; mains fermées, ongles endedans, coudes en bas et joints au corps.3. 4. Tourner tête et tronc un quart de tour à gauche, en étendant les braslatéralement; mains ouvertes, paumes en dessous.IV. 1. 2. Tomber à fond du pied gauche en avant, en tournant sur le talondroit un quart de tour à droite et en élançant les bras par en bas, -en avant, -enhaut; bras mi-fléchis, mains fermées, poings au-dessus de la tête, ongles en avant.3. 4. Etendre les bras transversalement; mains ouvertes, paumes en dessous(bras gauche horizontalement en avant, bras droit horizontalement en arrière).V. 1. 2. Quart de tour à droite sur les talons, en étendant jambe gauche eten élançant les bras de côté en haut; mains ouvertes, paumes en dedans.3. 4. Demi-tour à droite sur le talon droit et la pointe du pied gauche, puisabaisser les bras latéralement (tronc tout détourné); mains ouvertes, paumes endessous.VI. 1. 2. Quart de tour à droite sur la pointe du pied droit, joindre le piedgauche, en élançant les bras, par en bas, -en avant, -en haut; mains ouvertes,paumes en dedans, talons levés.517

3. 4. Position initiale, en élançant les bras par en arrière en bas.VII-XII. Continuer l’exercice sur l’autre face en lisant “droite” au lieu de“gauche” et vice versa.II. Exercice.I. 1. 2. Fléchir les avant-bras sur les bras levés horizontalement de côté; mainsouvertes au-dessus des épaules, paumes en dessous.3. 4. Tomber à fond du pied gauche à gauche, en étendant les bras en haut;mains ouvertes, paumes en dedans.II. 1. 2. Étendre jambe gauche, en fléchissant les bras; mains fermées, onglesen avant, coudes légèrement détachés du tronc.3. 4. Changer à l’à fond du pied droit à droite (en fléchissant jambe droite)et en étendant les bras latéralement; mains ouvertes, paumes en dessous.III. 1. 2. Étendre jambe droite, en fléchissant légèrement le tronc en arrièreet en élançant les bras par en arrière, -en bas, -en avant, -en dehors, -en haut;mains ouvertes, paumes en haut.3. 4. Grande flexion de la jambe gauche sur la pointe du pied (jambe droitebien étendue à droite); mains ouvertes, paumes en dedans, talons levés.IV. 1. 2. Quart de tour à gauche sur la pointe du pied, en posant les pointesdes mains écartées sur le sol; talons levés.3. 4. En sautelant en haut, changer à l’à fond de la pointe du pied droit, enélançant les bras en arrière en bas; mains ouvertes, paumes en dedans.V. 1. 2. Joindre le pied gauche, en élançant les bras par en avant, -en haut;mains ouvertes, paumes en dedans.3. 4. Poser la pointe du pied droit à gauche (en croisant jambe droite) devantjambe gauche fléchie et en fléchissant les avant-bras sur bras levés en avant; mainsouvertes, paumes en dessous (main gauche sur l’épaule droite, main droite sousl’aiselle gauche).VI. 1. 2. Tomber à fond du pied droit à gauche, en avant, en étendant lesbras transversalement; mains ouvertes, paumes en dessous (bras droit horizontalementen avant, bras gauche horizontalement en arrière).3. 4. Changer à l’à fond du pied gauche en avant, en tournant ‘/* de toursur le talon gauche et la pointe du pied droit, et en élançant le bras droit en hautfléchi au-dessus de la tête, la bras gauche en arrière, -en bas, mains fermées, onglesen avant (tête et tronc doivent être bien détournés et faire face en avant).VII. 1. 2. Joindre la jambe droite, en faisant face en avant et en élançant lesbras étendus en haut (bras droit par en arrière, -en bas, -en avant, -en haut, brasgauche par en avant, -en haut); mains ouvertes, paumes en dedans, talons levés.3. 4. Position initiale, en faisant tournoyer une fois les bras devant le corps(bras gauche passe dessus bras droit).VIII—XIV. Comme VII. du 1er. exercice.III. Exercice.I. 1. 2. Sauteler par en haut à la station fléchie, en faisant tournoyer les brasFi /4 de cercle devant le corps (bras passant par en avant, -en haut, puis tournoyerpar en bas, -latéralement, bras gauche dessus); mains ouvertes, paumes en dessous,talons joints et levés.3. 4. Poser à fond du pied gauche en arrière, en élançant les bras en arrière,en bas; mains ouvertes, paumes en dedans.II. 1. 2. Élancer le bras droit par en avant en haut, en tournant tronc ettête à gauche; mains ouvertes, paumes en dessus.3. 4. Demi-tour à gauche sur les pointes des pieds, en étendant jambe droiteet en fléchissant fortement jambe gauche et en élançant le bras droit par en haut,horizontalement en avant (pointes des doigts de la main gauche écartées touchentle sol); main droite ouverte, paumes en dessous, talons levés.III. 1. 2. Demi-tour à droite sur les pointes des pieds, en étendant jambegauche et en fléchissant fortement jambe droite; le bras droit passant par en haut,-en bas, bras gauche de côté, -en haut, -en avant (pointes des doigts de la maindroite touchent le sol), -main gauche ouverte, paumes en dessous, talons levés.3. 4. Étendre la jambe droite en levant la jambe gauche et le tronc horizontalementen arrière (station horizontale faciale), et en écartant les bras latéralement;mains ouvertes, paumes en arrière.518

IV. 1. 2. Poser le pied gauche sur le sol (station écartée transversalement) enfléchissant les bras; mains fermées, poignets en hauteur de la ceinture, ongles sefaisant face.3. 4. Étendre le tronc en avant, en levant la jambe gauche en arrière à gauche,et en élançant bras droit en haut, bras gauche, à gauche en bas; mains ouvertes,paumes en bas.V. 1. 2. Quart de tour à droite sur le talon droit, en posant le pied gauche àfond en avant et en fléchissant bras droit et en levant bras gauche horizontalementen avant; main ouverte, main droite écartée à la hauteur des épaules, paumede la main gauche en bas.3. 4. Étendre vivement le tronc et le bras droit en avant, en étendant et enlevant la jambe droite en arrière en haut; bras gauche passant par en arrière enbas; mains ouvertes, paumes en bas, talon gauche levé.VI. 1. 2. Quart de tour à droite sur la pointe du pied gauche, en posant pieddroit latéralement à droite et en élançant les bras latéralement (bras droit passantpar en haut, bras gauche de côté); mains ouvertes, paumes en bas.3. 4. Demi-tour à droite sur le talon droit sur la pointe du pied gauche enfléchissant la jambe droite et le tronc en avant et en élançant le bras gauche fléchiau-dessus de la tête, bras gauche tendu en arrière en bas; mains fermées, onglesen avant (tête et tronc bien détournés).VII. 1. 2. Demi-tour à droite sur la pointe du pied droit, grande flexion desjambes, en joignant les pieds et en élançant les bras horizontalement en avant;mains ouvertes, paumes en bas, talons joints et levés.3. 4. Sauter à la position initiale, en élançant les bras par en haut, -en arrière,-en bas.VIII—XIV. Continuer l’exercice sur l’autre face en lisant “droite” au lieu de“gauche”, et vice versa.B) BARRE FIXE.Position initiale: Suspension tendue latérale faciale, prise palmaire gauche,dorsale droite.1. Élancer en avant, lâcher la main gauche, élancer en arrière et en mêmetemps tourner le corps un demi-tour à gauche, en reprenant avec la main gauchela prise à gauche de la main droite, lever les jambes à la suspension mi-renverséefaciale et se basculer à l’appui tendu (face en arrière); et sans arrêt, laisser tomberle corps en arrière, élancer en avant, puis en arrière par la suspension tendue àl’appui tendu et au temps, tourner librement en arrière autour de la barre et sansarrêt, pousser le corps en arrière, élancer en avant, engager le jarret droit à droitede la prise et se basculer par en avant à l’appui tendu et au siège sur la cuissedroite à droite de la prise.2. Joindre les jambes à l’appui dorsal, en passant la jambe gauche tendue sousla main gauche.3. Changer la prise et tourner par en avant à la suspension horizontale dorsale.4. Abaisser à la suspension dorsale; — lâcher la main droite et par un tourà gauche, changer à la suspension faciale (face en avant).5. En prenant la prise sur les poignets, se lever à l’appui tendu.6. Balancer en avant, en arrière et en écartant les jambes latéralement, sauterpar dessus la barre à la station sur le sol.C) BARRES PARALLÈLES.Position initiale; Station tendue jointe devant les barres, pencher le corps unpeu en avant, en élançant les bras en arrière en bas.1. Sauter au bout des barres à la suspension tendue (prise dorsale, — jambeslevées en avant), balancer en avant, -en arrière, en levant les jambes à la suspensionmi-renversée (position de bascule) et se basculer à l’appui tendu, jambes horizontalementen avant.Élancer en arrière, en avant, en passant les jambes jointes, du dehors en dedanssous la main gauche et sans arrêt, élancer en arrière, -en avant, en passant lesjambes du dehors en dedans, sous la main droite à l’appui tendu, jambes horizontalementen avant.519

3. Se lever lentement en arrière à l’appui tendu renversé.4. Abaisser à l’appui fléchi renversé, élancer en avant par l’appui fléchi àl’appui tendu, en sautelant le plus loin possible, jambes tendues en avant.5. Abaisser les jambes et se lever lentement par appui horizontal facial, àl’appui d’épaules.6. Tourner en avant par appui brachial à l’appui tendu, élancer en avant àl’appui brachial mi-renversé (position de bascule) se basculer à l’appui tendu, élanceren arrière, en -avant, en passant jambe gauche sous main droite (d’arrière enavant), puis passer la même jambe sous la main droite d’avant en arrière, joindreles jambes en dehors des barres et au temps, appui de coude droit horizontal.7. Revenir aux barres, élancer en avant par appui fléchi à l’appui tendu, élanceren arrière à l’appui renversé.8. Abaisser à l’appui fléchi renversé, élancer en avant et sauteler en tournanten arrière à l’appui fléchi, renversé (petit arrêt); élancer en avant par appui fléchià l’appui tendu, élancer en arrière et sauter en passant les jambes jointes par dessusles deux barres (d’arrière en avant), à la station sur le sol.D) CHEVAL-ARÇONS.Position initiale: Appui tendu latéral facial, prise radiale. Élancer jambe gauchesous main gauche, passer jambe droite sous main droite, sous jambe droite et mainsgauche et droite; élancer les jambes jointes sous la main gauche, sous la droite,passer jambe gauche sous la main gauche, élancer le corps à droite, joindre lesjambes au-dessus de la croupe, les écarter transversalement, gauche en avant (ciseaux);passer jambe gauche sous la main gauche, jambe droite sous la main droite,jambe gauche sous la main gauche, élancer les jambes jointes sous la main droite,sous la gauche, sous la droite, passer jambe gauche sous la main gauche, élancerle corps à droite, joindre les jambes au-dessus de la croupe, les écarter transversalement,jambe droite en avant (ciseaux) et arrêter à l’appui écarté à droite de laprise. — Élancer jambe droite par dessus la croupe, joindre les jambes et lesélancer par dessus arçon gauche et la croupe, pour sauter à la station sur le sol.E) ANNEAUX.Position initiale: Suspension latérale faciale, prise radiale.1. Lever les jambes à la suspension mi-renversée, élancer en avant, -en arrière,-en avant, pour tourner en arrière à l’appui tendu, jambes horizontalement enavant.2. Abaisser en arrière à la suspension mi-renversée, se basculer à l’appui tendu,et sans arrêt, tourner en avant en force (autour de l’axe de largeur) à l’appui fléchiet au temps, tourner en avant à la suspension mi-renversée, élançer en arrière parla suspension tendue, à l’appui tendu.3. Lever les jambes horizontalement en avant; en maintenant les jambes tenduesen avant, abaisser à la suspension tendue.4. Fléchir les jambes, tourner en arrière, et étendre jambes et cuisses à lasuspension horizontale dorsale.5. Tourner en avant, jambes et corps tendus à la suspension renversée, élanceren arrière, -en avant et sauter, en tournant en arrière et en passant les jambesécartées latéralement sous la prise, à la station sur le sol.HUNGARY 10,30—11,30 a.m.Leader: Bábel Rezsö.The team was 16 men strong:Aradi Lajos; Berkes Iózsef; Erdödy Imre; Fóti Samu; Gellért Imre; HalmosGyözö; Hellmich Ottó; Herczeg István; Keresztessy Iózsef; Korponai Iános;Pászthy Elemér; Pédery Arpád; Réti Ienö; Szüts Ferenc; Téry Ödön; Tuli Géza.Dress: White gymnastic jersey with long sleeves, and with the Hungarianarms on the breast; white trousers; yellow belt; white shoes.520

Programme.1. Übung.FREIÜBUNGEN.Rückstellen des linken Beines und Armbeugen zum Stoss (Hände in Faustgeballt).2. 3, 4 Grätschstellung links rückwärts und Armstossen in die Hochhebhalte(Finger gestreckt).1. ‘lc Drehung links (auf beiden Fersen) zur Seitgrätchstellung und Armschwingenzur Seithebhalte (Speichhalte).2. 3, 4 Ausfall links seitwärts mit Rumpfneigen links zugleich Armbeugenzum Nacken.1. l/s Drehung rechts (auf beiden Fersen) und Armschlaugen zur Seithebhalte(Speichhalte links Bein gebeugt, Rumpf nach rückwärts gebeugt).2. 3, 4 Kniebeugewechsel und Voneigen des Rumpfes gleichseitig Armschwingenvorwärts in die Schräghochhebhalte (Arme neben dem Kopf, Speichhalte).1. 1/5 Drehung links zur Seitschrittstellung links und linkes Armschwingendurch die Tiefhalte zur Seithebhalte links, rechtes Armschwingen zur Seithebhalterechts (Handfläche nach unten gedreht).2. 3, 4 Schliessen des linken Beines zur Grundstellung.2. Übung.1. Rückstellen des rechten Beines und Armschwingen durch die Vorhebhaltezur Hochhebhalte (Speichhalte).2. 3, 4 Grätschstellung rechts rückwärts und Armschwingen in die Seithebhalte(Handfläche nach oben).2. l/r Drehung rechts (auf beiden Fersen) und Armbeugen zu den Schultern(Oberarme wagerecht, Hände in Faust geballt).2. 3, 4 Ausfall recht seitwärts mit Rumpfneigen rechts und zugleich Schlagendes linken Armes in die Seitschräghochhebhalte, Schlagen des rechten Armes indie Seitschrägtiefhalte (Handfläche nach unten).1. l/q Drehung links (auf beide Fersen) Schwingen des linken Armes in dieHochhebhalte, rechter Arm auf den Rücken gelegt (Speichhalte der linken Hand,rechte Hand in die Faust geballt, rechtes Bein gebeugt, Rumpf nach rückwärtsgebeugt).2. 3, 4 Kniebeugewechsel und Vorneigen des Rumpfes, zugleich linkes Armschwingenin die Tiefhalte und r. Armschwingen in die Hochhebhalte (Speichhalte).1. ‘/, Drehung rechts zur Seitchrittstellung rechts und r. Armschwingen durchdie Tiefhalte zur Seithebhalte rechts, linkes Armschwingen zur Seithebhalte links(Handfläche nach unten).2. 3, 4 Schliessen des rechten Beines zur Grundstellung.3. Übung.1. Seitspreitzhalte links (Schwebestand auf dem rechten Bein) und Schwingenbeider Arme in die Seithebhalte (Finger gestreckt, Speichhalte).2. 3, 4 Auslage des linken Beines schräg rechts rückwärts (l. Bein stützt aufden Zehen) und Armbeugen auf den Kopf (Hände in Faust geballt, Handflächenach vorne gerichtet).1. !‘/s Drehung links mit gleichzeitigem Strecken des rechten Beines zur Seitgrätschstellung,Armschwingen durch die Seithebhalte in die Tief halte, Unterarmegekreuzt, l. Arm vorne.2. 3, 4 Ausfall links seitwärts und Schwingen des linken Armes in die Seithebhaltelinks (Speichhalte), Armbeugen rechts (mit Seitschwingen) zum Nacken(Hände in Faust geballt, Kopft nach links gedreht).1. Strecken des linken Beines zur Seitschrittstellung links und l. Armbeugenauf den Kopf, rechtes Armschlagen in die Seithebhalte rechts (Speichhalte, Händein Faust geballt, Kopf nach rechts gedreht).521

2. 3, 4 ‘,$ Drehung rechts mit gleichzeitigem Schliessen des linken Beines zummässigen Kniebeugen, Stossen des linken Armes und Schwingen des rechten Armesin die Hochhebhalte (Finger gestreckt, Speichhalte).1. Kniestrecken in den Zehenstand und mässiges Rumpf beugen rückwärts,gleichzeitiges Armschwingen vorwärts in die Tiefhalte (Handfläche nach vornegerichtet).2. 3, 4 Grundstellung.4. Übung.1. Seitspreitzhalte recht (Schwebestand auf dem linken Bein) und Armschwingenin die Seithebhalte (Finger gestreckt, Handfläche nach unten).2. 3, 4 Auslage des rechten Beines schräg links rückwärts (rechtes Bein stütztauf den Lehen) Armbeugen zur Brust (in die Schlaghalte, Handfläche nach unten).1. 3/e Drehung rechts mit gleichzeitigem Strecken des linken Beines in dieSeitgrätschstellung und Armstossen in die Hochhebhalte (Speichhalte).2. 3, 4 Ausfall rechts seitwärts mit Rumpfneigen rechts, gleichzeitig Beugendes linken Armes mit Ellenbogenheben zur Brust (Hände in Faust geballt, Handflächenach unten) und Schwingen des rechten Armes in die Seitschrägtiefhalte(Hände in Faust geballt, Handfläche nach oben, Kopf nach rechts gedreht).1. ‘/* Drehung links und Strecken des rechten Beines in die Schrägschrittstellungrechts rückwärts, gleichzeitig Armhaltewechsel (1. Arm in die Seithebhaltelinks, r. Arm zur Brust gebeugt mit Ellenbogenheben, Hände in Faust geballt,Handfläche nach unten).2. 3, 4 Schliessen des rechten Beines zum mässigen Kniebeugen und Schwingender Arme zur Vorhebhalte (Finger gestreckt, Speichhalte).1. Kniestrecken in den Zehenstand und Armschwingen in die Hochhebhalte(Speichhalte).2. 3, 4 Grundstellung (Schwingen der Arme durch die Seithebhalte in dieTierhalte).KEULENÜBUNGEN.1. Übung.Schwingen in die Vorhebhalte,Schwingen in die Tiefhalte und darin — mit Nebengriff — äusserer Handkreisvorwärts.1 /2 innerer Handkreis vorwärts (Keulen zwischen dem Körper und Armen).Ellenbogen Heben zur Brust (Hände vor der Brust, Ellenbogen nach seitwärtsgerichtet, Keulen oberhalb der Unterarme).1 /2 Unterarmkreis nach innen beginnend in die Seithebhalte Keulen schwingenhinter die Unterarme.Schnecke auswäts.Endbewegung der Schnecke und ‘7/4 Armkreis auswärts in die Hochhebhalte.I l/d Armkreis auswärts in die Seithebhalte.Handkreis auswärts vor den Armen.Handkreis auswärts hinter den Armen.1/2 Armkreis abwärts beginnend (Arme vor der Brust gekreuzt).‘72 Armkreis abwärts beginnend in die Seithebhalte.Handkreis einwärts vor den Armen.Handkreis einwärts hinter den Armen.4/a Armkreis einwärts in die Seithebhalte,1/2 Drehung links, Schrittstellung links vorwärts und ‘/2 Armkreis desrechten Armes durch die Tiefhalte in die Vorhebhalte neben den linken Arm.Ausfall links vorwärts mit Rumpfneigen vorwärts und Armschwingen indie Schräge Tief halte rücklings.Pause.Knieen auf dem rechten Knie, gleichzeitig Schwingen der Keulen in dieVorhebhalte und ‘!z Handkreis rückwärts auf die Unterarme (Handfläche nachoben).Armschwingen in die Seithebhalte (Handfläche nach oben).Pause.522

Kniestrecken mit einer ‘/4 Drehung recht; in die Seitgrätschstellung undArmschwingen in die Hochhebhalte (Keulen hängen neben den Armen).Linkes Kniebeugen und gleichzeitig Rumpfneigen links und Armschwingenin die Seithebhalte.Pause.Strecken in die Schrittstellung links und Schnecke einwärts in dieSeithebhalte.Schliessen des linken Beines zur Schluss-Stellung und s/a Armkreis auswärtsin die Hochhebhalte.Ausserer Armkreis neben den Schultern in die Tiefhalte.Dasselbe wieder gleich.2. Übung.Schwingen der Keulen in die Seithebhalte.Handkreis auswärts vor den Armen.Mit Nebengriff ein ‘/2 Handkreis abwärts beginnend (Keulen liegen auf derRückseite der Unterarme).Schnecke auswärts.3/r Armkreis auswärts in die Hochhebhalte.Linker Handkreis auswärts vor dem Kopfe und gleichzeitig rechter Handkreisauswärts hinter dem Kopfe.Linker Handkreis auswärts hinter dem Kopfe und gleichzeitig rechter Handkreisauswärts vor dem Kopfe.Linker Armkreis auswärts, inzwischen ein Handkreis vorlings in derTiefhalte gleichzeitig rechter Handkreis auswärts hinter und vor dem Kopfe.Linker Handkreis auswärts hinter und vor dem Kopfe, gleichzeitigrechter Armkreis auswärts, inzwischen ein Handkreis vorlings in der Tiefhalte.l/Z Linker Armkreis seitwärts in die Tiefhalte und fortgesetzt ein Handkreisvorlings auswärts, gleichzeitig 1/2 rechter Armkreis seitwärts in die Tiefhalteund fortgesetzt ein Handkreis rücklings auswärts (hinter dem Körper).Linker Handkreis rücklings auswärts (hinter dem Körper), rechterHandkreis vorlings auswärts und fortsetzend schwingen mit Kreuzen der Arme vorder Brust in die Seithebhalte.‘/,, Armkreis durch die Tiefhalte in die Seithebhalte.Schrittstellung links seitwärts und 1/3 rechter Armkreis durch die Tiefhaltein die Seithebhalte links.Ausfall links seitwärts mit Rumpfneigen links und linkes Armbeugen aufden Kücken, rechtes Armkreisen th/, Kreis) durch die Tiefhalte in die schrägeHochhebhalte rechts seitlings (Keulen parallel).Pause.Mit Strecken ‘/1 Drehung links (auf beiden Fersen) in die Quergrätschstellungund Schwingen beider Arme durch die Tiefhalte in die Vorhebhalte.Ausseres Armkreisen rückwärts und Schwingen in die schräge Hoch hebhaltevorling zu gleich rechtes Kniebeugen und mässiges Rumpfbeugen rückwärts.Pause.Mit *14 I Drehung rechts (auf beiden Fersen) Strecken in die Seitgrätschstellungund Schwingen in die Hoch hebhalte.Rumpfneigen vorwärts Schwingen beider Arme in die Seithebhalte, zugleichUmkippen der Keulen auf die Unterarme.Pause.Strecken in die Schrittstellung links seitwärts und Schnecke nach innenin die Seithalte.Schliessen des linken Beines in die Schluss-Stellung und “/& Armkreis nachaussen in die Hochhalte.Schwingen in die Tiefhalte inzwischen ein vorderer Handkreis nachaussen in der Seithalte.Wiedergleich nur beim Takt 26. beziehungsweise 58 anstatt Rumpfneigenein mässiges Rumpf beugen rückwärts zu machen.523

3. Übung.Rechts um!Rumpfdrehen links und Schwingen in die Seithalte.Handkreis nach aussen vor den Armen.Mit Nebengriff l/a Handkreis abwärts beginnend (Keulen liegen auf derRückseite des Unterarmes).Rumpfdrehen vorwärts und Schnecke vorwärts.Endbewegung der Schnecke und an der linken Seite 3/r Armkreis nachvorne in die Hochhalte.Armkreisen vorwärts an der rechten Seite in die Hochhalte.3 / 4 Armkreis vorwärts (durch die Tiefhalte) in die Seithalte links zugleich1 / 4 Drehung links zum Grätschtanz (links).3 / 4 Armkreisen nach links (durch die Tiefhalte) in die Hochhalte.Handkreisen rücklings (hinter dem Kopf) nach links.Armkreisen nach links inzwischen in der Tiefhalte ein Handkreisvorlings und rücklings (vor und hinter dem Körper).3 / 4 Armkreis nach links in die linke Seithalte, zugleich l/n Drehung linksmit Rumpfneigen rechts (rechtes Bein gebeugt, die Zehen des linken Beines berührenden Boden, Keulen in ebener Fläche, Kopf nach links gedreht.Pause.Strecken mit l/z Drehung rechts in den Seitgrätschstand und Schwingendurch die Tiefhalte in die linke Seithalte.3 / 4 Armkreis links in die Hochhalte.Kreisen des linken Armes inzwischen ein Handkreis in der Tiefhaltevor dem Körper und rechtes Handgreifen rücklings und vorlings (hinter und vordem Kopfe) nach innen beginnend.1 / 4 Drehung rechts zur Schrittstellung rechts und 8/r Armkreis durch dieTief halte in die Vorhebhalte.1 / 4 Drehung rechts mit Rumpfneigen nach links (rechtes Bein gebeugt, dieZehen des rechten Beines berühren den Boden) und rechtes Armschwingen durchdie Tiefhalte in die schräge Seithochhalte, linkes Armschwingen in die schrägeSeittiefhalte.Pause.Strecken mit 1/4 Drehung rechts zur Schrittstellung rechts und Schwingenbeider Arme (rechter Arm durch die Tiefhalte) in die Vorhebhalte.1 / 2 Drehung links in die Schrittstellung links vorlings und l/z Armkreisdurch die Tiefhalte in die Vorhebhalte inzwischen ein beidarmiges Handkreisenrücklings in der Tiefhalte.Ausserhandkreis rückwärts beginnend.1 / 2 Handkreis rückwärts auf die Unterarme (Handfläche nach oben).Schnecke rückwärts in die Hochhalte.Ausserhandkreis vorwärts neben den Schultern in die Tiefhalte.Wiedergleich.GERÄTÜBUNGEN.Zusammengestellt für das Sektionsturnen vom Verbandsturnwart.Anmerkung: Das in den Übungen vorkommende Zeichen (+) bedeutet einemomentane Unterbrechung, das Zeichen (—) hingegen eine ausdauernde Unterbrechung.Übungen am Reck:1. Sprung zum Seithang Ristgriffs —, Heben der gestreckten Beine zur Vorhebhalte—, Durchhocken zum Schwebehang rücklinks —, Strecken zum Abhangrücklings —, Senken zur Hangwage rücklings —, weiteres Senken zum Hangrücklings —, Heben des Körpers bei gebeugten Hüften und Zurückhocken zumSchwebehang vorlings —, Senken der Beine zum gestreckten Seithang vorlings —,Schwungholen und beim zweiten Vorschwung Kippe zum Seitschwebestütz vorlings+, freier Felgüberschwung vorlings rückwärts zum Seithang +, und beim nächstenVorschwung Mühlaufschwung links vorwärts zwischen den Händen in den Seitsitz524

auf dem linken Schenkel —, linke Hand fasst Kammgriff —, rechts Bein schwingtüber der Stange hinweg und Absprung mit einer l/q Drehung links zum Querstandlinks.2. Sprung zum Seithang Ristgriffs —, Heben der gestreckten Beine zur Vorhebhalte—, Durchhocken zum Schwebehang rücklings —, Strecken zum Abhangrücklings —, Senken zur Hangwage rücklings —, weiteres Senken zum Hangrücklings —, Heben des Körpers bei gebeugten Hüften und Zurtickhocken zumSchwebehang vorlings —, Felgaufzug vorlings rückwärts zum Seitstreckstütz vorlings—, Schwingen zum Seitschwebestütz vorlings +, Unterschwung zum Hangund Schwungstemme beim Rückschwung zum Seitschwebestütz vorlings —, freierFelgüberschwung zum Seithang +, Felgüberschwung rücklings vorwärts zum Seitstandrücklings.Übungen am Barren:1. Aus dem Querstand vorlings am Ende des Barrens (Gesicht nach Innen)Griff an beiden Holmen —, Sprung zum Aussenquersitz links am rechten Schenkel(linkes Bein schwingt in der Holmgasse, rechtes Bein hingegen ausserhalb desrechten Holms) —, Schwingen rückwärts in die Holmgasse mit sofortigem Kreisenlinks rückwärts (mit Schleifen) zum Schwebestütz +, Abhangkippe zum Schwebestütz+, Schwingen vorwärts mit gebeugten Armen zum Grätschsitz vor denHänden und sofortiges Vorgreifen —, Heben zum Oberarmstand bei gegrätschtenBeinen —, Schliessen der Beine —, Überrollen vorwärts zum Oberarmhang, beimnächsten Vorschwung Oberarmkippe und sofort Wende links zur Kehre (Wendelinks mit einer 1/2 Drehung links) in den Ausserquerstand links.2. Anfang wie bei der ersten Übung, aber gegengleich bis zum Grätschsitzhinter den Händen —, Heben zur Querknickstütz — wage rechts — ‘/4 Drehungzur Seitknickstützwage —, Heben zum Oberarmstand —, Überrollen vorwärts zumOberarmhang, Rolle rückwärts zum Oberarmhang, Schwingen vorwärts zum Oberarmschwebestütz+, Schwungholen und beim Rückschwung Schwungstemme zumQuerliegestätz vorlings —, Schliessen der Beine und Vorschwingen zum flüchtigenGrätschsitz, Schwingen rückwärts und Kreiskehre recht zum Aussenquerstandlinks —.Übungen am Pferd:1. Mit Griff auf den Pauschen Sprung zum Stütz vorlings +, Vorschwingenlinks, Kreisen des linken Beines unter der rechten und linken Hand, Einschwingenrechts unter der rechten Hand zur Scheere links in den Seitschwebestütz, rechtesBein schwingt über dem Rücken zum Seitschwebestütz auf den rechten Arm (überder zweiten Pausche) —, rechtes Bein schwingt über dem Rücken, das linke hingegenunter der linken Hand zum Seitstütz vorlings, Einschwingen des rechtenBeines unter der rechten Hand, Gegenscheere rechts zum Seitschwebestütz, Zurtickschwingendes linken Beines unter der linken Hand zum Seitstütz vorlings, Flankenkreiseneinmal unter der rechten und linken Hand, Vorschwingen rechts +,und Doppelkehre rechts zum Querstand links hinter dem Rücken.2. Grätsche mit Anlauf über das breitgestellte Pferd (ohne Sprungbrett) zurSeitstand rücklings.GERMANY 11,30—12,30 a.m.Leader: Univers.- und Oberturnlehrer Dr. Kuhr.The team consisted of 16 men belonging to the Leipziger Studentenmannschaft.St. rer. nat. Ergelmann; st. phil. Seebass; st. agr. et chem. Staats; cand. med.Roth; st. rer. nat. Glockauer; cand. jur. Sperling: st. phil. Reichenbach; st. rer.nat. Körner; st. paed. Buder; st. phil. Brülle; st. math. Pahuer; st. jur. Reuschle;cand. phil. Jesinghaus; st. theol. Sorge; st. rer. nat. Richler; st. rer. nat. Worm;st. rer. nat. Jordan; st. jur. Werner.Dress: White jersey with broad vertical field on breast and back;long sleeves; white trousers; black belt; yellow shoes.525

Programme.I. AUFMARSCH.II. RECK.Heben der gegrätschten Beine, durchspreizen des einen Beines, Hangwage,seitliches Aufstemmen zum Streckstütz, Senken rückw. mit Vorhebhalte, Durchhockenrückw. Felgaufzug rücklings, Niedersprung.Knieweilaufschwung r. vorw., J/2 Drehung l., Ueberspreizen r, Grätschsitzwellumschwung,Unterschwung.Freier Felgüberschwung Durchschub zum Stand.Kippe zum Stütz, freier Felgüberschwung, Reisenfelgaufschwung, Fallkippe,Flanke.Schwungstemme, freie Felge, Kippe, Fallkippe, Kehre.Reisenfelgaufschwung, freie Felge, Kippe, Ueberspreizen, Fechterwelle zumStand.Schwungstemme mit sofortigen Unterspreizen, Mühlumschwung rückw. Zurückhocken,Kippe, Hocke.Schwungstemme freier Felgüberschwung, Hangkehre, Kippe, SchraubenwelleWende.Schwungstemme, freie Felge, Reisenfelgaufschwung, Fallkippe, Felge vorlingsvorwärts, Hocke.Kippe, Flanke, Abhang rücklings, Zurückhocken, Kippe, Reisenfelgumschwungzum Stütz, Fallkippe, Grätsche.Kippe, kammgriffs, Sturzwelle zweimal, Reisenhocke.Schwungstemme, Drehschwungstemme mit Uebergreifen, Riesenfelge vorw.Riesengrätsch.Kippe, Einflanke l. Rückfallen, Durchhocken, Kippe, Unterschwung, Schwungstemme,freie Felge, Durchschwub.Knieweilaufschwung, mit sofortiger ‘/* Drehung l. und Ueberspreizen r. zumGrätschsitz, Grätschwellumschwung rückw., Zurückgrätschen, Kippe, Unterschwung,1/2 Drehung um die Breitenachse beim Vorschwung (Salto).Freier Felgüberschwung, Drehschwungstemme, freier Felgumschwung, Kippe,Handstand, Abhocken.Kippe kammgriffs, Reisenfelgumschwung vorwärts, Griffwechsel, Reisenfelgumschwungrückw. Durchhocken, Kippe rücklings, Abhang rücklings, Zurückhocken,Kippe zum Stütz, Kehre zum Hang, Kippe, Abwerfen rückw. undUnterschwung rückwärts zum Stand.III. BARREN.I. Querstand.Einspreizen l., ausspreizen r., Kehrschwung r. zum Quersitz r., Schraubenspreizenr. vorw. zum Quersitz, Fechterwende.Kehrschwung l. zum Reitsitz l., Schraubenspreizen r. rückwärts zum Quersitz,Wende mit Stütz l.Eingrätschen zum Grätschsitz, Schraubenspreizen rückw. mit ‘/, Drehung, Kreisenr. über l., l. über l., und Kehre mit ‘/z Drehung nach innen.Ausgrätschen zum Stand, Eingrätschen zum Stütz, Spreisen links über r., Schraubenspreisenr. vorw. zum Grätschsitz, ‘/r Drehg. l. rückw. zum Grätschsitz,Spreizen l. über r., und Schraubenspreizen vorw. über beide Holme zum Stand.II. Querstand.Schwungstemme beim Rückschwung, Spreizen r., über l. und Kehre l.Kippe zum Stütz, Oberarmstand, Rolle vorw. Schwungstemme, Wende l.Schwungstemme beim Vorschwung, Rolle rückw. Kippe, Kreiske re über beideHolme.Ellengriffskippe zum Oberarmhang, Schwungstemme beim Vorschwung, Rollerückw. zum Stütz, Fallkippe, Rolle vorw. Kippe zum Stütz, Spreizen l. über l.,Kreiskehrschwung l. über r., Handstehen, Wende r.526

III. Seitstand.Felgaufschwung rückw., Hocke.Felgüberschwung, Durchschub zum Knieliegehang freier Knieabschwung zumStand.Felgüberschwung, Knieliegehang r., Knieweilaufschwung rückw. mit 1/1 Drehg.l. zum Grätschsitz, Kreiskehre vorw. zum Stand.Felgüberschwung, Scheraufschwung zum Grätschsitz, Kreiswende zum Stand.u.u.u.u.IV. PFERD.I.1/2 Rad. r. Einspreizen l., Schraubenspreizen r., vorw. mit 3/4 Drehung l.zum Querstand; widergleich.1/2 Rad l. Einflanken r. Schraubenspreizen r. vorw. mit ‘/& Drehung l.zum Querstand; widergleich.Wolfsprung l. Schraubenspreizen r. vorw. mit 3/d Drehg. l. zum Querstand.Schraubenspreizen l. rückwärts Schraubenspeizen r. vorw. mit 3/d Drehg. l.zum Querstand.Schraubenspreizen l. rückwärts, Vorschwingen zum Schwebestütz, Rückschwingenlinks zum Stütz rücklgs., Schraubenspreizen vorw. zum Stand.Kreisen links des l. Beines über Hals, Schraubenspreizen l. rückw. Abgangwie 5.II.Kreisen l. des r. Beines über Sattel und Kreuz mit l/z Drehg. l. zumStütz rücklgs. Flanke.Kreisen des r. Beines über Sattel und Kreuz mit 1/2 Drehg. l. Kreisenl. Kehre.Kreisen l. des r. Beines über Sattel und Kreuz mit 1/2 Drehg., l. Kreisenl. des l. Flanke, r. zum Stütz, rückl. Kreisen l. des l. Beines und Wende.Kreisen l. des r. Beines Nachschwg. l. zum Stütz rücklgs. Kreise l. desr. Beines und Kehre l.Einspreizen l. auf Sattel, vorschwg. r. rückschwg. r., mit ‘/% Drehg. zumStütz auf Hals, Einspreizen l. Vorschwg. r. mit 1/3 Drehg. l., Rückschwungl. zur Flanke, Kehre über Kreuz.Wie 5, aber noch hinter r. Uebergreifen l. auf Vorder r. auf Hinterpauschezur Finte, Kehre über Hals.III.Gesellschaftssprünge.V. SPRUNGTISCH.VI. EISEN-STABÜBUNGEN.I. Übung.Ausfall l. schräg vorw. nach aussen, Stab schräg Vorstossen l., mit UnterundSchlussgriff l. (Umgreifen der l. Hand zu Untergriff; während des Vorstossensgleitet der Stab durch die l. Hand bis zum Schlussgriff l. bei der r. Handam r. Stabende; das l. Stabende schliesslich in der Brusthöhe des gedachtenGegners); Blick links schräg vor.Mit l/d Drehung r. auf den Fersen und Wechselbeugen der Kniee zur Auslagetrittstellungl. schräg vorw. nach aussen, Stab Zurückziehen durch die l. Handzum Griff der l. Hand am l. Stabende (r. Hand am r. Stabende) und gleichzeitigesKreisen über die Grundhalte zur Schräghalte (Deckung) an der l. Leibesseite (r.Hand an der l. Schulter, l. Arm schräg an der l. Leibesseite abwärts) Blick l.schräg vor.Rückbewegung zur vorigen Stellung (die Stabführung beginnt mit Kreisenüber r. seitaus, alsdann durch die Grundhalte u. s. w.).Grundstellung.Wie 1—4, widergleich,527

II. Übung.Ausfall l. schräg vorw. nach aussen, Stab schräg Vorhochstossen l. (zur Kopfhöhedes gedachten Gegners). Mit Unter- und Schlussgriff l., Blick l. schräg vor.Auslagetritt l. schräg rückw. nach innen, Stab Kreisen durch die Grundhalte(mit gleichzeitigem Durchziehen zu Griff an beiden Enden) und über r. seitaus zurSchräghalte (Deckung) über dem Kopf l. ab- und vorwärts (r. Arm) gebeugt, r.Hand über den Kopf s. 4. Gruppe.Rückbewegung zur vorigen Stellung (die Stabführung mit Kreisen über r.seitaus beginnend).Grundstellung.Wie 1—4. widergleich.III & IV Übung.Die Übungen 3 und 4 werden in 2 Flankenreihen gleichzeitig widergleichausgeführt und zwar so, dass in der I Zeit die Turner der l. Flankenreihe mitdem Ausfall l. seitwärts zur Deckung, in der 5. Zeit die Turner der 2. Flankenreihemit dem Ausfall r. seitwärts und die Turner der 1. Flankenreihe mit demAuslagetritt l. seitwärts zur Deckung beginnen.Abmarsch.GREAT BRITAIN 2—3 p.m.Leader: C. J. West.The team consisted of the following 24 men:A. E. Betts; H. Dickason; S. Hodgetts; A. W. Messengers; E. E. Pepper; C.A. Vigurs; S. Walker; J. Whitaker; S. Cross; B. W. Franklin; E. W. Potts; K.H. Potts; G. J. Ross; H. Oberholzer; C. Simmons; A. G. H. Southern; R. G.McLean; C. J. Luck; H. J. Drury; W. Mac Kune; W. Titt; W:m Cowhig; L.Hanson.Dress: White jersey with short arms, and with Gr. Britain’s flag onbreast; white knickerbockers; red belt; white stockings and shoes.Programme.GROUP I.(Slow March Time.)Starting Position: Position of Attention.Exercise 1.Raise L. knee, arms by side of thighs.Extend L. leg forward (at height of hips).Step forward downwards (twice the length of own foot).Swing R. leg backward and hollow the back and raise arms slightly backward(keep upright).Raise L. knee.Extend R. leg forward.Step forward down with R. foot.Swing L. leg back and hollow the back, trunk upright, and raise arms slightlybackward (keep upright).Repeat L. and R. alternately, thereby travelling four steps forward.Close R. foot forward up to L. foot with 1/2 R. turn.Repeat, travelling in the opposite direction back to starting position.Exercise 2.Step L. foot forward (twice its own length) arms horizontally forward, palmsinwards.Fling R. leg backwards and arms sidewards (palms down) trunk upright andhollow back.528

THE NORWEGIAN GYMNASTS IN TEAM COMETI-TION III. Straddle-vault over horse from spring-board.THE DANISH GYMNASTS IS TEAM COMPETITION III.(Parallel bars.)

Pl. 205.DISPLAY TEAM OF SWEDISH MEN GYMNASTS. March at the double.DISPLAY BY SWEDISH GYMNASTS. Various styles of vaulting.

DISPLAY BY SWEDISH GYMNASTS.

DISPLAY BY SWEDISH GYMNASTS.

Step R. foot forward down, arms horizontally forward.Fling L. leg back and arms sidewards.Repeat L. and R. alternately.Join L. to R. foot to attention.Same backwards, starting to step backwards with R. foot, finishing withjoining L. to R. foot.ExerciseStep L. foot straight forward (twice its own length) with 1 / 8 R. turn on R.heel, arms upward bent.Bend knees, squat on R. heel, extend arms upward (palms inwards).1Rise, step forward with R. foot with l/s / 8 R. turn on L. heel, arms upwardbent.Squat on R. heel, extend arm upwards.Repeat R. and L. alternately (travelling forward).Join L. foot forward to R. foot to attention.Same exercise backwards, starting to step back with R. foot and insteadof extending arms upwards, extend them sidewards (palms down) and joinR. to L. foot at the finish.GROUP II. ( time).Trunk bending and Twisting in combination with alternate knee bending andstretching.Starting position : Stand astride, arms to height of shoulders-raise.ExerciseTrunk horizontal, forward bend and to the R. twist, L. arm vertically downand R. arm vertically up in line with each other (palms to the R. andlegs straight).Trunk to the L. twist, R. arm vertically down and L. arm vertically up inline (palms to the L.).Twist R. and L. alternately.ExerciseR. knee bend, reach with L. hand to L. foot (instep), R. arm oblique R.upwards in line with L. arm.Change, bend L. knee, stretch R. knee, reach with R. hand to R. foot, L.arm oblique L. upwards in line with R. arm.Repeat L. and R. alternately.ExerciseR. knee bend, L. knee stretch, turn trunk full L., R. arm pointing L. obliqneforward, L. arm R. obliquely backward in line (the trunk is in forwardbent position, hands closed, palms downwards).Change over, bend L. knee, stretch R knee, turn trunk 1/4 R., L. armoblique R. forward, R. arm obliquely L. backward in line with eachother.Repeat L. and R. alternately.Exercise/4 L. turn on heels, trunk upward stretch, R. knee bend, R. arm upwardbend (as if putting the shot), L. arm obliquely forward downwards (handclosed, palm down).Bend L. knee, stretch R. knee, raise R. heel, stretch L. arm obliquely forwardupward (as if putting the shot).1 /% R. turn on heels, bend L. knee, stretch R. knee, L. arm upward bend,R. arm obliquely forward downward.34 Fifth Olympiad. 529

Bend R. knee, stretch L. knee, raise L. heel, stretch L. arm (as ifputting the shot).Repeat R. and L. alternately.GROUP III. (4-4 time.)Trunk bending and twisting and rotating.Starting position.Turn front, arms sidewards to height of shoulders, palms down.Arms upwards raise.Exercise 1.Trunk backward bend (arch flexion).Trunk upwards stretch.Trunk forward downwards bend.Trunk upwards stretch.Trunk backward bend.Trunk upwards stretch and arms to height of shoulders lower (palms down,hands closed).Exercise 2.Trunk to the L. twist (arms horizontal).Trunk to the L. bend.Trunk upward stretch and 1/2 R. rotate (arms horizontal).Trunk R. sidewards bend.Trunk upward stretch and ‘/z L. rotate (arms horizontal)Trunk L. sideward bend.Trunk upward stretch and 1/2 R. rotate.Trunk to the front turn.Hands in neck rest-place.Exercise 3.Trunk horizontal forward bend.Trunk to the L. completely rotate.Trunk to the R. completely rotate.Trunk upward stretch.Feet close L. R., arms sidewards downward lower.Mark Time.GROUP IV.Deep Breathing Exercice.8 Movements in 32 Beats.Raise arms slowly sidewards to height of shoulders, lift the chest and inhalethrough the nostrils.Slowly lower the arms and exhale through the nostrils, sinking the chestand relaxing.Repeat (1-4) and (5-8) alternately.GROUP V. (4-4 time.)Balancing Exercices.24 Movements in 96 Beats.Raise L. leg forward at height of hips, raise arms forward at height ofshoulders (palms inwards).Bend L. knee at right angles and fling arms horizontally sidewards (palmsdownwards).Stretch L. leg backwards and swing arms backward in line with the trunk(palms inward) to front balance.Join L. foot to R. foot and arms down to attention.Same R. side.530

Exercise 2.Raise R. leg sidewards (18 inches off the ground), raise arms sidewards atheight of shoulders (palms down).Bend L. knee at R. angles in front and raise arms upward (palms inward).Stretch L. leg backward to front balance, L. arm forward, R. arm backwardin line with each other (palms inward).Join L. to R. foot, and arms downward to attention.Same R. side.Exercise 3.Raise L. leg backwards and arms forward upward above head.Raise L. knee at R. angles and swing arms downward and backward (palmsinward).Stretch L. leg forward downward 6 inches off the ground and raise armsupward above head, incline trunk backwards.Join L. foot to R. foot and arms forward down to attention.Same R. side.Mark time four steps.GROUP VI. (4-4 time.)Squatting and Lunging in Combination with trunk bending.32 Movements in 128 Beats.Exercise 1.Squat on heels, raising arms sidewards above head (palms inward).Lunge L. sidewards trunk in line with the straight leg, arms remain abovehead.Squat on L. heel, raise trunk upright, lower arms forward to height ofshoulders.Stretch L. leg, bend R. leg to R. lunging position, swing arms horizontallysidewards (palms down) trunk upright.Bend trunk slowly L. sidewards, hands in neck rest.Stretch trunk upright and arms sidewards stretch R. leg and bend L. leg.Join L. to R. foot and arms down to attention.Same R. side.Exercise 2.With heels raising arms horizontally sidewards raise.Squat on heels (on first beat) swing arms horizontally forward (palms inward).Jump on place with L. turn swing arms sidewards (palms forward).Jump on place with ‘lc L. turn swing arms horizontally forward (knees remainbent while jumping).Stretch legs and 1/d L. turn on toes of both feet, L. foot turned outwards(45 degrees) R. heel raised swing arms sidewards obliquely downwardspalms forward hands closed.Bend arms upwards on first beat and at once lunge R. foot obliquely R.forward extending R. arm obliquely upwards L. arm obliquely downwardsto the rear in line with each other, hands closed (palms outwards).Bend trunk slowly backwards raising R. heel, raise L. arm forward abovehead and lower R. arm forward vertically downwards (look upwards). R.knee remains bent, while bending (trunk backwards).Stretch trunk upwards with arms horizontally sidewards (on the first beat)open hands, palms downwards.Join R. to L. foot and arms down to attention.Same the opposite side.Mark time four steps.531

GROUP VII.Leaning Rest, Abdominal Exercise.Exercise 1.Step with L. foot backward to R. lunging position and place hands toground.a /4 R. circle of L. leg with ‘/, R. turn on R. foot (toes) raising trunk uprightwhile circling the leg.Put L. heel to ground and make ‘/Z R. turn and fall on hands to the frontleaning rest, raising R. leg backwards up and bending the arms.Remain in this position.Squat R. foot between hands and stretch arms (L. leg remains straight).Same as 5.Same as 6.Same as 7-8.Lower R. leg. to join L. leg.Squat L. foot between hands.3/a L. circle of R. leg with 1/4 L. turn of the trunk.I/* L. turn, fall on hands to front leaning rest, raising L. leg backwardsup and bending arms.Remain in this position.Squat L. foot between hands.Repeat as 21 and 22 and 23-24.Exercise 2.From last position in first exercise put L. foot to ground and make 1/z R.turn to sitting position, placing hands on hips on 4.Slowly lower trunk backward to ground.Slowly raise legs above head.Slowly lower legs.Slowly raise trunk to sitting position.Repeat.To assume position of attention:1/2 L. turn to front leaning rest, squatting R. foot between hands on 1-2, riseto attention joining L. foot to R. on 3-4, marking time from 5-8 placing handson hips on 5.GROUP VIII.Trot on place with knee raising.Trot on place with knees straight, with last beat “halt”, stretching armsdown to attention.GROUP IX.Deep Breathing Exercise.Repeat Group IV.EXERCISES ON THE APPARATUS.B. Horizontal steel bar.The exercises to be executed by three or four menon three or four horizontal bars simultaneously.Note.—Start the exercise on the L. side of bar.From the sidehang with ordinary grasp :—Upstart,Front circle, fling upwards,‘/* long circle,532

Underswing and backs up to front rest, sink to hang (front to bar) with legs inhalf lever,1/S R. turn on R. arm, releasing L. hand to hang with reversed grasp on oppositeside of bar,Slow circle to front rest, overthrow to hang with reverse grasp, Back Up to frontrest, front rest, front vault R. to cross stand.Horizontal bar. (Slow.)Exercise 2.From the sidehang with ordinary grasp,Raise legs to 1/2 lever, rise to Rest,Turn over forward to inverse hang with straight body,Thighs to bar lower to front lever,Squat to Rear to inverse hang with straight body,Thighs to bar, lower to back lever,Lower to Back Hang, return with bent body,Squat to front, insteps to bar, circle to rest,Flank vault L.C. Parallel bars.The exercises to be executed by three or four mensimultaneously on three or four parallel bars.Exercise 1.At end of bars facing inwards: short underswing upstart swing back todouble Shoulder-stand,Roll over with straight body to upper arm hang,Swing forward, upper arm upstart to indicate handstand,Pump forward and travel forward to rest with legs in 1/Z lever,‘I4 R. turn to rest on R. bar with legs in ‘/a lever,‘/( R. turn to rest in between bars with legs in 1/Z lever, cross seat on R. bar,R. elbow lever,Lift to R. Shoulder stand,Swing down and forward, and upper arm upstart,Swing back to front leaning rest,Swing forward and backward and double rear vault R.Exercise 2. (Slow.)In centre of bars-jump to upper arm hang,Raise legs to ‘lo lever,Pull in and rise to rest with legs in ‘/2 lever,Open legs to straddle seat,Place hands in front and lift to handstand,Lower to double shoulder stand, place hands to rear, thumbs underneath witharms straight,Lower to level lever towards the arms,Lower to upper-arm-hang,Place hands to front, raise legs and roll backwards to double shoulder stand,Lower legs and stretch arms to rest,Raise legs to 1/z lever,Place L. leg on R. bar in front of R. hand,Circle R. leg backwards on to R. bar, with 3/4 L. turn to front leaning restacross bars,Squat over both bars to sidestand with arms sidewards when alighting.533

D. Horse. (Pommelled.)The exercises to be executed by three or four mensimultaneously on three or four horses.Exercise 1.R. circle of R. leg, R. circle of both legs,1/a R. circle of L. leg, complete L. circle of R. leg,Feint R. leg over croup to rest astride R. arm,1 /, L. circle of L. leg, backshears R. into saddle,1 /a L. circle of L. leg, ‘/2 L. circle of R. leg,1 /,, R. circle of L. leg and screw mount R. to riding seat on croup, place bothhands on neck pommel rear vault R. over neck to cross stand on offside.Exercise 2.Same exercise the opposite side.VOLUNTARY EXERCISE.E. Rings.The exercise to be executed by three or four mensimultaneously on three or four pairs of rings.From the hang:—Raise legs slowly to inverse hang with bent hips,Back upstart to rest,Raise legs to 1/Z lever,Lift to bent arm handstand lower legs to front lever above rings,Slow circle backward to back lever,Lower legs to back hang,Swing backward and turn over forward with straight body to indicate front leverbelow rings,Swing back in bent arm rest,Swing forward and back circle to rest,Sink to bent arms hang,Stretch and bend L. and R. arm alternately,Stretch arm to rest,Lower to indicate crucifixion and drop to ground.ITALY kl. 3—4 p. m.The team consisted of the following 16 men:Guido Boni ; Guiseppe Domenichelli ; Luciano Savorini ; Guido Romano ; AngeloZorzi ; Giorgio Zampori ; Giovanni Mangiante ; Lorenzo Mangiante ; Adolfo Tunesi ;Pietro Bianchi ; Paolo Salvi ; Alberto Braglia ; Alfredo Gollini ; Serafino Mazzarochi ;Francesco Loy ; Carlo Fregosi.Dress: White jersey with sleeves to elbows ; black stockinet pantaloonswith straps; black soft shoes.Programme.DESCRIPTION DES EXERCICES.Premier groupe.Premier exerciceI. 1. Élancer les bras, par en avant, en haut; mains ouvertes (paumes en dedans).I. 2-3-4. Fléchir les bras ; mains fermées (ongles en dedans).II. 1-2-3-4. Poser à fond, du pied gauche, en arrière (écartement moyen); enteéndant les bras en haut; mains ouvertes (paumes en dedans).III. 1-2. Joindre jambe gauche en écartant les bras latéralement (paumes en bas)534

III. 3-4. Quart de tour à gauche, sur le talon droit, et poser à fond du piedgauche, en-arrière, en élançant les bras, par en bas et en avant, en haut (paumesen dedans).IV. 1-2-3-4. Quart de tour à droite, sur le talon droit, et joindre la jambegauche en abaissant les bras, par en dehors, en bas, à la position initiale.V—VIII. Reprendre l’exercice en partant du pied droit pour tourner à droiteau 3 e temps de la IIIe mesure.Deuxième exercice.I. 1. Écarter les bras latéralement; mains ouvertes (paumes en dedans).I. 2-3-4. Fléchir les bras; mains fermées (ongles en avant).II. 1-2-3-4. Poser à fond, du pied gauche, à gauche (écartement moyen) enétendant les bras latéralement en dehors; mains ouvertes (paumes en bas).III. 1-2. Joindre la jambe gauche en élançant les bras, par en avant et en haut(paumes en dedans).III. 3-4. Quart de tour à gauche, et poser à fond du pied gauche, à gauche,en écartant les bras latéralement (paumes en bas).IV. 1-2-3-4. Quart de tour à droite, sur le talon droit, et joindre la jambegauche en abaissant les bras en bas, à la position initiale.V—VIII. Reprendre l’exercice en partant du pied droit pour tourner à droiteau 3 e temps de la III e mesure.Troisième exercice.I. 1. Élancer les bras, par en avant, -en dehors, -en haut; mains ouvertes(paumes en haut).I. 2-3-4. Fléchir les bras; mains fermées (ongles en dedans).II. 1-2-3-4. Poser à fond du pied gauche en avant (écartement moyen), enétendant les bras obliquement en dehors, -en haut; mains ouvertes (paumes en haut).III. 1-2. Joindre la jambe gauche en élançant les bras, par en avant, -en arrière-en bas (paumes en dedans).III. 3-4. Quart de tour à gauche, en élançant les bras obliquement en dehors,-en haut (paumes en haut) à fond gauche en avant.IV. 1-2-3-4. Quart de tour à droite sur le talon droit et joindre la jambe gauche,en abaissant les bras, par en dehors, -en bas, à la position initiale.V—VIII. Reprendre l’exercice en partant du pied droit, pour tourner à droiteau 3 e temps de la III e mesure.Deuxième groupe.Premier exercice.I. 1. Fléchir les bras; mains fermées (ongles en dedans).I. 2-3-4. Poser à fond, du pied gauche, en arrière, en étendant les bras enhaut; mains ouvertes (paumes en dedans).II. 1-2-3-4. Par un quart de tour à gauche, en pivotant sur les talons, changerau à l’à fond latéral (jambe droite reste fléchie), et écarter les bras latéralement(paumes en bas).III. 1-2. Quart de tour à droite, sur le talon droit; joindre la jambe gaucheen élançant les bras, par en bas et en avant, -en haut (paumes en dedans).III. 3-4. Demi-tour à gauche, sur le talon droit, et poser à fond, du pied gauche,en arrière, en faisant tournoyer une fois les bras (cercle) en arrière.IV. 1-2-3-4. Demi-tour à droite, sur le talon droit et joindre la jambe gauche,en abaissant les bras, par en dehors, -en bas à la position initiale.V-VIII. Reprendre l’exercice, en partant du pied droit.Deuxième exercice.I. 1. Fléchir les bras; mains fermées (ongles en avant).I. 2-3-4. Poser à fond, du pied gauche, à gauche, en étendant les bras latéralementen dehors; mains ouvertes (paumes en bas).II. 1-2-3-4. Par quart de tour à gauche, en pivotant sur les talons, changer auà l’à fond en arrière (jambe droite reste fléchie) et élancer les bras, par en baset en avant, -en haut (paumes en dedans).535

III. 1-2. Quart de tour à droite, sur le talon droit, et joindre la jambe gauche,en écartant les bras latéralement (paumes en bas).IV. 3-4. Demi-tour à gauche, sur le talon droit, et poser à fond du pied gauche,à gauche, en faisant tournoyer les bras une fois (cercle) par en bas en dedans).IV. 1-2-3-4. Demi-tour à droite, sur le talon droit, et joindre la jambe gauche,en abaissant les bras, à la position initiale.V—VIII. Reprendre l’exercice en partant du pied droit.Troisième exercice.I. I. Fléchir les bras; mains fermées (ongles en dedans).I. 2-3-4. Poser à fond, du pied gauche, en avant, en étendant les bras obliquementen dehors, -en haut; mains ouvertes (paumes en haut).II. 1-2-3-4. Quart de tour à gauche, sur le talon droit, et poser à fond, dupied gauche, en arrière, en élançant les bras, par en avant, -en arrière, -en bas(paumes en dedans).III. 1-2. Quart de tour à droite, sur le talon droit, et joindre la jambe gauche,en élançant les bras obliquement en dehors, -en haut, en passant par en bas, -enavant et -en haut (paumes en haut).III. 3-4. Demi-tour à gauche, sur le talon droit, et poser à fond du pied gauche,en avant, en faisant tournoyer une fois les bras (cercle) en arrière, -en bas, -enavant et -en haut pour revenir à la position oblique en dehors -en haut(paumes en haut).IV. 1-2-3-4. Demi-tour à droite, sur le talon droit, et joindre la jambe gaucheen abaissant les bras, par en dehors, en bas à la position initiale.V—VIII. Reprendre l’exercice en partant du pied droit.BARRES PARALLÈLES.Premier Degré.Position initiale: Station transversale à l’entrée des barres.Attention. — Saisir les barres.1. Sauter à l’appui tendue en lançant la jambe gauche tendue par-dessus labarre gauche du dehors en dedans; balancer en arrière, -en avant, sortir la jambedroite tendue par-dessus la barre gauche, du dedans en dehors à la station (sansarrêt), sauter à l’appui tendu en lançant la jambe droite tendue par-dessus la barredroite du dehors en dedans, balancer en arrière, -en avant, sortir la jambe gauchetendue par-dessus la barre droite du dedans en dehors, passer les jambes jointes pardessus la barre gauche du dehors, en dedans, siège écarté devant les mains.2. Changer la prise, mains devant, joindre les jambes, rouleau en avant sur lesépaules, corps tendu, balancer en arrière, -en avant bascule à l’appui tendu, balanceren arrière, -en avant, appui renversé sur les épaules.3. Abaisser lentement le corps tendu en arrière avec extension des bras, enpassant par l’appui horizontal, balancer en avant, jambes jointes au siège sur labarre gauche, bras gauche tendu horizontalement à gauche.4. Quart de tour à droite, en déplaçant main gauche sur la barre droite changerà l’appui latéral sur la barre droite, avec impulsion des cuisses, en passant lesjambes jointes à gauche par-dessus les barres, à la station latérale, le dos vers labarre droite.Deuxième Degré.Attention. — Saisir les barres à l’extrémité.1. — Sauter à l’appui tendu en lançant la jambe gauche tendue par-dessus labarre gauche du dehors en dedans, sortir la jambe droite tendue par-dessus la barregauche du dedans en dehors, passer les jambes jointes par-dessus la barre gauchedu dehors en dedans, siège écarté devant les mains.2. — Joindre les jambes, balancer en arrière à la station et sans arrêt sauterà l’appui tendu en lançant la jambe droite tendue par-dessus la barre droite dedehors en dedans, sortir la jambe gauche tendue par-dessus la barre droite dudedans en dehors, passer les jambes jointes par-dessus la barre gauche du dehorsen dedans, siège écarté devant les mains.536

3. — Changer la prise, mains devant, rouleau en avant sur les épaules, corpstendu, balancer en arrière à l’appui tendu, balancer en avant, -en arrière à l'appuitendu renversé.4. — Abaisser lentement le corps tendu en arrière à l’appui horizontal, enpassant par l’appui tendu jambes à l’équerre, tomber en arrière à la suspensiontendue, jambes à la position de bascule, bascule à l’appui tendu, balancer enarrière, -en avant, poser la jambe droite par en avant sur la barre gauche, et parquart de tour à droite, réunir jambe gauche à la droite, en déplaçant main gauchesur la barre droite, impulsion des cuisses, en passant les jambes jointes à gauchepar-dessus les barres, à la station latérale, main gauche à la barre droite. —Troisième Degré.Attention. — Saisir les barres à l’extrémité.1. — Sauter à l’appui tendu en lançant la jambe gauche tendue par-dessus labarre gauche du dehors en dedans et sortir la jambe droite tendue par-dessus labarre gauche du dedans en dehors, passer les jambes jointes par-dessus la barredroite du dehors en dedans, à l’appui tendu jambes à l’équerre.2. — Passer la jambe droite tendue par-dessus la barre droite du dehors endedans et sortir la jambe gauche tendue par-dessus la barre droite du dedans endehors, passer les jambes jointes par-dessus la barre gauche du dehors en dedans,siège écarté devant les mains.3. — Changer la prise, mains devant, joindre les jambes, rouleau en avantsur les épaules, corps tendu, balancer en arrière à l’appui tendu, sans arrêt, avecsursaut tomber à la suspension tendue, jambes à la position de bascule, basculeà l'appui tendu, porter le corps tendu à la position horizontale latérale droite surle coude droit; rentrer dans les barres et se lever à l’appui tendu renversé.4. — Abaisser lentement le corps tendu en arrière à l’appui horizontal, enpassant par l’appui tendu jambes à l’équerre, tomber en arrière à la suspensiontendue, jambes à la position de bascule et sans arrêt, basculer en arrière à l’appuisur les aisselles (bascule dorsale), balancer en avant à l’appui brachial à la positionde bascule, balancer en arrière -en avant, poser la jambe droite, tendue par enavant sur la barre gauche, et par quart de tour à droite, réunir jambe gauche à ladroite, en déplaçant main gauche sur la barre droite changer à l’appui latéral surla barre droite, impulsion des cuisses, en passant les jambes écartées latéralementpar-dessus les barres, sauter en avant à la station latérale, le dos vers la barre droite.BARRE FIXE (RECK.).Premier Degré.Attention. — Bras en arrière, tête levée, regard vers la barre.1. — Suspension tendue, monter à l’appui sur le bras droit fléchi, puis sur legauche, étendre les bras à l’appui tendu.2. — Lancer le corps tendu en arrière à la suspension tendue, balancer enavant et s’établir par renversement corps tendu à l’appui tendu et tourner enarrière à l’appui tendu facial (demi-tour en arrière autour de la barre).3. — Prise palmaire, lancer le corps tendu en haut, en avant, balancer enarrière et par renversement en arrière se lever à l’appui tendu (demi-tour en avantautour de la barre).4. — Prise dorsale, balancer sensiblement les jambes en avant, en arrière etpassant les jambes par-dessus et entre les bras, sauter en avant à la station, le dosvers la barre.Deuxième Degré.Attention. — Bras en arrière, tête levée, regard vers la barre.1. — Suspension tendue, puis temp de reins à l’appui tendu.2. — Tourner en avant à la suspension faciale mi-renversée, bras tendus,jambes tendues et pointes des pieds à la barre, passer les jambes groupées sousla barre et les étendre à la suspension horizontale dorsale.537

3. — Tourner à la suspension dorsale mi-renversée, monter par traction desbras simultanément à l’appui dorsal (siège).4. — Demi-tour à gauche à l’appui tendu facial en se déplaçant à gauche.5. — Lancer le corps tendu en haut presque à l’appui tendu renversé, déplacerla main droite à gauche (croisant) et par demi-tour à gauche, changeant maingauche à la prise palmaire, s’établir à l’appui, balancer sensiblement les jambesen avant -en arrière, élancer le corps tendu en avant, par l’appui renversé passager,tourner une fois autour de la barre (en prise palmaire) par un second tour dorsalà gauche par -dessus la barre, corps tendu, sauter à la station costale droite.Troisième Degré.Attention. — Bras en arrière, tête levée, regard vers la barre.1. — Suspension tendue, monter lentement par traction simultanée des brasà l’appui tendu facial.2. — Tourner en avant, à la suspension horizontale faciale.3. — Grouper vivement les jambes, les passer sous la barre, les étendrevivement à la suspension dorsale horizontale.4. — Tourner le corps tendu sur le bras gauche, monter à l’appui sur le brasdroit en changeant la prise, demi-tour à droite quittant la prise gauche et endéplaçant la main gauche par-dessus la barre, à l’appui tendu facial (au côté opposéde la barre).5. — Lancer le corps en haut tendu, presque à l’appui tendu renversé, tournerdeux fois. en arrière autour de la barre (en prise dorsale) en complétant le deuxièmetour, déplacer la main droite à gauche (croisant) et par demi-tour à droite enchangeant main gauche à la prise palmaire, tourner en avant une fois autour de labarre et par un deuxième tour en avant, passer les jambes, écartées latéralementpar-dessus la barre, sauter en avant à la station, le dos vers la barre.CHEVAL-ARÇONS.Premier Degré.Attention. — Prise radiale aux argons, en passant les bras par dehors.1. — Passer jambe gauche sous la main gauche, ciseaux en avant à droite,passer jambe gauche sous la main gauche, passer jambe droite sous la main droite,ciseaux en arrière à gauche, passer jambe droite à droite, balancer jambe gaucheen dehors à gauche.2. — Réunir jambe gauche, passer jambe droite sous la main droite, ciseauxen avant à gauche, passer jambe droite sous la main droite, passer jambe gauchesous la main gauche, ciseaux en arrière à droite, passer jambe gauche sous la maingauche, passer jambe droite sous la main droite et repasser jambe droite sous lamain droite en la réunissant à jambe gauche, dorsale à droite en passant par-dessusle cou et la croupe à la station costale gauche, main gauche à la croupe.Deuxième Degré.Attention. — Prise radiale aux arçons, en passant les bras par dehors.1. — Cercle des jambes jointes sous la main gauche, droite et gauche, passerjambe droite sous la main droite, ciseaux en arrière à gauche, passer la jambedroite sous la main droite, passer jambe gauche sous la main gauche, ciseaux enavant à droite, passer jambe droite sous la main droite, cercle des jambes jointessous la main gauche et droite, balancer jambe gauche en dehors à gauche.2. — Réunir jambe gauche, cercle des jambes jointes sous la main droite,gauche et droite, passer jambe gauche sous la main gauche, ciseaux en avant àdroite, passer jambe gauche sous la main gauche, passer jambe droite sous la maindroite, ciseaux en arrière à gauche, passer jambe droite sous la main droite, cercledes jambes jointes sous la main gauche, droite et gauche, et par demi-tour à droiteen tournant sur le bras droit, passer jambes jointes par-dessus la croupe, poser maingauche sur la croupe, passer jambes jointes sous la main droite (par-dessus lesargons) à la station costale gauche, main gauche sur la croupe.538

Troisième Degré.Attention. — Prise radiale aux argons, en passant les bras par dehors.1. — Cercle des jambes jointes sous la main gauche, droite, gauche, droitepasser jambe gauche sous la main gauche, ciseaux en avant à droite, passer jambegauche sous la main gauche, passer jambe droite sous la main droite, ciseaux enarrière à gauche, passer jambe droite sous la main droite, cercle des jambes jointessous la main gauche, droite, balancer jambe gauche en dehors à gauche.2. — Réunir jambe gauche, cercle des jambes jointes sous la main droite,gauche, droite et gauche, passer jambe droite sous la main droite, ciseaux en avantà gauche, passer jambe droite sous la main droite, passer jambe gauche sous lamain gauche, cercle des jambes jointes sous la main droite, gauche, droite, passerjambe gauche sous la main gauche, passer jambe droite sous la main droite, cercledes jambes jointes sous la main gauche, droite, gauche et par demi-tour à droite,en tournant sur le bras droit, passer jambes jointes par-dessus la croupe, posermain gauche sur la croupe, passer jambes jointes par-dessus l’argon droit, et pardemi-tour à gauche, à la station costale droite, main droite sur la croupe.Premier Degré.ANNEAUX.Attention. — Bras en arrière, tête levée, regard vers les anneaux.1. — Suspension tendue, renversement en arrière (jambes avec un peu d’équerre)à l’appui fléchi.2. — Continuer le renversement en arrière à la suspension mi-renversée.3. — Elancer les jambes en avant, balancer en arrière, dislocation, balanceren avant à la suspension mi-renversée.4. — Élancer les jambes en avant, balancer en arrière à l’appui fléchi.5. — Appui tendu, jambes à l’équerre, monter corps tendu à l’appui fléchirenversé.6. — Abaisser le corps en étendant les bras à l’appui tendu, tomber en arrièreà la suspension mi-renversée, élancer les jambes en avant, balancer en arrière, -enavant, tourner en arrière, corps tendu et, en quittant les anneaux, sauter à la station.Deuxième Degré.Attention. — Bras en arrière, tête levée, regard vers les anneaux.1. — Suspension tendue, renversement en arrière (jambes avec un peu d’équerre)à l’appui tendu.2. — Jambes à l’équerre, continuer le renversement en arrière à la suspensionmi-renversée, étendre vivement le corps à la suspension dorsale horizontale.3. — Retourner à la suspension mi-renversée.4. — Élancer en avant, balancer en arrière, dislocation, balancer en avant à lasuspension mi-renversée et, sans arrêt, élancer en avant, balancer en arrière à l’appuitendu, jambes à l’équerre.5. — Monter à l’appui tendu renversé.6. — Abaisser lentement le corps tendu à l’appui tendu, sans arrêt, renversementen arrière corps tendu à la suspension tendue renversée; abaisser le corps tenduen avant à la suspension faciale horizontale, balancer en arrière, -en avant, tourneren arrière, corps cambré et en quittant les anneaux, sauter à la station.Troisième Degré.Attention. — Bras en arrière, tête levée, regard vers les anneaux.1. — Suspension tendue, renverser lentement en arrière le corps presque tenduà l’appui tendu et, sans arrêt étendre les bras de coté (la croix).2. — Descendre lentement à la suspension dorsale; en passant lentement parla suspension dorsale horizontale, élever le corps tendu à la suspension tenduerenversée.3. — Suspension mi-renversée, élancer les jambes en avant, balancer en arrièredislocation à la suspension dorsale horizontale.539

4. — Suspension mi-renversée, élancer les jambes en avant, balancer en arrière,-en avant et par renversement tourner en arrière à l’appui tendu renversé.5. — Abaisser lentement le corps à l’appui horizontal, continuer à descendrelentement en arrière à la suspension faciale horizontale.6. — Élancer en arrière, balancer en avant, tourner en arrière, corps cambré,jambes écartées par-dessus les bras et, en quittant les anneaux, sauter à la station.Result:prize ITALYHUNGARYGREAT BRITAINpoints.GENERAL PROTOCOL.II. Team Competition according to special conditions.Points awarded byClod-HansenTifiSyson Wagner BélyA. Free CarriageExecutionB. Hor. Bar To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusC. Par. Bars To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusD. Horse To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusE. Free ExecutionTotal pointsLuxemburg:A. Free CarriageExecutionB. Hor. Bar To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusC. Par. Bars To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusD. Horse To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusE. Free ExecutionTotal pointsAverage pointsHungary:Average points(II)540

A. Free CarriageExecutionB. Hor. Bar To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusC. Par. Bars To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusD. Horse To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusE. Free ExecutionTotal pointsA. Free CarriageExecutionB. Hor. Bar To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusC. Par. Bars To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusD. Horse To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusE. Free ExecutionTotal pointsClod-HansenPoints awarded byTifi Syson WagnerGermany:Average pointsGreat Britain.BélyA. Free CarriageExecutionB. Hor. Bar To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusC. Par. Bars To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusD. Horse To apparatusExecutionFrom apparatusE. Free ExecutionTotal pointsAverage pointsItaly:(III)Average points (I)Stockholm, 11 July, 1912.CESARE TIFI. A. E. SYSON. ABR. CLOD-HANSEN.DR. MED. WAGNER-HOHENLOBBESE. MICHAEL BÉLY.Confirmed: EINAR NERMAN, Chief Leader.541

TEAM COMPETITION III.Wednesday, 10 July.This competition took place on July 10 between 9.30 a.m.—12.30 p.m. and 2—4 p.m.Judges:Dr. J. F. Allum, Norway.Dr. A. Clod-Hansen, Denmark,Captain A. E. Syson, Great Britain,Dr. Wagner-Hohenlobbese, Germany,Dr. Ivar Wilskman, Finland.GERMANY 9.30—10.30 a.m.Leader: Univers.- und Oberturnlehrer Dr. Kuhr.The team consisted of the following 16 members of the LeipzigerStudentenmannschaft:St. rer. nat. Eugelman; st. phil. Seebass; st. agr. et Chem. Staats; cand. med.Roth; st. rer. nat. Glockauer; cand. jur. Sperling; st. phil. Reichenbach; st. rer.nat. Körner; st. paed. Buder; st. phil. Brülle; st. math. Pahuer; st. jur. Reuschle;cand. phil. Jesinghaus; st. theol. Sorge; st. rer. nat. Richler; st. rer. nat. Worm;st. rer. nat. Jordan; st. jur. Werner.Dress: White jersey with broad, vertical, red field on breast andback; long sleeves; white trousers; black belt; yellow shoes.Programme.I. FREIÜBUNGEN.1.1. Rückstellen l. Rückschwingen der Arme.2. Schrittsprung vorw. zur tiefen Kniebeuge mit Vorschwingen der Arme.3. Heben zum Zehenstand und Vorhochschwingen.4. Grundstellung und Vortiefschwingen.2.1. Stellung I. 3.2. Rückschrittstellung l. hinter r. mit Kniebeugen r. und 3/r Armkreisenzur Seithalte r.3. Rückbewegung.4. Grundstellung.3.1. Stellung II. 2.2. 6/q Armkreis l. Ausfall l. seitw. und Rumpfbeugen l. seitw.3. Rückbewegung-4. Grundstellung.4.1. Ausfall. l. seitw mit Rumpfbeugen l. seitw.2. Standwage l. mit Anlegen des r. Armes.3. Rückbewegung.4. Grundstellung.5.1. Stellung IV. 2.2. l/d Drehung l. und Senken zum Liegestütz vorlings.3. Sprung zum Hockstand mit Vorheben der Arme.4. Grundstellung mit ‘Ir Drehung r.542

6.1. Senken mit gestreckten Hüften zum Liegestütz vorlings.2. Durchhocken zum Liegestütz rücklings.3. l/* Drehung zum Liegestütz vorlings (mit Armwippen).4. Grundstellung.7.1. a) Rückstellen l. Rückschwingen der Arme.b) Schrittsprung vorw. zur tiefen Kniebeuge mit Vorschwingen der Arme.2. a) Heben zum Zehenstand und Vorhochschwingen.b) Rückschrittstellung l. hinter r. mit Kniebeuge r. und 3/4 Armkreis l. zurSeithalte r.3. 6/, Armkreis l. Ausfall l. seitw. und Rumpfbeugen l. seitw.4. Standwage l. mit Anlegen r.5. l/, Drehung l. und Senken zum Liegestütz vorlings.6. a) Durchhocken zum Liegestütz rücklings.b) 1/2 Drehung l. zum Liegestütz vorlings.7. Tiefe Kniebeuge mit Vorheben der Arme.8. a) Heben zum Zehenstand, Hochheben der Arme.b) llr Drehung l. und Seitsenken ellengriffs.II. RECK.a) Knieweilaufschwung, Schraubenspreizen vorw. zum Stütz Unterschwung.b) Kippe ristgriffs zum Stütz, Flanke zum Stand.c) Drehkippe zwiegriffs zum Stütz, freier Felgüberschwung rückw. zum Standd) Schwungstemme, freier Felgüberschwung rückw. zum Hang, Kippe, Hocke.III. BARREN.a) Einspreizen l. zum Quersitz r., Stützwage, Oberarmstand, Rad seitw.Querstandb) Oberarmkippe zum Grätschsitz, Schraubenspreizen r. rückw. zum Quersitz,Wende mit Stütz l.Schrägstandc) Scheraufschwung zum Oberarmhang, Kippe, Rolle vorw. Schwungstemme rückw.,Kehre mit ‘/* Drehung innen.Seitstand vorlingsd) Felgaufschwung rückw. zum Seitstütz, Unterkreisen mit sofortiger Flanke.IV. PFERD.a) i/, Rad r., einspreizen l., nachspreizen r. zurückspreisen l., zurückspreizen r.,Flanke l.b) Einspreizen l., nachspreizen r., Flanke l. rückw., einspreizen r., Scheer I.,Schraubenspreizen mit 3/r Drehung zum Stand.c) Aufhocken r. auf Hals, Kreisspreizen l. mit 1/9 Drehung r. zum Grätschstand,Niedersprung,d) Hocke.e) Grätsche.V. STABWEITSPRUNG.VI. LANGSTABREIGEN.Anmerkung: A. bedeutet Marschbewegung a, b, c, d die Viererreihen;B. » Freiübung;C. » Gruppe 1. 2. 3. 4. die Glieder der Viererreihen.1.) A.) 8 Schritt vorw., 8 an Ort; dasselbe wiederholt.B.) 1-4) Vorschreiten links, Vorheben des Stabes.5-8) Rückschreiten links, Hochheben des Stabes.9-12) Füsse in Grundstellung, Rumpfbeugen vorw. mit Vorheben des Stabes.13-16) Grundstellung.17-32) Widergleich.543

C). a.) Aussen:1-8) Heben in den Zehenstand, Hochheben des Stabes.9-16) Tiefe Kniebeuge, Vorheben des Stabes.17-24) Rückschreiten links, Beugen der Arme (Stab in Schulterhöhe).25-32) Grundstellung.33-64) Widergleich.b.) Innen:1-3) Hinterreihen von 3 hinter 2. 2: Tiefe Kniebeuge, Vorheben der Arme.3: Rückschreiten links, Hochheben der Arme.9-16) 2: Vorschreiten links, Vorheben der Arme.3: Tiefe Kniebeuge, Seitsenken der Arme.17-24) 2: Erfassen des Stabes.3: Vorschreiten und Heben von 2 zum Liegestütz auf dem Stabe.25-32) Grundstellung.33-64) Widergliech.2.) A.) 1-32) Aufmarschieren zur Stellung im Stern.Bein Schlusstritt l/d-Drehung rechts nach aussen, Stab in der linkenHand.B.) 1-4) Seitstellen links, Beugen der Arme zum Stoss.5-8) Ausfall links seitwärts, Strecken der Arme zur Schräghaltung (linksoben, rechts unten).9-12) Anziehen des linken Fusses, tiefe Kniebeuge, Hochheben des Stabesund Erfassen mit beiden Händen.13-16) Grundstellung, Stab rechts.17-32) Widergleich.C.) a.) Aussen:1-8) Heben in den Zehenstand und Hochheben des Stabes und Erfassendes Stabes mit beiden Händen.9-16) Tiefe Kniebeuge, Auflegen des Stabes auf linke Schulter.17-24) Seitschreiten links Stab bleibt auf l. Schulter.25-32) Grundstellung.33-64) Widergleich.b.) Innen:1-8) 2: Ausfall links seitwärts, Heben der Arme zur Schräghalte (Linksoben, rechts unten).3: Widergleich.9-16) 2 und 3: l/d Drehung links bez. rechts, Uebergang zur tiefen Kniebeuge,Vorheben der Arme.17-24) Liegestütz, Auflegen der Fussriste auf den Stab.25-32) Grundstellung.33-64) Widergleich.3.) A.) 1-32) Auf marschieren zur Stellung im Viereck.1-24) 3/r Schwenkung im Stern.25-32) Aufmarsch zum Viereck.B.) 1-4) Rückschreiten rechts zur Auslage links, Hocheben des Stabes mitRumpfrückbeugen.5-8) Ausfall rechts vorwärts, Rumpfvorbeugen, Aufstützen auf den Boden.9-12) Aufrichten, Vorheben des rechten Beines, Hochheben des Stabes.13-16) Grundstellung.17-32) Widergleich.3.) C.) Aussen:1-8) Rückschreiten des Aussenbeins zur Auslage, Rumpfrückbeuge, Hochhebendes Stabes.9-16 Drehung nach der Stabmitte mit Seitschreiten lk. bezw. r. Auflegendes Stabes auf die äuss. Schulter.544

DISPLAY-TEAM OF DANISH GYMNASTS.

Pl. 209.DISPLAY BY RUSSIAN GYMNASTS.DISPLAY BY NORWEGIAN WOMEN GYMNASTS.

Pl. 210.MARCH PAST OF DANISH WOMEN GYMNASTS.DISPLAY BY DANISH WOMEN GYMNASTS.(Feet between hands).Inside Vault over Horse

DISPLAY BY DANISH WOMEN GYMNASTS.Wing-step position. Side-twisting.

Verharren in dieser Stellung.Grundstellung.Dasselbe.Innen.2: Einen Schritt schräg rückwärts hinter die Mitte des Stabes, Hebenin den Zehenstand und Vorheben der Arme.3: Einen Schritt schräg vorwärts vor die Mitte des Stabes, tiefeKniebeuge und Vorheben des Stabes.2: Erfassen des Stabes, Durchhocken zum Streckhang rücklings.3: Liegestütz vorlings.2: Kreuzaufzug zum Seitstütz rücklings.3: Durchhocken zum Liegestütz rücklings.Grundstellung.Dasselbe.Aufmarsch zu folgender Stellunga von Aussen von b und c:Heben in den Zehenstand, Hochheben des Stabes.1/4 Drehung r. bez. l. nach der Stabmitte, Ausfall l. bez. r.seitwärts und Schräghochheben des Stabes (l. bez. l. oben).Aufrichten, Seitheben d. l. bz. r. Beines Seitsenken d. Arme1/4 Drehung zurück, tiefe Kniebeuge und Vorheben des Stabes.Vorschreiten links und Beugen der Arme (Stab in Schulterhöhe):Grundstellung.d und Innen von b und c:Tiefe Kniebeuge, Vorheben der Arme.Liegestütz vorlings.Durchhocken zum Liegestütz rücklings.l/Z Drehung l. und Uebergehen durch den Liegestütz vorlingszum Ausfall links vorw. mit Vorhochheben der Arme.Handstand mit Anlegen der Beine an den Stab.Zurtick zur Grundstellung und l/z Drehung l.Gruppe durch stufenweisen Aufbau.NORWAY 10.20—11.30 a. m.Leader: Captain Joh:s Dahl.Team: 24 men.Einar Strøm; Alfred Engelsen; Frithjof Sælen; Robert Sjursen; Isak Abrahamsen;Sigurd Jørgensen; Per A. Mathiesen; Bjarne Johnsen; Knud L Knudsen;Rolf Lie; Alf Lie; Ths. Thorstensen; Nils Opdahl; Jacob Opdahl; Hans Beyer; Sigv.Sivertsen; Tor Lund; Bjarne Pettersen; Georg Selenius; Nils Voss; ØisternSchirmer; Gabriel Thorstensen; Hartmann Björnson; Petter Martinsen.Dress: White gymnastic jersey with short sleeves; white trousers;white belt; white shoes.Programme.Hände am Kopf. — Beinspreizen mit Heben auf Zähen und Kniebeugen.Spreizstehend — mit aufgestreckten Armen und Drehung des Körpers— Rumpfbeugen rückwärts und vorwärts.Mit aufgestreckten Armen, Spreiz — breit stehend Rumpfbeugen.Seitwärts.Armstrecken auf — aus — vor — nieder.Hände an Hüften — Kniebeugen mit Armstrecken aus.Hände am Kopf — Ausfall mit Kniebeugen.35 Fifth Olympiad. 545

Spannstehend — Heben des Beines mit Heben auf Zähen.Armgang — Wechsel Kamm — und Rissgriff — mit Drehung des Körpers.a) Armheben vorwärts — aufwärts mit Beinheben vorwärts und Führungauswärts mit volg. Vorlehnen (und Kniebeugen) mit Senken der Armenbis Ila Wagestehend (mit ausgestreckten Armen).b) Stehender Ueberschlag.a) Aufgestreckten Armen — Fuss stütz stehend — Rumpfbeugen vorwärts.b) Fallen vorwärts bis Liegestütz — Heben der Beine bis Handstand —Handgang.c) Marsch.Hangend — Heben der Beine.a) Hände am Kopf — Ausfallstehend mit gedrehten Körper — RumpfbeugenSeitwärts.b) Ueberschlag Seitwärts (“Das Rad”).Heben und Senken der Armen mit Kniebeugen und Strecken,Eine obligatorische und eine gewählte Uebung auf Reck und Barren.Die obligatorische Uebungen sind:Auf Rech:Anlauf — Felgüberschwung mit Vorschwung.Kippe bis Streckstütz — Wippe bis Handstand — Vorschwung mit Felgausschwung(‘/, Riesenschwung) bis Streckstütz.Unterschwung.Auf Barren:Anlauf — Sprung bis Streckstütz mit Vorschwung — Rückschwung bisHandstand — Rolle rückwärts.Vorschwung bis hohe Kipplage — Kippe — Rückschwung — Vorschwungmit Armwippen und Armhupfen vorwärts. — Rückschwung — Vorschwung— !/2 Schraubenschwung vorwärts — Abschwung mit ‘12Drehung einwärts.Sprünge:Pferd (quer) — Die Hocke — Wendesprung mit l/a Drehung einwärtsUeberschlag (gestreckten Körper).Pferd (längs) — Kehrsprung — Kehrsprung mit 1/2 Drehung auswärtsFlugsprung — Grätschsprung (rasch nach einander).Mit Sprungbrett (Tramplin).Grätschsprung (Pferd).Ueberschlag (Sprungtisch).Gewählter Sprung (wenn Zeit),Hände an Hüften — Langsam Kniebeugen.DENMARK 11:30 a.m.—12:30 p.m.Leader: Captain H. Mølgaard.Team: 20 men.Krebs; A. Andersen; C. Svendsen; Hjalmar Johansen; Arvor Hansen; ChristianHansen; Birch; Charles Jensen; Meulengrachl Madsen; P. Jorgensen; M. Hansen;Niels Petersen; O. Olsen; Christian Petersen; Grimmelmann; R. Nordström; LucasNielsen; Carl Juul-Petersen; Lerche Olsen; Nørgaard Andersen.Dress: White jersey with short sleeves; white trousers; white belt;white shoes.Programme.1. Exercises préliminaires. Dénomination en danois des exercices.Foot-flitting sideways; rise on toes; knee-bending. Arm-stretching upwards;arm-sinking outwards.Head-twisting; head-bending backwards.Clasp— stride position, Side-bending.546

Clasp—Wave—Toes-fast position. Arm-flinging outwards; hand-turning:Rest—Half-kneeling position; trunk-bending backwards.Bend—Toe position. Arm-stretching outwards.Extension dorsale; pointe des pieds.Exercices à la barre fixe:Chaque gymnaste deux exercices dont un obligatoire et un à son choix.(Une subdivision de gymnastes pour chacun des quatre appareils dressés.)Exercises aux anneaux:Chaque gymnaste un exercice à son choix. (Une subdivision de gymnastespour chacun des quatre appareils dressés.)Exercices preliminairies: Dénomination en danois des exercices:Leg-swinging forwards, outwards and backwards, with arm-lifting forwardand outwards: then to Wave—Half-standing position. Knee-bendingHand-lying position. Arm-bending with leg-lifting.Lunge (a) with divided arm-stretching up and down:Marche et course. Dénomination en danois des exercices:Common march, with turnings and haltings during the march.Side-march from forward-march, and in reverse order.March at the double, with turnings and haltings during the march.March with ankle-bending and stretching.Exercices aux barres parallèles:Chaque gymnaste deux exercices dont un obligatoire et un à son choix(Une subdivision de gymnastes pour chacun des quatre appareils dressés.)Saut en hauteur:De 100 cm. — 115 cm. Le professeur commande le pied partant. Élande 3 pas.De 120 cm. — 130 cm. Saut libre.Voltige; le cheval en travers (avec arçons). Dénomination en danois des exercices:a) Sans élan:Chaque gymnaste un exercice à son choix. (“Balance”, “Leg-swinging”, “Go!”)b) Avec élan:Side jump to left: breast turned to horse. Body erect.to right,Balance jump, with turn to left in jump down.to right5. Sauts se suivent rapidement:a) Inward jumpb) Outward over horse.c) High10. Voltige; le cheval en long (sans arçons). Dénomination en danois des exercices:Side jump to left; back turned to horse.rightFlying straddle vault over horse; arms thrown far forward.Flying vault over horse; feet together.Circle over.Sauts se suivent rapidement: Straddle vault; body erect.Vaulting over various heights; body erect.547

Exercices de souplesse. Dénomination en danois des exercices :Quick summersault (on floor); feet apart; followed at once by quick summersaultwith feet together: followed at once by Arch—Step position,concluding with backward summersault.Long summersault.Wheeling, with turning towards take-off place. Followed at once bybackward summersault.Forward summersault.As in 3. Backward summersault.Sauts se suivant rapidement: 3 “Head’‘-summersault.Note. En ce qui concerne les quatre derniers groupes des exercices (sautsen hauteur, voltige en travers et en long et exercices de souplesse) toutela section des gymnastes est divisée en deux parties qui exécutent, en mêmetemps, le même groupe d’exercices.Exercises finals. Dénomination en danois des exercices.Clasp—Lunge (b) position: Arm-flinging and change of foot.Wing—Stride position. Twisting and trunk-bending backwards, andtrunk-bending forwards.Arm-lifting forwards, upwards, outwards and downwards.FINLAND 2—3 p. m.Leader: Arvo Vartia.Team: 20 men.Aarne Silovaara; Hannes Sirola; Eino Forsström; Kalle Vähämäki; Eino Saistamoinen;Heikki Sammallahti; Eero Hyvärinen; Mikko Hyvärinen; Lauri Tanner;Väinö Tiiri; Ilmari Keinänen; Tauno Ilmoniemi; Aarne Pelkonen; Kalle Vasama;Unno Suomela; Hjalmari Kivenheimo; Ilmari Pernaja; Fredrik Lund; Arvi Rydman;Kalle Ekholm.Dress: White jersey with short sleeves; white trousers; black belt;white shoes.Programme.A. STABÜBUNGENnach Ausrücken zu vieren.Zehenstand, Vorhochheben des Stabes, tiefes Einathmen.Grundstellung. Die Übung wird in ungefähr 8 Sekunden ausgeführt; dasHerabsenken des Stabes geschieht schneller als das Hochheben. Im Takte.Ausfall links seitwärts nach aussen, Stab (mit der rechten Hand am Ende gefasst)rechts nach aussen, linke Hand an der Hüfte, Kopf nach rechts gedreht.Ausfall links seitwärts nach innen, Stabt swingt von oben nach unten undzur Seithebehalte links schräg nach hinten.Durch Vorschreiten rechts schräg vorwärts — zur Gangstellung auf demlinken Fuss mit tiefer Kniebeuge links, Stab von oben zur Seithebehalterechts schräg vorwärts.Ausfall schräg vorwärts rechts nach aussen, Rumpfdrehen nach rechts, Stabschräg vorwärts nach rechts.Grundstellung vorwärts.Dasselbe rechts. Nach Zählung.Pause.Kniestellung links seitwärts (Schreiten links nach aussen mit Kniebeugelinks), Seithochswingen des Stabes links, Rumpfbeugen nach rechts.Seitspreizen links, Seithochswingen des Stabes (den unteren Weg) nach rechts.Rumpfdrehen rechts schräg vorwärts, Beinspreizen links schräg nach hinten,Stab hochheben. Wagestellung.Aufrichten.Grundstellung.Dasselbe rechts, Nach Zählung.548

Zehenstand. Stab vor-hochheben.Seitgrätschstellung links mit Kniebeuge links, Stab vor der Brust.Drehen nach links auf den Absätzen zur Kniestellung. Stab hochheben.Rumpfbeugen vor-abwärts.= 3.Rumpfbeugen rückwärts. Stab auf den Nacken.Drehen nach rechts, Seitgrätschstellung rechts mit Kniebeugewechseln (Kniebeugerechts), Stab hochheben.Grundstellung nach links.Nach der anderen Seite. — Im Takte.Mit Drehung nach links 3 Schritte vorwärts (linker Fuss beginnt) nachdem dritten Schritt Schluss-Sprung, Beinwerfen rückwärts, Stabschwingennach oben. — Beim Absprung Stab vorheben, schnelle Grundstellung.Die Übung wird 4 Mal nacheinander ausgeführt, mit demlinken Fuss angefangen und 4 Mal mit dem rechten Fuss. Zählungbis 7. Im Takte.B. GERÄTÜBUNGEN.I. Reck.Sprung in den Hang mit Rissgriff.Langsamer Felgaufschwung zum Stütz.Langsames Herablassen rückwärts zum Hang.Absprung.Sprung in den Hang mit Rissgriff.Kippe, halber Riesenschwung, Schwungstemme, freie Felge, Kreuzaufschwungzum Stütz rücklings, Abschwung rückwärts.II. Barren (im Seitstand).Mit Anlauf Sprung in den Liegestütz mit den Händen auf den vorderenHolm.Spreizen des rechten Beines unter dem linken Bein und zwischen denHolmen zurück zum Liegestütz, dasselbe mit dem linken Bein, dannwieder rechts mit Drehung nach rechts zum Grätschsitz vor den Händen.Schwung in den Handstand.Rolle Rückwärts, Vorschwung mit Armbeugen zum Grätschsitz und Drehungnach rechts mit Kniebeuge rechts.Ganze Drehung nach rechts mit Spreizen des Linken Beines erst über,dann zwischen den Holmen zum Grätschütz — Drehung nach linksmit Kniebeuge links.Ganze Drehung nach links, Beinspreizen rechts über beide Holme zumLiegestütz, die Hände auf den vorderen Holm.Sprung zum Stand auf den vorderen Holm und sofort Absprung vorwärtsmit Armschwingen nach aussen seitwärts.III. Kästen.I. Flanke mit Drehung nach aussen (ohne Sprungbrett).II. Hocke über quergestellten Kasten (Sprungbrett).III. Freier Sprung mit Absprung vom Kasten (Sprungbrett).C. FREIÜBUNGEN OHNE STAB.I. In einfacher Stirnreihe.Seitstellen links auswärts. Armheben von aussen nach oben.Rumpfbeugen links, Arme nach aussen, Kopfdrehung nach rechts.= 1.Grundsteilung.Dasselbe rechts. Nach Zählung.II. In vier Reihen.Seitspreizen links seitwärts in die Grätschstellung, Arme zum Schlagen.Rumpfdrehen nach links mit Armschlagen.549

= 1.Grundstellung.Dasselbe rechts. Im Takte.Kniestellung links seitwärts nach aussen. Arme zum Stossen gebeugt.Rumpfdrehen nach links und Rumpfneigen vorwärts, rechter Arm stösstnach oben, linker Arm stösst nach unten.= 1.Grundstellung.Dasselbe rechts. Im Takte.III. In zwei einander zugwandten Stirnreiheren.Tigersprung.IV. Laufen und Gehen auf dem Zehen.V. In Keilaufstellung.Links Beinheben vorwärts mit Armheben vorwärts.Beinspreizen nach aussen. Arme nach aussen.Beinspreizen rückwärts. Arme nach oben.Wagestellung, Arme vor- und abwärts.Beugen der Knie, Armheben vorwärts.Grundstellung.Dasselbe rechts. Nach Zählung.Heben in den Zehenstand.Armkreisen. Im Takte.LUXEMBURG 3—4 p. m.Leader: Direktör Valentin Peffer.Team: I6 men of those named below took part in the competition.Nic. D. Adam; Charles Behm; André Bordang; J. P. Frantzen; François Hentges;Pierre Hentges; Michel Hemmerling; J. B. Horn; Nicolas Kanivé; EmileKnepper; Nicolas Kummer; Marcel Langsam; Emile Lanners; J. P. Thommes;François Wagner; Antoine Wehrer; Ferdinand Wirtz; Joseph Zouang; MauricePolyen.Dress: White jersey, with sleeves reaching to elbows; black stockinetpantalons with white facings.Programme.I. EXERCICES D’ENSEMBLE IMPOSÉS.(Mouvements de Tunis.)Les exercices préliminaires sont au nombre de quatre.Les trois premiers s’exécutent sur quatre faces; chaque face se compose dequatre mouvements, ce qui donne pour chacun des trois premiers exercices, 12mouvements à quatre temps; le quatrième s’exécute sur deux faces; chaque face secompose de 12 mouvements à quatre temps, soit au total 96 temps.La cadence est de 84 à la minute pour les trois premiers exercices et de 80pour le quatrième.Positions. — Les positions se prennent aux temps indiqués par numéros soulignés.Si plusieurs chiffres sont soulignés l’exécution se fait en plusieurs temps.L’indication de “station régulière” signifie “position du soldat sans arme”.Tète. — Elle est toujours directe, sauf indication contraire.Mains. — Mains aux épaules, à la poitrine, à la nuque, aux hanches; se conformerau règlement de l’Union sur l’Instruction de la gymnastique (1908).Elles sont toujours ouvertes.Dans la position de: bras en avant, bras en haut, bras de côté, bras en arrière,se reporter à l’indication de l’exercice.Bras. — Les cercles de bras doivent se faire bras bien tendus, sans contractionmusculaire.Jambes. — Les élévations de jambes en arrière et sur les côtés doivent sefaire à environ 40 centimètres du sol; les lancers de jambe en avant, jambe hori-550

zontale. Les flexions des membres inférieurs se font sur la pointe des pieds,genoux écartés, tronc droit (ne reposant pas sur les mollets).Cercle. — Le bras gauche passe toujours par-dessus le bras droit.Fentes. — Pour les fentes en avant et en arrière, le tronc incliné et dans leprolongement de la jambe tendue.La fente se fait à 65 centimètres (environ) les pieds selon l’indication.Rassemblements. — Ils se font toujours sur la jambe stationnaire.Commandements. — Pour le concours, le moniteur se place de façon que savoix soit bien entendue des gymnastes.Il commande: Garde à vous! Après avoir indiqué le numéro de l’exercice, ilcommande: Commencez, et compte les temps à haute voix.Les gymnastes prennent d’eux-mêmes la position de repos au quatrième tempsdu dernier mouvement en plagant les mains au dos à hauteur de la ceinture et enportant le pied gauche en avant.1 er Exercice.Thème. — Élévation des bras — cercle des bras — fentes latérales — mainsà la poitrine — bras obliques — élévation de la jambe tendue en arrière.Élever les bras tendus en avant en haut (paumes des mains endedans).3/4 de cercle des bras devant le corps, bras de côté (paumes desmains en dessous).Fente latérale à droite, pieds à plat, tronc dans le prolongementde la jambe droite tendue, jambe gauche fléchie, mains à lapoitrine.Extension des avant-bras de côté, bras perpendiculaires à la positiondu corps (paumes des mains en dessous.)Rassembler le pied droit au gauche, bras en haut, passant par enbas et en avant (paumes des mains en dedans).Fente latérale à gauche, pieds à plat, tronc dans le prolongementde la jambe gauche tendue, droite fléchie, bras perpendiculairesà la position du corps (paumes des mains en dessous).Faire face à droite, en pivotant et en s’élevant sur la pointe dupied droit, élever la jambe gauche tendue en arrière, abductiondes bras en arrière, passant par en bas.Rassembler le pied gauche au droit, station régulière.II e E x e r ci c e.Thème. — Pas gauche en avant — pas latéral — mains aux épaules — fenteslatérales avec extension d’un bras — cercle du bras gauche — lancer de jambeen avant.Pas gauche en avant, jambes tendues et élever les bras tendus enavant (paumes des mains en dedans).Pas latéral à gauche, jambes tendues, bras tendus de côté (paumesen dessus).Faire face à gauche, en pivotant sur le talon gauche et la pointedu pied droit, talon droit levé, jambe gauche fléchie, droite tendue,mains aux épaules.Extension des bras dans le prolongement du tronc et de la jambetendue, droit oblique en haut et gauche oblique en bas (paumesdes mains en dedans).Faire face à droite, en pivotant sur le talon gauche et la pointedu pied droit, bras tendus de côté, passant par en bas (paumesdes mains en dessus).Faire face à droite, en pivotant sur le talon droit et la pointe dupied gauche, talon gauche levé; jambe gauche tendue, droitefléchie, bras passant par en bas, gauche oblique en haut, droitoblique en bas (paumes des mains en dedans).551

III e E x e r c i c e.Lancer la jambe gauche tendue en avant, bras horizontaux en faisantdécrire au bras gauche 8/r de cercle d’arrière en avant(paumes des mains en dedans).Station régulière.Thème. — Élévation de la cuisse, — mains aux épaules, — extension des bras,extension de la jambe, mains à la nuque, cercles des bras.Élever la cuisse gauche, mains aux épaules.Extension verticale des bras, extension de la jambe gauche, piedà 0,40 du sol (paumes des mains en dedans).Pas à gauche de côté, jambes tendues, bras de côté par 314 decercle devant le corps (paumes des mains en dessous).Fléchir la jambe droite, mains à la nuque, tronc dans le prolongementde la jambe gauche tendue.Faire face à droite sur les talons, mains aux épaules.Extension oblique des bras en haut dans le prolongement du troncet de la jambe gauche tendue (paumes des mains en dedans).Rassembler le pied gauche au droit, par 3/4 de cercle des brasdevant le corps, bras de côté, et élever la jambe gauche tenduede côté (paumes des mains en dessous).Station régulière.IVe E x e r c i c e.Thème. — Sursaut à la station écartée, élévation des bras, flexion sur les extrémitésinférieures, appui couché facial, costal, dorsal, fente, cercle des bras.Sursaut à la station écartée, bras de côté (paumes des mains endessous).Sursaut pieds réunis talons levés, bras tendus verticaux (paumesdes mains en dedans).Fléchir sur les extrémités inférieures, bras horizontaux (paumesdes mains en dedans).Poser les mains à terre, devant la pointe des pieds, genoux endehors.Extension du corps et des jambes en arrière, à l’appui facial couché.Passer la jambe droite tendue par-dessus la gauche et poser lepied à 0,2o environ du gauche.Tourner sur le bras gauche à l’appui costal, élever le bras droitde côté en haut (paume de la main en avant).Poser la main droite à terre en pivotant sur le bras gauche àl’appui dorsal couché, talons réunis.Élévation de la jambe gauche tendue.Abaisser la jambe gauche.Elévation de la jambe droite tendue.Abaisser la jambe droite.Passer la jambe droite tendue par-dessus la gauche et poser lepied à 0.20 environ du gauche.Tourner sur le bras gauche à l’appui costal, élever le bras droitde côté en haut (paume de la main en dedans).Appui facial tendu, tourner sur le bras gauche en posant la maindroite à terre et rapporter le pied droit au gauche.Flexion des bras.Extension des bras.Fléchir les jambes en ramenant les pieds en arrière des mains,genoux en dehors des bras.Fente de la jambe gauche tendue arrière (0,65), jambe droitefléchie, corps incliné en avant, pieds à plat, bras tendus obliquementen arrière en bas.552

DISPLAY BY FINNISH WOMEN GYMNASTS,

Pl. 213.DISPLAY BY FINNISH WOMEN GYMNASTS.DISPLAY BY FINNISH WOMEN GYMNASTS.

Faire face en arrière en tournant à gauche sur les talons, mainsaux épaules, jambe droite fléchie, gauche tendue.Extension oblique des bras en haut dans le prolongement du corps(paume des mains en dedans).Rassembler le pied gauche au droit, talons levés, bras tendus decôté par 3/4 de cercle devant le corps.Station régulière.II. BARRES PARALLÈLES.Hauteur des barres: 1,60 m. Écartement des barres: 0,42 m.Position initiale: Au commandement “Attention”: Pencher le corps un peu enavant, étendre les bras en arrière en bas, mains ouvertes, paumes en dedans. Aucommandement “Commencez”: Sauter le plus loin possible au milieu des barresà l’appui brachial, prise radiale, et en même temps, s’elancer en avant à l’appuibrachial mi-renversé transversal dorsal.Se basculer à l’appui tendu.Élancer en arrière.Élancer en avant par appui fléchi à l’appui tendu.Élancer en arrière à l’appui renversé.2. 3. 4. Abaisser lentement à l’appui d’épaules.Poser la tête sur la poitrine.Tourner “/, de tour en avant à l’appui brachial.Tourner 6/d de tour en arrière par l’appui brachial écarté latéralement.Terminer l’élan à l’appui brachial mi-renversé.Élancer en avant en fléchissant légèrement les bras.Élancer en arrière à l’appui tendu et au siège dorsal en dehors à droite,derrière la prise.Lever le corps sur le coude droit.Lever les jambes à l’appui de coude droit horizontal latéral.Revenir en barres à l’appui tendu.Élancer en avant.Élancer en arrière en passant la jambe gauche sous la main droite, d’avanten arrière et croiser les jambes derrière la prise (jambe gauche en dedansdroite en dehors).Frapper la cuisse droite derrière la prise sur la barre droite en élançanten même temps la jambe gauche devant la prise par-dessus la barre droite.Sauter par 1/2 tour à gauche à la station fléchie, en reprenant avec lamain droite la barre droite; bras gauche tendu en avant, main fermée,ongles en dedans.Position.N.B. Les chiffres romains signifient les arrêts; les chiffres arabes marquentles temps d’exécution. Les mouvements marqués de chiffres arabes sont à exécutersans arrêt. La durée des différents arrêts au travail simultané est réservée à l’appréciationdu moniteur.III. ANNEAUX.Lever les jambes horizontalement en avant; — puis se lever à la suspension renversée.Tourner en arrière, cuisses et jambes tendues à la suspension horizontale dorsale.Tourner en avant, corps tendu, à la suspension renversée.Fléchir les cuisses, se basculer à l’appui tendu et puis, lever les jambes horizontalementen avant.En maintenant jambes tendues en avant, abaisser à la suspension faciale.Elancer en arrière, puis en avant à l’appui tendu.Tourner en avant à la suspension mi-renversée; élancer en arrière, en avant etsauter, en tournant en arrière, corps tendu à la station fléchie; bras tendus enavant; maintien dorsal.553

IV. BARRE FIXE.Hauteur: 2,40 m. Position initiale: Suspension tendue latérale faciale, prise dorsale.Lever les jambes horizontalement en avant.Fléchir les jambes, les passer entre la prise et les étendre vivement à la suspensionhorizontale dorsale.Abaisser à la suspension dorsale.Changer à la suspension faciale, en lâchant main gauche et en tournant un tourà droite.Prendre la prise sur les poignets et se lever à l’appui tendu.Tourner en arrière à la suspension mi-renversée faciale et au temps, élancer enavant, en arrière, en avant et par suspension mi-renversée, se basculer enavant à l’appui tendu et sans arrêt, pousser le corps en arrière, pour tourneren arrière par grand élan, corps bien étendu, à l’appui facial.Élancer légèrement en avant, puis en arrière en levant les jambes tendues etécartées sur la barre en dehors de la prise; tourner en arrière à la suspensionmi-renversée et en joignant les jambes devant la barre, sauter en avant à lastation fléchie; bras tendus en avant, maintien radial.Result: prize NORWAYFINLANDDENMARKGENERAL PROTOCOL.III. Team Competition, with free choice of movements and apparatus.Points awarded byAllumClod-HansenWilskmanSysonWagnerTotal pointsTotal pointsTotal pointsTotal pointsTotal pointsGermany:Average pointsNorway:Average pointsDenmark:Average pointsFinland:Average pointsLuxemburg:Average pointsStockholm, 10 July, 1912.Ivar Wilskman. Abr. Clod-Hansen. Dr. Med. Wagner-Hohenlobbese.F. D. Allum. A. E. Syson.Confirmed: Einar Nerman. Chief Leader.554

INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION.Friday, 12 July.The competition took place on July 12 between 9.30 a.m.—5 p.m.Judges:Dr. F. Allum, Norway,Dr. Lachaud, France,Captain A. E. Syson, Great Britain,Professor Cesare Tifi, Italy,Dr. Ivar Wilskman, Finland.Result: I. prize ALBERTO BRAGLIA Italy pointsII. LOUIS SÉGURA FranceIII. ADOLFO TUNESI Italy44 men took part in this competition, but two of these did notfinish. The names of the nations represented can be seen from thegeneral protocol on pp. 558—559.The Displays.In these there took part: 4 teams of women: the Swedish team being48 strong; the Norwegian numbering 22; the Danish 148 and theFinnish 18, and4 teams of men: the Swedish team numbering 192; the Danish320; the Hungarian 16 and the Russian 18.DISPLAY BY THE SWEDISH TEAM OF MEN GYMNASTS.Saturday, 6 July.With the Swedish colours waving at their head, the 192 men formingthe Swedish team marched into the arena at 12.30 p.m., underthe command of Captain E. Lieberath.Dress: white jersey with short sleeves, white trousers, white shoeswith rubber soles, blue and yellow belt. The Swedish flag was sewnon the breast of each jersey.The execution of the programme took about 40 minutes. Thevertical and inclined ropes of the gymnastic apparatus were employedfor the heaving movements; four horses and five vaulting plinths wereused simultaneously for the vaulting. The marching in ordinary timeand at the double were executed on the running track.DISPLAY BY THE SWEDISH TEAM OF WOMEN GYMNASTS.Saturday, 6 ]uly.Immediately after the Swedish men gymnasts had left the arena,the 48 Swedish women gymnasts entered under the command ofMiss Marrit Hallström, Director of Gymnastics, who wore the samedress as the team. The Swedish flag was carried in front of thetroop by one of the women.Dress: blue blouse with black collar, above which there appearedto be attached to the blouse the Three Crowns of Sweden, executed inyellow silk. The sleeves reached to a little below the elbows and555

had black cuffs; the Swedish flag in miniature was attached to the leftupper arm of the blouse; blue “bloomers”; black stockings, black shoes,with leather soles, attached by a leather strap passing round the ankles.The free exercises (i. e. without apparatus) were executed on thegymnastic floor.The gymnastic apparatus was employed for the heaving movementsand for the vaulting, plinths, too, being used for the latter. The apparatuswas managed by the women themselves. The marching was performedon the gymnastic floor, and the programme was concluded at 2 p. m.About 1.30 p. m., officials and competitors in other branches ofathletics began to assemble in the arena, and this somewhat marred theeffect of the display.DISPLAY BY THE DANISH TEAM OF WOMEN GYMNASTS.Monday, 8 July.Under the command of Miss Bentsen the 148 Danish women gymnastsmarched into the arena at 9.30 a. m., preceded by a mancarrying the national flag.Dress: white blouse with the “Dannebrog” (Danish flag) on the leftupper arm; black bloomers; black shoes and stockings.The team had its own apparatus, which was managed by the Danishmen gymnasts.DISPLAY BY THE DANISH TEAM OF MEN GYMNASTS.Monday, 8 July.Commanded by Herr Vilhelm Kristensen, Director and Vice-Inspectorof Gymnastics, the great team, 320 strong, of Danish mengymnasts, preceded by the Danish colours, which were hung with crapeowing to the recent death of the Danish King, marched into the arenaat 10.37 a. m., the ranks being somewhat disturbed by the passage ofthe competitors in the walking competition. On its arrival in the arena,the team marched forward singing a song, and drew up in two columnsfronting the east, near the middle of the southern third-of the arena.Dress: white jersey with short sleeves, and with the “Dannebrog”on the breast; white trousers with straps; white shoes and belt.The team had its own apparatus, which was employed whenevernecessary.The leader of the team stood on a little platform. Counting timewas employed very much.The programme was concluded about 11.20 a. m.DISPLAY BY THE NORWEGIAN TEAM OF WOMEN GYMNASTS.Monday, 8 July.Under the command of Captain Reidar Fabritius, the Norwegianteam of 22 women gymnasts, preceded by a man carrying their nationalcolours, marched into the arena after the conclusion of thedisplay given by the Danish men gymnasts.Dress: white blouse with black collar and black cuffs; black skirts;black stockings and shoes. The leader was in full parade.556

The introductory exercises, marching and concluding exercises werecarried out on the gymnastic floor. The Swedish gymnastic apparatuswas employed, but was managed by men assistants. Beams, resemblingbars, were also employed.The display was concluded about 12.10 p. m.DISPLAY BY THE FINNISH TEAM OF WOMEN GYMNASTS.Monday, 8 ]uly.Immediately the previous division had left the arena, the Finnishteam of women gymnasts, 18 strong, marched in, under the commandof Miss Björkqvist, who was attired in a light-coloured walking-dress,but wore no hat.Dress: grey pleated blouse and skirt of antique cut; grey stockingsand shoes.In addition to the Swedish apparatus, bars and a spring-board werealso employed. A great number of the movements were executedon the turf close to the Royal box.DISPLAY BY THE HUNGARIAN TEAM OF MEN GYMNASTS.Wednesday, 10 July.The team, consisting of 16 men in addition to the leader, HerrBábel Rezsö, marched in at 4 p. m., preceeded by the Hungarian flag.Dress: white jersey with long sleeves, and with the Hungarian armson a large badge attached to the breast; rather wide, white trouserswithout straps; narrow red-yellow belt; white shoes.The programme embraced free exercises with Indian clubs; similarmovements without clubs, and others with gymnastic apparatus. Theapparatus was managed by special attendants.DISPLAY BY THE RUSSIAN TEAM OF MEN GYMNASTS.Thursday, 11 July.The team, 18 men strong, consisted of officers from the RussianGymnastic School.Dress: white sleeveless jersey, with a red edging round the neck,shoulders and bottom; belt in the Russian colours; blue, tight-fitting,narrow trousers with straps; black shoes with leather soles.The programme embraced free movements and movements withhorizontal bar, parallel bars and vaulting horse. About half the timewas devoted to the free movements.COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE COMPETITIONS ANDDISPLAYS.A comparative view of the competitions and displays in Gymnasticsduring the Olympic Games of 1912 is of the very greatest interest,as, on that occasion, every nation tried, of course, to exhibit the bestand most characteristic features of its own form of work in thisbranch of physical education. But when this comparison is made,respect must be paid, first and foremost, to one important factor557

GENERAL PROTOCOL.IV. Individual Competition.N a m eHorizontal Bar Parallel Bars Rings Pommelled HorsesTotalPointsGellért ImreHungaryWilliam Cowhig Great BritainGiorgio Zampori ItalyEmil Lanners LuxemburgEin. Aug. Möbius DenmarkAug. Pompogne FranceNicolas Kanive LuxemburgLouis Charl. Marty FranceJózsef Szalay HungaryIános Korponay HungaryHonzacko Bohumie BohemiaAlexandre Achun RussiaAxel Sigurd Andersen DenmarkAntoine Costa FranceNiels Petersen DenmarkWilliam Nieminen FinlandGuido Roman0 ItalySam. Hodgetts Great BritainElemér Pátzthy HungaryGuido BoniItalyArvor Hansen DenmarkSemen Kulikoff RussiaCh. Simmons Great BritainFrançois Hentges LuxemburgLouis Ségura FranceAdolfo Tunesi ItalyCh. Chr. P. Jensen DenmarkMarcel LaluFranceItalyLuxemburgGreat BritainGreat BritainFinlandRussiaFinlandLuxemburgAlberto BragliaPierre HentgesJohn WhitakerReg. Hubert PottsKaarlo W. EkholmTeodore ZabelineAntti Fr. TamminenJean Pierre ThomasPietro BianchiAntoine WehrerCarl Jul. PedersenPaul KonchorikoffUrjö W. WuolioMarcos TorrésKarl Edv. JanssonLeon. HanssonItalyLuxemburgDenmarkRussiaFinlandFranceFinlandGreat BritainStockholm, July 12 1912.IVAR WILSKMAN. F. D. ALLUM. A. E. SYSON. CESARE TIFI.LACHAUD.MICHAEL BELY.WILHELM CARLBERG.Leader.Confirmed:EINAR NERMANChief Leader.

— the system employed — for the various systems stand entirely outsidethe scope of such a comparison and must be treated individually.Of such systems we saw “Ling’s System”, as it is called, in more orless pure forms; the German “Turn”, and a third, displayed by aRussian team, and the originator of which was an Russian officer.It is true that gymnastics displayed by a team, on the one hand, andan exhibition of purely individual skill, on the other, in accordancewith the same system, can be compared, although such an examinationwould be very defective, and altogether valueless. Competitionsor displays in gymnastics, per se, have often and very thoroughlybeen discussed, as far as regards the Swedish (Ling’s) system. Nowadays,it is pretty generally acknowledged that this form of gymnasticsis not suited for competitions, although many are of the opinion thatsuch competitions, if held, tend to development. Both forms, however,occurred at the Games. From a purely gymnastic point of view, thecompeting- and the display teams can be judged together, but, inother respects, the points of comparison are more numerous and notwithout interest.Finally, gymnastics for men and gymnastics for women must belooked at separately, not because there is any definite difference inthe system, but as, in many respects, the method of applying thesystem is, and must be, very different, a comparison is not unjustifiable.Gymnastics for women occurs only within the Ling-group, which, onthe other hand, did not send a single representative to the individualcompetition — a fact which, of itself, is most significantThe Swedish school was represented by the three northern countries,Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Although, of late years, Ling’steachings have begun to spread, and have won an increasing numberof adherents in many countries, such as Belgium, Great Britain, Holland,Russia and, in part, Germany, none of these nations had sentrepresentatives. This circumstance was greatly regretted, as, withoutdoubt, it would have been both instructive and interesting to observehow the great man’s principles had been transformed into practiceunder varying conditions. As the case was, the teams taking part inthe Games bore a great resemblance to each other. The task of thejudges, however, was certainly a far lighter one than it was in London.The reason of this was, that, in certain respects, the Swedishteam was considerably better, and the divisions from Denmark and,especially, Norway, not at all so good as those that took part inthe London competition, in 1908.As there can be no question of publishing here a personal viewof the results, the most natural way of making a comparisonbetween the competing teams is to give some extracts from theprotocols, or minutes, of the judges. But if the figures given areto be viewed in their true light, respect must be paid to thegroups of exercises which were to be judged; the marks given, andthe co-efficient. According to the protocol, Sweden gained 4,687.3points, Denmark 4,494.2 and Norway 4,286.o5. In the two mostimportant groups — archflexions (“span-bending”) movements and560

P1. 214.SWEDISH WOMEN GYMNASTS MARCH INTO THE STADIUM.DISPLAY TEAM OF SWEDISH WOMEN GYMNASTS.

DISPLAY BY SWEDISH WOMEN GYMNASTS.

DISPLAY BY SWEDISH WOMAN GYMNASTS.

DISPLAY BY SWEDISH WOMAN GYMNASTS Climbing vertical ropes.

evenness and precision, Sweden had 548 and 542 respectively; Denmark546 and 552 and Norway 492 and 492 points, out of 600possible, from which can be seen that Denmark, in the last-mentionedgroup, was considered to be first. In the heaving movements, marchingand running, lateral (alternate) trunk movements and vaulting,Sweden was given 484.75, 505.75, 460.25 and 471.80, or a total of1,922.55 points; Denmark 449.50, 453.95, 462 and 453.25, or a totalof 1,818.70 points, and Norway 427, 448, 451.50 and 424.90, or atotal of 1,751.40. These marks were of 2,100 possible. In theshoulder-blade movements and abdominal exercises, Sweden obtained403.50 and 409.50 respectively, or a total of 813 ; Denmark 385.50and 381, total 766.50, and Norway 375 and 384, total 759, of 900possible. For the introductory exercises, the figures for the threecountries were 338.75, 323,50 and 306.25, respectively, of 375 possible,and, finally, for the balance movements and the concluding exercises,the figures for the three countries were 252, 238, 247.4 and271, 262 and 248, of 375 possible in each case.It will be seen from this, not only that the judges had a very clearidea of the relative order of merit of these three countries, but alsothat the difference between the countries was not very great. If wemake an attempt to discover any special, characteristic features fromthe total impression given, it would be, that the carriage of the Danishteam was a little stiff — the result, perhaps, of the shoulders beingdrawn somewhat too much back — while in the case of the Norwegians,there was noticeable a certain disposition to back-swank (a swayingin of the back) a fault which, formerly, was quite noticeable in ourSwedish gymnasts but which, happily, in the younger generation inSweden, seems about to disappear. All three teams were well andevenly trained. It was apparent that much time and care had beendevoted to the vaulting, which went with life and confidence.In the displays, there were teams of women and of men; four teamsaltogether of women from Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway,and a total of two teams of men from Sweden and Denmark.The work of the Swedish team of women was worth all possiblepraise. It displayed an evenness in the movements and an observance ofstyle which was seldom disturbed ; there was suppleness, combinedwith strength in the heaving exercises and the vaulting, and a dignityover the whole which gave an impression of perfect confidence andself-control on the part of the executants.The programme of the Danish women’s team was considerablyeasier than that of their Swedish sisters, both from a purely gymnasticpoint of view and also as regards the character of the movements.The impression given, however, was a sprightlier one thanthat afforded by the Swedish team, the reason probably being thatthe Danes were 148 strong ; the Swedes only 48.From the very instant of their entrance into the arena, the team ofFinnish women made a most sympathetic impression, the result, in agreat measure of a very attractive dress, but also of a well-composedprogramme and good execution of the movements — there being in36 Fifth Olympiad. 561

the two latter moments, one might venture to say, a mournful poesy,which could not but awaken the sympathies of the public. Therewas much esthetic gymnastics in the programme, but a great amountof energetic heaving movements and vaulting, too. It was somewhatunusual to see women make use of the parallel bars, and the employmentof a spring-board in the vaulting seemed a little old-fashioned.The display by the Norwegian women was beautiful as a whole,but the team was numerically too small to be able to make anyreal, permanent impression.Of the men’s display teams, the Danish deserves special mention,The division numbered no less than 320; it was composed of personsbelonging to all classes of society, and displayed what the system can,and wishes to, produce in the gymnastic instruction of great masses.The nations representing another system of gymnastics than theSwedish were very numerous. In Group II, where the programme consistedof movements according to fixed regulations, there took partLuxemburg, Hungary, Germany, Great Britain and Italy, in the ordermentioned. Russia also formed part of this group, but did not compete.In group III, with free choice of movements, an opportunitywas given of seeing Norway, Denmark, Finland, Germany and Luxemburg.A team from Hungary gave a display.It was very difficult — for a Swedish gymnast especially — tojudge the competitions and displays in Group II from the spectators’benches, as it was the details in the execution of a programme whichwas the same for all the teams, that decided the competition. Thereare some few general points of view, however, that deserve to beemphasized and are not without interest.As we stated before, it was the German “turn” that was exhibited.The series-movements, as usual, gave character to the whole, andexercised its usual influence, i. e., form having to give way to the observanceof the order in which the movements were to be taken.The very natural result was, that the carriage, on the whole, wasnot good, and little respect was shown to the details of the positions.The German system hardly tends to promote good marching, and whatwas shown on this occasion was not better than the usual displays.On the whole, there did not exist that harmony over the whole thata Swedish gymnast wishes to see.The judges placed Italy first in this competition, and public opinionhad, probably, previously come to the same decision. The protocolshows a certain superiority for Italy in nearly all the groups ofexercises judged. The carriage in the free movements was betterthan that of the other teams, and one could not avoid noticing the:better all-round physical development of the Italian division. Thesame team got pretty high point-totals for the execution of the movements,too. The placing was: Italy, Hungary, Great Britain. As asummary of our opinion it may be said, that all the teams gave theimpression of being a number of individuals specially trained in certaindifficult exercises, who had been brought together to display theirtalents collectively.562

In Group III an opportunity was given of seeing a mixture of theSwedish system and the German “turn”. No one doubted but thatthe Norwegian team would win the contest. Everybody’s opinionwas, that the division in question was not a little superior to the Norwegianteam that had competed in Group I, both as regards uniformityin the movements, and also as regards the correctness withwhich they were carried out. The Danish team also took part in amixed programme, of which exercises on the horizontal and parallelbars and with rings formed no slight proportion. Finland and Germanydisplayed some staff-exercises. The Finlanders have always loved theiron staff as a gymnastic attribute, and it cannot be denied that it isan interesting item in gymnastics. The same can be said of the longstaves used by the Germans, with which figures were formed andcurves described. The programme of the nations now mentioned alsoembraced the usual exercises derived from “turn” -gymnastics.The judges placed Finland next to Norway, Denmark being awardedthe third prize.As regards the individual competitions, it only needs to be saidthat, in all the exercises, the representatives of the various nationsdisplayed a skill which must have been seen to be properly understood.The reader is referred to the judges’ protocol for the resultof this competition.563

HORSE RIDING COMPETITIONS.t was first at the Olympic Games of Stockholm thatHorse Riding competitions were placed on the programmeof the modern Olympiads, and many difficulties hadto be overcome before even that measure of success wasobtained.The first time that the idea was brought forward ofincluding Horse Riding events among the Olympic competitions, wasat the meeting of the International Olympic Committee, at Athens,in 1906. The proposer of the plan was Count Clarence von Rosen,the Swedish representative on the Committee, who urged the greatimportance of Horse Riding, too, forming part of the Games. Militaryrepresentatives ought to take part in the proposed competitions, as theGames would thereby be strengthened by an element that would otherwisebe absent, and would certainly gain in popularity and scope,while the various Governments and other State authorities would feelmuch more interest in the Games, were the cavalry officers of differentcountries to compete with each other. The opponents of the measurepointed out, on the other hand, that the cost of the proposed event wouldbe very great, and that, consequently, there would not be many entries.Count von Rosen succeeded in gaining the support of Baron Pierrede Coubertin, President of the Committee, who requested him to preparea scheme for the competitions in question, and to lay it before theMeeting of the International Olympic Committee at the Hague, in 1907.A Committee was, consequently, formed in Stockholm the same year,consisting of (then) Captain G. A. Boltenstern, Baron Cl. Cederström,Captain E. af Kleen, Lieut. Count C. Bonde and Count Cl. von Rosen,the latter of whom acted as secretary.This Committee drew up a proposal which was signed by H. R. H.Prince Carl, Inspector of the Swedish Cavalry, and Major General,Count A. Gyldenstolpe, the then President of the Swedish Jockey564

Club. The document was translated into English and laid beforethe Meeting of the International Olympic Committee at the Hague in1907. It embraced prize riding, a riding-pentathlon and the Jeu deRose. It was considered a good idea, and Lord Desborough, GreatBritain’s representative at the Meeting, and President of the ‘BritishOlympic Council, declared that Great Britain would be prepared toplace Horse Riding Competitions on the programme for the Gamesof London, 1908, if Count Clarence von Rosen could show that thereexisted any enthusiasm on the continent for the plan.This Count von Rosen was able to do, and in the autumn of 1907,the question arising of the best manner of organizing the competitionsin question, Count von Rosen was called to London, Count C. Bondeaccompanying him as a member of “Le comité pour la redactiondes règlements équestres Olympiques et Internationaux”.As the British Olympic Council considered that it was not able toarrange Horse Riding competitions in the Stadium, it communicatedwith the International Horse Show, Ltd, Olympia, which undertookto hold the competitions if Count von Rosen would organize themand, within a fixed period, was able to guarantee that six nations wouldeach enter at least 4 representatives.Before the close of the time fixed, 8 nations had entered a totalof 88 competitors, and His Majesty King Edward VII had personallyexpressed the wish to present a challenge cup for prize riding. As,however, an unexpectedly large number of entries had been made forthe Horse Show, the Olympia Board found itself unable to carry outthe Olympic programme too, so that nothing came of the matter.At the meeting of the International Olympic Committee in Londonduring the Games of 1908, Sweden expressed its readiness to arrange theOlympic Games of 1912 in Stockholm. In Berlin, in 1909, Sweden cameforward with a programme which included Horse Riding competitionsin accordance with the programme drawn up for the London event. Thiswas adopted in principal, and Sweden was officially given the honourabletask of carrying out the Olympic Games of 1912 in Stockholm.In the autumn of 1909 there was formed, under the patronage ofH. R. H. Prince Carl, a preliminary Committee for the Horse Ridingcompetitions, this Committee taking definite form at a meetingheld at Prince Carl’s Palace, on the 8 April, 1910, under the title of“The Committee for the Horse Riding Competitions of the OlympicGames of Stockholm, 1912".ORGANIZING= AND PREPARATORY WORK.The Committee formed at the meeting on the 8 April, 1910, consisted ofHon. President: H. R. H. PRINCE CARL,President: Colonel, Count E. OXENSTIERNA,Treasurer: Captain, Count FAB. F:SON WREDE,Secretary: Count CL. VON ROSEN, Master of the Horse,Colonel G. TORÉN,Major, Baron CL. CEDERSTRÖM,Count C. BONDE, Master of the Horse.565

During the spring of 1910 the following members were added tothe Committee :Colonel B. MUNCK,J. PHILIPSON, Esq.,Captain, Baron N. PALMSTIERNA,Lieut., Count C. G. LEWENHAUPT,Lieut. C. TRÄGÅRDH,the latter of whom afterwards officiated as Secretary, Count von Rosenbeing the General Secretary.The first questions dealt with by the Committee were the placingof the Horse Riding competitions on a secure economic basis, andthe drafting of the programme.While, at previous Olympic Games, only medals and challengeprizes had been awarded in every branch of athletics, the first idea,when the proposal was made to place Horse Riding competitions onthe programme, was, that in consequence of the very great expenseentailed on those taking part in the events, it wo uld not be possibleto carry them out successfully unless large money-prizes were also given.In consequence, the first measure taken by the Committee was toendeavour to obtain funds for the prizes in question.As a means of comparison between the original and the final programmesand budgets, it may be of interest to mention that the earliestdraft of the programme included prize riding, prize jumping,pentathlon on horseback (the latter embracing team cross-country riding,prize jumping and prize riding, individual steeple-chase ridingand a long distance ride with prize jumping), and Jeu de Rose, whilethe first budget amounted to Kr. 35,000 (£ 1,925 : $ 9,625), of whichKr. 15,000 (£ 825 : $ $ 4,125) was to be awarded in money prizes,the rest going to pay expenses.In order to be able to carry out the competitions, the Committeedetermined to apply first of all to the Swedish Olympic Committee witha request for a guarantee fund of Kr. 10,000 (£ 550 ; $ $ 2,750),the Committee also applied to the Horse Show in Stockholm, theStockholm Horse Racing Club and all the Field Riding Clubs in thecountry asking them to give guarantees to cover the expenses.As a result, the following guarantees were signed:The Swedish Olympic Committee 10,000: (£ 550 : $ 2,750)The Stockholm Horse Racing Club 10,000: (£ 550 : $ 2,750)The Stockholm Field Riding Club 5,000: (£ 275 : $ 1,375)The Scanian 5,000: (£ 275 : $ 1,375)The Gothenburg 5,000: (£ 275 : $1,375)The Småland—Östergötland Field RidingClub 2,000: (£ 110 : $ 550)The Uppland—Vestmanland Field RidingClub 1,000: (£ 55 : $ 275)The Norrland Field Riding Club 1,000: (£ 55 : $ 275)Total : Kronor: 39,000: (£ 2,145 : $ 10,725)566

This sum was not considered large enough, however, and early inMay a new budget was drawn up, amounting to Kr. 45,000 (£ 2,475:$ 12,375), this, too, soon being rejected as insufficient.The work of the Committee during the spring of 1910 was concentratedon an examination of the possibility of, and the conditionsnecessary for, holding the Horse Riding competitions in connectionwith the Olympic Games. It was then thought that the events inquestion ought to be arranged like those in Brussels and London,i. e., with money prizes (“objets d’art”), and in order to obtain sufficientfunds, the Committee then determined to endeavour to obtain guarantee-subscriptionsfrom private persons.The condition had been attached to the guarantee of Kr. 10,000given by the Swedish Olympic Committee, that the said Committeeshould enjoy preferential rights of repayment. As the Horse RidingCommittee felt that it could not accept this condition, it determinedto make another appeal to the Swedish Olympic Committee and, onthe supposition that private persons would give guarantees amountingto Kr. 8,000 (£ 440 : $ 2,200), fresh estimates were made, amountingto Kr. 50,000 (£ 2,750 : $ 13,750), of which Kr. 25,000 (£ 1,375 :$ 6,875) were to be awarded as money prizes, the remainder to beemployed to cover expenses. It was thought that these should berestricted to Kr. 25,000, i. e., the limit covered by the guaranteefund, as the money received by the sale of tickets, etc., could notbe used to cover expenses, but was to be employed for the repaymentof the guarantees.A committee was appointed to draw up estimates for the competitions,the total amount to be awarded in prizes being fixed atKr. 25,000. These estimates were ready about the 1 June.At the meeting of the Swedish Olympic Committee on the 6 June,1910, it was resolved to subscribe Kr. 10,000 towards the HorseRiding Competitions held in connection with the Olympic Games.Immediately after this meeting, which had such important resultsfor the carrying out of the competitions, the International OlympicCommittee met at Luxemburg on the 11 June. At this meeting itwas determined, amongst other things, that, in future, only medals, andno money prizes or prizes of honour, were to be awarded in all thebranches of sport at the Games.This resolution with regard to the award of medals gave a new turnto the question of the arrangement of the Horse Riding competitionsin connection with the Olympic Games, for, from the very beginning,everything had been grounded on the principle that money prizes wouldbe allowed, the estimates being based on this idea and the guaranteesasked for having been given on this supposition. It now becamenecessary to make different economic arrangements for the competitionswhich were to be held under these new conditions, and at firstthe Committee was very doubtful what steps to take, for, rememberingthe large money prizes awarded at horse riding competitions inLondon and on the continent, a doubt was felt whether there wouldbe any large number of entries for these Olympic events, — the first567

of the kind at which no money prizes were to be awarded, althoughparticipation in them would be attended with heavy transport expenses.During the early part of the summer of 1910, however, at the requestof the Committee, Count von Rosen, the General Secretary,went to London, Brussels, Paris and Berlin. The result of this journeyshowed that Great Britain, Belgium, France and Germany intended totake part in the Horse Riding competitions although no prizes wereto be awarded and, in consequence, the Committee, at a meeting heldon the 11 November, 1910, determined to arrange Horse Riding competitionsin connection with the Olympic Games and that no moneyprize, in any form, should be then awarded, but that the prizes shouldconsist of medals and challenge prizes and that the estimates shouldbe increased to Kr. 60,000 (£ 3,300 : $ 16,500).At the beginning of 1912 the estimates were further increased toKr. 81,000 (£ 4,455 : $ 22,273), a sum that soon rose to Kr. 100,000(£ 5,500 : $ 27,500), the guarantee-sum given by the Swedish OlympicCommittee being, at the same time, increased to Kr. 15,000 (£ 825 :$ 4,125).In spite of some pessimistic opinions in different quarters, the economicresult of the ‘competitions was exceedingly good. It is truethat the highest sum allowed by the estimates for expenses (kr. 100,000)was exceeded by Kr. 3,992: 01 (£ 220 : $ 1,100) this step beingpermitted by the Swedish Olympic Committee), so that the total expensesof the Horse Riding competitions were Kr. 103,992 : 01(£ 5,720 : $ 28,600), but the receipts amounted to Kr. 123,539: 69(£ 6,794 : $ 33,970), giving a surplus of Kr. 19,547 : 68 (£ 1,074 :$ 5,370).It was also decided that competitors should be allowed their travellingexpenses, that no entrance fees should be demanded, and that allcompetitors non-resident in Stockholm should be offered free accommodation.In this connection an Executive Committee was appointed asfollows : President, Major, Baron Cl. Cederström ; Secretary, LieutenantC. Trägårdh ; Treasurer, Captain, Count Fab. F:son Wrede; with CountCl. von Rosen; J. Philipson, Esq., and Captain, Baron N. Palmstierna.Among the important questions referred to the Executive Committeemay be mentioned: the drawing up of a draft programme and propositionsfor the Horse Riding competitions of the Olympic Gamesof 1912, and the organization of Horse Riding competitions in 1911in accordance with the programme for the coming Olympic events,but open only to Swedish competitors. During the autumn the ExecutiveCommittee worked energetically at the task of drawing up theprogramme and propositions for the competitions, so that, at a meetingheld on the 15 December, 1910, it was able to place its schemebefore the General Committee. At this meeting it was determinedthat the proposed propositions should be submitted to a number ofauthorities, asking for an expression of their opinion, and that, afterthe receipt of replies, a new draft programme, etc., should be drawnup by the Executive Committee at the beginning of 1911. At the meetingin question it was also considered advisable to investigate the probabilities568

COMMITTEE FOR HORSE RIDING COMPETITION AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES OF STOCKHOLM, 1912.

THE STADIUM DURING THE PRIZE JUMPING. In the foreground, H. R. H. Prince FRIEDRICH KARL of Prussia.

ARRIVAL IN STATE OF THEIR MAJESTIES, THE KING AND QUEEN OF SWEDEN.

THE COMPETITORS IS THE HORSE RIDING EVENTS PRESENTED TO H. M. THE KING.

of receiving numerous entries from abroad, and the General Secretary,Count von Rosen, was commissioned to go to Berlin, Vienna andRome, to endeavour to awaken interest in, and obtain promises ofentries for, the Horse Riding competitions. This journey was afterwardsextended to S:t Petersburg, and it is a pleasure to state thatCount von Rosen performed his task in a way that had the happiestresults.GENERAL REGULATIONS, PROGRAMME ANDPROPOSITIONS.General Regulations.On examining the regulations issued for the Olympic Games as awhole, it proved that some of the rules were not suited to the HorseRiding competitions, so that the Committee was obliged to draw upspecial regulations for the events in question. Amongst the questionswhich then came under discussion was that of the right of a competitorto enter several horses. As it was of the greatest importance forthe Horse Riding competitions to have the various nations representedby as many riders as possible, it was determined that each competitorcould enter two horses, but that he would be allowed to rideonly one horse in each competition.As, from the very beginning, the Committee had begged the ForeignOffice to take steps to have the propositions, etc., forwarded tothe War Departments and Foreign Offices abroad, and the SwedishForeign Office having most kindly complied with this request, theCommittee considered that the most suitable thing to do with regardto the question of entries for the Horse Riding competitions wouldbe to communicate, not only with the Olympic Committees, but alsowith the War Departments abroad, begging that the entries shouldbe made through the latter authorities. This was done, as, from thevery first, it appeared as if the competitors from abroad in the HorseRiding events would consist of officers only, an assumption whichwas afterwards confirmed.The Horse Riding Committee also considered it necessary that itshould form the highest court of appeal in the case of protests concerningentries, etc., as the protests would not be sent in through theSwedish Olympic Committee. When forming the International Juryfor the Horse Riding competitions, the principle was adopted that thePresident should be a Swede and that each nation competing shouldnominate one representative, irrespective of the number of competitorswhich it had entered. In the event of a nation considering that it couldnot send a representative to the Jury, the regulation was made, thatone nation could be represented in the jury by the delegate of another.The question concerning the privileges that could be granted competitorsfrom abroad, necessitated a thorough economic investigation.The Committee applied to the Board of the State Railways, requesting,and obtaining, free transport for the horses taking part in theGames, while the Swedish Olympic Committee obtained a reductionof fares on the State Railways for all the competitors and officials569

taking part in the Games. In consequence of these measures, the HorseRiding Committee found itself able to offer four competitors fromeach nation free passes on the Swedish State Railways, forthemselves and their grooms, and free board and lodging in Stockholmduring the time the Horse Riding competitions were going on.In the General Regulations this period was fixed at 7 days, but it wasextended later on to 10. The reason that these advantages wereconferred in the first place on the competitors entered for the “Military”,or Field Competition, was because the greatest importance wasjustly ascribed to this event, as it combined both an individual- anda team competition, and as in it an opportunity was given of seeingthe representatives of various nations taking part in several differenttrials of skill. The fact that the judges, as a rule, were Swedesalone, was merely in accordance with the general regulations of theOlympic Games, and it caused no difficulty as far as regards theMilitary and the prize jumping, in which events the judging wasmerely automatic. In the prize riding, on the other hand, where differentsystems had to be judged, these systems had to be representedamongst the judges, just as in gymnastics and fencing. The generalregulations for the Horse Riding competitions will be found at the endof the book.The Programme.The drafting of the programme was at first a matter of very greatdifficulty, it being almost impossible to calculate the number of entries,either of nations or of competitors. As the Stadium was not to beat the disposal of the Committee for more than two days, it provednecessary from the very beginning to limit the number of the competitionsand to fix the maximum number of competitors that couldbe entered by the various nations for each competition.The competition which had to be omitted was the Jeu de Rose, asthe event in question was unknown to a number of the nations competing,and also because it is one that causes the judges many difficulties.Even at a moderate calculation of the number of the competitors,it appeared impossible to hold all the competitions in the Stadium,and so the Committee determined that prize riding, as not beingof such very great, general interest, should take place, if necessary,elsewhere than at the Stadium, while the prize jumping, on theother hand, should, under all circumstances, be held there.It was thought that it would be of the greatest interest to includein the programme, not only individual prize jumping — in whichpersonal skill would come to the fore — but also team prize jumping,so as to more clearly mark the character of the event as a competitionbetween the nations taking part in the event. On drawingup the programme for the “Military”, consideration had to be paidto other Olympic competitions, etc., so as not to tax the horses tooseverely that were to take part in other events. In consequence, itwas determined that the competition in question should continue for570

a period of 5 days, with a day of rest after the first two events.The final programme consequently embraced :I. Military Competion.Combined team and individual competitions consisting of:1. Long distance ride, 55 km. (33 miles), of which2. Cross country ride, 5 km. (3 miles).3. Individual riding over steeplechase course.4. Prize-Jumping.5. Prize-Riding.Individual competition.II. Prize-Riding Competition.III. Prize-Jumping Competitions.A. Individual competition.B. Team competition.Maximum number of competitors from each nation:in the individual competitions: six (3 reserves),in the team competition, andin the combined team- and individual competition: one team offour men (two reserves), the first three to count.A competitor was allowed to enter not more than two horses, butwas not allowed to ride more than one horse in the same competition.Entries closed the 1 June, 1912.Propositions.As the basis of the propositions there was adopted, from the veryfirst, the scheme drawn up in Sweden in 1907 and which was laidbefore the Meeting at the Hague, together with the plan adopted forthe “Military’’ competition as already held in Sweden for a numberof years past. In addition to this, material was obtained from competitionsheld abroad, and draft propositions were then drawn up andafterwards sent to a number of cavalry officers who were consideredto be authorities in the matter.Military : In drawing up the regulations for this competition, theCommittee was of the opinion that, unlike the other competitions,this event should only be open to officers actually serving, and thatthe riders should be mounted on their service horses, whether thesewere provided by the State or owned by the officers themselves. Thisresolution, however, caused a number of difficulties in drawing upthe propositions, and as, at a number of Military Riding Schoolsabroad, there are special horses, belonging to the State, which areemployed for purposes of instruction, it was determined that suchhorses should not be included in the term “Service horses”. Thequestion of a minimum weight being fixed or not was much discussed.On the one hand it was pointed out that, in such a severe competition,it would be desirable to allow all the horses to compete withouttheir being handicapped by any difference in weight; on the other571

hand it was thought possible that some riders would be obliged to ridewith dead weight, and this, in some quarters, was considered unsuitable.A minimum weight of 80 kg. (circa 13 st.) was fixed, basedon the principle that the competition, being a “Field” event, ought tobe carried out under such weight conditions corresponding to thoseunder which an officer of average weight rides when carryingfield-accoutrements. With respect to the order in which the varioustests should be executed, it was thought best to place the prize ridinglast, as the clearest obedience-test could thereby be obtained. Awell trained horse that has been severely taxed should, even after takingpart in the previous tests, be able to do itself justice in the finalone too. The propositions for the horse riding competitions will befound among the Rules at the end of the book.Prize Riding: In drawing up the programme for the prize riding,the Committee considered that, as this was an international competition,the best thing would be to give a specimen of a display-programme,with a detailed account of the order in which the variousmovements should most suitably be carried out. As an internationaljury was to judge the prize riding, it would have been a rather hardtask to obtain an accurate calculation of the merits of the riders, unlessthe movements executed had, so to say, been forced within thelimits of a certain programme.After the principles of the programme had been fixed and its mainfeatures drafted, the whole was given to Lieut.-Colonel G. A. Boltenstern,the then chief of the Military Riding School, who drew up theprogramme in detail and afterwards, at the Riding School, tested the suitabilityand also the possibility of carrying it out in the time fixed, inthe tempo and within the time allowed for the various movements.The propositions, principles of judging, etc., for the prize riding, willbe found at the end of the book.The Prize Jumping: With regard to the propositions for the prize jumping,consideration had to be paid to the limited possibilities offeredby the Stadium — in consequence of the little space available there— as regards the number and character of the obstacles, the tempo,etc. A draft-list of obstacles had been drawn up by Captain, BaronN. Palmstierna, and this was laid before the Committee, together withthe programme and propositions, at its meeting on the 22 March,1911. The Committee then determined that, before being accepted,the proposed obstacles, together with the propositions for the prizeriding, should be tested during the competitions that were to takeplace in the spring of 1911. It was not before the meeting held onthe 29 June of that year that the programme, propositions and listof obstacles were finally decided on, as a result of the experiencegained by the Committee during the competitions held in 1911. Asregards the obstacles, the original list was accepted without any alterations.Immediately after the programme and propositions had beenfixed, they were printed, and then translated into German, French andEnglish. In this work of translation the Committee obtained most valuablehelp from the Rev. Dr. Sterzel, Professor Schulthess and Mr.572

Kidd, and the Committee wishes to express its deep sense of gratitudefor all the pains these gentlemen took in order to have the programmeand the propositions as correct as possible, even in technicalrespects. This work was finished in November, 1911, after whichthe programme and propositions were immediately sent by the ForeignOffice and the Swedish Olympic Committee to the War Departmentsand Olympic Committees abroad.When the programme for the prize jumping was being determined,the question was also raised of giving a prize for high jumping,but it was negatived, partly in consequence of the limited time availablefor the competitions, and also because such a competition necessitatedspecial training of the horses, this being at variance with the generalprinciples on which the competitions were based.The propositions and principles for judging, etc., of the prize jumpping,can be found at the end of the book.PREPARATIONS FOR SWEDEN’S PARTICIPATIONIN THE COMPETITIONS.From the very first moment the Committee felt assured that Sweden’sparticipation in the Horse Riding competitions of the Olympic Gameswould not result in success, unless the work of training was organized,and unless trial competitions were arranged which were in accordancewith the propositions in force for the Olympic Games, and in whichthe same obstacles would be used as those fixed for these last-namedevents. As, however, taking part in the training and these competitions,would occasion the individual officer great expense, largermoney prizes had to be offered than those usually given in Sweden.This found expression in the first estimates adopted by the Committeeon the 15 December, 1910, according to which Kr. 5,000(£ 275 : $ 1,375) was to be devoted to the Swedish try outs, etc.,for the Horse Riding competitions of the Olympic Games. At ameeting held on the 3 February, 1911, the Committee determined todevote a large sum to the support of the Horse Riding competitionsat the Horse Show which was to be held in Stockholm during thespring of the same year, and, at a meeting on the 8 May, 1911,the question was again raised of the preparations for Sweden’s participationin the coming competition.With regard to the scope of the try outs, it was determined that theprogramme should include the Military, prize riding and prize jumping.It was also determined to write to H. R. H. Prince Carl, Inspectorof the Swedish Cavalry requesting that the propositions forthe Army-Military for 1912 might be drawn up in agreement withthose adopted for the Military try outs, and also that the Army“Military” should be arranged in connection with the try outs.A sum of not less than Kr. 20,000 (£ 1,100 : $ 5,500) was assignedas money prizes for the try outs. The principle was adopted in drawingup the regulations for the competitions in question, that those desirousof representing Sweden in the Olympic Games had to take part in573

the try outs, while the money prizes offered for the try outs were notto be given until after the Olympic Games. In addition to this, theHon. President, H. R. H. Prince Carl, expressed his intention to exhortthe Cavalry Regiments to take part in the competitions andto make inquiries respecting the preparatory steps taken, or about to betaken, by the various regiments, so as to enable Sweden to take partin the Olympic Games. At the next meeting of the Committee thetry outs were made still more thorough by the determination then cometo, that preliminary competitions should precede the try outs, so asto make both riders and horses better accustomed to taking partin competitions. Small money prizes were to be awarded at theseevents, too.In accordance with the above, the following programme was arrangedfor the preparatory competitions and try outs:I. Prize Riding and Prize Jumping.a) Early in the spring of 1912, competitions for the various regiments.b) Preliminary competitions at Gothenburg, Malmo, Norrköping andStockholm, in connection with Horse Shows and competitions atthese places.c) Try outs in connection with the Horse Show in Stockholm duringthe latter part of May.It was thought best to arrange only one such try out, this to takeplace in Stockholm, and to be the final trial competition.II. Military.At a meeting on the 8 September, 1911, it proved necessary toalter the above programme. According to the new arrangements, thetry outs in prize riding and prize jumping were to be arranged bythe Småland-Östergötland Field Riding Club and were to be held atNorrköping, while the preliminary competitions for the try outs inquestion were to be held at Gothenburg, Malmö, and Stockholm.The Committee gave a sum of Kr. 1,500 (£ 82 : $410) each to theGothenburg and the Scanian Field Riding Clubs and to the HorseShow Committee in Stockholm, of which sum, Kr. 900 (£ 50 : $ 250)was to be awarded for prize jumping and Kr. 600 ($32 : $ 160) forprize riding.Kr. 13,000 (£ 715 $ 3,575) was assigned to the try outs, thissum being divided as follows:( “Military” Kr. 4,500 ($ 250 : $ 1,250); prize riding, Kr. 3,000(£ 83 : $ 415), and prize jumping Kr. 5,500 (£ 382 : $ 1,910). Thefollowing regulations were to be observed at the preliminary competitionsand the try outs:Preliminary competitions.I. The Field Riding Club in question shall itself appoint judges, but it mustnot employ those persons who have been requested by the Committee for the HorseRiding competitions to act as judges at the try outs.574

2. Competitors in a preliminary meeting shall pay an entrance fee of Kr. IO(11/- : $ 2,68). The sum obtained in this way shall be used to increase themoney prizes given in the various preliminary competitions.3. All the original protocols of the judges at the preliminary competitions shallbe in the hands of the Committee for the Horse Riding competitions not later thanthe 25 May, 1912.The Try Outs.1. The general regulations issued for the try outs by the Field Riding Clubmust be approved of by the Committee for the Horse Riding competitions.2. Participation in the try outs is obligatory for entries for the Horse Ridingcompetitions of the Olympic Games, unless the Committee determines otherwise inspecial cases.3. In order to obtain a money prize at the try outs, it is necessary that bothrider and horse be approved of for participation in the Horse Riding competitionsof the Olympic Games, and that rider and horse take part in these said competitionsin such way as the Committee shall determine, unless an obstacle arise thatcan be accepted by the Committee as a sufficient excuse.4. Money prizes awarded at the try outs will not be given before the close ofthe Olympic Games.5. The Committee shall decide in each special case what can be accepted as alawful excuse for the non-participation of rider or horse in the Olympic Games.6. Non-participation in the Games will cause the loss of the prize unless theexcuse be accepted.7. If, in the try outs, the number of accepted competitors does not amount tothe number of prizes, those money prizes that cannot be awarded shall be employedto increase the value of the prizes for those placed in the competitions in question.8. Should anything happen to prevent a rider or horse, chosen at a try out,from taking part in the Olympic Competitions, information shall immediately besent by telegram to the Committee for the Horse Riding competitions.In order to still further increase the interest for these preliminarycompetitions, the Committee resolved to devote Kr. 1,000 (£ 55 :$ 275) to the purchase of a Prize of Honour to be awarded to thatregiment which had worked most successfully for the preliminarycompetitions and the try outs for the Olympic Games. This prizeof honour, which consisted of an equestrian statue by Fagerberg, wasafterwards presented to the Committee by F. Löwenadler, Esq., andwas won by the Royal Horse Guards.In order that the Committee could be assured that the preliminarycompetitions would be arranged in agreement with the rules and regulationsfixed for the Olympic Games, it was determined that theBody undertaking the organization of the preliminary competitionsshould be requested to have the course in full agreement with thatwhich would be made at the Stadium, in respect to the number, sequenceand dimensions of the obstacles. In order to encouragetraining, the Committee also determined to allot Kr. 3,000 (£ 165 :$ 825) for division among those garrisons that expressed a desire totake part in the work, the money to be employed for the constructionof the obstacles. A contribution towards the cost of trainingcould only be expected if three, at least, of the officers of the garrisonwent into training, and if the chief of the regiment made himselfresponsible for the construction of the obstacles, and for the work oftraining being organized in the district.During the spring of 1912 the preliminary competitions and tryouts took place in accordance with the above mentioned programme,575

with the exception that the try out for the Military took place inStockholm in the middle of June. After the try outs in Norrköpingon the 25 May, the Committee considered it necessary to still furtherconcentrate the work of training and that an “inspection-competition”was desirable, and so the Committee determined to send a number ofriders and horses to the Riding School at Strömsholm in order tocontinue training there. An inspection-competition was to be held atStrömsholm on the 30 June, the day before the close of entries, atwhich competition the entire Committee should be present and whenthe final try outs were to take place. This was rendered possibleby a private person placing a sum of Kr. 6,000 (£ 336 $ 1,650) atthe disposal of the Committee, to cover the travelling and livingexpenses of the officers, etc., chosen for this training.While the plan of organization and the work of training for Sweden’sparticipation in the Horse Riding competitions of the Olympic Gameswas being carried out, and also during the progress of the preliminarycompetitions, varying opinions prevailed as to whether the workwould tend to the success of the Swedish competitors. The results ofthe competitions have shown, however, that the Committee had performedits responsible task most satisfactorily, both as regards the planof the work and the choice of representatives finally made.SUB-COMMITTEES.During the spring of 1911 it proved necessary to take measuresfor the decentralization of the work of the Committee, by formingsub-committees for various purposes, and by adding suitable personsto the Committee itself. The Chief Committee was accordingly subdividedinto sections, the final constitution of the Committee being asfollows :Hon. President: H. R. H. PRINCE CARL.President: Colonel, Count E. OXENSTIERNA.General Secretary :Secretary :Treasurer :President :General Secretary :Secretary :Treasurer :1. Secretariat.Count CL. von ROSEN, Master of the Horse.Lieutenant C. TRÄAGÅRDH.Captain, Count FAB. F:SON WREDE.2. Executive Committee.Major, Baron CL. CEDERSTROM.Count CL. VON ROSEN.Lieutenant C. TRÄGÅRDH.Captain, Count FAB. F:SON WREDE.Captain, Baron N. PALMSTIERNA.J. PHILIPSON, Esq.President :Secretary :3. Reception Committee.Colonel G. TORÉN.Lieutenant, Count CH. LEWENHAUPT.576

Director:Secretary:A. Accommodation Bureau:Captain, Count G. L. HAMILTON.Lieutenant C. VON HORN.Guides.Belgium:Captain B. G:SON HOLM.Denmark:Lieutenant F. MARTIN.France:Captain R. CEDERSCHIÖLD.Germany:Lieutenant W. LÖWENHJELM.Great Britain: Canada Lieutenant C. BJÖRNSTIERNA.Norway:Lieutenant W. KLEEN.Russia:Lieutenant C. VON HORN.U. S. A.: Chili: Lieutenant, Count N. BONDE.Director:Assistant:Director:Gothenburg:Malmö:Stockholm:Trelleborg:President:Vice-President:Secretary:President:Secretary:President:Adjutant:B. Stabling Bureau:Lieutenant G. HERNLUND.Lieutenant J. MALMSTEN.Lieutenant, Baron S. ÅKERHIELM.C. Travelling Bureau:Lieutenant I. ÖSTERMAN.Representatives:Lieutenant K. VON SYDOW.Lieutenant, Baron FR. BENNET.The Director.Lieutenant, Baron M. FALKENBERG.4. Entertainments Committee:Colonel, Baron C. ROSENBLAD.Lieutenant-Colonel, Count R. VON ROSEN.Lieutenant E. ALB:SON UGGLA.Major C. G. O. ANKARCRONA.Major G. BJÖRNSTRÖM.Captain, Baron C. VON ESSEN.Lieutenant O. ANKARCRONA.Lieutenant, Baron S. ÅKERHIELM.5. Jury:Colonel B. MUNCK.Captain J. MAULE.A. Field Competition:Colonel, Count TH. RUDENSCHIÖLD.Captain C. KNÖS.37 Fifth Olympiad.577

President:Adjutant:B.Prize Riding:Lieut.-Col., Baron B. CEDERSTRÖM.Lieut., Baron FR. BENNET.Major W. CRONEBORG.Major P. KARSTEN.Captain A. AHNSTRÖM, Adjoined member.Countries represented:France.Germany.Norway.Russia.C. Prize Jumping:President:Lieut.-Col., Baron A. ADELSWÄRD.Adjutant:Lieut. B. SALMSON.Adjoined member: Lieut. Col. J. ÅKERMAN.In addition to 15 officers (v. officials).President:Member:6. International jury :Colonel G. NYBLÆUS.Lieut.-Col., Count R. VON ROSEN.Countries represented:Belgium.Denmark.France.Germany.Great Britain.Norway.Russia.U. S. A.7. Advertisement Committee:General Secretary: Count CL. VON ROSEN, Master of theHorse.Lieut., Count C. G. LEWENHAUPT.Lieutenant S. GADD.8. Press Bureau:The first sub-committee to begin work was the Reception Committee,which was placed under the Presidency of Colonel G. Torén,and was divided into the following sections:The Accommodation Bureau, the Stabling Bureau and the TravellingBureau.578

Of these sections, the Accommodation Bureau began its labours inthe spring of 1911, by making agreements respecting rooms and boardwith a number of large hotels in Stockholm.The Stabling Bureau commenced operations at the beginning of 1912.An application to the King-in Council resulted in horses from abroadthat were to take part in the Olympic Games, being allowed to enterSweden without staying in quarantine. The condition was attached,however, that the horses from abroad should be brought into aslittle contact as possible with Swedish mounts. It therefore becamenecessary to procure special stables for the horses in question, and,permission being obtained of the military authorities to fit up the socallednorth Summer Stables of the Svea Artillery Regiments for thehorses from abroad, the building was provided with boxes, accommodationfor the grooms, etc.The Travelling Bureau. Representatives were appointed at Gothenburg,Malmö, Trelleborg and Stockholm, and special instructions issuedto them, according to which they had to render assistance to competitors,of whose arrival (with or without horses), at the various ports,information had been sent by the Committee. Special instructionswere also issued for the transport of the horses, and for the journeyof the competitors, to and from the Games, all of which will be foundon pp. 613—615.Guides were appointed by the Reception Committee, each foreignnation being assigned one of the number, whose duty it was to keepthe competitors entrusted to his charge informed of the time andplace of the competitions, entertainments, etc., during the whole periodof their stay in Stockholm. The guides had also to see that thehotels satisfactorily carried out the engagements they had undertaken.During the Games, the guides assembled daily in order to receivetheir instructions, etc. The guides had also to be fully acquaintedwith all the rules and regulations and the programme of the competitions,so as to be able to supply the guests with the informationthey might desire.The Executive Committee also published a Memorandum forthe Horse Riding competitions, together with a P. M. for the competitors,the little book being distributed by the guides to all the foreignerstaking part in the Horse Riding competitions. Its contents aregiven on pp. 612—613.During the spring of 1912 it proved necessary for the Committeeto hire special offices, and with the kind help of H. R. H. PrinceCarl, President of the Red Cross Society, large central offices wereobtained at the premises of the Society, 4 Karlavägen.CHALLENGE PRIZES.During the course of the Olympic Games in London, Count GézaAndrássy had presented a challenge prize for the Horse Riding Competitions,but as none were held in 1908, the prize was placed in thehands of the Committee for the Horse Riding Competitions of the579

Olympic Games of Stockholm, 1912 and was awarded to the winnerof the individual prize jumping.According to a ruling of the International Olympic Committeeat its meeting at Luxemburg in 1910, prizes at the Olympic Gamesmay consist only of medals and diplomas, though challenge prizes canalso be awarded. In order to obtain a large number of entries tothe Horse Riding Competitions in spite of the absence of moneyprizes, the Committee, from the very first, endeavoured to obtainchallenge prizes for all the competitions. The General Secretary, CountCl. von Rosen succeeded in doing so, during the course of the journeysundertaken on behalf of the Committee, and the result far surpassedthat body’s wildest hopes, no less than four monarchs each placing achallenge prize at its disposal, three of the gifts to be awarded atthe Horse Riding competitions. This fact probably contributed mostessentially to the large number of entries from abroad in these events,while it also set a grand and international stamp on the first Olympiadof the competitions in question.At the horse riding competitions the following prizes were awarded:Military: The German Emperor’s challenge prize, a magnificentsilver shield, on which was engraved the portrait of the Emperor;for Prize Riding: the Emperor of Austria’s prize, an equestrian statuette insilver (a copy of the statue of Prince Eugene of Savoy in Vienna);and for Team Prize Jumping: the King of Italy’s prize, a silver-gilt"Victory” on a marble base.The Swedish Cavalry had also presented a challenge prize to beawarded to that nation whose representatives obtained the best totalresults in all the Horse Riding competitions. The prize consisted ofan equestrian statue of a Carolean soldier, modelled by BaronessAmen, née Sparre.Of these prizes, Captain Cariou, on Mignon, won that presented byCount Géza Andrássy. The other challenge prizes were all won bySweden, and the Committee for the Horse Riding Competitions hassucceeded in obtaining for them a worthy place of deposition, permissionhaving been obtained to place them in the Royal Armouryat the Northern Museum.ENTERTAINMENTS.In order to worthily welcome the foreign competitors, the Committeearranged a Reception Banquet at Hasselbacken on the 13 July,at which Prince Carl took the chair. There were also present H. R.H. the Crown Prince, Their Royal Highnesses, Prince Wilhelm andPrince Eugen of Sweden, the Grand Dukes Kyrill, Boris and Dmitriof Russia, Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia, 120 foreign officers andmembers of the Diplomatic Corps, and about 220 Swedes, amongstwhom were the members of the Swedish Olympic Committee. Duringthe banquet, H. R. H. Prince Carl, Hon. President of the Committee,proposed the health of the sovereigns or other Heads of the nationsrepresented and Colonel, Count E. Oxenstierna, proposed the healthof the guests from abroad in the following speech:580

Altesses royales et impériales! Messieurs!“Bisher, aber nicht weiter, kamen die Schwedischen Reiter” — “jusqu’ici, maispas plus loin, sent parvenus les cavaliers suédois”.Les mots que j’ai cites se trouvent sur une pierre en Moravie, pas trés loin deVienne, et se rapportent aux cavaliers du général suédois Torstenson dans la guerrede 30 ans.Ils sont loin, ces temps où des cavaliers suédois étaient les hôtes — quelquefoispeu bienvenus — des autres peuples sur tous les champs de bataille glorieux del’Europe.Pourtant il me semble qu’aujourd’hui est un jour où la cavalerie suédoise estparvenue même plus loin, et qu’elle a obtenu un résultat des plus précieux.Ce résultat, Messieurs! c’est que vous étes tous ici, c’est que vous étes venusmaintenant chez nous.Quand le président du comité international olympique, le Baron Pierre de Coubertin,commença son oeuvre grandiose, il concevait déjà la pensée de gagner pourl’idée olympique le sport équestre avec son organisation actuelle. Seulement laréalisation de ce programme si juste n’a pas été sans difficultés sérieuses.Pas moins de cinq fois les jeux olympiques ont été célébrés avant que les cavaliersaient pris place aux rangs des combattants.Toute idée juste et saine a une force immanente pour vaincre les difficultés et laresistance qui s’y opposent. La pensée du Baron de Coubertin était de réunirdans les jeux olympiques tous les sports ayant justement ces qualités, et à l’aidede partisans convaincus et énergiques, entre lesquels je crois devoir nommer lesmembres suédois du comité international: le Colonel Balck et le Comte de Rosen,la question s’est approchée peu à peu vers sa solution.A l’instigation de ces membres, la Reunion olympique d’Athénes, en 1906, arésolu, que dorénavant les jeux équestres seraient inscrits sur le programme olympiqueet que les Suédois devaient élaborer les régles concernant ces jeux. Ce travaila été fait sous l’auguste patronage de S. A. R. le Prince Royal de Suede.Néanmoins les jeux olympiques à Londres n’ont pas réalisé nos espérances.Quand le comité suédois des jeux équestres sous la Présidence d’honneur deS. A. R. le Prince Carl de Suéde, Inspecteur de la cavalerie suédoise, a commence,il y a plus de deux ans, ses travaux, tous les doutes n’étaient pas dissipés. Nousavons même discuté un projet d’organiser des jeux équestres internationaux sansleur donner le caractère olympique. On prétendait que notre appel aux sportsmenéquestres des nations serait vain, que les grands frais de ces jeux, le prix élevédes chevaux et des transports empecheraient les cavaliers de combattre pour lagloire seule sans autre récompense que les lauriers olympiques.Cependant nous avons décidé de nous adresser à vous, pour tenter ce que jevoudrais appeler “le saut de tribune des jeux équestres”. C’est que nous avionsla foi dans le but à réaliser et dans les sentiments de chevalerie qui n’ont jamaisfait défaut dans le coeur des cavaliers.581

Le résultat a dépassé toute notre attente. Toutes les nations ont répondu à notreinvitation avec une courtoisie parfaite et la plupart ont donné des preuves d’unintérêt réel, mêne dans les cas où une participation officielle a été impossible. SaMajesté L’Empereur d’Allemagne, Sa Majesté Apostolique l’Empereur François-Joseph ainsi que Sa Majesté le Roi d’Italie ont daigné nous accorder de magnifiquesprix Challenge.Dans cette salle sont réunis des participants de dix nations différentes dontquelques-unes n’ont pas hésité à amener leurs chevaux de très loin et même del’autre côté de l’Océan. Le nombre des participants, parmi lesquels nous avonsl’honneur de compter S. A. I. le Grand Duc Dmitri de Russie et S. A. R. lePrince Friedrich Carl von Preussen, est imposant.On ne pouvait certainement demander mieux et c’est avec un sentiment de fiertélégitime que le Comité suédois des jeux équestres tient à vous souhaiter la bienvenueet à vous témoigner notre profonde reconnaissance.En vous rendant à notre appel, vous avez donné une preuve de votre pleineadhésion à cette renaissance physique de l’humanité, à cette lutte contre les forcesdestructives de la culture qui a trouvé son expression peut-être la plus complétedans les jeux olympiques.J’ai la conviction, que le sport équestre lui-même ne pourra que gagner à êtrecompté parmi ceux dans lesquels — sans souci des sacrifices pécuniaires et personnels— on combat seulement pour l’honneur.Au nom de S. A. R. l'Inspecteur de la cavalerie suédoise et du comité suédoisdes jeux équestres j’ai l’honneur de vous souhaiter, Altesses Royales et Impériales,ainsi qu’ à vous tous nos hôtes étrangers, la bienvenue la plus cordiale au milieude nous.Your Royal Highnesses; Gentlemen,In addition to its guests from abroad, the Committee for the Horse Ridingcompetitions has to day the honour of seeing here the Hon. President of the SwedishOlympic Committee, H. R. H. the Crown Prince, together with the President andother members of this Committee; Their Royal Highnesses, the Dukes of Närikeand Södermanland; the Swedish honorary members of the Horse Riding Committee;all the members of that vast organization which, during the preparatory work, hasstood by our side; the Swedish competitors, members of the Press and others.I must here confine myself to welcoming our Swedish guests on the part ofthe Committee for the Horse Riding Competitions, and to respectfully thank YourRoyal Highness and the Swedish Olympic Committee for the co-operation which— in spite of all difficulties and differences of opinion — finally made possiblethe Horse Riding Competitions of the Fifth Olympiad.Last of all, a word, of praise and recognition to the Swedish officers who have nothesitated to make the sacrifices — both personal and economical — which thehonour of Sweden demanded.I now call upon you, Gentlemen, to unite with us in giving a cheer for Sweden’sguests at the Horse Riding competitions of the Fifth Olympiad.Baron Pierre de Coubertin, President of the International OlympicCommittee said a few words in reference to the newly-instituted HorseRiding competitions.582

After the close of the Games, the competitors from abroad, theofficials, etc., were invited by the officers of the garrison of Stockholmto a banquet at Saltsjöbaden.THE COMPETITIONS.As may be seen by the “Programme” and the ‘Propositions”, thecompetitions included the Military (with 5 sections and consisting ofboth individual and team events), Prize Riding, individual competition,and two Prize Jumping events, the one merely an individualcompetition and the other purely a team event. The order in whichthe various numbers came off and the time at which they were heldis shown by the Daily Programme of the Olympic Games. The compositionof the International Jury officiating at the competitions, togetherwith the names of the judges, the leaders of the events, theofficials and the competitors, can be found in their special placesof this book. The competitors, all of whom were officers, representedno less than 10 nations. The order of starting was determinedby means of drawing lots. During the four days on which the competitionwent on, the weather was gloriously fine, although a littlewarm, the heat causing most trouble during the trials held on thefirst day — the distance riding and the cross-country ride.THE MILITARY.Seven nations took part in this event, Denmark, Germany andSweden each having entered the maximum number of competitors, 4riders and 2 reserves; the U. S. A. and France 4, men and I reserve;and Belgium and Great Britain, 4 men. All the countries —with the exception of Denmark, which had only three men present —had four representatives at the starts for trials I and 2, the distanceriding and cross-country riding. The start and finish wereboth on the grounds of the Field Riding Club, and the course forthe two events named, of a total length of 55 kilometres (33 miles),is shown on the accompanying map. All the competitors were previouslyshown the course, and Major, Baron Cl. Cederström took themover, and described, the scene of the cross-country ride, whichwas marked with red flags. In addition to this, a map of the courseand definite instructions were given by the guides to the competitorson their arrival in Stockholm. Three riders missed the way, however,and thus lost the right to further participation in this competition.Only one rider exceeded the time-limit (by 40 seconds), this inconsequence of his watch being slow. In consequence of the hotweather prevailing, the ground was very hard, but nothing better wasto be had in the vicinity of Stockholm. The cross-country coursecould not be called difficult, the obstacles consisting chiefly of fences,with or without ditches, and streams. The heat was oppressive. andmost of the competitors lost weight during the ride, some as muchas 41/a lbs., or more, while the saddles grew considerably heavier, byabsorption of sweat from the horses.583

Map of the Course for the Distance- and Cross-country Riding in the Military.1. Start and finish of the Distance ride. 3. Control station. 7, 8. Start and finish of Cross-countryride. 2, 4, 5, 10. watering places. 6, 9. Veterinary surgeon and farrier.

Listof Competitors and Horses.Name of RiderCountryNameof HorseWherefoaledRemarksAdlercreutz, N., CaptainRoyal Horse Guard.Horn af Åminne H.,Count, Lieut. RoyalScanian Dragoons.Nordlander, A., Lieut.Royal Scanian Hussars.Casparsson, E. G., Lieut.Royal Småland Hussars.de Blommaert, E., Baron,Capitaine du1:er régiment deguides.Convert, Paul, Lieutenantdu 1:er regimentde guides.Reyntiens, Guy, Lieutenantdu 1:er regimentde guides.de Trannoy; Gaston,Lieutenant du 2:e régimentde guides.Sweden Atout, Swedenbr., g., a.Omen,br., g., a.BelgiumLady Artist, xx Englandbr., m., a.Irmelin,br., m., a.Clonmore,br., g., 12 y.La Sioute,bl., m., 8 y.Beau Soleil,b., g., 7 y.Capricieux,b., g., 9 Y.SwedenKenna, P. A., Colonel, G. Britain Harmony,V.C. br., m., 9 y.Lawrence, Lieutenant, Patrick, Ireland18th Hussars. br., g., 8 y.Radcliffe-Nash, E.,The Flea,Lieutenant, 16th br., m., 6 y.Lancers.Scott, H. S. L., Lieute-Whisper II,nant, 4th Hussars. br., m., 8 y.d’Astafort, Lieutenant, France Castibalza xx France6:e Cuirassiers.Cariou, Capitaine, Écoleb., g., 10 y.Cocotte,d’artillerie. b., m., 12 y.Meyer, Commandant, 3:eAllons-y,Dragons. br., g., a.Seigner, Lieutenant, 12:eDignitéCuirassiers. br., m., 9 y.Kraft, C. A., Premier- Denmark Gorm, Irelandløjtnant, 4. Dragon- br. g., 12 y.regiment.Saunte, C. H., Ritmester4. Dragonregiment.Rode wrong intrial 2. Retired.Retired after trial4.Rode wrong intrial 2. Retired.Retired after trial4.Fell in trial 3.Retired.Rode wrong intrial 3. Retired.Rode wrong intrial 2. RetiredRetired after trial3.Streg, Mecklen- Retired during trialb., g., 9 y. burg 2.585

Name of RiderCountryNameof HorseWherefoaledRemarksKirkebjerg, Frode, Pre- Denmark Dibbe-Libbe, Irelandmierløjtnant, 2. Feltartilleriregiment.br., m., 7 yBen Lear, Jr, Lieutenant, U. S. A. Poppy, America15th Cavalry, U. S.br., g., a.Army.Graham, Ephraim F.,Lieutenant, 15th Cavalry,Connie,br., g., a.U. S. Army.Henry, Guy V., Captain,13th Cavalry, U.Chiswell,b., g., 7 Y.S. Army.Montgomery, John C.,Lieutenant, 7th Cavalry,Deceive xxbr., g., a.U. S. Army.V. Lütcken, Oberleut- Germany Blue Boy, Irelandnant, Ulanen-Regimentbr., g., a.17.v. Moers, Rittmeister,Militär-Reit-Institut.May-Queen,br., m., 6 y.Englandv. Rochow, Oberleutnant,Ulanen-Regiment16.Idealist,br., g., 6 y.Irelandv. Schaesberg-Thannheim,R.,Graf;Leutnant,Ulanen-Regiment 5.Grundsee,b., g., a.EnglandRetired after trial3.Maximum time, 4 hrs.Summary of Protocol for Trial 1.Distance 55 km. (33 miles).Name of RiderStartedArrivedhr. min. sec. hr. min. sec.TimetakenCasparssonConvertLawrenceCariouKraftGrahamv. Schaesberg-ThannheimAdlercreutzde TrannoyRadcliffe-NashMeyerKirkebjerg586

Name of RiderStartedArrivedhr. min. sec. hr. min. sec.TimetakenHenryv. RochomHorn af ÅminneReyntiensKennad’ AstafortSaunteBen Lear, Jrv. MoersNordlanderde BlommaertScottSeignerMontgomeryv. LütckenRetiredMaximum time 15 min. Summary of Protocol for Trial 2. Maximum points 130.Name of RiderTimetakenDeductionfor time for faultsRemarksCasparssonConvertLawrenceCariouKraftGrahamv. Schaesberg-ThannheimAdlercreutzde TrannoyRadcliffe-NashMeyerKirkebjergHenryv. RochowHorn af ÅminneReyntiensKennad’ AstafortSaunteBen Learv. MoersNordlanderde BlommaertScottSeignerMontgomeryv. LütckenRode wrong way. Retired.Rode wrong way. Retired.Retired.Rode wrong way. Retired.587

Individual Placing after Trials 1 and 2.Name of RiderTotalpointsPlacingRemarksHorn af ÅminneNordlanderKennaScottCariouMeyerKraftBen LearMontgomeryv. Lutckenv. Moersv. Rochowv. Schaesberg-ThannheimAdlercreutzConvertLawrencede TrannoyRadcliffe-NashCasparssonGrahamHenrySeignerKirkebjergThe next trial — individual riding over steeple-chase course — tookplace at Lindarängen, there being 22 competitors. Of these, two rodethe wrong way and retired, one of them, Lieutenant Lawrence (GreatBritain) falling at a grass-covered ditch outside the course, the accidentcausing a slight concussion of the brain, from which the ridersoon recovered, however.Summary of Protocol for Trial 3.Maximum time 5 m. 50 sec. Maximum points 100.Name of RiderTimetakenDeductionfor timeforobstaclesRemarksCasparssonConvertLawrenceCariouGrahamv. Schaesberg-ThannheimAdlercreutzde TrannoyFell. Retired.588

Name of RiderTimetakenDeductionforfor time obstaclesRemarksRadcliffe-NashMeyerKirkebjergHenryv. RochowHorn af ÅminneKennaBen Learv. MoersNordlanderScottSeignerMontgomeryv. LutckenRode wrong way. Retired.Individual Placing after Trials 1—3Name of RiderTotalpointsPlacingRemarksHorn af ÅminneNordlanderCariouMeyerBen LearMontgomeryv. Lutckenv. Rochowv. Schaesberg-ThannheimAdlercreutsConvertde TrannoyCasparssonGrahamHenryKennaSeignerv. MoersRadcliffe-NashKirkebjergTrial 4 — the Prize Jumping — took place at the Stadium, which,after the presentation on Monday afternoon of the prizes won in fieldand track events, had been transformed into an obstacle-course, withflower-beds here and there. In this event there were 19 competitors,2 of whom did not clear the obstacles perfectly. The obstacles, whichwere of small dimensions and fewer in number than for the otherprize jumping events, can be seen in the illustrated supplements, 1and 2, to the Programme and the Propositions.589

Maximum time 2 min. 45 sec.Summary of Protocol for Trial 4.Deduction for faults at obstacleMaximum points 150.Name of RiderTime takenTotalDeduc-tionsTotalpointsRemarksAdlercreutzHorn af ÅminneNordlanderCasparssonConvertde TrannoyKennaRadcliffe-NashCariouMeyerSeignerBen Lear, JrGrahamHenryMontgomeryv. Lütckenv. Moersv. Rochoww Schaesberg-Thannheiml) Did not take the Bank-Fence.2) Did not clear the obstacle.

Individual Placing after Trials 1—4.Name of RiderTotalpointsPlacingRemarksMeyerv. RochowMontgomeryv.Schaesberg-ThannheimCasparssonv. LütckenBen LearGrahamNordlanderAdlercreutzCariouHenryHorn of ÅminneConvertSeignerv. MoersRadcliffe-NashIn this Prize Jumping, the maximum time was exceeded by no lessthan 12 of the 19 competitors, this, however, apparently serving asa warning, for in the two remaining jumping events, the maximumtime was exceeded by only 8 of 54 riders.The fifth trial, which took place at the Stadium, decided the competitionin favour of the Swedish contingent. The number of competitorsin this last trial had now fallen to 15. The order in whichthe four remaining nations stood before this last event was as follows:GermanypointsU. S. A.SwedenFranceSummary of Protocol for Trial 5.Total maximum points 770.Name of RiderTotal points given by judgesTotalpointsRemarksAdlercreutzHorn af ÅminneNordlanderCasparssonCariouMeyerYeignerBen Lear, JrGrahamHenryMontgomeryv. Lütckenv. Moersv. Rochowv. Schaesberg-Thannheim591

Final results.Name of RiderTrial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5TotalTotal pointsIndividual in team comp. Placing inPlacing (best 3 com- team competitionpetitorsNordlanderAdlercreutzCasparssonHorn af Åminnev. Rochowv. Schaesberg-Thannheimv. Lütckenv. MoersBen Lear, J.MontgomeryHenryGrahamCariouMeyerSeigner

Pl. 222.GERMANY’S TEAM IN THE FIELD COMPETITION (“MILITAKY”). 2:nd prize.Lieutenant VON ROCHOW; Lieutenant VON LÜTCKEN; Lieutenant, CountVON SCHAESBERG-THANNHEIM.U. S. A. TEAM IN FIELD COMPETITION (“MILITARY”). 3:rd prize.Captain HENRY; Lieutenant MONTGOMERY; Lieutenant BEN LEAR.

Pl. 223.INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION IN THE FIELD COMPETITION (“MILITARY”.)Lieutenant VON ROCHOW, Germany, 2:nd prize.PRIZE RIDING.Captain, Count C. BONDE, Sweden, 1:st prize.

Pl. 224.INDIVIDUAL PRIZE JUMPING.Captain CARIOU, France, 1:st prize.INDIVIDUAL PRIZE JUMPING.Captain, Baron DE BLOMMAERT, Belgium, 3:rd prize.

Pl. 225.INDIVIDUAL PRIZE JUMPING.H. R. H. Prince FRIEDRICH KARL of Prussia.INDIVIDUAL PRIZE JUMPING.Captain RODZIANKO, Russia.

Pl. 226.INDIVIDUAL PRIZE JUMPING.Lieutenant, Count G. LEWENHAUPT.THE TEAM OF FRANCE IN TEAM PRIZE JUMPING. 2:nd prize.Lieutenant D’ASTAFORT; Major MEYER; Captain CARIOU; Lieutenant SEIGNER.

Pl. 227.GERMANY’S TEAM IN TEAM PRIZE JUMPING. 3:rd prize.H. R. H. Prince FRIEIDRICH KARL; Lieutenant DELOCH; Lieutenant FREYER;Lieutenant, Count VON HOHENAU.RUSSIA’S TEAM IN TEAM PRIZE JUMPING.The Grand Duke DMITRY PAWLTOWITCH; Captain RODZIANKO; Captain SELIKHOFF;Lieutenant PLECHKOFF.

H. M. THE KING PRESENTING THE SWEDISH CAVALRY’S PRIZE TO H. R. H. PRINCE CARL OF SWEDEN.

H. M. THE KING PRESENTING THE 1:ST PRIZE FOR INDIVIDUAL PRIZE JUMPING TO CAPTAIN CARIOU (France).

The mounts used in this competition were, as a rule, of first ratequality, and it would probably be difficult to obtain a finer collectionof service horses. Of the 27 horses, no less than 15 were quitecertainly foaled within Great Britain; 4 were French and 4 Americans;Sweden contributed 3 and Germany 1. Only 3 were full-bloods; theothers were half-bloods.THE PRIZE RIDING.9 nations had entered for this competition. Sweden had the maximumnumber, 6 with 3 reserves; Denmark, France and Germanyeach had 5; Great Britain and the U. S. A. had 4 each; Norway3 and Russia 1. At the start, however, there were only 21 ridersfrom 8 nations, Great Britain’s representatives not putting in an appearance.The competition took place on the course specially arranged forthe event on the Field Riding Club’s ground. According to the propositions,the obstacles which were to be taken consisted of an earthwallwith bar 0.80 met.; fence, 1 met.; fence 1,10 met., dry ditchwith bar in front, 3 met., and fence, 1 met. The obedience testconsisted of the rolling towards the horse of a wooden cylinder, 80 cm.diameter and c:a 1,50 met. long, and painted with stripes in 3 colours.List of competitors and horses.Name of RiderCountry Name of HorseWherefoaledRemarksCariou, Capitaine, École Franced’artillerie.Seigner, Lieutenant, 12:eCuirassiers.d’Astafort, Lieutenant,6:e Cuirassiers.v. Flotow, Oberleutnant, GermanyUlanen-Regiment 13.Bonde, C., Count, Master Swedenof the Horse, Captain,Royal Life GuardHussars.v. Moers, Rittmeister, GermanyMilitär-Reit-Institut.de Trannoy, Gaston, BelgiumLieutenant du 2:e régimentde guides.Bürkner, Oberleutnant, GermanyJäger-Regiment zuPferd 2.de Blommaert, E., Baron,capitaine du 1:erBelgiumregiment de guides.v. Blixen-Finecke, H., SwedenBaron, Lieut., RoyalScanian Dragoons.38 Fifth Olympiad. 593Mignon,b., g., a.Dignité,br., m., 9 y.Castibalza,b., g., 10 y.Senta,b., m., a.Emperor,br., g., a.FrancePrussiaSwedenNew Bank, Englandbr., m., a.Capricieux,b., g., 9 Y-King,b., g., a.Clonmore,br., g., 12 y.Maggie,br., m., a.GaliciaSweden

Name of RiderCountryName of HorseWherefoaledRemarksKeyper, R. J. G., Pre- Denmark Kinley Princess, Englandmierløjtnant, 4. Dragonregeiment.bl., m., 10 y.Kruckenberg, C. W.,Lieut., Royal SmålandSweden Kartusch,br., g., a.SwedenHussars.Montgomery, John, C, U. S. A. DeceiveLieutenant, 7th Cavalry,br., g., a.AmericaU. S. Army.v. Oesterley, Rittmeister,Militär-Reit-Institut.Boltenstern, G. A., Major,Royal Horse Guardv. Rochow, Oberleutnant,Ulanen-Regiment 16.Henry, Guy V., Captain,13th Cavalry, U. S.Army.Ekimoff, Michel, Capi-GermanySwedenGermanyU. S. A.Condor,br., g., a.Neptun,br., g., 6 y.Else,br., m., a.Chiswell,b., g., 7 y-PrussiaSwedenHanoverAmericataine, 5. Regimentdragons de Kargopolle.Saunte, C. H., Ritmester,4. Dragonregiment.af Ström, O., Captain,Royal Life GuardDragoons.Falkenberg, I. C. B.,Kaptein, Feltartilleriregimentn:r 2.Rosenblad, C., Lieut.,Royal Life GuardDragoons.Russia Tritonytch Russiabr., g., 6 y.Denmark Streg, Mecklenb.,g., 9 y. burgSweden Irish Lass, Irelandbr., m., a.NorwayHjørdis,b., m., 7 y.Sweden Miss Hastings,b., m., a.SwedenSummary of Judges’ Protocols.Name of RiderPlace figuresTotal placefiguresPlacingBondeBoltensternV. Blixen-Fineckev. OesterleyRosenbladaf StrömBürknerKruckenbergEkimoffSeignerv. Flotowv. Moers594

Name of RiderPlace figuresTotal placefiguresPlacingHenryCariouFalkenbergKeyperde TrannoySaunted’AstafortMontgomeryde BlommaertIn the prize jumping, two systems, so to say, were shown; the one,that employed by the Germans and Swedes, and the other, that usedby the other nations, to which, however, that employed by CaptainEkimoff (Russia) the pupil of Fillis, was an exception. The 6Swedes and the 4 Germans in the competition were all placed bythe judges among the first twelve, i. e. nearly all in the betterhalf of the list. The Frenchmen taking part in the competition oughtnot, however, to be considered as the best possible representatives ofFrench manège as it can be displayed during a prize riding. Theprize riding which formed part of the Military with its lesser requirements,resulted in the first and third places being taken by France.Great Britain and Sweden were the birthplaces of 6 and 5 respectivelyof the horses taking part in the competition. Germany contributed2, France 3, the U. S. A. 2, and Russia and Austria 1 each,Of the mounts, 3 were full bloods, and the remainder half-bloods.PRIZE JUMPING.Before the individual prize jumping began, the Royal Party arrivedat the Stadium in state, the Royal Cortege, escorted by cavalry, enteringthe great gateway and driving round the running track, enthusiasticallygreeted by a public that filled every seat in the building-After the members of the Royal Family had left their carriages, HisMajesty The King passed along the front of the riders, who weredrawn up in front of the Royal box, each of the competitors beingpresented to His Majesty by H. R. H. Prince Carl. Then came adisplay by those taking part in the prize riding, after which the individualprize jumping began.The maximum number, 6 competitors and 3 reserves, had beenentered by Sweden only; Russia and Germany had 6 competitors and2 reserves; Denmark, 6 competitors; France and the U. S. A. 5 each;Belgium, Great Britain and Norway 4 each, and Chili 2. There werethus, in all, 10 nations entered, but at the start, which embraced 31riders, Denmark and the U. S. A. were absent.595

A. Individual competition.List of competitors and horses.Name of RiderCountryName of HorseWherefoaledRemarksde Blommaert, E., Ba- Belgium Clonmore,ron, Capitaine du 1:er br., g., 12 y.regiment de guides.Casparsson, E. G.,Lieut. Sweden Kiriki, IrelandRoyal Småland Hus- bl., m., a.sars.v. Hohenau, Graf, Germany Pretty Girl, EnglandLeutnant, Kürassier- br., m., 6 y.Regiment 1.Deloch, Leutnant, Artil- Germany Hubertus, Posenlerie-Regiment 5. bl., g., a.v. Krocher, Oberleut- Dohna, Hanovernant, Kürassier-Regi- b., g., a.ment 6.Cariou, Capitaine, Écoled’Artillerie.Yañez, Elias Lieutenant,Chilian cavalry.Lewenhaupt, Ch., Count,Lieut. Royal Svea ArtilleryRegt.Kildal, K., Premierløjtnant,infanteriregimentn:r 12.d’Astafort, Lieutenant,6:e Cuirassiers.Rodzianko, Alexandre,France Mignon, Franceb., g., a.Chili Patria, Irelandb., m., 8 y.Sweden Arno, Swedenb., g., a.Norway Garcia, Englandbr., m., 11 y.France Castibalza, Franceb., g., 10 y.Russia Eros, RussiaCapitaine, Chevaliers- br., g., a.Garde.Hök, Åke, Lieut. Royal Sweden Mona, SwedenScanian Dragoons. b., m., a.Deichler, Enrique, Chili Chile, EnglandLieutenant, Chilean b., g., 7 y.cavalry.Scott, H. S. L., Lieute- G. Britain Shamrock,nant, 4th Hussars. br., g., 10 y.Lewenhaupt, G., Count, Sweden Medusa, SwedenLieut. Royal Horse br., m., a.Guards.Seine Königliche Hoheit Germany Gibson Boy, IrelandPrinz Friedrich Karl br., g., a.von Preussen, Leutnant,1. Garde-Regimentzu Fuss.Radcliffe-Nash, E., G. Britain Betty,Lieutenant, 16th br., m., 10 y.Lancers.Falkenberg, I. C. B., Norway Florida, IrelandKaptein, Feltartilleri- br., m., 11 y.regiment n:r 2.596

Name of RiderCountryName of HorseWherefoaledRemarksSelikhoff, Alexis, Souscapitaine,2:de Batte-Russiarie à cheval.Son Altesse Impérial,Grand Duc DmitryPawlowitch, Lieutenant,Garde à cheval.Adlercreutz, N., Captain, SwedenRoyal Horse Guards.v. Roummel, Charles, RussiaLieutenant, RégimentIsmailoffsky (de laGarde).Zagorsky, Serge, Lieutenant,Régiment de réservede la Garde.Grote, Graf, Leutnant, GermanyUlanen-Regiment 13.Torén, C. A. O., Lieut. SwedenRoyal Life GuardHussars.Plechkoff, Michel, Lieute- Russianant, Cuirassiers dela Garde de Sa Majestél’ImpératriceMarie Fedorowna.Jensen, J., Premierløjt- Norwaynant, Skoleskadronen.Meyer, Commandant, 3:e FranceDragons.Freyer,Oberleutnant, GermanyDragoner-Regiment14.Kenna, P. A., Colonel,V. C.Reyntiens, Guy, Lieutenantdu 1:er régimentde guides.G. BritainBelgiumTugela **br., m., a.Unite,br., g., a.Ilex,br., g., a.Siablik,b., g., a.Bandoura,br., m., a.Polyphem,b., g., a.Falken,br., g., a.Yvette,b., m., a.Jessy,b., m., 7 y.Ursule,br., m., a.Ultimus,b., g., a.Harmony,br., m., 9 y.Beau Soleil,b., g., 7 y.RussiaIrelandSwedenRussiaEnglandSwedenIrelandFranceMecklenburgOf the horses, 15 were foaled in Great Britain; 5 in Sweden, 4in France and in Russia, and 3 in Germany. Only 1 was full blood, theremainder half-bloods.The team prize jumping concluded the competitions. Entries hadbeen made by 9 nations; Germany, Russia and Sweden with themaximum of 4 competitors and 2 reserves; France and the U. S. A.,4 competitors and 1 reserve; Belgium, Denmark, Great Britain andNorway had not entered any reserves. Only 6 nations were representedby the starters, however, and Belgium and the U. S. A. hadonly 3 riders each.597

Total maximum points 190A. Individual competition.Summary of judges’ protocols.Maximum Time 3 min. 50 sec.Deduction forfaults at obstaclesName of RiderTimetakenRemarksCariouv. Kröcherde BlommaertScottFreyerv. HohenauAdlercreutzCasparssonSon Altesse Imperial, GrandDuc Dmitry PawlowitchLewenhauptDelochLewenhauptd’AstafortTorénv. RoummelDeichlerRodziankoGroteZagorskySeine Königliche Hoheit PrinzFriedrich Karl von PreussenPlechkoffHökSelikhoffKildalYañesJensenKennaFalkenbergRadcliffe-NashReyntiensMeyer*Retired.Re=jump= ing.Cariouv. Kröcher598599

B. Team competition.List of competitors and horses.Name of Rider Country Name of HorseWherefoaledRemarksSon Altesse Imperial,Grand Duc DmitryPawlowitch, Lieutenant,Garde à cheval.Plechkoff, Michel, Lieutenant,Cuirassiers dela Garde de S. M.l’Impératrice MarieFedorowna.Rodzianko, Alexandre,Capitaine, Chevaliers-Garde.Selikhoff, Alexis, Souscapitaine,2:e Batterieà cheval.Seine Königliche HoheitPrinz Friedrich Karlvon Preussen, Leutnant1. Garde-Regimentzu Fuss.Deloch, Leutnant, Artilleriregiment5.Freyer, Oberleutnant,Drag.-Reg. 14.v. Hohenau, Graf, Leutnant,Kürassier-Regiment1.Kilman, G., Lieut. RoyalGöta Artillery Regt.Lewenhaupt, G., Count,Lieut. Royal HorseGuards.Rosencrantz, F., Lieut.Royal Scanian Dragoons.v. Rosen, H., Count,Lieut. Royal HorseGuards.Ben Lear, Jr, Lieutenant,15th Cavalry, U.S. Army.Henry, Guy V., Captain,13th Cavalry, U. S.Army.Montgomery, John C.,Lieutenant, 7th Cavalry,U. S. Army.de Blommaert, E., Baron,Capitaine du 1:erreg. de guides.RussiaUnité,br., g., a.Yvette,b., m., a.Eros,br., g., a.Tugelabr., m., a.Germany Gibson Boy,br., g., a.SwedenU. S. A.BelgiumHubertus,bl., g., a.Ultimus,b., g., a.Pretty Girl,br., m., 6 y.Gåtan,b., m., a.Medusa,br., m., a.Drabant,br., g., a.Lord Iron,b., g., a.Poppy,br., g., a.Chiswell,b., g., 7 y.Deceivebr., g., a.Clonmore,br., g., 12 y.600IrelandRussiaIrelandPosenMecklenburgEnglandSwedenAmerica

Name of RiderCountryName of HorseWherefoaledRemarksConvert, Paul, Lieutenantdu 1:er régimentBelgiumde guides.de Trannoy, Gaston,Lieutenant du 2:e régimentde guides.d’Astafort, Lieutenant, France6:e Cuirassiers.Meyer, Commandant, 3:eDragons.Seigner, Lieutenant, 12:eCuirassiers.Cariou, Capitaine, Écoled’Artillerie.La Sioute,bl., m., 8 y.Capricieux,b., g., 9 y.Amazone,br., m., 11 y.Allons-Y,br., g., 12 y.Cocotte,b., m., 12 y.Mignon,b., g., a.FranceIf this competition had also been individual, re-jumping would havebeen necessary between Captain de Blommaert, on Clonmore (Belgium),and Lieutenant, Count G. Lewenhaupt, on Medusa (Sweden),each of whom had only 2 faults, while the third prize would havegone to Lieutenant d’Astafort, on Amazone (France). Had the competitionon the preceeding day also been a team event, the resultingorder would have been: Germany, Sweden, Russia. Of the horsestaking part in the team competition 7 were foaled in Great Britain;4 each in France and Germany, (i. e. the horses employed by theteams of these two countries); 3 in the U. S. A. and 2 each in Germanyand Russia. There were 2 full-blood mounts. During the jumpingthere were, of course, many methods employed of takingthe obstacles; the French and the Italian styles — the latterof which, in what may be called an exaggerated form, was employedby the Russian riders — being those that differed most widely.The Russians, it is true, did not succeed in placing their names onthe prize list, but their excellent jumpers seemed to suffer from thesevere system of training employed and which was carried on untilthe very last moment, and for which the heat-hardened training courseswere, probably, not quite suitable.Captain de Blommaert (Belgium), on his magnificent Clonmore, wasthe only rider who started in all the competitions, though it must beobserved that he completed only the first two trials in the Military.Of the horses that completed this fatiguing event, Chiswell andDeceive ** (U. S. A.), ridden by Captain Henry and Lieutenant Montgomery,also took part in the prize riding and the team prize jumping,while Cocotte (France) which, ridden by Captain Cariou, wonthe third prize in the individual competition, took part in the teamprize jumping, ridden then by Lieutenant Seigner. Dignite, also aFrench horse, was ridden by Lieutenant Seigner both in the Militaryand in the prize riding.601

Total maximum points 570.B. TeamSummary ofcompetition.judges’ protocols. Maximum time 3 m. 50 sec.Deductions for faultsat obstaclesName of RiderTimetakenRemarksLewenhauptKilmanv. RosenRosencrantzd’AstafortCariouMeyerSeignerFreyerv. HohenauDelochSeine Königliche HoheitPrinz Friedrich Karl vonPreussenMontgomeryHenryBen LearRodziankoPlechkoffSelikhoffSon Altesse Imperial, GrandDuc Dmitry Pawlowitchde Blommaertde TrannoyConvert602603

Those horses which, besides taking part in the prize riding, also competedin the prize jumping were, in addition to Clonmore, Chiswell,Deceive and Dignité (all of whom have been previously mentioned),were the French horses Miss Mignon and Castibalza, ridden byCaptain Cariou and Lieut. d’Astafort, and Capricieux, ridden by Lieut.de Trannoy (Belgium). 11 horses took part in both the great jumpingcompetitions, which were held over the same course. Of these 11,only 3 obtained better results during the jumping on the second day,viz., Clonmore, which reduced its total number of faults from 5 to 2;the Swedish Medusa, which, on the first day, had 10 faults and on thesecond only 2, and Captain Selikhoff’s Tugela (Russia) with 20faults the first day and 18 the second.PRESENTATION OF THE PRIZES.After the close of the team prize jumping, His Majesty King Gustafgave away the prizes, which were received by the competitorsmounted, after which, all the competitors defiled by nations beforethe Royal box, passing round the running track. Of the ChallengePrizes, 4 were won by Sweden and 1 by France.Gold Medals SwedenFranceSilver GermanyFranceSwedenBronze GermanyU. S. A.BelgiumFranceSwedenP. M. AND INSTRUCTIONS, ETC., ISSUED BY THECOMMITTEE FOR THE HORSE RIDING COMPETITIONS.These are issued by the Committee for the Horse Riding Competitions of theOlympic Games of Stockholm, 1912, and are intended to be merely a brief summaryof the Daily Programme of the Games, to which the competitors in theHorse Riding events are referred for further, full information.Competitions are to take place in the Stadium every day from July 6—July 17,both days included.The ordinary entrance tickets to the Stadium are not available for the competitions,displays, etc., marked below with an asterisk.The silver badge of the Committee for the Horse Riding Competitions do not,of themselves, entitle the wearer to entrance to the Stadium, but a ticket shall alsobe shown.Saturday, July 6th.11,00 a.m.12,00 noon.4,00 p.m.7,00 p.m.8,00 p.m.StadiumThe PalaceDjurgårdsbrunnsvikenStadium604Solemn Opening of the Games.Swedish Gymnastics.Garden Party given by H. M. TheKing.Swimming & diving.Grand Military Concert. (300 musicians).

Sunday, July 7th.1,00 p.m. Stadium3,00—6,00 p.m. Lindarängen4,00—6,30 p.m. Lindarängen8,00 p.m. Royal Opera7,00 p.m. DjurgårdsbrunnsvikenMonday, July 8th.9,3o a.m.—12,30 p.m. Stadium11,00 a.m.2,00—5,00 p.m.7,00 p.m.Tuesday, July 9th.9,00 a.m.—5,00 p.m.4,30—6,30 p.m.7,00 p.m.8,00 p.m.Wednesday, July 10th.9,30 a.m.—12,30 p.m.3,00—6,00 p.m.7,30 p.m.Thursday, July 11th.9,30 a.m.—12,30 p.m.12,15 p.m.4,30—6,30 p.m.9,00 p.m.Friday, July 12th.8,00 a.m.DjurgårdsbrunnsvikenStadiumDjurgårdsbrunnsvikenForeign Minister’sHotelÖstermalmTennis CourtsLindarängenDjurgårdsbrunnsvikenThe PalaceStadiumLindarängenStadiumStadiumBarkarbyLindarängenThe PalaceRoyal OperaHotel Continental605Cycle race round Lake Mälar, Arrivalof the first men.Horse Racing (15 min. by motorcabfrom the Stadium).Trotting Races. d:o d:oFête given by the “Friends of NationalDances”.Swimming, High Diving.Gymnastics. Denmark, Norway, Finland.Modern Pentathlon, 2:nd event.:Swimming.Gymnastics. Sweden, Norway, Denmark.Swimming and Diving.Reception by His Excellency theMinister of Foreign affairs.Modem Pentathlon. 3:rd event. ÉpéeFencing.Trotting Races (15 min. by motorcabfrom the Stadium).Ladies’ Swimming display. Final inDiving.Dinner given by H. R. H. the CrownPrince of Sweden.Gymnastic Competition. Germany,Norway, Denmark.Horse-Racing (15 min. by motorcabfrom the Stadium).Athletics. Competitions between thecrews of the foreign warships.Gymnastics Luxemburg, Hungary,Germany.Modern Pentathlon, 4th event. CrosscountryRide (45 min. by motorcabfrom the Stadium).Trotting Races (15 min. by motorcabfrom the Stadium).Dinner given by H. R. H. the CrownPrince of Sweden.Gala representation. Dress: Uniform.The participants in the Military assembleand make definite entries.Train leaves the Central Stationat 9 a.m. for Spånga, wherehorses will be waiting and theCourse will be shown. Returnby train & arrival at Stlm. C. 1,29p.m.

11,00 a.m.2,00 p.m.4,30—6,30 p.m.StadiumLindarängenModem Pentathlon, 5th event. Cross-Country race.Steeple-chase Course shown to theparticipants in the Military.Trotting Races.Saturday, July 13th.8,00—10,30 a.m.12,00—2,30 p.m.4,00 p.m.6,30—8,00 p.m.8,30 p.m.Field RidingClub’s CourseField RidingClub’s CourseBarracks of RoyalHorse GuardsStadiumHasselbackenStart of 1st event. in the Military.Distance Riding.Arrival at finish of competitors inthe Military Distance Ride.Reception by the Officers’ corps.Grand Choral festival (4,000 men).Banquet by the Horse Riding Committee.Dress: Uniform.Sunday, July 14th.1,45 p.m.7.30 p.m.Monday, July 15th.8,00—11,00 a.m.12,00—3,00 p.m.11,00—2,30 p.m.5,00 p.m.8,00 p.m.Tuesday, July 16th.9,00—11,30 a.m.1,00 p.m1,00—2,00 p.m.2,00—6,00 p.m.8,00 p.m.8,00 p.m.Wednesday, July 17th.7,00 a.m.—12,00 noon1,00—4,00 p.m.4,00 p.m.8,00 p.m.Thursday, July 18th.10,00 a.m.—8,00 p.m.8,30 p.m.StadiumPrince Carl’sPalaceField RidingClub’s CourseField RidingClub’s CourseLindarängenStadiumDjurgårdsbrunnsvikenStadiumStadiumSaltsjöbadenThe PalaceDjurgårdsbrunnsvikenDjurgårdsbrunnsvikenHasselbacken606The Marathon Race.Dinner by H. R. H. Prince Carlof Sweden.Prize-Riding Competition.Prize-Riding Competition.Military, 3d event. Individual ridingover the Steeple-chase Course.Distribution of the prizes for AthleticCompetitions etc.Illumination Festival.Military, 4th event. Prize jumping.Solemn Arrival of Their Majestics,the King and Queen; presentationof the Competitors.Display by the participants in thePrize-Riding Competition.Individual Prize-Jumping Competition.Dinner by H. M. The King.Illumination Festival.Military, 5th event. Prize-Riding.Prize-Jumping, Team competition.Presentation of the Prizes for theHorse Riding Competitions.Dinner by the Officers of the garrisonof Stockholm. Evening dress.Rowing Races.Dance given by the Stockholm FieldRiding Club.

INFORMATION FOR INTENDING COMPETITORS IN THEHORSE RACES.I. Situation of Hotels, Military Offices and Barracks.Hotels: The Grand Hotel and Hotel Royal, The Strand Hotel, Hotel Continental,Hotel Terminus, Hotel Anglais, Hotel Rydberg.Military offices: The Inspector of the Cavalry, The War Office, The Commandant-Generalof Stockholm.Barracks: The Royal Horse Guards (Cav. 1), The Royal Dragoons (Cav. 2),The Royal Svea Artillery Regiment (Art. 1), The Royal Svea Life-Guards (Inf. 1),The Royal Göta Life-Guards (Inf. 2).II. Visits of Ceremony.The following royal personages and chiefs (authorities) should be called onby the foreign officers taking part in the Horse Races of the Olympic Games (visiting-card).1. H. R. H. Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf, Honorary Chairman of theOrganising Committee of the Olympic Games; the Royal Palace, west archway.Names can be entered in the visitor’s book from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.2. H. R. H. Prince Carl, Inspector of the Cavalry, Honorary Chairmanof the Horse Racing Committee, 56, Storgatan, from 12 noon to 1 p.m.; telephoneto the adjutant; Riks 19 68.3. Dr. D. Bergström, Minister for War, 2, Mynttorget, from 10,30 to 11,30 a.m.;telephone to the adjutant: Riks 18 79.4. Major-General C. A. Jungstedt, Commandant-General of Stockholm, Commanderof the 4th Army section (Öfverkommendantsexpeditionen), from 11 a.m.to 3 p.m. Telephone: Riks 19 95.III. The Secretary’s Office of the Horse Riding Committee.Karlavägen 4.Telephone: Riks 24. Allm. 234 50.From the 16th July inclusive, a secretary’s office will be opened in theStadium, too.IV. Stables.Chief of the Stabling Bureau: G. Hernlund, Lieutenant, Royal Svea ArtilleryRegiment. Can be seen at the barracks, (telephone: Riks 936, Allm. 69 22);all the stables are situated here.Stabling for foreign horses, in the stables on the ground north of the barracks;telephone, Riks 10 57, Allm. 268 50.Stabling for Swedish horses, in the north-west stable wing of the barracks, andin the grounds to the west of it; telephone, Riks 121 94, Allm. 51 74.Saddling stable just north of the Stadium in the Stockholm Riding Institute,where there are about 30 boxes, intended only for horses awaiting their turn tocompete.The shortest roads for leading horses to the saddling stables are marked inbroad black lines on the plan at the end of the book.For the convenience of pedestrians steps are erected leading from the groundsat stable A to Sturevägen.V. Galloping and Steeple=chase Tracks and Bridle=Roads.Galloping Track in the Stockholm Race-course in Lindarängen, 2 km. (1 mile)east of the barracks of the Royal Svea Artillery Regiment. The use of the grasstrack and the obstacles is subject to the regulations issued by the official steward.Steeple-chase Tracks. 1. Sand track, immediately east of the Barracks of theSwedish Artillery Regiment, exactly similar to the Stadium track.2. Grass track on the race-course of the Stockholm Field Riding Club; about25 different obstacles.Bridle-Roads. There are a number of bridle-roads suitable for exercising horsesin Djurgården.607

VI. Doctors and Veterinary Surgeons.At the Horse Riding Competitions of the Olympic Games the following doctorsand veterinary surgeons will be in attendance:Doctor: Dr, S. Hybbinette, Riks 123 79.Veterinary Surgeons: Prof. T. Wennerholm and his assistant, G. Forsell; theVeterinary Institute, Riks Tel. 899.The above officials will be present at all the Horse Riding Competitions.Plan of Stadium Stables.Steeple=chase course, etc.A Stables for foreign horses. B Stables for Swedish horses. C Saddling stable,D Stadion. E Steeple-chase course. F Course of the Stockholm Cross-countryRiding Club. G The Royal Horse Guards. H The Royal Svea Artillery Regiment.I Östermalm (Athletic Grounds) Idrottsplats. S The Secretary’s Officeof the Horse Riding Committee. T Steps. Roads to the saddling stableand the course of the Cross-country Riding Club (Fältridtklubb).P. M. For competitors in the Military.Competitions 1 and 2.1. A map will be given of the course (road and cross-country sections) for theLong Distance Ride.2. The course for the Cross-country ride will be shown on the 12 July. Thecompetitors meet at the Hotel Continental at 8 a.m.608

3. Roll-call of competitors at the Hotel Continental at 8 a.m.4. In competitions 4 and 5, the riders will start in the order given in the programme;in competitions 1—3 according to a special starting-list.Riders who do not appear at the start at the time fixed, will be excluded fromthe competition unless their excuses are accepted by the Committee.5. The rider must weigh out at the weighing-tent not later than 20 minutesbefore the start.6. On weighing out, a numbered voylock (badge) will be handed to thecompetitor which must be worn visibly, and in such a way that it cannot be lost.The voylock must be retuned on weighing-in.7. Five minutes before the start, the rider shall notify his presence to the starteron the course of the Field Riding Club.The rider will be notified one minute before the start.8. The starting-place is marked by two red flags.The start shall be made on the word “Ride” being given and the red flag beinglowered. The time will be reckoned from this instant.9. Military guides will be stationed at all cross-ways, etc., to show the way.10. If the railway-crossings at Rotebro and Silfverdal, and the bridges at Ålkistanand Stocksund are blocked, the time lost will be deducted by a timekeeper.The rider must start again as soon as the way is free, the deduction ceasing fromthis moment. A man stationed about 100 metres from the crossing will raise aflag as a signal to stop, the rider then halting at once. The time-deduction beginswith the halt, and ceases when the flag is lowered again.At Odenslunda, the programme-number must be stated to the control-official stationedthere.11. The starting-point of the cross-country ride is marked by two yellow flags,between which the rider must pass and, at the same time, state his programmenumberto the control-official there.The taking of the time for the cross-country ride will begin when the flags arepassed.12. The cross-country course is marked by flags, of which, the red shall bekept to the right, and the white to the left. A competitor who rides on the wrongside of the flags will be disqualified.That part of the course passing through timber will be marked by pieces ofred cloth hung on the trees.The obstacles where points are counted are marked by a red and a white flag,and the obstacle must be taken between these flags.13. The finish of the cross-country course is marked by two yellow flags, betweenwhich the rider must pass. His time will then be taken, and he must statehis number to the control-official stationed there.14. The finish of the Long Distance Ride over the course of the Field RidingClub is situated at the same place as the start. The time will be taken when therider passes the finish.15. Immediately after arrival, the competitor shall ride to the weighing-tent, toweigh in.16. During the ride, veterinary surgeons and farriers can be consulted at the RotebroInn, and at the finish of the cross-country ride. Horses can be watered atHagby, Odenslunda, Rotebro, and at the finish of the cross-country ride.17. If a rider retires during the course of the ride, information must be givento the nearest control-official or judge, or a telephone message must be sent to thebarracks of the Royal Horse Guards (Riks. 18 83; 63 93. Allm. 73 48.)18. In the event of a competitor not starting, information of the fact shouldbe given to the starter before 8 a.m.Competition 3.Lindarängen.The steeple-chase-ground will be shown on July 12th, 2 p.m. The riders willstart in accordance with a special starting list See Comp. 1 and 2. § 4).1. The first start takes place at 11 a.m., July 15th.39 Fifth Olympiad. 609

2. The rider shall weigh out not later than 20 minutes before the start. He willreceive a numbered voylock, which must be placed in the same manner as for thelong Distance Ride.3. 5 minutes before the start the rider shall mount and walk to the saddlingplace.4. When requested, he shall ride to the starting-place and notify his presenceto the starter.5. When requested by the starter, the competitor will ride to the appointedplace behind the starting line. As soon as the rider has answered “yes”to the starter’s question if he is ready, he will advance at a walk. When he passesthe starting line, the starting-flag will fall and his time be taken.As soon as the starting-flag is down, this will count as the start, even if therider for some reason or other, cannot make his horse start.6. Immediately the finish is passed, the rider shall ride to the weighing-inpaddock to weigh in.7. Those who do not appear at the starting-place at the time fixed will be excludedfrom the competition, unless their excuses are accepted by the Committee.Competition 4. In the Stadium.1. On the 16th July, at 8.30 a.m., the competitors will meet on foot for theroll-call, in the north-west gateway, when the starting-time will be given. Firststart at 9 a.m.2. The rider shall weigh out in the saddling-stable not later than 20 minutesbefore the start.3. 5 minutes before the start, the rider has to notify his presence to the leader’sadjutant, in the north-west gateway. When requested by the said official, the competitorsride into the Stadium, following the running track to the right, then passthe Royal box, and ride across the arena to the starting-place, after which theriding begins. See instructions in the P.M. for competitors in the Prize-Jumping-Competition.4. On passing the starting-place, a bell will ring and the time will be takenuntil the finish (15 m. behind the ditch) is passed.Competition 5. In the Stadium.1. On the 17th July, at 6.30 a.m., the competitors will enter on foot for theroll-call, at the north-west gateway, when the starting-time will be given. Firststart at 7 a.m.2. 5 minutes before starting-time the competitor has to notify his presence tothe leader of the competition and, when requested, will ride into the arena andpass before the judge.3. See the instructions in the P.M. for competitors in the Prize-Riding-Competition.P. M. for competitors in the Prize-Riding Competition.The Course of the cross-country Riding Club.1. On July 15th at 7 a.m., the competitors meet on foot for roll-call, in thestables for the foreign horses, when the starting-time will be given. The competitorswill ride in the order given in the list. First start at 8 a.m.2. 5 minutes before starting-time the competitor shall notify the leader of hispresence.When requested by this official, the competitor will ride into the Stadium, followthe running track at a trot, pass the Royal box and then ride on* to the prizeridingcourse at a gallop.(After the riding is concluded, the competitor will ride round the course to theright and pass out through the north-western entrance.** Only for prizeriding- in “Military”.610

Face of Entry-form for Horse Riding Competitions.3. The following notes are given to elucidate the “Programme” and the “Principlesfor judging”:By collected trot is meant a pace of not more than 200 metres a minute, andby fast trot, a pace of at least 250 metres a minute.By collected gallop is meant a pace of at most 225 metres a minute and byfast gallop a pace of at least 300 metres a minute.Points will be counted separately for the collected and the fast paces.For riding and holding the reins with two hands the highest number of pointsis 7.For riding and holding the reins principally with one hand in walking and trottingtaken together, one point can be added, and in the gallop 2 additional pointscan be gained.Special points will be counted for the movements of the horse, and special pointsfor the turnings.The judging of the jumping will take place partly in accordance with the directionsfor judging in the prize-jumping competition (400 metres tempo not necessary),partly according to the tempo and bearing of the horse, and partly of the rider’s seatand his command of his mount.611

Back of Entry-form for Horse Riding Competitions.P. M. for competitors in the Prize=Jumping Competition.In the Stadium.1. On July 16th and 17th, at 11 a.m., competitors in the prize-jumpingA and B will meet on foot in the north-west archway of the Stadium, for rollcall,when the starting-time will be given.The competitors will ride in the order given in the list. The first start on the16th is at 2 p.m. and on the 17th at 1 p.m.The rider shall weigh out at the saddling-place not later than 20 minutes beforestarting-time.2. 5 minutes before starting-time the rider has to notify his presence to theleader’s adjutant in the north-west archway. When requested by this official, thecompetitor shall ride into the Stadium, follow the running track to the right, pass612

y the Royal box, and then cross the arena to the starting-place; the riding willthen begin.3. The following notes are given to elucidate the “Programme” and the “Principlesfor judging”:A flying start must be made. On the lowering of the starting flag a bell willring, and the time will be taken until the finish is passed. This is marked withtwo flags behind obstacle No. 15.The course must be taken over and outside obstacle No. 1 (see programmesupplements 2 and 3), except in the last turn from obstacle No. 13 to obstacle No.14, and always on the outside of the flags at the ends of the course.Touching or knocking down the fences will be counted only if part of obstaclefalls down.At refusal or falling of the horse in a combined obstacle, the part of the obstaclepassed need not be taken again.If a horse stands still or refuses at an obstacle, and knocks down the wholeor part of it, the rider has to ride over the obstacle in the condition it is in.All ditches must be taken in their whole breadth, the far-side is marked withtwo small flags, between which the horse must pass.In the case of hedges, neither touching nor knocking-down will be counted.No outside assistance is allowed the rider if he falls off (is unseated) or ifthe horse falls, if the competition is to be continued.MEMORANDUM FOR OFFICALS AND COMPETITORS AT THEHORSE RIDING COMPETITIONS OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES,RESPECTING THE JOURNEY TO AND FROM THE GAMESOF STOCKHOLM.Every official or competitor at the Horse Riding Competitions of the OlympicGames of Stockholm, 1912, has been granted by the Swedish State a reductionof 50 % on the ordinary fares between the Swedish frontier station, where thecountry is entered, and Stockholm, and vice-versa, but this reduction shall notapply to the price of the supplementary tickets necessary for journeys by expresstrains, nor to that of sleeping-berth tickets.In order to enjoy this reduction of the fares, the traveller, when he buys histicket between the frontier-station in question and Stockholm, or vice-versa, shallgive the ticket-clerk the Identity-cards signed by Mr. N. Thisell, of which the blueone is intended for the journey to the Games, and the yellow for the one journeyfrom Stockholm.As a result of the agreement which has been entered into between the SwedishState Railways and the Tourist Offices named in the accompanying list, it willbe possible for the traveller to buy at one of these Offices through tickets betweenthe starting point of the journey and Stockholm. Either single or returntickets may be purchased. and if, in the first case, the blue Identity-card and, inthe second case, both cards are given to the Tourist Office in question, the abovementionedreduction will be made in that part of the fare which covers the SwedishState Railways.If the traveller prefer to purchase his tickets himself, without application to theabove-mentioned Tourist Offices, then he should take a ticket from his starting-pointat home only to the Swedish frontier station via which he intends travelling, and, onarrival there, get a new ticket thence to Stockholm, giving the blue Identity-cardto the booking-clerk, as mentioned above.In those cases when the traveller does not at once buy a ticket for the returnjourney, i. e., a return ticket, he should bring the yellow Identity-card with him toStockholm, to be used there when the ticket for the return journey is bought.The Swedish Olympic Committee cannot undertake to make compensation inthe event of a traveller-losing his Identity-card.As regards those travellers — four from every nation — who, according to theGeneral Regulations issued by the Committee for the Horse Riding Competitions,have been promised the payment of all their railway expenses in Sweden to andfrom the Games, they, too, should themselves take their tickets to Stockholm inone of the ways mentioned above. The price of the total railway fares within613

Sweden, to and from Stockholm (1:st class), inclusive of the cost of sleeping-berthtickets, which may be taken, will afterwards be refunded at the Office of the Committeefor the Horse Riding Competitions, Stockholm.For the convenience of the travellers, special representatives of the Committeefor the Horse Riding Competitions will be in attendance at the Swedish boundarystations, and can be seen at the place stated on the notices posted up at theseSwedish stations.In order to enable both the Committee itself and its representatives to do theirutmost for the convenience of the traveller, it is necessary for the latter to inform theCommittee in good time before beginning the journey — even if notice is sent bytelegram, it must not be done later than three full days previously — of the routethat he intends to travel by, and of the time when he can be expected at thefrontier station.The traveller should, at the same time, inform the Committee whether he wishesto have a sleeping-berth booked for him, etc.The traveller will be subject to the ordinary regulations in force respecting thecustoms examination and the payment of duty.Postal communications should be addressed to:"Kommittén för Hästtäflingar",4, Karlavägen,Stockholm.Telegrams: “Centaur”, Stockholm. Telephone, Riks. 24.Stockholm, May, 1912.The Committee for the Horse Riding Competitions.MEMORANDUM RESPECTING THE TRANSPORT TO AND FROMSTOCKHOLM OF HORSES FROM ABROAD WHICH HAVEBEEN ENTERED FOR THE HORSE RIDING COMPETITIONSOF THE OLYMPIC GAMES.Every horse from abroad that has been properly entered for the Horse Ridingcompetitions of the Olympic Games of Stockholm has been granted by the SwedishGovernment:1. Free transport between the Swedish frontier-station and Stockholm, both toand from the competitions;2. Full exemption from customs-duties on entering Sweden;3. Exemption, to a certain degree, from the quarantine regulations in force respectingthe import of foreign horses to Sweden.Free transport from the said frontier-stations to and from Stockholm has alsobeen granted to the grooms in charge of the horses, while the horse-furniture(saddles, horse-clothes, etc.) can also be taken carriage- and duty-free.In order to be able to claim the above-mentioned privileges respecting transport,and also to make the transport of the horses to and from the competitions as convenientas possible for the owners, the latter are desired:1. To book the horses through to “Olympiska Spelens Hästtäflingskommitté”,Stockholm.2. Either to send the horse direct to Stockholm, or else via one of the followingplaces: Trelleborg, Malmö, Gothenburg or Charlottenburg;3. In the event of the horses being sent by rail from some place in Europewhose horse-trucks run over the Swedish railways, to make out the bill of freightin such a way, that the freight-costs shall be paid on arrival in Stockholm.4. In the event of the horses being sent by boat to Sweden, to pay the steamshipcharges and then to forward the bill of lading to the Swedish Committee(as above):614

5. To inform the “Olympiska Spelens Hästtäflingskommitté” at Stockholm of thename of the frontier-station at which the horses will be brought into the country;of the route taken, and of the time when they may be expected at the saidstation; this information should reach the Committee not later than three full daysbefore the calculated arrival of the horses at the frontier-station;6. To see that the groom accompanying the horses is provided with the followingdocuments, viz.:a) A certificate in agreement with the official form (green), issued on thewriter’s word of honour and conscience, to the effect that, during the two monthsprevious to transport, the horse has not been affected by glanders, nor has beenin any kind of communication with an animal suffering from the said disease; thereliability of the attester’s word being certified to in due form by a Swedish Consul,or by some other official authority;b) Duplicate lists of the horse-furniture accompanying the horses.The Committee will see that the grooms are supplied with meals during transport withhorses in Sweden, and it will also have the necessary quantities of oats, hay and strawat the frontier-stations, for supplying the horses during transport.On the condition that the above directions are exactly carried out, the Committeewill attend to all the necessary formalities for the transport of the horses in Sweden,and also for the veterinary- and customs-examinations. It will, in addition, advancethe amount necessary for the payment of that part of the costs of freight whichis due for the transport outside the Swedish frontiers, but the owner of the horsesshall be bound to repay the Committee, on demand, the amount of this disbursementfor freight.All postal communications must be addressed:"Kommittén för Hästtäflingar",4, Karlavägen, Stockholm.Telegrams: “Centaur”, Stockholm.The Secretary’s telephone is: Riks. 24.Stockholm, May, 1912.The Committee for the Horse Riding Competitions.Relative positions of the Nations in the Horse Riding Competitions,according to the official method of calculating points.SwedenGermanyFranceU. S. A.BelgiumN a t i o n615

LAWN TENNIS.REPORT OF THE LABOURS OF THE COMMITTEE.he Committee of the Swedish Lawn Tennis Associationheld a meeting on the 15 April, 1910, in consequenceof the receipt of a written communication from the SwedishOlympic Committee, asking for an expression of opinionas to the placing of Lawn Tennis competitions onthe programme of the Fifth Olympiad.With regard to the future programme of the Olympic Lawn TennisCompetitions, the Committee, at the meeting, gave its voice for coveredcourt competitions, to be played during the month of May, andto include Gentlemen’s Singles, Ladies’ Singles, Gentlemen’s Doubles,and Mixed Doubles, but, as the proposal of the Swedish OlympicCommittee was, that the competitions, if they were to form part ofthe programme, should be held in connection with the other Olympicevents, the Lawn Tennis Committee was consequently obliged topropose another date, and determined to have the matches betweenJune 29 — July 5. The question of out-of-door court competitionswas also discussed, and it was thought that a series of such matchesshould be arranged for the period above mentioned, but nothingcame of the plan, in consequence of there being neither courts normoney for the competitions. At the same meeting, a special committeefor the Lawn Tennis competitions of the Olympic Games wasnominated, the members of the Committee being nearly the same asas those constituting the governing body of the Swedish Lawn TennisAssociation.616

The Lawn Tennis Committee was as follows.Hon. PresidentPresidentSecretaryOther membersH. R. H. PRINCE WILHELM.Captain A. WALLENBERG.KURT ZETTERBERG, Esq., Asst. Paymaster, R. N.Mrs. M. ADLERSTRÅHLE.Miss EBBA HAY.W. BOSTRÖM, Esq., First PrivateSecretary to H. M. the King.Lieutenant H. FICK.Consul, JAMES KEILLER J:r.F. BOHNSTEDT, Esq., B. A.The first thing the Committee did was to draw up the general regulationsfor the competitions and to fix the rules of the game. Asregards the latter, the English Lawn Tennis Association’s rules wereadopted.During the winter of 1911, the Tennis Pavilion at the ÖstermalmAthletic Grounds was completed and then let by the Swedish CentralAssociation for the Promotion of Athletics to a member of the SwedishOlympic Committee, which body determined to make two out-ofdoor courts just outside the Pavilion.The holding of Olympic Lawn Tennis out-of-door court competitionswas now assured, and the Lawn Tennis Committee at onceapplied to the Swedish Olympic Committee, requesting that out-of-doorcourt competitions might be placed on the programme of the Games,and that they should take place at the time previously fixed forthe covered court events, while the latter, in their turn, should beheld in the month of May. In consequence of this request, the outof-doorcourt competitions for the period above mentioned were placedon the programme, but the Swedish Olympic Committee was not verymuch inclined to have the covered court matches in May.Just before the general programme, as a whole, was to be determined,however, the Lawn Tennis Committee made a fresh application,urging their, as they considered, good motives for holding covered-courtcompetitions, and so finally, May 5—12 was fixed as thedate of these matches.The next question of importance was that of the erection of standsfor the out-of-door courts. Plans were drawn in the autumn of1911, and the work of building began in the following March. Thestands were ready by the end of April, 1912, and seated 1,500 persons.At the beginning of 1912, series-cards of admission were issuedat 25 kronor (27/6 d.) each, one series for the covered court competitionsand another for the out-of-door events. They were in greatdemand, every ticket being sold about a fortnight before the respectivecompetitions began.The next task of the Committee was to make a number of alterationsin the Tennis Pavilion, to make marking-arrangements, etc.The entries for the covered court competitions closed on the 5 April,617

and the draw was at once carried out, while the programmes wereprinted in English and forwarded to the Olympic Committees of thenations that had entered for the competition.Before the competitions began, the Committee took steps to procurenets, and balls, and to print day-tickets, protocol-forms and advertisements,while, during the progress of the competitions, the programmeshad to be made out and printed day by day.When the covered court competitions had been brought to a successfulissue, the next thing to be done was to at once begin the preparationsfor the out-of-door events.At the end of May there was only one court ready, and whenentries closed, on the 29, it was found that two courts wouldnot suffice for the great number of competitors. Such an event had beenforeseen, however, and sites for two additional courts were already provided.Three of the courts were intended for the matches and the fourth fortraining. The courts were laid with “Adekvat”, a mixture of coaltarand limestone-tailings, with a thin layer of sand on top.The Lawn Tennis competitions of the Fifth Olympiad were concludedon the 5 July, after which, the Committee at once commenced to makeup its books. They showed an expenditure of 30,000 kronor (c:a £1,650: $ 8,250), including the expense of making two out-of-doorcourts, the sum required for this swallowing up the surplus that wouldotherwise have existed.THE COMPETITIONS.The covered court competitions.The close of entries for the covered court competitions was awaitedwith the greatest interest, and when this took place, a month beforethe matches begun, six nations were represented, viz,, Australasia, Bohemia,Denmark, France, Great Britain and Sweden.Next to Sweden, which entered the maximum number in every classexcepting in the Ladies’ Singles, came Great Britain with 11 representatives,3 lady- and 8 gentlemen players.Great Britain had sent some of the very best fighters it had:A. W. Gore, C. P. Dixon (the captain), H. Roper-Barrett, G. A. Caridia,A. E. Beamish, T. M. Mavrogordato, the brothers A. H. andF. G. Lowe. The ladies of the team, Mrs. M. Barton, Mrs. E. M.Hannam and Miss Aitchison, are all well known names in the tennisworld.France had entered Monsieur and Madame Decugis, A. H. Gobertand M. Germot.The representatives of Denmark were Mr. E. Larsen and Miss S.Castenschiold, the best players Denmark possesses for the Gentlemen’sand Ladies’ Singles.Australasia sent only one representative, but this was none other thanthe world-renowned A. F. Wilding, holder of the Wimbledon Championship.618

According to the International Olympic regulations, Bohemia hadthe right to play as a separate nation and had entered four gentlemenfor the singles and doubles, and one pair for the mixed doubles.Only two gentlemen, K. Fuchs and J. Haintz, put in an appearance,however, but, not being entered as a pair for the gentlemen’s doublesthey took part in the singles only.The covered court competitions began on Sunday May 5 at 1.15p.m. The doors of the Tennis Pavilion were not opened before 1 p.m.but a long queue had been formed by noon, and when the public wasat last granted admission, all the day-tickets that remained were soldwithin a quarter of an hour, and many hundreds of enthusiasts whohad been waiting a considerable time were turned away from the doors.At 1.15 precisely, the referee made a signal to the umpires for thegame to start. C. Kempe gave the first serve, thereby beginningthe Games of the Fifth Olympiad — a very simple ceremony, in all truth.Nothing was finished the first day but the first round in the gentlemen’ssingles.GENTLEMEN’S SINGLES.First Round.Some really fine matches were seen in this round. G. A. Caridia (Great Britain),who was the favourite in the competition on account of his beautiful styleand unique half-volley stroke, had a warm bout with our second player, F. Möller,who succeeded in winning the third set and had lost the second only after ithad reached 7—5. Although the Swedish player showed excellent form, he wasfinally beaten by 6—2, 7—5, 3—6, 6—4.A. W. Gore (Great Britain) was stoutly opposed by another Swedish player, H.Leffler. Both men were distinctively base-line players, so that the match was apretty lengthy one, Gore winning by 7—5, 6—4, 7—5.W. Boström (Sweden) had not been expected to play so finely against A. H.Lowe as he did, for the latter is one of Great Britain’s best representatives andhas a very difficult screw serve. Boström, on the other hand, possess a strongback hand and has seldom played this stroke with such precision as in this match.He took the first set by 7—5, but lost the following three, all by 6—4.Among other matches in the first round deserving of mention was that betweenthe French champion A. H. Gobert, and E. Larsen (Denmark). After having lostthe first two sets, Larsen began to give a display of quite first-class tennis, tookthe next set by 7—5 and gained the lead in the fourth by no less than 5—1.Gobert recovered and won the set by 8—6. The French player had some singularlybeautiful, lightning strokes. He is evidently an all-round man, with apparently noweak stroke. His forte, however, is the serve, which is mercilessly swift and finisheswith an “American” screw. He seemed a little nervous, and often gavedouble faults. If Gobert could free himself of these weaknesses he would be thebeau ideal of a tennis player.Second Round.Here Sweden’s representative, T. Grönfors, after a good defence, was beaten by A. F.Wilding (Australasia), by 6—3, 6—3, 6—3. Grönfors played with great lifeand did some very fine volleying, his strong point.619

A W. Gore, the English ex-champion, and now in his forty-fifth year, was,probably to the surprise of a great many persons, beaten in the same round by G.A. Caridia by 3 sets to love; 6—2, 9—7, 7—5. Caridia played an excellent game,while Gore’s formidable forehand drives did not always come off.The match which, in this round, was awaited with the greatest interest by Swedishspectators was that between G. Setterwall, the Swedish champion, and H.Roper-Barrett (Great Britain). Opinions were divided as to the result of thematch for, from the very first, it could be seen that both men were in theirbest form. Roper-Barrett took the first set by 6—4 and then Setterwall won twoin succession by 6—1 6—4. The fourth went to Roper-Barrett by 8—6. In the fifthset Setterwall managed to get the upper hand by means of some energetic playat the net and won the set and the match by 6—4.Roper-Barret is certainly the most subtle player that Great Britain boasts. Hisevery stroke seems to be given only after wonderful deliberation, and he takesballs in the most impossible places and in the most impossible way. It is difficultto understand, however, how a player like Roper-Barrett, who does not possessany really well-defined stroke, can play so effectively. Setterwall won by meansof his charming volleys and killing smashes.Third Round.In the third round G. A. Caridia suffered a crushing defeat at the hands ofA. F. Wilding. The first-named, who on the two previous days had played excellently,could never find himself in this match, none of his finest strokes coming off.Wilding played throughout with uniform energy and won by 6—1, 6—2, 6—2.After his victory over Roper-Barrett, Setterwall had to meet F. G. Lowe(Great Britain). In his match against Barrett the Swede played against loose, wellplacedballs. In this match, on the other hand, he had to fight against hard, long,safe drives, and instead of playing a hard game in return Setterwall unfortunately adoptedthe tactics he had employed against his previous opponent and did not venture upto the net so often, Lowe getting the ball past him several times when he did.Setterwall played altogether too much on the defensive — quite the wrong gameagainst such a steady player as Lowe — and the Swede lost, the final result being6—4, 1—6, 6—3, 8—6.SEMI-FINALS.The most extraordinary of all the matches, in the Gentlemen’s Singles at least,was that in which Wilding was beaten by Dixon. The result was a perfect surprise,for Dixon never plays well on covered courts. As it happened, however,those at Stockholm suited him to perfection, as Dixon himself declared, stating that hehad never played so well on covered courts as in this match. It must be acknowledged,however, that against Dixon — as, indeed, throughout the whole of thecompetition — Wilding was hardly in his usual form, probably from want of training.Dixon played scarcely anything else than a net-game, nearly always followingup his serve by going forward. Dixon is a perfect master at this playand, thanks to his successful tactics on this occasion, he beat the holder of theWorld’s Championship by three sets to one; 6—0, 4—6, 6—4, 6—4.The second semi-final was that between A. H. Gobert (France) and F. G. Lowe(Great Britain). Gobert won the first two sets by 6—4, 10—8 but then fell off620

altogether and the next two sets were won easily by Lowe, 6—2, 6—2. In thedeciding set, however, Gobert was his old self, and won the final set and thematch by 6—2.Wilding, and F. G. Lowe, having thus been beaten in the semi-finals, had toplay for third prize. Wilding, however, was not altogether in form. He lost thefirst set by 6—4 and won the next by 6—2. In the third set Lowe led by5—1 but then Wilding came on, took the set by 7—5, and the next and last by6—0.THE FINAL.After the conclusion of a week’s matches, A. H. Gobert and C. P. Dixonmet in the final of the Gentlemen’s Singles. Both men did some beautifulwork, though Dixon possibly did not play so well now as he had doneagainst Wilding. The Englishman had the lead at the beginning ofall the three sets, in the first two by 2—0, and in the third by 3—1.On each occasion, however, Gobert showed that he was master ofhis game, and, after a warm contest, succeeded in getting the lead.After 90 minutes’ play the French Champion won the Olympic GoldMedal in the Gentlemen’s Singles by 8—6, 6—4, 6—4, amid thelively applause of the spectators, who occupied every spare inch of theTennis Pavilion.LADIES’ SINGLES.Second Round.In the Ladies’ Singles, Miss F. H. Aitchison (Great Britain) was beaten in thesecond round by the holder of the Danish Ladies’ Championship, Miss S. Castenschiold,a result that had scarcely been expected. Miss Aitchison possessed somefine, long strokes, and placed her balls far back along the side lines, whileMiss Castenschiold, on the other hand, gave short balls which seldom camefarther than half-way over her opponent’s court. The Danish representative, however, had an enormous amount of energy and never seemed to tire, in spite of allthe exercise her opponent gave her. Her aim evidently was merely to get theball over the net and allow Miss Aitchison to strike it out. The latter tired bydegrees, and her strokes beginning to lose in accuracy, she quickly lost the lasttwo sets after having won the first with similar ease. The result was 2—6, 6—2,6—1 in favour of Miss Castenschiold.SEMI-FINALS.Miss Castenschiold had now to meet in the first semi-final the Lady Championof Sweden, Mrs. S. Fick. A victory was hardly expected for the Swedish colours,but a good match was hoped for, and Mrs. Fick played very well the whole time.Her strokes had not the accuracy that marked Miss Castenschiold’s, however, and theDanish champion won after two equal sets by 6—4, 6—4.The second semi-final was played between two representatives of Great Britain,Mrs. M. Parton and Mrs. E. Hannam, the latter winning, thanks to the pace ofher balls and her own greater activity. The result was 7—5, 6—2.Mrs. Parton and Mrs. Fick had to play for the third prize, and in this gamethe difficult screws of the former were altogether too much for the Swedish representative,Mrs. Parton winning by 6—3, 6—3.621

M. Decugis, FranceJ. Just, BohemiaT. Grönfors, SwedenJ. Sebek, BohemiaL. Silverstolpe, SwedenA. F. Wilding, AustralasiaF. Möller, SwedenbyeGentlemen’s Singles. (Covered courts.) 25 entries.C. P. Dixon, Great BritainT. M. Mavrogordato, GreatBritainK. Fuchs, BohemiaJ. JustW. O.C. P. Dixon6—2 9—7 4—610—8 C. P. DixonK. FuchsW. O.T. GrönforsW. O. A. F. WildingA. F. Wilding6—3 6—3 6—36—0 6—1 6—1G. A. CaridiaG. A. Carida, Great Brit. 6—2 7—5 3—6 6—4 G. A. CaridiaA. W. Gore,H. Leffler, Sweden.W. Boström,A. H. Lowe, Great BritainM. Germot, FranceA. E. Beamish, Great BritainE. Larsen, DenmarkA. H. Gobert, FranceI. Haintz, BohemiaC. Kempe, SwedenbyeA. W. Gore7—5 6—4 7—5A. H. Lowe5—7 6—4 6—4 6—4M. Germot4—6 6—2 4—6 6—2 6—4A. H. Gobert8—6 6—1 5—7C. Kempe6—1 6—4 3—6 6—3H. Roper-Barrett, Great BritainG. Setterwall, SwedenF. G. Lowe, Great BritainC. Wennergren, Sweden6—2 6—4 6—1A. F. Wilding6—1 6—2 6—2C. P. Dixon6—0 4—6 6—46—46—2 9—7 7—5 A. H. Gobert.8—6 6—4 6—4A. H. Lowe6—4 3—6 6—16—4A. H. Gobert6—1 6—2 7—5G. Setterwall4—6 6—1 6—46—8 6—4F. G. Lowe6—4 6—1 6—4A. H. Gobert6—1 6—1 6—3F. G. Lowe6—4 1—6 6—38—6Game for third prize A. F. Wilding beat F. G. Lowe 4—6 6—2 7—5 6—0.A. H. Gobert6—4 10—8 2—62—6 6—2

THE FINAL.The final in the Ladies’ Singles lbrought together Mrs. Hannam andMiss Castenschiold, representativesrespectively of Great Britain and Denmark.Never before, on Swedishlawn tennis courts, has there beenseen such first-class play by a lady asthat shown by Mrs. Hannam. Sheheld the upper hand from the firstmoment of the game to the verylast, and her well placed drives keptMiss Castenschiold running withouta pause from one side of the courtto the other. The Danish representativemade a good fight, however,and showed great cleverness in takingthe most difficult balls, but, unfortunately,could only make veryfeeble returns. This, of course, allowedMrs. Hannam to come forward tothe net and kill her opponent’s ballswith some well-placed smashes. Mrs.Hannam won by two sets to love:6—4, 6—3.GENTLEMEN’S DOUBLES.First Round.The most interesting match in the firstround of the Gentlemen’s Doubles was thatbetween the leading representatives ofSweden, G. Setterwall—C. Kempe and G.A. Caridia—T. M. Mavrogordato (GreatBritain). The struggle was a very keenone, all the five sets being played. TheSwedish pair seemed more accustomed toplaying together than were their opponentsand won the match by 6—4, 4—6, 6—8,6—2, 6—3.In the same round, the brothers Lowe(Great Britain) had a by no means easy taskbefore they succeeded in beating C. Wennergrenand C. O. Nylén (Sweden). Thelatter came very near winning the firsttwo sets, which were finally carried off bythe Lowes by 9—7, 11—9. The thirdset was won by Great Britain’s representatives,in considerably shorter time, by6—2.623

Second Round.In the second round, after playing five sets, the Lowes had to acknowledgedefeat at the hands of A. H. Gobert and M. Germot (France). The latter pairlost the first two sets by 3—6, 6—8 but won the next three pretty easily by 6—4,6—2, 6—3.SEMI-FINALS.The first match was between Dixon—Beamish (Great Britain) and Gobert—Germot (France). The Frenchmen won a very easy victory by 6—3, 6—1, 6—2,Beamish being altogether out of form.The second semi-final was perhaps the most exciting match of any in the competition,the winners of the Gold Medal at the Olympic Games of London, 1908,A. W. Gore—H. Roper-Barrett playing against G. Setterwall — C. Kempe(Sweden). At first, things went badly for the Swedes, who appeared to be a littleuncertain in their game, and the first two sets went to their opponents by 6—4,6—3. Then came a wonderful change however, and from this point to theend of the match, the Swedish players easily held the upper hand, winning thelast three sets by 6—1, 6—4, 6—3. The victory awakened a storm of enthusiasmamong the spectators.C. P. Dixon—E. A. Beamish (Great Britain) played for the third prize againsttheir fellow countrymen, A. W. Gore—H. Roper-Barrett, and won by 6—2,0—6, 10—8, 2—6, 6—3.FINAL.The final in the Gentlemen’s Doubles (covered courts) between A.H. Gobert—M. Germot (France) and G. Setterwall—C. Kempe(Sweden) was another delightful match, and probably the finest of anyin the covered court competitions, all the players being in brilliantform. The serve dominated the game so entirely that each set wasnearly always taken by the server. In the first, however, Setterwallwas unlucky enough to lose a serve-game, and the set was taken bythe Frenchmen by 6—4. When 25 games had been played in thesecond set, Germot lost his serve and the set was won by Setterwall—Kempe by 14—12. In the third and fourth sets the Swedes felloff somewhat, but still gave their opponents a very good game, whowon here by 6—2, 6—4, thereby carrying off the Olympic Gold Medal.The fine play of the Swedes against such a strong combination asGobert—Germot at their best, gained them the honour of beingcalled “a great pair”, by the English journal, “Lawn Tennis and Badminton”.MIXED DOUBLES.Preliminary rounds.The idea prevailed that, in the Mixed Doubles, Mrs. M. Parton and Mr. T.M. Mavrogordato, the winners of the Wimbledon championship in 1911, wouldcarry off the final honours here too, but they were beaten in the second round byMrs. Hannam and C. P. Dixon, 2—6, 6—4, 6—3. The pair last mentioned werethus certain of being in the final.On the’ other half of the programme, Miss F. H. Aitchison and H. Roper-Barrettfought their way onwards to meet the two players just mentioned. In the semi-624

FINAL IN MIXED DOUBLES. Mrs. E. HANNAM and C. P. DIXON v. Miss F. H. AITCHISON and H. ROPER-BARRET.

Pl. 231.GENTLEMEN’S DOUBLES (covered courts).C. KEMPLE and G. SETTERWALL, winners of 2:nd prize, Sweden.FINAL IN GENTLEMEN’S SINGLES.C. WINSLOW (winner) and H. A. KITSON, both South Africa.

Gentlemen’s Doubles.(Covered courts.) 11 entries.F. G. Lowe, Great BritainA. H. Lowe,C. Wennergren, SwedenC. Nylén,byeC. P. Dixon, Great BritainE. A. Beamish,K. Fuchs, BohemiaJ. Just,F. G. Lowe and A. H. LoweC. P. Dixon and E.A. BeamishW. O.A. H. Gobert andM. GermotA. H. Gobert andM. GermotA. H. Gobert, FranceM. Germot,J. Sebek, BohemiaJ. Haintz,A. H. Gobert and M. GermotW. O.A. H. Gobert andM. GermotG. A. Caridia, Great BritainT. M. Mavrogordato,G. Setterwall, SwedenC. Kempe,byeG. Setterwall and C. KempeF. Möller, SwedenT. Grönfors,G. Setterwall andC. KempeW. O.G. Setterwall and C.KempeW. Boström, SwedenC. Benckert,A. W. Gore, Great BritainH. Roper-Barrett,A. W. Gore and H.Roper-BarrettGame for third prize. C. P. Dixon—A. E. Beamish beat A. W. Gore—H. Roper-Barrett 6—2 0—6 10—8 2—6 6—3.

final Miss Aitchison and Roper-Barrett beat the best Swedish pair, Mrs. S. Fickand G. Setterwall, after some fine play on both sides, all three sets having to beplayed. Mrs. Fick, especially, was in her very best form, but Setterwall, althoughhe made some good strokes, was not in sufficient evidence at the net. Roper-Barrett,on the other hand, let very little get past him there, and Miss Aitchison’slong drives along the side-lines awakened general admiration. Barrett-Aitchisonwon by 3—6, 6—1, 6—2,FINAL.The final of the Mixed Doubles was the last event of the competition,and gave a fine example of the way in which this gameshould be played, i. e., with the man at the net and his partner at thebase-line. The struggle for the Gold Medal was between two pairsboth representing Great Britain; Miss Aitchison — H. Roper-Barrettand Mrs. Hannam—C. P. Dixon. The first set was won by Aitchison—Roper-Barrett by 6—4, but the next two sets went to their opponentsby 6—3, 6—2, this deciding the match in favour of Hannam—C. P. Dixon. The winners were greeted with well deserved applause.Presentation of Prizes.H. M. The King gave away the prizes immediately after the closeof the competitions at 5 p. m., May 12th.PRIZE LIST.Gentlemen‘s Singles.I prize: A. H. GobertFrance.II C. P. Dixon Great Britain.III A. F. Wilding Australasia.Ladies’ Singles.I prize: Mrs. E. M. HannamII Miss S. CastenschioldIII Mrs. M. PartonGreat Britain.Denmark.Great Britain.I prize:IIIIIGentlemen’s Doubles.A. H. Gobert and M. GermotG. Setterwall and C. KempeC. P. Dixon and A. E. BeamishMixed DoublesFrance.Sweden.Great Britain.I prize: Mrs. E. M. Hannam and C. P. Dixon Great Britain.II Miss F. H. Aitchison and H. Roper-Barrett Great Britain.III Mrs. S. Fick and G. Setterwall Sweden.626

Mixed Doubles.(Covered courts.) 10 entries.byeMrs. S. Fick, SwedenG. Setterwall, SwedenM:me M. Sebkova, BohemiaJ. Sebek,S. Fick and G. SetterwallW. O.F. H. Aitchison andH. Roper-BarrettMrs. E. Arnheim, SwedenC. O. Nylén,Miss S. Castenschiold, DenmarkE. Larsen,F. H. Aitchison and H. Roper-BarrettF. H. Aitchison andH. Roper-BarrettMiss F. H. Aitchison, Great BritainH. Roper-Barrett,E. M. Hamam andC. P. DixonMrs. M. Parton,T. M. Mavrogordato,Miss E. Hay, SwedenF. Möller,M. Parton and T. M. MavrogordatoE. M. Hannam andC. P. DixonMrs. E. M, Hannam, Great Britainbye C. P. Dixon,E. M. Hannam andC. P. DixonMiss M. Cederschiöld, SwedenC. Kempe, M. Cederschiöld andC. KempeM:me M. Decugis, France W. O.M. Decugis,Game for third prize. S. Fick—G. Setterwall. W. O. M. Cederschiöld—C. Kempe, retired.

Gentlemen’s Singles.(Out-of-door courts.) 67 entries.byeJ. Kodl, BohemiaL. E. Tapscott, South AfricaF. Pipes, AustriaO. Lindpainter, GermanyH. Leffler, SwedenA. H. Kitson, South AfricaF. Möller, SwedenJ. P. Samazeuilh, FranceR. C. Spies, GermanyJ. Just, BohemiaH. Schomburgk, GermanyJ. Montariol, FranceW. Boström, SwedenT. Smith, NorwayP. M. Peterson, NorwayCount L. Salm, AustriaJ. Zeman, BohemiaC. Wennergren, SwedenL. Rovsing, DenmarkP. Segner, HungaryV. G. Hansen, DenmarkO. Schmid, HungaryC. Kempe, SwdenB. v. Kehrling, HungaryE. Zsigmondy,H. Liebisch, AustriaO. v. Müller, GermanyO. Frederiksen, DenmarkH. Planner v. Plaun, AustriaR.A. Hammacher, GermanyL.F. J. Blanchy, FranceB. Hyks, BohemiaA. H. KitsonF. MöllerW. O.R. C. SpiesH. SchomburgkW. O.W. BoströmR. BertrandBertrand, Austria W. O.L. ZemlaZemla, Bohemia W. O.F. J. BlanchyL. E. TapscottF. PipesA. H. KitsonH. SchomburgkA. H. KitsonL. SalmL. SalmL. SalmC. WennergrenC. WennergrenL. RovsingW. O.V. G. Hansen B. v. KehrlingW. O.B. v. Kehrling O. V. MülerW. O.E. Zsigmondy O. v. MüllerW. O.O. v. MüllerL. E. TapscottL. ZemlaW. O.L. E. TapscottL. ZemlaA. H. KitsonL. ZemlaA. H. KitsonC. Winslow

K. Thayssen, DenmarkA. Ardelt, BohemiaA. ThayssenW. O.bye A. S. Madsen, DenmarkC. Winslow, South AfricaP. Frigast, DenmarkT. Grönfors, SwedenE. Toth, HungaryJ. Arenholt, DenmarkV. Ingerslev,M. Mény, FranceL. M. Heyden, GermanyL. v. Baráth, HungaryA. v. Kelemen,A. H. Canet, FranceC. Langaard, NorwayP. Gyula, HungaryT. Roosevelt-Pell, U. S. A.N. Stibolt, NorwayD. E. Lawton, FranceJ. Sebek, BohemiaO. Froitzheim, GermanyK. Fuchs, BohemiaC. v. Wessely, AustriaA. Zborzil,C. Benckert, SwedenO. Blom, HollandG. Setterwall, SwedenCount M. Soumarokoff, RussiaA. Alenitzyn, RussiaO. Relly, AustriaB. Angell, NorwayO. Kreuzer, GermanyH. Björklund, NorwayA. ThayssenC. WinslowT. GrönforsW. O.V. IngerslevL. M. HeydenA. v. KelemenA. H. CanetT. R. PellW. O.N. StiboltW. O.J. SebekW. O.K. FuchsW. O.A. ZborzilG. SetterwallM. SoumarokoffW. O.B. AngellW. O.O. KreuzerC. WinslowV. IngerslevL. M. HeydenT. R. PellJ. SebekA. ZborzilM. SoumarokoffO. KreuzerW. O.C. WinslowL. M. HeydenA. ZborzilO. KreuzerGame for third prize. O. Kreuzer beat L. Zemla 6—2 3—6 6—3 6—1C. WinslowO. KreuzerC. Winslow

1. Great Britain2. France3. Sweden4. Denmark5. Australasia6. BohemiaPlacing of the competing nations in Cov.-Court Comp.Gold Silver Bronze TotalMedals. Medals. Medals. Points,Out-of-door court competitions.Of course, it was expected that there would be a greater numberof entries for the Lawn Tennis out-of-door court competitions thanfor the covered court events, the first-named class being more generallyplayed abroad, but, in spite of this fact, it was somewhat of asurprise to have a total of no less than some 70 players from 11other nations in addition to Sweden.The nations that signified their intention to take part in theLawn Tennis out-of-door competitions were Austria, Bohemia, Denmark,France, Germany, Holland, Hungary, Norway, Russia, SouthAfrica, Sweden and the U. S. A.As may be seen, Great Britain was not of the number, the reasonbeing that the time at which the Olympic out-of-door court matcheswere to be held was the same as that fixed for the English Championshipmeeting at Wimbledon. The Lawn Tennis authorities ofGreat Britain made many attempts to get the date of the Olympiccompetitions altered, but for several good and sufficient reasonsthe Swedish Olympic Committee found it impossible to make the desiredchange, with the result that there were no entries from Great Britain.Amongst the competitors entered we must mention the Germanchampion, O. Froitzheim, who, however, finally took no part in thematches, but played instead in the Wimbledon competitions. In addition,there were A. H. Kitson, C. Winslow and L. E. Tapscott(South Africa) whom rumour stated to be first-class players and whosurpassed all expectations. Among the other players deserving ofspecial mention may be named O. Kreuzer, O. v. Müller, H. Schombourgkand L. M. Heyden (Germany); Count Salm and Dr. F. Pipes(Austria); Count M. Soumarokoff (Russia); M. Mény, A. H. Canet, andF. J. Blanchy (France); T. Roosevelt-Pell (U. S. A.) and the Bohemianchampion, L. Zemla. Among the ladies were M:lle Broquedis, ladychampionof France, Frl. M. Rieck, G. Kaminski and D. Köring (Germany)and the two Miss Bjurstedts, Norway. Of these, Frl. Rieckand Frl. Kaminski, two of Germany’s best lady-players, did not putin an appearance.In consequence of the great number of entries, the Committee forLawn Tennis endeavoured to have the beginning of the competitionsmoved forward to the 28 June instead of the 29, as was previouslydetermined, in order not to be obliged to hurry the matches andunnecessarily fatigue the players. It was found impossible to add that630

day to the period fixed for the Lawn Tennis competitions, as the fencingwas to begin on the 6 July, and the dressing-rooms, etc., hadto be ready for their new occupiers by the date fixed.All the nations that had made entries, were asked if there wasany objection on their part against beginning the competitions on the28 June, and, as nearly all of them approved of the proposed change,the out-of-door court events began on the new date and were concludedon Friday, the 5 July.The competitions were favoured with the most glorious weather,with the exception of one day when rain interrupted play from 10 a.m. to 5 p. m. Happily, however, the rain came at a time whenmost of the matches were finished and, consequently, it occasionedno difficulty in carrying out the competitions. The oppressive heat,on the other hand, caused serious inconvenience to many of theplayers, the thermometer showing every day a temperature of 26°—28° C. (78—81° Fahr.) in the shade, while, during the whole ofeach forenoon there was absolutely no shelter against the heat of the sun.GENTLEMEN’S SINGLES.First and second rounds.There was no match of any great interest in the first round of the Gentlemen’sSingles, but, in the second round, L. E. Tapscott, the young South African (whois only 18) succeeded, after a hard game, which was continued to the end of thefifth set, in beating F. Pipes (Austria) by 3—6, 7—5, 4—6, 7—5, 7—5. Inspite of his youth Tapscott is undoubtedly a player of high rank, possessing a hardscrew-serve and a screwing forehand-stroke. In addition to this, his balls have ahigh rebound and break away considerably. He also volleys very well. Pipeshas the American serve, too, and is very safe, but, unlike the South African, is abase-line player.G. Setterwall, the Swedish champion, who had a bye in the first round, metO. Blom, the holder of the Dutch championship, in the second. As Setterwall,like other Swedish players, is not at home on out-of-door courts, some doubt wasfelt by spectators as to the result. He played an energetic game, however, andseized every opportunity of employing his effective volleys. Blom, again, wasalmost too careful and played into the hands of his opponent at the net. Setterwallwon by 3 successive sets, 6—3, 6—3, 8—6.Third round.In this round Setterwall met the young Russian, Count M. Soumarokoff, who wonby three sets to one; 6—2, 6—3, 11—13, 6—2. Soumarokoff, is a left hand playerwith a very peculiar style, his balls, like Tapscott’s, breaking away finely.It was just this break that won the game, for Setterwall could never quite gethold of his opponent’s balls, although the Russian played a good game at thenet too, getting past Setterwall very often, this preventing the Swedish champion fromusing his volley-play as much as he ought to have done. Soumarokoff, with a littlemore experience and greater steadiness, will probably become a formidable figureon tennis courts.631

Forth round.In the fourth round, Soumarokoff met O. Kreuzer (Germany), and was beatenafter a sharp contest, Kreuzer winning by 6—2, 10—12, 6—4, 6—0.In the same round, the U. S. A. representative, T. R. Pell, to everybody’s surprisewas beaten by L. M. Heyden (Germany) by 2—6, 7—5, 8—6, 7—5. Pellis one of the many good players in the U. S. A. and great hopes were entertainedof his success, and it was only his somewhat uncertain play that lost himseveral sets in this match. Heyden’s play is deserving of all praise, not onlyon account of what he did in this match, but also for his many fine performancesduring the competition. He is quite an all-round man with a hard, wellplacedball and; taking into consideration that he is: only 19 years of age, he seemsto have good prospects of advancement on the tennis court.The only Swede that reached the fourth round was C. Wennergren, but he wasbeaten by Count L. Salm (Austria) by three sets to one; 6—3, 5—7, 7—5, 6—1.Another match worthy of mention in this round was that between L. Zemla,the Bohemian champion, and L. E. Tapscott (South Africa), the former winning by1—6, 4—6, 6—2, 6—4, 6—2. Zemla was one of the favourites in the tournamentin consequence of his graceful, safe play. He is master of every stroke, andhandles his racket beautifully.Fifth round.Eight players were left in for the fifth round; A. H. Kitson, Count L. Salm.O. von Müller, L. Zemla, C. Winslow, L. M. Heyden, A. Zborzil and O. Kreuzer,Kitson (South Africa) had no trouble in beating Count Salm (Austria) by threesets in succession; 6—2, 6—2, 6—4.L. Zemla beat O. von Müller (Germany) by three sets, too. Von Müller is oneof the best players that Germany boasts and plays a beautiful, safe base-line game.In this match with Zemla, however, he did not seem to be in his best form, otherwisethe victor’s task would have been a severer one.There was a long five-sets match between C. Winslow and L. M. Heyden, thelatter being in the same excellent form as when he beat Pell, and Winslow had todo all he knew to win. The result was 6—2, 6—4, 8—10, 4—6, 6—3 in favourof the South African.O. Kreuzer easily beat Zborzil (Austria) by 6—4, 6—3, 6—2.SEMI-FINALS.The match between Zemla (Bohemia) and A. H. Kitson (South Africa) in thissemi-final was really the first time the latter had met with any opposition duringthe course of the competition. Five sets were played and if Kitson had played lesscarefully, the result would probably been very doubtful. As it was, however, Kitsonled the whole time in the fifth set and won by 2-6, 6-3, 6-2, 4-6, 6-3.In the second semi-final, O. Kreuzer was comparatively easily beaten by the otherSouth African, C. Winslow, by 9—7, 7—5, 6—1. This was perhaps Winslow’sbest game, although the oppressive heat undoubtedly influenced Kreuzer, who seemedto be less energetic than usual.L. Zemla and O. Kreuzer, having thus been beaten in the semi-finals had toplay for the bronze medal. In this match, Kreuzer was much safer than in hisbout against Winslow while Zemla, on the other hand, seemed less confident thanwhen he met Kitson, and his opponent won fairly easily by 6—2, 3—6, 6—3, 6—1.632

VIEW FROM LAWN TENNIS COMPETITIONS (out-of-door courts).

FINAL IN GENTLEMAN'S DOUBLES (out-of-door courts).H. A. KITSON and C. WINSLOW (South Africa) v. Dr. F. PIPES and A. ZBORZIL (Austria).

FINAL IN MIXED DOUBLES (out-of-door courts).Fri. D. KÖRING and H. SCHOMBURGK (Germany) v. Mrs. S. FICK and G. SETTERWALL (Sweden).

H. M. THE KING PRESENTING PRIZES FOR LAWN TENNIS COMPETITIONS (out-of-door courts).

FINAL.The Gentlemen’s Singles thus finished with a meeting betweentwo representatives of South Africa; A. H. Kitson and C. Winslow.Kitson is the safer player, while Winslow is more brilliant; theythemselves think that they are very evenly matched.The game was a beautiful exhibition of lawn tennis, both menplaying with the greatest care, Kitson devoted himself to long, swiftdrives; Winslow, on the other hand, playing very short, and seemingto have a partiality for a forehand stroke with a tremendous backscrewwhich often brought the ball in close to the net. Winslowappeared to possess more endurance than his opponent, who is 15years older than he, and it was probably this that led to the former’svictory after four well-contested sets: 7—5, 4—6, 10—23, 8—6.GENTLEMEN’S DOUBLES.This class in the competitions lost much of its interest in consequenceof two of the best pairs, O. Froitzheim — O. Kreuzer, holdersof the World’s Championship on “Hard courts“, and the Swedishchampions, G. Setterwall — C. Kempe, not putting in an appearanceFroitzheim and Kempe being unable to be present.This left the two South Africans, Kitson and Winslow really withoutany competitors, and they had no difficulty in carrying off the gold medal.First round.The only match in the first round deserving of mention was that of R. C. Spies—L. M. Heyden (Germany) against F. Möller—T. Grönfors (Sweden). All the fivesets had to be played, and had not Grönfors been somewhat out of form the gamewould have been still closer. The Germans played well on the whole, althoughSpies was unlucky with his smashes. Spies-Heyden won by 3-6, 6-4, 6-2,4—6, 6—1.Second round.In the second round, A. Canet—M. Mény (France) beat H. Schomburgk—O.von Müller (Germany) by 6—8, 6—3, 6—2, 6—3. The French couple playedfar better together than did their opponents, their volleys being very good. Schomburgkplayed well, but von Müller did not give him much assistance, being veryunsuccessful at the net.SEMI-FINALS.The winners last mentioned appeared in one semi-final against Zborzil—F. Pipes(Austria) who, in the third round, had beaten W. Boström and C. Benckert (Sweden)by 6—3, 4—6, 6—1, 6—1. The semi-final between the Frenchmen andthe Austrians was, undoubtedly the most exciting of all the matches in this class,the Frenchmen repeatedly being on the point of winning, but being pursued by aremarkable run of bad luck. They led by two sets to one, and were five — threeand 40—love in the fourth set, when what should have been the finishing ball,struck by one of the Austrian players, rain along the net cord and at lastfell softly down on the Frenchmen’s side. Canet—Mény finally lost this set, butin. the fifth and deciding set they again managed on two occasions to get “setball” and each time lost, Zborzil—Pipes winning the game by 7—5, 2—6, 3—6,10—8, 10—8. Canet seemed to be dreadfully nervous in the last set, in conse-633

Gentlemen’s Doubles. (Out-of-door courts.)31 entries.H. Schomburgk, GermanyO. v. Müller,L. v. Barath, HungaryA. v. Kelemen,D. Lawton, FranceJ. Samazeuilh,A. Canet,M. MényCount M. Soumarokoff, RussiaA. Alenitzyn, RussiaF. J. Blanchy, FranceJ. Montariol,L. S. Rovsing, DenmarkV. G. Hansen,V. Kodl, BohemiaK. Ardelt,O. Frotzheim, GermanyO. Kreuzer,W. Boström, SwedenC. Benckert,O. Lindpainter, GermanyA. Hammacher,P. Gyula, HungaryO. Schmid,G. Setterwall, SwedenC. Kempe,Count L. Salm, AustriaH. Planner von Plaun, AustriaT. Smith, NorwayH. Björklund, NorwayA. Zborzil, AustriaF. Pipes,H. SchomburgkandO. v. MüllerA. CanetandM. MényW. O.M. SoumarokoffandA. AlenitzynW. O.L. S. RovsingandV. G. HansenW. O.W. BoströmandC. BenckertW. O.O. LindpainterandA. HammacherW. O.L. SalmandH. Planner von PlaunW. O.A. ZborzilandF. PipesA. CanetandM. MényCount M. SoumarokoffandA. AlenitzynW. BoströmandC. BenckertW. O.A. ZborzilandF. PipesW. O.A. CanetandM. MényA. ZborzilandF. PipesA. ZborzilandF. PipesA. H. KitsonandC. Winslow

J. Sebek, BohemiaB. Hyks,A. Thayssen, DenmarkA. S. Madsen,C. Wennergren, SwedenC. O. Nylén,E. Toth, HungaryP. Segner,B. von Kehrling, HungaryJ. Zsigmondy,J. Zeman, BohemiaK. Fuchs,A. H. Kitson, South AfricaC. L. Winslow,V. Ingerslev, DenmarkJ. Arenholt,B. Angell, NorwayN. Stibolt,L. Zemla, BohemiaJ. Just,R. M. Peterson, NorwayC. Langaard,R.C.Bertrand, Austriavon Wessely, AustriaR. C. Spies, GermanyL. M. Heyden,F. Möller, SwedenT. Grönfors,byeA. ThayssenandA. S. MadsenC. WennergrenandC. O. NylénW. O.B. von KehrlingandJ. ZsigmondyA. H. KitsonandC. L. WinslowL. ZemlaandJ. JustR. M. PetersonandC. LangaardW. O.R. C. SpiesandL. M. HeydenE. P. Frigast, DenmarkO. Frederiksen,C. WennergrenandC. O. Nylén6—1 6—2 6—4A. H. KitsonandC. WinslowL. ZemlaandJ. JustR. C. SpiesandL. M. HeydenA. H. KitsonandC. WinslowL. ZemlaandJ. JustA. H. KitsonandC. WinslowGame for third prize. A. Canet—M. Mény beat L. Zemla—J. Just 13—11 6—3 8—6.

quence of the bad luck attending him and his companion in the fourth, and playedfar below his form.Pipes and Zborzil thus qualified for the final, where they had to meet Kitsonand Winslow who, in their semi-final, had beaten L. Zemla and J. Just (Bohemia)by 4—6, 6—1, 7—5, 6—4.Canet—Mény met Zemla—Just for the bronze medal, the French pair winningafter a good game by 13—11, 6—3, 8—6.FINAL.The final between the Austrian representatives, F. Pipes—A. Zborziland the two South African players, A. H. Kitson—C. Winslow could,undoubtedly, have beenbetter, the last named players taking sometime before they found themselves, and losing the first set by 4—6.After this they led easily, and won the gold medal by 4—6, 6—1, 6—2,6—2.LADIES’ SINGLES.The Ladies’ Singles, too, lost much of their interest in consequenceof the absence of Frl. Rieck and Frl. Kaminski, both German representatives.M:lle Broquedis (France) and Frl. Köring (Germany) had been drawnin separate halves of the programme and, consequently, were prettysure finalists.First and second rounds.Before reaching the final, however, Frl. Köring had to meet two Swedishrepresentatives in succession; Mrs. S. Fick, the Swedish lady champion, who wasbeaten by 7—5, 6—3, and Mrs. E. Arnheim, who was defeated in the semi-final.SEMI-FINALS.M:lle Broquedis had a very severe struggle in one semi-final with Miss Bjurstedt(Norway), the three sets having to be played before the French representativewon, the final result being 6—3, 2—6, 6—4. Miss Bjurstedt is a very goodplayer, with long, hard drives and possessing a very safe racket.In the other semi-final, Frl. Köring beat Mrs. Arnheim comparatively easily by6—4, 6—3.In the match for the bronze medal, Miss Bjurstedt beat Mrs. Amheim by6—2, 6—2.FINAL.This match between M:lle Broquedis (France) and Frl. D. Köring(Germany) was a pretty exhibition of Ladies’ Tennis. The former wasa little uncertain to begin with, but her litheness and pace awakenedgeneral admiration. Frl. Köring played with the greatest calm, andher long, hard drives won her the first set by 6—4 and gave her thelead in the second by 3 —love. M:lle Broquedis seemed to perceivethat the situation was a dangerous one and successfully curbed hertoo great liveliness while, at the same time, Frl. Köring appeared totire a little. The French lady-champion took 6 games in successionand won the second set by 6—3 while, after some beautiful play onboth sides in the third set, M:lle Broquedis won this, too, andgained the gold medal by 4—6, 6—3 6—4.636

MIXED DOUBLES.Preliminary rounds.The Mixed Doubles broke the recordas regards w. o. for, of 13 matches onthe programme, only 5 were played,and of these latter not one producedany first-class exhibition of tennis.Our best Swedish pair, Mrs. S.Fick and G. Setterwall, were fortunatein getting into the final, as they hadnot to meet either of the German couples,Frl. G. Kaminski—O. von Mülllerand Frl. M. Rieck and O. Kreuzer,both of whom scratched.In the other half of the programme,the German couple, Frl. G. Köring andH. Schomburgk qualified for the finalafter beating M:lle M. Broquedis—A.Canet in the semi-final by 6—2,6—3.The French representatives, Broquedis—Canethad, in the first round,beaten the Swedish couple, Mrs. E.Amheim—C. O. Nylén by 6—2, 6—4.No game was played for the thirdprize, M:lle Broquedis—Canet beingawarded the bronze medal from a w. o.on the part of Frl. Rieck—O. Kreuzer.FINAL.The final in the Mixed Doubleswas fought out betweenFrl. D. Köring —H. Schomburgkand Mrs. Fick—G. Setterwall.Immediately after the game began,Mrs. Fick gave her partnera severe blow in the face withher racket. This little accidentseemed to put Setterwall off hisgame, for his play fell off tremendouslyand Köring—Schomburgkhad no difficulty in winningby 6—4, 6—o. The winningpair made an excellent combination,with Schomburgk at thenet, and Frl. Köring along thebase-line.This was the last match inthe Olympic Lawn Tennis competitions637

yeMrs. E. Amheim, SwedenC. O. Nylén,M:elle M. Broquedis, FranceA. Canet,Princess J. M. Lobkowicz, BohemiaJ. Just, BohemiaM:me J. Kubesova, BohemiaA. Kubes,Miss W. Bjurstedt, NorwayT. Smith,Frl. D. Köring, GermanyH. Schomburgk. GermanyMrs. S. Fick, SwedenG. Setterwall, SwedenM:me A. Sebkova, BohemiaJ. Sebek,Miss M. Bjurstedt, NorwayC. Langaard,Miss A. Holmström, SwedenT. Grönfors,byeMixed Doubles. (Out-of-door courts.) 13 entries.Miss M. Cederschiöld, SwedenC. Kempe, M. BroquedisandM. Broquedis A. Canetand W. O.A. CanetPrincess J. LobkowiczandJ. JustW. O.D. KöringandH. SchomburgkW. O.S. FickandG. SetterwallW. O.A. HolmströmandT. GrönforsFrl. G. Kaminsky,O. v. Müller,Frl. M. Rieck,O. Kreuzer,GermanyD. KöringandH. SchomburgkW. O.S. FickandG. SetterwallM. RieckandO. KreuzerW. O.D. KöringandH. SchomburgkS. FickandG. SetterwallW. O.Game for third prize: M. Broquedis—A. Canet W. O. M. Rieck—O. Kreuzer retired.D. KöringandH. Schomburgk

Presentation of the Prizes.The Olympic Lawn Tennis out-of-door court competitions wereconcluded at 5 p. m., on Friday, the 5 July, by the presentation ofthe prizes, the ceremony being carried out by H. M. The King. Some1,500 spectators were present, and hearty cheers greeted the winnersas they went forward to receive their medals.PRIZE-LISTGentlemen’s Singles.I prize: C. WinslowSouth Africa.II A. H. Kitson South Africa.III O. Kreuzer Germany.Gentlemen’s Doubles.I prize: A. H. Kitson and C. WinslowSouth Africa.II A. Zborzil and F. Pipes Austria.III A. Canet and M. Mény France.Ladies’ singles.I prize: M:lle M. BroquedisFrance.II Frl. D. Köring Germany.III Miss M. Bjurstedt Norway.Mixed Doubles.I prize: Frl. D. Köring and H. Schomburgk Germany.II Mrs. S. Fick and G. Setterwall Sweden.III M:lle M. Broquedis and A. Canet France.Total points made by the different nations in the Lawn Tennis Competitions,out-of-door courts.Gold Silver Bronze Totalmedals. medals. medals. points.I. South Africa2. Germany3. France4. Austria5. Sweden6. Norway639

MODERNPENTATHLON.PREPARATORY WORK OF THE COMMITTEE.n the proposal of its President, the InternationalOlympic Committee decided that, in the programmeof the Fifth Olympiad which was to be held inStockholm in 1912, there should be placed a newcompetition — the Modem Pentathlon — comprising thefollowing events : athletics, fencing, riding, swimmingand shooting.This decision was received with the greatest interest by the SwedishOlympic Committee which took its first steps for the organizationof the competition, as early as the autumn of 1910. This wasno easy matter, however, for there was nothing to go by as regardsthe new event as there was in the case of the other competitions.In determining the five branches of sport that were tomake up the Modem Pentathlon, the Swedish Olympic Committeehad the following points in view: the five events ought to be suchas would test the endurance, resolution, presence of mind, intrepidity,agility and strength of those taking part in the competition, while,in drawing up the detailed programme, it was necessary to have all theevents of equivalent value, in order to make the Modem Pentathlona competition of really all-round importance. As regards theshooting, which, of course, was not any test of physical strength, itwas necessary to demand a corresponding degree of skill in thatbranch, in order to make it equivalent to each of the other fourevents.640

Pl. 236.ÉPÉE FENCING, MODERN PENTATHLON.ÉPÉE FENCING, MODERN PENTATHLON.WERSÄLL (Sweden) v. ÅSBRINK (Sweden).

Pl. 237.ÉPÉE FENCING, MODERN PENTATHLON.DE MAS LATRIE (France) 2:nd Man—G. PATTON (U. S. A.), 4:th Man.ÉPÉE FENCING, MODERN PENTATHLON.AEJMELAENS (Russia)—MANNSTRÖM (Sweden).

But this was not enough. It was also necessary to consider thereciprocal order in which the events should be placed, this being anOlympic competition, although the real value of the Modern Pentathlonought, of course, to consist in the fact, that a man who isreally in perfect physical and psychical condition, and who is expertin the branches of sport in question, will always be able to satisfythese tests, irrespective of the order in which they come, so that, forexample, he will be able to pass the shooting test perfectly well,even if he has previously been swimming, riding across very roughcountry, taking part in a cross-country run, or, for a longer orshorter length of time, been engaged in meeting an opponent withthe épée.Of course, the difficulty in executing the tests would be the samefor all the competitors, so that, in this respect, the events could beplaced in any order, but, on the other hand, there was the desire toobtain the best possible result that could be gained in each of thefive events, so it was considered that the most suitable method tobe adopted for the Olympic Games would be to place the events ina certain order, in accordance with the claim each made on the skilland endurance, etc., of the competitor.In consequence of the character of the Modern Pentathlon, thequestion may be asked whether, eventually, the competition should notbe so arranged that the competitor is left in ignorance of the orderin which the five events are to be taken, and that the order is determinedby drawing lots. This arrangement, however, might havethe result of unsteadying the competitors to some degree, and ofmaking it a matter of exceeding difficulty for the Olympic Committeeto organize the competition.The following brief account of the arrangements made for each ofthe various branches of the Modern Pentathlon at the Fifth Olympiad,in Stockholm, is given as some aid for future Olympic Games.Shooting.In the autumn of 1911, the Swedish Olympic Committee proposedthat the shooting should be carried out with pistols (so-called “Duelshooting”)at a distance of 20 metres, at a disappearing target consistingof a whole-figure, which was to be visible for 3 seconds.Later on, however, the thought arose that it would be better toincrease this, perhaps, too short, distance by 5 metres, so as to makethe event more in accordance with the value of the competition, andso the distance of 25 metres was adopted.The target was to consist of standing whole-figure, 1.70 metreshigh, i. e., corresponding in length to a man of normal height; thegreatest breadth was 0.50 metre. In order to determine the respectivevalue of the hits, the figure was to be divided into 10 zones, thebull’s-eye to count 10. The figure was to be visible 3 seconds, withan interval of 10 seconds between each shot, this period being fixedso as to allow ample time for reloading, for such competitors as didnot use automatically loading pistols.41 Fifth Olympiad. 641

AS regards the weapon, it was not considered suitable to require theuse of any fixed model, otherwise than that it had to be one intendedto be held in one hand only, and any revolver or pistol couldbe used provided that it had open fore- and back-sight.Regarding the number of shots, these were fixed at 20, whichwere to be fired in 4 series of 5 shots each. With respect to thetrial of the weapon it was determined that, before the shooting forthe event began, 2 sighters should be allowed at the ranges, undersimilar conditions to those obtaining during the competition.Swimming.The first thing that had to be done in regard to this event wasto determine the distance that would give a suitable test of strengthand endurance. In general, it was considered that a length of 3oometres would be enough, and the proposal was adopted, the distancementioned being, probably, the most suitable one.The free swimming style must also be considered as the only onethat could be adopted. The event was arranged in heats without anyfinal, the time taken being the only decisive factor.Fencing.A discussion arose as to whether free choice of weapons (épée,sabre or bayonet) should be allowed, or if the obligatory employmentof one of these arms should be enforced, the bayonet being, mostcertainly, the weapon which would be least used. Both plans havetheir advantages and inconveniences, of course, but it will certainlybe acknowledged that to allow a free choice of weapon would leadto many grave difficulties — when judging results in an Olympic competition,at least.Judging from every plausible reason, the choice of one, fixed armwould be the right method, as the judging, in the case of such acompetition as this, must be based on a comparison between twoopponents of supposed equal capacity. It was a matter of exceedingdifficulty, on the other hand, to decide whether the épée or sabreshould be used, though it must be acknowledged that, in such anevent as this, there is much that speaks for the adoption of the formerweapon — even if, in many instances, a sympathy for the sabrewas very noticable — and it was found that the proposal of theSwedish Committee in favour of the first-named arm was the fittest.It was determined that the fencing should be determined by threehits of five, and that the encounters should, preferably, take place inthe open air, on some fairly level ground, rather than indoors on awood floor, or on a platform covered with a linoleum carpet.The construction of the weapon was to be similar to that fixedby the rules for fencing with the épée (see “Fencing Competitions”)-642

Riding.The determination of the rules for the riding was, probably, thequestion involving the greatest difficulties. From the very first, however,it was determined that the event should be an individual competitionfrom point to point, over a fixed cross-country course withobstacles, as the rider, as well as the horse, would thereby be besttested. The distance, it was considered, should lie within the limits3,000—5,000 metres. In such a competition from point to point,with a number of obstacles at varying distances, too short a distance,however, would not be enough to fully test the skill ofthe rider, as, in such a case, it would not be necessary for himto pay attention in so high a degree to the endurance and powerof his horse and, consequently, to husband these resources to theutmost.Another great reason for the non-adoption of the shorter distancewas that arising from the unanimous opinion, that a maximum timeought to be fixed which was not to be exceeded. In other respects,no attention was to be paid to the time taken for the competition,but the event should be decided by the points given for form in theexecution of the ride, the way in which the obstacles were taken, etc.In the event, however, of two or more competitors having the samenumber of points, the result was to be decided by the time taken.In order not to be bound to a distance determined to the very metre— as there would then exist greater freedom to pay regard to thecharacter of the country when choosing the course — it was decidedthat the distance should not exceed 5,000 metres, a solution of thequestion which must be considered as the most successful one.In order to give the riding event a fully field-service character, theleaders of the riding competition were empowered to so arrange thecourse, which was not to exceed 5,000 metres (for which a maximumtime of 15 minutes was fixed), that the height, breadth, character andnumber of the obstacles would correspond to the demands such servicewould make. According to this plan,the course would remainunknown to the competitors, who would not gain any knowledge ofit from the programme and rules they received, while they were notallowed to ride over the ground before the actual performance of theevent on the day of the competition, although the course, as regardsits chief features, was to be shown to the riders a day or two beforethe competition, none of the obstacles being then pointed out,however.The most difficult point in this event was as regards the procuralof the horses. Here there were 3 points of view, viz.: 1:0, that eachcompetitor should have his own horse; 2:0. that the Swedish OlympicCommittee should have saddled horses at the service of the competitorsat the starting point of the race, each competitor drawinglots for the horse he was to ride, or, as a compromise, 3:0. that,if the competitor so wished, he could ride his own horse, but thatthe Committee would provide horse for those riders who could not643

ing their own. There were advantages and disadvantages attachedto each of the three alternatives.With the first alternative, it would be a matter of the very greatestdifficulty to hold the competition for, by the adoption of such a regulation,it would become impossible for all the competitors to takepart in the event; on the other hand, the rule would give the greatestadvantage to the competitors themselves, although, in such a case, thefundamental idea of the Modern Pentathlon — that an athlete shouldbe able, at any time, to ride across unknown country on a strangehorse — would be, in a great measure, lost.The second alternative reverses the position of the above advantagesand disadvantages. In this case, the idea of the Modem Pentathlonis given its right value, but the advantages to be gained by the individualcompetitor are considerably diminished, in addition to which,there is the disadvantage that it would be a difficult matter to distributethe horses among the competitors quite justly, even if done bymeans of drawing lots, for it would, of course, be exceedingly difficultto provide a certain number of horses all as good as each othereven if, during a certain period they had gone through a thoroughcourse of training in steeple-chase-riding. By such an arrangementthere would be a diminution in the value of the horse riding eventin the competition.But to eliminate the riding from the Pentathlon on account of theweaknesses attending these alternatives, and to replace it by anotherbranch of athletics, would considerably detract from the specialcharacter of the competition. The question was discussed at theLuxemburg Congress, and it was not before the adoption, as a matterof principle, of the view that horses should be placed at thedisposal of the competitors on the course, that the riding event wasincluded in the programme. The question was once more debatedat the Congress of Buda-Pesth and a compromise was adopted —the third alternative mentioned above — whereby competitors had theright of providing their own horses, but that those who were unable todo so, should have a mount placed at their disposal on the courseby the Swedish Olympic Committee. The said Committee afterwardsdetermined that these competitors should draw lots for their horses onthe occasion when the course was shown them, as in this wayhorses and riders would not be altogether strangers to each other.Athletics.Finally, it was necessary to choose a branch of athletics, fromamongst its many forms, which would best be in agreement with thespecial character of the Modern Pentathlon. The choice fell on crosscountryrunning, and the distance was fixed at 4,000 metres.In order to thoroughly carry out the idea of the Pentathlon as anindividual competition, it was determined that the competitors shouldstart one at a time, at intervals of 1 minute, instead of allowing themto start together, as in the case of an ordinary cross-country run.The event was to be decided by time alone.644

CROSS-COUNTRY RACE, MODERN PENTATHLON. GRÖNHAGEN , Sweden.

Pl. 239.CROSS-COUNTRY RACE, MODERN PENTATHLON.ÅSBRINK, Sweden, 1:st Man.CROSS-COUNTRY RACE, MODERN PENTATHLON. GRÖNHAGEN, Sweden.

CROSS-COUNTRY RACE, MODERN PENTATHLON.G. DE LAVAL, Sweden.

SINGING THE SWEDISH NATIONAL ANTHEMN IN THE STADIUM, WHEN THE THREE SWEDISH PRIZE-FLAGS WEREHOISTED FOR THE MODERN PENTATHLON

JUDGING THE COMPETITION.As the fundamental principle for judging the competition as awhole it was determined to adopt a method of calculating pointsbased on the place-numbers in the various sub-events, with the greatestnumber of victories (or the best relative places) as the decisivefactor in the event of two or more competitors obtaining an equalnumber of points. In the case of two or more competitors obtainingan equal number of points and an equal number of best relative places,the result would thus be decided by the competition heldlast.In order to obtain a prize, the competitors had to take part in,and complete, all the five tests.It was determined, with respect to the calculation of points, thatthe 1:st man in each event should receive 1 point, the 2:nd man 2points, and so on, and that the competitor with the lowest number ofpoints should be declared the winner.If any competitor omitted to take part in any of the 5 events, hewas to be considered as having withdrawn from the competition asa whole, but the calculation of points for the other competitors wouldnot be altered.If two or more competitors obtained similar results in running, swimmingand riding, the events were not to be taken over again. If, thus,two competitors tied for first place, each of these would be awarded 1point, and the next man 3 points, etc.Equal points in fencing, on the other hand, would have to be decidedby another pool (1 hit), while in the shooting, the contestwas to continue (the entire series to be fired) until one man provedhimself the best.The rules for the competitions for the 5 sections were:Shooting: the number of hits were to be counted; in the event of anequal number of hits, the points were to be calculated accordingto the zones. The edge of the shot-hole was to determinethe value of the shot;Swimming: The time alone was to decide the placing;Fencing: The number of hits (3) was to decide;Riding: Each rider was to receive 100 points to start with, from whichwere to deducted:for refusing and bolting the first timepoints,refusing or bolting again, each timethe horse fallingfalling off (the rider being unseated), either at the obstaclesor between themevery period of 5 seconds or fraction -thereof, in excessof the maximum timeThese deductions of points were to be made on each occasion, andfor each obstacle.645

If two or more competitors had the same number of points, thetime taken was to decide the order in which they were to be placed.In the cross country running, time alone was to be decisive ofthe event.THE COMMITTEE FOR THE MODERN PENTATHLON.The Committee for the Modern Pentathlon, the President of whichwas Colonel V. G. Balck, Kristian Hellström, Esq., General Secretaryof the Olympic Games, being the secretary, elected a selectcommittee for arranging and directing the organization of this competitionfor the Olympic Games. This special committee consistedof Colonel, Count C. E. Taube, Captain C. Silfverstolpe and LieutenantF. S. Granfelt, the two latter, as president and secretary, respectively,of the administrative committee of the Stockholm District of theMilitary Athletic Association, having the charge and direction of thetraining of the Swedish competitors in the Modern Pentathlon.The other members of the committee were:For athleticsLieutenant G. G:son Uggla.S. Smedmark, Esq.fencingCaptain E. FickLieutenant B. CnattingiusridingLieutenant, Count C. G. LewenhauptLieutenant C. KönigswimmingE. Bergvall, Esq., EditorG. Wretman, Esq.shootingColonel, Count C. E. TaubeLieutenant E. Carlberg.THE COMPETITION.As was case with the other competitions during the Olympic Games,the Modern Pentathlon was begun and continued under the mostfavourable conditions of the weather, although the great heat wassomewhat oppressive and probably affected the results of the severalevents.In consequence of the special character of this competition, it waswatched with very great interest both at home and abroad. As willbe seen by the list of entries, the Modern Pentathlon, in contrast withathletics in general was an almost exclusively military event.The various sections of the competition were placed on the programmein the following order:7 July: duel-shooting8 swimming 300 metres9 fencing with épée10 continuation of d:o11 cross-country riding, and12 cross-country running.646

Duel-shooting.The shooting took place at a 10-zoned whole figure which wasvisible to the competitor for the space of 3 seconds, with intervalsof 10 seconds, after which the target again appeared; during theinterval the competitor had, if necessary, to reload his weapon.After each series of 5 shots, the hits were counted and the holesafterwards covered over. A majority of the competitors, hit the targetnearly every time, and with relatively good results.The Swedish marksmen used the American Smith and Wesson targetpracticepistol exclusively, while the Norwegians and the Germanrepresentatives used various calibres of the German Parabellum automaticpistol.Patton, the only representative from the western continent, shotwith a Colt. All the Danes used the Danish Army pistol. Theseweapons, like the other pistols used in the competition, were of calibresvarying between 6.5 and 9 milimetres.The report of the judges was as follows.NameNationPoints per shotNo. ofmissesGrandtotalUssingDenmarkpointsPattonU. S. A.pointsLewenhauptSwedenpointsAlmkvistRussiapointsMannströmSwedenpointsClilverdGreat BritainpointsWersällSwedenpoints647

NameNationPoints per shotNo. ofmissesGrandtotalÅsbrinkSwedenpointsDoormanHollandpointsPaaskeNorwaypointsNepokoupnoiRussiaE. de Laval SwedenpointspointsNorwayNorwaypointsZeilauDenmarkP. de Laval SwedenpointspointsDurantGreat Britain191 pointsJölverDenmarkAejmelaensRussiapointsG. de LavalSwedenpoints192 points648

NameNationPoints per shotNo. ofmissesGrandtotalv. Hohenthal RussiaGodfreeGreat Britainpointsde Mas LatrieFrancepointsGrönhagenSwedenpointsCarlbergSwedenpointsLilliehöökSwedenpointsBernhardtAustriapointsBruleFrancepointsPauenGermanypointsStranneSwedenpointsHaeggströmSwedenpointsWilkmanRussiapointspoints649

NameNationPoints per shotNo. ofmissesGrandtotalLaybournDenmarkpointsAll the competitors having thus fired, the ties were shot off, the finalresult being as follows, as entered in the report of the judges:NameNationPoints per shotNo. ofmissesGrandtotalNepokoupnoi)(185 pointsRussiapoints:E. de Laval Sweden(185 points)Stranne(176 points)Wilkman(176 points)SwedenRussiapoints’pointsE. Carlberg Sweden(185 points)pointsLilliehöök(192 points)G. de Laval(192 points)SwedenSwedenpointspointspointsThe relative positions of the competitors is shown by the table onpage 656, with Åsbrink, G. de Laval and Lilliehöök, all Swedish representatives,occupying the 1st, and and 3rd places.Swimming.This competition took place in a swimming stadium, specially madefor the Olympic Games, which was 100 metres in length, three lengthsthus having to be swum.650

The starts took place in heats, which were chosen by lots.As any style of swimming was allowed, most employed the trudgeonstroke, although some used the breast stroke.The result was as follows:HeatNameNationTimeAejmelaensPaaskeStranneZeilauLilliehöökvon HohenthalÅsbrinkNorrbyde Mas LatrieDurantG. de LavalWersällAlmkvistClilverdE. de LavalMannströmPattonGrönhagenLaybournWilkmanLewenhauptNepokoupnoiP. de LavalBruléBernhardtUssingGodfreeHæggströmJölverRussiaNorwaySwedenDenmarkSwedenRussiaSwedenNorwayFranceGreat BritainSwedenSwedenRussiaGreat BritainSwedenSwedenU. S. A.SwedenDenmarkRussiaSwedenRussiaSwedenFranceAustria,DenmarkGreat BritainSwedenDenmarkThe placing is shown by the above table, with Clilverd (GreatBritain), Bernhardt (Austria) and G. de Laval (Sweden) as 1st, 2nd and3rd men, respectively.Doorman (Holland) and Pauen (Germany) had retired from the competitionafter the shooting.Fencing.The fencing event was one of pretty long duration, as it went onfor nearly the whole of two successive days. This was occasioned bythe fact that there were no less than 351 assaults, in which 27 competitorstook part.Among these fencers, Grönhagen, Sweden, and Patton, U. S. A.,distinguished themselves by the calm skill and rapidity they showedin the use of their weapon, as well as for the immediate advantagethey took of the weak points of their opponents. Another Swede,651

Table showing the result of the Fencing in the Modem Pentathlon.NameNationComp.-n:rN:r ofWinsN:r ofTouchesPlacefigure.JölverDenmarkBruléFranceGrönhagenSwedenAlmquistRussiaHæggströmSwedenBernhardtAustriaLaybournDenmarkMas LatrieFrancePattonU. S. A.P. de LavalSwedenPaaskeNorwayWilkmanRussiaG. de LavalSwedenUssingDenmarkE. de LavalSwedenClilverdGreat BritainLewenhauptSwedenv. Hohenthal RussiaLilliehöökZeilauMannströmNorbyStranneGodfreeWersällDurantÅsbrinkRem.SwedenDenmarkSwedenNorwaySwedenGreat BritainSwedenGreat BritainSwedenwin (the dots show number of hits received).lost.652653

Lieutenant Stranne, and, in a still higher degree, a French representative,Comte de Mas Latrie, were more aggressive and lively in their work,yet without being wanting in watchfulness and in attention to thecarriage of their weapon. After the first assaults, these 4 competitorsbecame the favourites, a choice which was confirmed by the result ofthe competition, when Lieutenant Grönhagen (Sweden) was placed firstwith 24 victories, the Comte de Mas Latrie, second with 23, LieutenantStranne (Sweden) third with 21, and Captain Patton (U. S. A.), fourthwith 2o. Lieutenants Lilliehöök and Lewenhaupt also made a goodshow against their opponents, and displayed great skill, the same beingthe case with the second French representative, Lieutenant C. Brulé.The result can be seen from the protocol on pages 652—653.Riding.The start for the cross-country ride, the length of which was 5,000metres, was in the neighbourhood of Barkarby (north of Stockholm),from which point the course lay over country of varying character,south of the main road to Stockholm, past Hjulsta and Spånga Church,east of which a bridge had to be crossed close to the winning post.The obstacles (17 in number) were of varying character: Swedishandother fences, and ditches of different kinds. A very interestingobstacle was that consisting of two fences in close vicinity to each other,on the way down a pretty steep hill, after passing through a thinlytimbered wood.In general, most of the competitors rode the course excellently,and as 13 of the 27 competitors covered the course without any fault,and without any touch on clearing the obstacles, the time taken hadto decide the placing of these 13 riders.In this event, the first four places fell to Swedes, viz., LieutenantsGrönhagen, Mannström, G. de Laval and Lilliehöök, in the order given.It proved that those competitors who rode horses which had beenprovided for them by the Committee from the number at its disposal,attained results which were as good as those obtained by competitorsriding their own horses. The report of the judges was as follows.Deduction of points for coursesectionNo.TimeName Nation taken:min. sec.Jölver DenmarkLaybournde Mas Latrie FranceGodfree Great BritainGrönhagen SwedenClilverd Great BritainAlmkvist RussiaMannström SwedenE. de LavalP. de LavalBrulé FranceLilliehöök Swedenflt.flt.654

NameNationDeduction of points for coursesectionNo.Wilkman RussiaPaaske Norwayflt.flt.Patton U. S. A.Ussing DenmarkDurant Great BritainÅbrink SwedenBernhardt AustriaNorrby Norwayflt.v. Hohenthal RussiaLewenhaupt SwedenG. de LavalHaeggströmWersällStranne* In accordance with the decision of the Committee, was allowed to finish the running event.Remark. Laybourn, Zeilau, Nepokoupnoi and Aejmelaens retired.The start took place with intervals of 5 minutes between the competitors.Flt. = fault.Cross=Country Run.The fifth and last event in the Modern Pentathlon had its start inthe Stadium, from which place, the course, which was ca. 4,000 metreslong, ran in a curve north-east and north of the Stadium, over brokencountry varying rather greatly in character, the winning-post beingin the Stadium, after three-quarters of a lap round along the running-trackthere had been covered.The start took place with intervals of 1 minute between the men.While the last few competitors were being sent off, a French representative,Lieutenant Brulé, who had started first, came in at a goodspeed, followed by Captain Godfree (G. Britain) and E. Bemhardt(Austria), who, while on the track in the Stadium, was seriouslythreatened by Lieutenant Stranne (Sweden). Then came, close behindeach other, two Swedes, Hæggström and Wersäll, in good form. Aftera moment’s waiting came Patton (U. S. A.), who had started like aTOO yards sprinter, but it was only by the employment of an incredibledegree of energy that he managed to stagger past the tape,beaten by half a metre at that point by Åsbrink) Sweden), who madea brilliant final spurt and thus won the first place in cross-countryrunning. After a long interval, the post was passed by a Dane,Jölver, with Mannström, a Swede, half a lap behind him. Lilliehöök,another Swede, was at the heels of von Hohenthal (Russia); he passedhim when they reached the track in the Stadium, but was beatenby him in the final spurt. Almkvist (Russia), came into the Stadiuma few metres ahead of G. de Laval (Sweden), who tried to pass himbut did not succeed in doing so until just before reaching the tape,and then only by means of a powerful final spurt. Paaske (Norway),655

was a few metres behind de Laval. Then the two Swedes, Lewenhaupt and Grönhagen, had a struggle to see who would break the tapfirst. They were followed very closely by de Mas Latrie (France), whopassed the post with determination marked on every feature. Clilverd(G. Britain), was the last to arrive, just as he had been the last tostart.The times are shown by the following table.NameNationTime taken:min. sec.BruléFranceGodfreeGreat BritainBernhardtAustriaStranneSwedenDurantGreat BritainHæggströmSwedenJölverDenmarkWersällSwedenPatton U. S. A.ÅsbrinkSwedenP. de Lavalvon Hohenthal RussiaMannströmSwedenWilkmanRussiaLilliehöökSwedenAlmkvistRussiaG. de Laval SwedenPaaskeNorwayde Mas Latrie FranceGrönhagenSwedenLewenhauptClilverdGreat BritainUssing, Denmark, retired on account of an injury.FINAL RESULT.The placing of the competitors, with the points obtained in eachof the 5 events and in the competition as a whole, is shown by thefollowing table:PointsName Nation TotalShootinminingRiding Run-Swim-FencningLilliehöök, G. M.Åsbrink, K. G.de Laval, G. P. F.Grönhagen, Å. E.Patton Jr, G. S.Stranne, J. S. M.Mannström, B. K. A.Bernhardt. E.Clilverd, R. E.Wersäll, E. G.Godfree, D. W.Hæggström, N. I.SwedenU. S. A.SwedenAustriaGreat BritainSwedenGreat BritainSweden656

NameNationPointsShoot- Swim- Fenc- Runingming ing Riding ningTotalPaaske, C.de Laval, C. P. G.de Mas Latrie, J.Wilkman, O.Lewenhaupt, C. G. S.Durant, H.Brulé, G.Almkvist, A. A.von Hohenthal, V. G.Jölver, K. A. V.NorwaySwedenFranceRussiaSwedenGreat BritainFranceRussiaDenmarkG. LILLIEHÖÖKK. G. ÅSBRINKG. DE LAVALWinners.SwedenSwedenSwedenpoints.42 Fifth Olympiad. 657

THE ROWING COMPETITIONS OF THEOLYMPIC GAMES.ORGANIZATION AND PREPARATIONS.t was a source of great satisfaction to all friends ofrowing, both at home and abroad, to learn that rowinghad at length been placed on the programme of the OlympicGames of 1912. In Sweden this decision had beenpreceded by a lively agitation, carried on, to a greatextent, in the form of articles in the Press.The Swedish Rowing Association took steps to appoint an OlympicRowing Committee, the members of which were as follows:Hon. President: FRED. LÖWENADLER, Esq.President : NILS LJUNGGREN, Esq., Stockholm.Secretary : ULRICH SALCHOW, Esq.,Treasurer: PER O. S. FJÄSTAD, Esq.,Boat-house Chief: W. CLEMENS, Esq.,Other Members:OTTO ANDERSSON, Esq.,T. MAGNUSSON, Esq.,V. ZETTERLUND, Esq.,K. K. STAMSJÖ, Esq., Malmö.The first thing the Committee took in hand was the drawing upof the programme, a task somewhat difficult of execution, for the listof events had to be such as, without altogether excluding any type ofboat in general use in any country, and, at the same time, withoutbeing too comprehensive, would give the competing nations anopportunity of meeting each other in types of boats common tothem all.658

THE PROGRAMME.The programme was at length arranged by the Committee andembraced three events for outriggers and one for inriggers.The outriggers were for eights and fours with coxswain, and singlesculls, while the inrigger event was for fours. This programme wasready early in 1910 and was approved of by the Meeting of theInternational Olympic Committee at Buda-Pesth in 1911. The Swedishrowing experts had, consequently, included in their programmeneither coxswainless fours, nor double sculls, nor outrigged pair oars.The Rowing Committee was reproached very frequently during thefirst six months after the Buda-Pesth meeting, for having excluded theabove-mentioned types of boats. Energetic arguments were raised,both in Great Britain and in Germany, to show that just these boatsproduced the best rowing, and that in no other type was the art ofrowing so well developed as in these. Consequently, it was said, itwould be unjust to exclude these boats from a World’s Championshipfor Amateurs; the competition would lose its real sporting character,and there would be no opportunity of properly measuring the developmentof the art of rowing. The Swedish Rowing Committee, however,was of the opinion that racing with coxswainless fours and pairoar boats in strange waters, would occasion too many possible or actualfouls, with the resulting protests and loss of time, and that these inconvenienceswould not be balanced by the advantages to be gained bythe presence of the types of boat in question. As the Committee,in the summer of 1911, and in consequence of many excellent reasons,had determined to hold the Olympic Rowing Regatta in Djurgårdsbrunnsvikenand Nybroviken, with the start at Lido and the finish oppositeTorstensonsgatan, i. e., over a course which had the misfortunenot to be a straight one, it was absolutely impossible to make any alterationin the programme accepted at Buda-Pesth. Even if the course inquestion offers but few difficulties to the coxswain of a four or aneight, the Olympic sculls racing proved very plainly that it wouldhave been a fatal mistake to include coxswainless fours and pairoar boats on the waters chosen.In addition to this, experience from regattas held in other countrieshad often shown that the results obtained with these types of boatshave depended, in far too great a degree, on good or faulty steering,another circumstance which also spoke against the inclusion of theboats in question, the legitimacy of whose presence at regattas heldon certain waters, the Committee has no desire to question, however.THE COURSE.As regards the course, there were several stretches of water in ornear Stockholm that could have been chosen, such as Kyrkviken,where the Stockholm Rowing Club has frequently held its races; TyringeSound, just outside Vaxholm — of classic memory — andVaxholm Fiord; all offering good, straight courses for the necessary659

2,000 metres (II/~ mile). In other respects, however, the watersmentioned were not at all satisfactory, for they were distant fromthe city, and the communications would have caused the crowd offoreign competitors altogether too much trouble when going out tothe daily row over the course. With the wind in certain quarters, too,little or no shelter could be had by the oarsmen, and, in the event of afresh summer breeze springing up, the efforts of the crews of the outriggerswould have been frustrated or, at the very least, made of little avail.And even if these waters had been perfectly satisfactory from a technicalpoint of view, the Committee would have still been unable tochoose any of them, in consequence of the scarcity of accommodationin each case, as the erection of boat-houses, etc., for an active rowingcontingent amounting to a couple of hundred men, either at Vaxholmor at Kyrkviken, would have been altogether too great a task. Atthe beginning of May, 1911, the Committee chartered a steamerand made a special trip in order to settle the matter satisfactorily,and the members decided unanimously to choose Djurgårdsbrunnsvikenfor the regatta.One great advantage possessed by the course chosen was its convenientsituation, which allowed, not only the other competitors andthe spectators at the Olympic Games but also the general public, toattend the Rowing Competitions without the least trouble, the events inquestion thus being brought into closer connection, so to say, withthe other sections of the Games.Djurgårdsbrunnsviken offers, first, a straight course, with deep water,1,500 metres in length, and of ample width for two boats, from Lidotowards and right past the Military Baths. Not before these arereached is there a bend, but then the course sheers first to starboardand afterwards to port, so that the boat -on the Ladugårdsland sidemust take the middle arch of the Djurgård Bridge, while the boatwith the Djurgård station has to steer through the southern arch.It can be considered an advantage for the boats to pass the bridgeunder different arches, as these served to show the course veryclearly for the three hundred metres before the bridge was cleared,while, after passing the bridge, the boats were certain to keep a sufficientwidth of water between them.The Rowing Committee had to choose a course affording shelteredwater even in windy weather, and one that could be reached quicklyand conveniently both by the competitors and the public, and in thevicinity of which there were opportunities of finding accommodation,and establishing training-quarters, for the crews.The Djurgårdsbrunnsviken waters satisfied all these conditions, butthe course had the disadvantage of not being a perfectly straight one.The other places previously mentioned, satisfied none of the conditionsbut that of a straight course, and so it will be easy to understandand approve of the Committee’s choice of Djurgårdsbrunnsviken forthe races.660

THE HOUSING OF THE BOATS.The only place at the disposal of the Committee was the boat-housebelonging to the Stockholm Rowing Club, with the little plot of groundattached, but, by raising a marquee in a line with the boat-house, 30metres long, and deep enough to house the big eights, as well as thenumerous fours and sculls expected to take part in the Regatta, itwas found possible to shelter 16 eights, 23 fours and 14 single sculls.A large tent was erected for the crews on the grounds just southof the boat-house, with separate dressing rooms, each intended for 14men and marked with the flag of the nation for which it was reserved.Among other important arrangements made may be mentioned theerection of a Grand Stand close to the winning post at Strandvägen, for the thousands of spectators expected by the Committee.THE OLYMPIC REGATTA AT STOCKHOLM.The foreign crews began to arrive in the early part of July, thefirst to make an appearance being the Hungarian eight and the twosingle sculls, Leviczky and Mészmros. There was an old acquaintanceof Stockholmers in the eight — M. Miltiades Manno, one of Hungary’sbest racing skaters, in which character he appeared here in 1905,when he took part in the Northern Games.The crews arrived one after another, and when, two days beforethe beginning of the Regatta, the Belgians and Frenchmen came,all the nations and crews entered on the lists were present in Stockholm.This enabled the Olympic Regatta of 1912 to set a recordwhich it may prove difficult to beat, for, both as regards the numberof nations taking part in the contest and the quality of the oarsmen,these Olympic Rowing Competitions were far and away superior to anypreceding events of the kind.In consequence of the enormous number of entries, the RowingCommittee found it necessary to have three days for the racesinstead of two; the length of the programme, indeed, making thealteration quite indispensable. The Committee sent a circular to thiseffect at the beginning of June to all the nations taking part in thevarious contests, but Australasia and France entered protests againstthe proposed alteration — according to which, racing would take placeon July 17 as well as on the 18 and 19 — and so the Committeewas obliged to delay the alteration until all the crews, those fromAustralasia and France, too, had arrived in Stockholm, so as to beable to arrange the matter in the most suitable way. A formal protestwas raised, however, by the representatives of Great Britain, againstnot beginning the Regatta on the 17 July, it being considered asoffending against the proper spirit of sport to row twice on two daysin succession — an expression of opinion that the Swedish Committeewas quite able to agree with. At the invitation of the Committee, and afterthe arrival of the French crews, therefore, there was a meeting ofrepresentatives of each country, at 3 p. m., Monday, July 15, at theOffices of the Olympic Games, for the purpose of trying to persuade661

the crews to agree to an alteration being made. The Swedish RowingCommittee was represented on this occasion by Messrs. Fjästad andSalchow, the latter of whom, as representing the body that called themeeting, was appointed chairman.All those present agreeing to row on the 17 July too, the RowingCommittee, at a meeting held on the evening of the 15 July, determinedto begin the Regatta on the day chosen, the first race to come offat 10 a. m.The heats and the positions were both determined by lots.The first day of the races was favoured with warm, calm weather.The course was in excellent order, and had been inspected the eveningbefore by all the coxswains.The second day, Thursday, July 18, was a lovely day, too, thesky being covered with fleecy clouds, and a light easterly breeze blowing,just strong enough to curl the surface of the water. The lastday of the races was favoured with the same delightful weather.The Harbour Authorities were kind enough to close Djurgårdsbrunnsviken to traffic, so that there was no possibility of a collisionoccurring with foreign craft. Axel Hultman, Esq., acted as starter.The start was marked by two barges anchored just off Lido. Theumpires, Messrs. Hans T. Naess, Arvid Höök, Otto Andersson andC. J. Appeltoft, accompanied the races in steam launches lent bythe Naval Authorities.The leaders of the Regatta were Messrs. U. Salchow and P. Fjästad.The boats marked below by the letter L. are those that had theLadugårdsland (northern) station; those marked by D. are those thattook the Djurgård or southern, side.EIGHTS, OUTRIGGERS.First Round.Wednesday, 17 July.Heat 1. 12 noon.GERMANY (Sport Borussia) FRANCE (Soc. Nautique de Bayonne)Carl EichhornJean ArneLudwig WeinachtGabriel S:t LaurentRichard FriesickeMarius LenjeuneAndreas WegenerLouis LafitteFritz Eggebrecht Jean ElichagarayHeinrich LandrockJoseph CampotEgbert ReinsfeldEtienne LesbatsGottfried Gelfort, strokePierre Alvarez, strokeOtto Charlet, cox.François Elichagaray, cox.L. D.The boats kept in company as far as to Stenudden, where the Germans beganto show in front, their stroke spurting directly afterwards. The Frenchmen madeno response and were soon a length behind. Half way up the course, however,they showed signs of attempting an answering spurt, but went to pieces — inparts. Their opponents rowed as if they meant to win, and as regards style, muscle662

and training, were quite superior to the Frenchmen, a fact they displayed stillmore during the last half of the race.The Germans rowed a stroke varying between 32 – 38 to the minute. The French,rowing from 40 — 28 per minute, never seriously threatened their opponents, whowon by about 4 lengths. Time 6 min. 45 sec.Heat 2. 12.20 p. m.AUSTRALASIAJohn A. RyrieSimon FrazerHugh K. WardThomas Chas ParkerHenry HauensteinSydney A. MiddletonHarry Ross-BodenR. B. Fitzhardinge, strokeRobert G. K. Waley, cox.D.SWEDEN (Göteborgs Roddklubb)E. AmundénR. BergstedtG. BrobergS. EricssonI. RydbergA. AlmqvistA. SvendelLeif Sörvik, strokeG. Ahlberg, cox.L.Australia started at 44 for the first half minute, the Swedes keeping to 40.The perfectly trained visitors, who rowed like one man, took the lead after 200metres and never lost it again. When about half the distance was covered, theSwedish boat showed signs of creeping up the Australians, but the latter increasedthe pace and passed the boat-house 2 clear lengths ahead of their opponents, whoshowed evident signs of fatigue and were beginning to go to pieces. The Australiansrowed the whole time at a great pace, with only a slight swing, while thestyle employed by the Swedes bore greater resemblance to English methods. Thehome-crew was beaten by more than 3 lengths. Time 6 m. 57 sec.Heat 3. 12.40 p. m.GERMANY (B. R. G.)Otto LiebingMax BroeskeMax VetterWilli BartholomaeFritz BartholomaeWerner DehnRudolf KeicheltHans Mathiae, strokeKurt Runge, cox.HUNGARYStefan SzebenyArthur BajánMiltiades MannoStefan JeneyLudwig GrafNikolaus SzebenyAnton SzebenyGeorg Szebeny, strokeKoloman Vasko, cox.D.L.The German crew, which formed Germany’s best eight, n-as in front all thetime. The Hungarians rowed at a slower pace than their opponents during thewhole of the race; they had a nice recovery but could get no good grip of thewater and used the slide incorrectly, pushing it before the body. The Germans,on the other hand, rowed in clean English style, even if they had not the sameextraordinarily rapid grip of the water and the swift, easy recovery possessed bytheir models. The Germans, too, were physically the superior of their opponents,and, before any long time had elapsed, their energetic efforts gave them such alead that, at the boat-house, more than 2 lengths separated the boats. All the663

efforts of the Hungarians were in vain and the Germans won quite easily.6 m. 57 sec.Heat 4. 1 p. m.GREAT BRITAIN (New College)NORWAYWilliam Guy FisonEinar SommerfeltSir William Lorenzo Parker, Bt. Thomas HöieThorn. Cunningham Gillespie Harald HerlofsonBeaufort BurdekinOlaf SolbergFred. Archibald Hugo Pitman Gustaf HaereArthur Fred. Regin. Wiggins Hannibal FegthCharles W. Berry Littlejohn Gunnar GrantzRobert Croft Bourne, stroke O. T. Krogh, strokeJohn Drummond Walker, cox. John Björnstad, cox.D. L.TimeThe Norwegian eight, who were considerably heavier and more powerfully builtthan their English rivals, got away first, and kept the lead for about 150 met. rowingas much as 40 while New kept to 38 for the first minute. Both crews rowedexcellently, with a long swing and a powerful grip of the water, but the recoveryof the Norwegians was not so quiet as that of the Englishmen, neither was the finishall that could be desired. These two faults, or rather, the fact that the Norwegiancrew had not reached the same degree of perfection as the English, probablycontributed in very great measure to New taking the lead when half thecourse had been covered, rowing a quiet effective stroke of c:a 32 to the minute.New won by about 2 lengths. Time 6.421/6.Heat 5. 1.20 p. m.GREAT BRITAIN (LeanderClub)E. R. BurgessSidney Ernest SwarmLeslie Graham WormaldEwart Douglas HorsfallJames Angus GillanArthur Stanley GartonAlister Graham KirbyPhilip Fleming, strokeHenry Bensley Wells, cox.D.CANADAC. RiddyP. E. BoydA. H. E. KentW. E. G. MurphyA. SinclairB. R. GaleB. J. GregoryG. B. Taylor, strokeW. O. Mc Cleary, cox.The Canadians started at 46, while Leander kept to 40, this falling after a minutefirst to 38 and then to 36, the representatives of the Maple rowing 40—42 duringthe whole of the race.The two boats kept side by side for a long time, and the pace, in consequenceof the terrific time kept up by Canada, was a most amazing one. At the boathouse,Leander spurted and succeeded in creeping half a length in front, but Canadaanswered with an immensely long, desperate effort and the issue was doubtful untilDjurgård Bridge was passed, when Fleming gathered Leander for a final effortwhich gave the victory to Great Britain by about half a length.Leander rowed in orthodox English style, with a long swing, quiet, finished664L.

ecovery, a powerful grip of the water and a stroke that was drawn out to thelast inch. Canada relied more on muscle, and the tremendous rate at which theyrowed prevented a proper recovery. The crew, although beaten, fought likeheroes, and lost after the pluckiest struggle imaginable. Time 6.19.Heat 6. 1.40 p. m.SWEDEN (Roddklubben af 1912)Gust. BrunkmanPer MattsonSebastian TammSchering WachtmeisterConrad BrunkmanW. Bruhn-MöllerTure RosvallHerman Dahlbäck, strokeWillie Wilkens, cox.L.W. O. Time 7.05Second Round.Thursday, 18 July.Heat 1. 3.40 p. m.GREAT BRITAIN (New College) SWEDEN (R. K. 1912)L. D.Both boats got off beautifully and kept side by side for the first 400 met., theSwedish crew rowing a quicker stroke than New (36 to 32). By degrees, however,Bourne pushed his boat half a length in front and had this lead on reaching theinner curve at the bath-house, where he spurted in order to make use of theadvantage afforded by the position, and the Swedish stroke answered too late. Theresult was, that at Djurgård Bridge Great Britain led by a length and Dahlbäck,when on reaching the inner curve of his side of the course, he did begin aspurt, could not get his men to respond to his efforts. In the finish the Swedesregained a little of their lost ground, but they could not prevent New from winningby a length in 6 min. 19 sec. It was chiefly Bourne’s cleverness that decidedthe race, the manner in which he gathered his crew for the final burst beingsimply masterly.Heat 2. 4 p. m.GERMANY (Berliner R. G.) GERMANY (Sp. Borrussia)L. D.B. R. G. rowed in brilliant style with a long stroke, a fine swing and powerfulgrip of the water, followed by a quiet recovery. The other crew showed the samegood qualities but not to an equal degree, and B. R. G., which was leading by alength at the halfway point, won by nearly 2’/* lengths in 6 min. 22 sec.Heat 3. 4.20 p. m.GREAT BRITAIN (Leander C.) AUSTRALASIAD.L.Both crews started very well, Australia retaining its speed of about 40 for thewhole of the race, while Leander was content with 36—34, the figures sometimes665

falling to 32. Australia put all its weight into its strokes and led by */2 lengthat the 1,000 metres mark. The time for half distance was 3 min. 2 sec.; thesefigures showing the speed at which the boats were moving. At the boat-houseAustralia led and took the inner curve a clear length ahead. At this point, however,Fleming began a terrific spurt, which resulted in his opponents’ lead being diminishedat the bridge to only half a length. The Australian eight now began to row somewhatraggedly and showed other signs of fatigue; Leander, on the contrary, beginninganother magnificent spurt which lasted until the winning post was passed. Fitzhardingewas not sufficiently supported by his men, so that the half length by whichAustralia led at the bridge was snatched out of its hands. The two boats layside by side 100 metres from the finish, but Leander stayed better, and the Englishstyle allowed of more being got out of the spurt, so that the British boat wonby about 3 metres.Those that had the pleasure of seeing this race will probably never forgetit. From beginning to end, the scene was a most imposing one; the drivingpower distinguishing the excellent English style of rowing, and the tremendousenergy shown, being qualities that must have made the deepest impression on allwith any knowledge of rowing. The two strokes, especially, deserve all praisefor the energy and coolness they exhibited, even when the struggle was hottest.The race was rowed in 6 min. 10, sec. the shortest time yet noted for this distancein tideless waters.Fleming’s spurt from the bath-house up to the bridge, at a time when the generalbelief was that Leander was quite out of the race, was probably the mostmemorable episode in this remarkable race.Semi=Finals.Friday, 19 July.Heat 1. 11.30 a. m.GREAT BRITAIN (New College) W. O.Bourne took his men over the course, without any effort, in 7.47, but the W.O. gave the spectators a good opportunity of seeing the pure English style of rowing,with its firm grip of the water and the quiet, almost stealthy recovery.Heat 2. 12 noon.GREAT BRITAIN (Leander C.) GERMANY (Berliner Ruder G..)D. L.At the very start, Leander managed to get a couple of metres’ lead, but theGerman crew soon recovered itself, and at the 500 met. mark was leadingby about half a length. As seen from the shore, the English eight seemed totake the race very quietly, rowing scarcely more than 34 to their opponents’38, and at the 1,000 metres mark the Germans were leading by nearly a length.Both crews were rowing in excellent style, both clearly after the same model.Berlin were wonderfully quick, and the crew now proved that it possessed a lot ofendurance, too. It was a very homogenous eight, with big, very muscular men whogave evidence of having been well trained. Germany has the greater honourof this crew, as all its members had only had their free afternoons or eveningsfor practice, the time at each man’s disposal depending on the business or otherwork at which he was engaged during the greater part of the day. It is evidence666

of clearsighted, energetic work that, under such circumstances, it was found possible tobring together such a crew as that of the B. R. G., which has probably very few rivals.After these reflections we can return to the race. Just before reaching theboat-house, Leander, which had the outside curve, spurted and managed to pick upabout half a length, while the Germans, in our opinion, committed the fault of notmaking use of the advantage given by the possession of the inner curve, and makingan extra exertion which would have certainly increased the distance between themand the English crew, or, in any case, would have kept them at their previousdistance in the rear. Fleming put his men to a severe test from the bath-houseto the bridge, and the determination and speed by means of which Leander drewlevel with their opponents after one minute’s rapid spurt, were simply unique.The German crew was not rowed out, however, and a desperate struggle tookplace all the way from the bridge to the finish, the result being that Leanderwon by about half a length in 6 min. 162/G sec.A careful observer could not but note that it was in consequence of faulty tacticsthe German crew lost, and not because it was physically inferior to its opponents.That was the impression we gained, at all events, and on the supposition that the crewswere physically equal to each other, the faults committed by the losers were the following.After having gained the decided lead he had, the German stroke did notdefend this advantage energetically, for., at the bath-house in the inner curve,he should have spurted with all his power and then with equal energy have defendedhis position against Leander, which, it could safely be calculated, would make itsstrongest spurt from the bath-house and under the bridge, where the British crewhad the advantage of position.Instead, however, of defending his hard-won lead to the utmost, the Germanstroke allowed Leander to come up, and thus let the victory depend on the resultof the last minute along the finish, where Leander was superior to its rival.Final.Friday, 19 July.6 p. m.GREAT BRITAIN (Lean- GREAT BRITAIN (Newder C.)College)D. L.The two boats rowed side by side until the 1,000 metres mark waspassed, when Leander spurted in order to neutralize Bourne’s effortsat the bath-house, where New had the inner curve. Then Flemingpressed his men from the bath-house to the bridge, so that Leanderled by a clear length at the latter place, all Bourne’s efforts beingunable to prevent New from falling behind. Leander won by abouta length in the good time of 6.15.FOURS, OUTRIGGERS.First Round.Wednesday, 17 July.Heat 1. 6.20 p. m.DENMARK (Polyteknic R. C.)W. O.Time 7.20.667

Heat 2. 6.40 p. m.FRANCEAndre MirambeauL. H. ThomaturgeR. P. SaintongeyPierre Allibert, strokeFrançois Elichagaray, cox.L.FINLANDJohan Waldemar NyholmOskar Edvin ForsmanEdvin LönnbergEmil Nylund, strokeValdemar Henriksson, cox.D.For a long time the two boats kept side by side, both crews rowing in goodstyle, the Frenchmen at 38—32, the Finlanders at 40—32. During the last 500met., however, the last named crew went away from its opponents, which seemedunable to make any effective spurt. Time 7.18.Heat 3. 7 p. m.NORWAY (Christiania R. C.) AUSTRIA (Leibnitz)Henry LarsenRichard MayerMattias TorstensenHugo CuznaTheodor KlemGeorg KröderHaakon Tönsager, stroke Fritz Kromholz, strokeEjnar Tönsager, cox.Emil Jand, cox.L.D.The Norwegian crew took the lead with much resolution, rowing in excellentstyle with a well-pronounced swing and a good grip of the water. The Austrians,too, rowed in good style but used the slide too early in the stroke, while theirgrip of the water was not quite so good as that of their opponents.The Norwegians went right away from their rivals and were the only ones tofinish, Austria giving up the fight at the bridge. Time 7.15.Heat 4. 7.20 p. m.NORWAY (Studenternes R. C.) AUSTRIA (Donau)Öyvin Davidsendid not startLeif S. RodeTommy SchjöthOlaf Dahl, strokeEinar Eriksen, cox.L.The Norwegian undergraduates rowed over the course in good style. Time 7.27.Heat 5. 7.40 p. m.DENMARK (K. R. C.)Hans JörgensenKnud Christian GötkeJ. V. T. PraemTh. H. Ch. Eyrich, strokeSilva Smedberg, cox.D.BELGIUMGuillaeume VisserGeorges van den BosscheEdmond van WaesGeorges Willems, strokeLeonard Nuytens, cox.L.Both boats started well, and kept together at an even speed until the 1,000 metresmark was reached. At this point the Danes delayed their response to the spurtmade by the Belgians, and all the endeavours the former made during the remainder668

of the race to make up the two clear lengths lost at this point were in vain, theBelgians winning pretty easily in 7.15.Heat 6. 8 p. m.GERMANY (Ludwigshafen)Albert ArnheiterHerman WilkerRudolf FickeisenOtto Fickeisen, strokeKarl Leister, cox.D.SWEDEN (Vaxholm)John LagerAxel EriksonErnst WetterstrandGunner Lager, strokeKarl Sundholm, cox.L.Both crews began with a quick stroke and lay side by side for some distance,but after the one kilometre’s (1,000 met.) mark, the Germans, without any exertion,led by about half a length, the same distance separating the boats when the boathousewas passed. In the finish, the Germans put themselves 2 lengths in frontof their rivals, and won with the greatest ease. Time 7.06.Heat 7. 8.20 p. m.GREAT BRITAIN (Thames R. C.)Julius BeresfordKarl VernonCharles Gardner RoughtBruce Logan, strokeGeoffrey Carr, cox.D.GERMANY (Mainz)did not startThe British boat rowed over the course in a resolute but far from beautifulstyle. Time 7.27.Second Round.Thursday, 18 July.Heat 1. 12.20 p. m.DENMARK (Polyteknic R. C.)FINLANDL. D.(n:r 3 replaced by M. Simonsen)Half the course was covered with the boats side by side, the Finnish crew rowing40 to the 32—34 of the Danes. The rapid stroke of the Finlanders was gained,however, at the expense of length, while the Danes rowed in beautiful style witha pronounced swing of the body and long, powerful strokes. At the bath-housethe Danes, who had spurted after the half-distance, had a lead of about I*/, length,which was increased at the finish to nearly 3 lengths. Time 7.09.Heat 2. 12.40 p. m.GREAT BRITAIN (Thames R. C.)D.NORWAY (Stud. R. C.)L.After rowing 600 met., the British crew had a lead of about half a lengthwhich, during the remainder of the race, was gradually increased to some 2’/*lengths. Time 7.14.1 p. m. Heat 3.NORWAY (Christiania R. C.)BELGIUML. D.669

This was one of the most exciting heats in the round. Both crews rowed well fromthe start at 40 and 44 respectively, this speed afterwards falling to 32—36. The boatsmoved along rapidly side by side, but, in spite of the calls made by the strokes,neither crew showed any unevenness. Belgium led by about half a length at theboathouse, but the Norwegians had a lot in reserve and, after a brilliant finish,where the four rowed like one man, the last-named crew passed the post a clearlength in front. Time 7.05.Heat 4. 1.20 p. m. GERMANY rowed alone over the course. Time 7.14.Semi=Finals.Friday, 19 July.Heat 1. 1.30 p. m.GERMANY (Ludwigshafen) DENMARK (Polyteknic R. C.)D. L.The Danes rowed very energetically from the start and led by about half alength at the 500 met. mark. Here, however, the Germans came on with a short,powerful spurt, which gave them a lead that was afterwards retained, apparentlywithout any great effort, and was gradually increased to c:a 2~~1, lengths, thedistance separating the boats at the finish. The German crew possessed greatphysical power and was of a comparatively mature average age, features also characteristicof the English four representing the Thames Rowing Club. Ludwigshafenrowed, it is true, a pretty short stroke forwards, but, backwards, it was of a goodlength, with a quiet, finished recovery, and a powerful pull through the water. N:r 3,with his billowing Germanic beard, reminded one of a Viking, and his appearancecontrasted strangely with that of the other oarsmen, most of whom were cleanshaven or had only small moustaches. Time 6.59.Heat 2. 2 p. m.GREAT BRITAIN (Thames R. C.) NORWAY (Christiania R. C.)D. L.With an energetic spurt, Thames took the lead from the very start, and 500metres later the Norwegian boat was nearly a length behind. Thames kept its samerapid stroke even when the 1,000 met. mark was passed, rowing in good stylefrom 34-36 to the Norwegians’ 32—34. The last-named crew, however, pulleditself together for a spurt when close to the bath-house, so that at the bridge therewas only a length between the boats.In the finish, the Norwegians showed such energy, and rowed in such fine style,that their effort will be remembered as one of the most noteworthy episodes ofthe regatta. Inch by inch they crept up to the leaders, so that, in spite of theenergetic, really desperate strokes of the Thames crew, the two boats passed the postalmost simultaneously. The Norwegians, however, were about 3 met. behind their opponentswhose time was 7.04~/~. The Norwegians did the distance in ‘/6 sec. more.Final.Friday, 19 July.5.30 p. m.GERMANY (Ludwigshafen) GREAT BRITAIN (ThamesR. C.)L. D.670

After a very energetic race up to the 500 met. mark, where- thetwo boats still lay side by side, the Germans began to takethe lead and, at the kilometre mark, Ludwigshafen were aboutone length ahead. Thames fought pluckily, however, and Mr. Logandeserves every credit for the courageous way in which he challengedthe leader. But at the Englishmen’s last spurt between the bath-houseand the bridge, it was clear that the crew was done for, while theGermans, on the other hand, rowed with still greater energy than before.Ludwigshafen won brilliantly by a good 2 lengths, and passedthe post in excellent condition. Time 6.592/s.FOURS, INRIGGERS.First Round.Wednesday, 17 July.Heat 1. 11 a. m.SWEDEN (Roddklubben af 1912) NORWAY (Christiania Roklub)Ture RosvallClaus HöyerW. Bruhn-Möller Reidar Durie HolterConrad BrunkmanMagnus HersethH. Dahlbäck, stroke Frithiof Olstad, strokeWillie Wilkens, cox.Olof Björnstad, cox.L. D.Both boats got well away, the Norwegians leading for the first hundred metresor so. Then the Swedes, who were rowing a somewhat quicker stroke, began tocreep up, and soon passed their opponents, obtaining a lead which they retained for therest of the race. The winning crew pulling from 32—38 a minute, the Norwegianstroke varying between 28 and 38. Both boats were very well rowed,and it was physical strength that gave Sweden the victory. Time 7.5 I 6/I,,.Heat 2. 11.20 a. m.DENMARKSWEDEN (Göteborgs Roddför-(Nykjøbings paa Falster Roklub)ening)E. A. E. Allert Tage JohnsonJörgen Ch. HansenA. JohanssonC. M. A. Möller Axel GabrielssonC. F. Petersen, stroke Charles Gabrielsson, strokeP. R. Hartman, cox. F. W. Brandes, cox.L. D.At the start, Sweden led with an energetic stroke of 36, while the Danesrowed a longer but very effective stroke, which they used to perfection. Theforward half of the stroke was one of extraordinary length, with a fine finishand excellent carriage of the hands. The way the crew rowed like one man wasbeyond all praise, and the four showed that it fully deserved its great reputation.The Swedish crew also made a very good impression and was only a little worsethan its Danish rival; most noteworthy, perhaps, was the energetic stubbornnesswith which the Swedes defended the lead they succeded in gaining at thestart. The Danish crew was in better training, however, and the Swedeswere not able to maintain their position when the Danes — who had theinner curve at the bath-house — began their spurt. Surely and irresistibly the671

Danish boat came up to, and passed, the Swedish, which, although at DjurgårdBridge, it had the advantage of an inner curve, could make no use of its position,but was beaten by I 1/2 length. Time 7.52.Heat 3. 11.40 a. m.NORWAY (Ormsunds Roklub)FRANCEGunnar GrantzCharles GamierOlaf SalbergAlphonse MeignantGustaf HaehreAuguste RichardHannibal Feght, strokeGabriel Poix, strokeJohn Björnstad, cox.François Elichagaray, cox.L. D.The two crews kept side by side for only 100 met., the Norwegians then takingthe lead and keeping it, without once being challenged by their rivals. Time 8.03.Heat 1. 5.40 p. m.SWEDEN (R. K. 1912)D.Second Round.Wednesday, 17 July.NORWAY (Orsmund).L.The Norwegians at once took the lead, which they kept for the first half of thecourse, rowing 32—36 to the 34 of the Swedes. Halfway, the Swedish boat creptup to its rival and, from the bath-house to the post, there was a most desperatestruggle for victory, which was decided in favour of the home-crew by an energeticspurt at the very last moment. Time 7.39.6 p. m. Heat 2.DENMARK (Nykjøbings p.F. R. C.)L.The crew rowed over in beautiful style. Time 7.39. W. O.Final.Friday, 18 July.7.30 p. m.DENMARK (N. p. F. R. C.)SWEDENL. D.Both crews rowed nicely and evenly, keeping side by side, until the1,000 met. mark was reached, when the Danish crew, exhibiting perfectstyle and great physical power, began to take the lead. The Swedishcrew was somewhat handicapped by the circumstance that some of themen had taken part in a punishing race against New College the sameday, and N:r 3 was not at all in form, owing to a bad boil onone of his legs. Consequently they had little hope of winning when,before the bridge was reached, the Danes began a final spurt, whichgave them the race by a clear length. The Danish crew can be takenas the model of perfect rowing in inriggers, and its well deserved672

EIGHTS, OUTRIGGERS, SEMI-FINAL. LEANDER R.C.(to right), BEATING AUSTRALASIA

Pl. 243.LEANDER ROWING CLUBS EIGHT.

PL. 244.EIGHTS, OUTRIGGERS. NEW COLLEGE, Great Britain, 2:nd prize,View From final V. Leander R. C., Whose 'wash' can be seen in the foreground.EIGHTS, OUTRIGGERS.BERLINER RUDERGESLLSCHAFT, in background, beating SPORT BORUSSIA in 2:nd round.

Pl. 245.EIGHTS, OUTRIGGERS. SWEDEN beating NORWAY.FOURS, OUTRIGGERS. FINAL. GERMANY 1:st prize.Under the bridge: THAMES R. C.

Pl. 246.FOURS, OUTRIGGERS.THAMES ROWING CLUB, 2:nd prize.FOURS, INRIGGERS.DENMARK leading.

Pl. 247.FOURS, INRIGGERS. SWEDEN beating ORMSUND, NORWAY.SINGLE SCULLS. P. VEIRMAN, Belgium, 2:nd prize winner.

Pl. 248.SINGLE SCULLS. W. D. K INNEAR , Great Britain (leading) v. P. V EIRMAN , Belgium.SINGLE SCULLS.W. D. KINNEAR (leading) v. E. B. BUTLER, Canada.

STOCKHOLM ROWING CLUB’S BOAT-HOUSE.

victory was greeted by everyone — not least by its Swedish opponents— with hearty cheers. Time 7.47.This closed the second day’s programme.Heat 1. 3 p.m.SINGLE SCULLS.First Round.Wednesday, 17 JulyRUSSIAAUSTRIAM. Kusik A. HeinrichD. L.The Russian led at the start, but after the 300 met. mark he crossed over andtook Heinrich’s water without being a clear length ahead, and a collision wasonly hindered by the Austrian ceasing to row for a moment. Heinrich went onwith the race, however, but finished several lengths behind Kusik. A protestbeing entered by the Austrian, the referees decided that the race should be re-rowedthe following forenoon.Heat 2. 3.20 p.m.GERMANYAUSTRALASIAM. Stahnke C. MC VillyL. D.The Australian took the lead, but steered a course that brought his boat into collisionwith Stahnke’s. The German stopped rowing for a moment, but continued therace. MC Villy finished several lengths in front of his opponent, but was disqualifiedon the foul. Time 8.05.Heat 3. 3.40 p.m.CANADA.E. B. ButlerL.FINLANDA. M. HaglundThe Canadian at once went away from his opponent and, rowing the course ingood style, won by several lengths. Time 7.55.Heat 4. 4 p.m.GREAT BRITAINW. D. KinnearL.GERMANYK. HoffmanBoth men rowed side by side, the German at a little quicker stroke than theEnglishman, the latter, however, not beginning to show his real form until hereached the bath-house. At this point, Kinnear went ahead and kept his lead, which,at the finish, amounted to about I 1/2 length. Hoffman rowed very energeticallyand fought out the race to a finish. Time 7.44.Heat 5. 4.20 p. m.BOHEMIAHUNGARYIvan SchweiserJoseph MészárosL. D.The Hungarian was quite the better man, and won as he liked. Time 8.29.43 Fifth Olympiad. 673D.D.

Heat 6. 4.40 p.m.DENMARKBOHEMIAM. Simonsen J. SourekL. D.The Dane was of higher class than his opponent, whom he distanced sothoroughly that the latter found it best to retire at Djurgård Bridge. Time 8.14.Heat 7. 5 p. m.HUNGARYK. Leviczky W. O.L.Leviczky covered the course alone, Mc Culloch (Gr. Britain) not starting. Time 8.05.Heat 8. 5.20 p. m.BELGIUMPolydor VeirmanThe Belgian rowed in beautiful style. Time 7.59.W. O.Heat I. 11 a. m.BELGIUMPolydor VeirmanSecond Round.Thursday, 18 July.HUNGARYJoseph MészárosD. L .About 300 met. after the start, the Hungarian crossed over and, on Veirman’sprotest, the race was re-rowed from the beginning, Mészáros finishing alone in 8 min.23 sec. Mr. Appeltoft, the umpire, took steps to have the race re-rowed in theevening at 7.50. On this occasion Veirman took the lead and at the 500 met.mark, was 2 lengths ahead, this lead being increased to 3 lengths at the kilometremark. Mészáros increased his pace during the latter part of the race, but wasnever dangerous. Time 7.52.Heat 2. 11.20 a. m.CANADAE. B. Butler. W. O.Butler covered the course alone, M. Simonsen (Denmark) not starting. Time 7.39.At 11.40 a. m. M. Kusik, Russia and A. Heinrich, Austria, re-rowed their heat. Thefirst named was very energetic from the start and, at the 500 met. mark was alength ahead, but at the bath-house Heinrich had drawn level. Kusik then spurtedand Heinrich was unable to respond, and soon after retired from the race, after theRussian had left him a couple of lengths behind. Time 7.56.Heat 3. 12 noon.GERMANYGREAT BRITAINM. Stahnke V. D. KinnearD.Kinnear took the lead and kept it all the way. At 1,500 met. he was 4lengths in front, and won easily in 7.49. Kinnear’s style was vastly superior to674

that of any of his opponents, his long, powerful strokes and elegant recovery beinggreatly admired.Heat 4. 7. p. m.RUSSIAHUNGARYM. Kusik K. LeviczkyD. L.Kusik gave an example of beautiful rowing and got a length’s lead at the verystart, his opponent seeming unable to use his slide properly. At 500 met. the Russianled by a couple of lengths, which had increased to three at the finish. Time 7.45.Heat 1. 12.30 p. m.BELGIUMPolydor VeirmanSemi-Finals.Friday, 19, July.RUSSIAM. KusikL. D.Both oarsmen were very high class, Veirman being a trained, powerful rower,while the Russian has a beautiful style and great energy.The two men kept very close together, rowing from 26-28, and there wasnothing to choose between them when half the course had been covered. Veirman’slong powerful strokes and good finish, gave him a speed, however, which theRussian was able to follow only with very great exertion, although he succeededin keeping up with his opponent. At the bath-house the result was still uncertainand, going under the bridge, Veirman, was only half a length in front. All Kusik’sefforts in the finish were of no avail, however, against the Belgian’s greater physicalresources, which, at this point, were of great service to the winner, who camein about I’/~ length in front of the Russian. Time 7.41.Heat 2. 1 p. m.CANADAGREAT BRITAINE. B. ButlerW. D. KinnearL.D.This was the most exciting of all the single sculls heats. After the start, whenthe Canadian rowed a somewhat quicker stroke than his opponent, the two men kepttogether all the way to the bath-house when both began to spurt, Kinnear in orderto get away from his rival, and the latter, who had the outside curve, so as notto be distanced and thus lose the advantage given by his position at DjurgårdBridge. The result was that both men, rowing at a great rate, passed underthe bridge simultaneously, but Kinnear’s greater physical power did him yeoman’sservice in the finish and he won by about a length. Time 7.37.Final.Friday, 19, July.5 p. m.GREAT BRITAINBELGIUMW. D. Kinnear Polydore VeirmanL. D.675

Veirman started with a long, energetic spurt and, at the 500 met.mark, led by about half a length. Kinnear’s long stroke, with itsmasterly recovery, brought the representative of Great Britain levelwith the Belgian oarsmen at the kilometre mark, and very soonafterwards Kinnear was a length ahead. All the efforts of the Belgianwere fruitless, and Kinnear won safely in 7.4 7 3/s.Unfortunately, little attention was paid by the public to the OlympicRowing competitions, which, however, were the best of their kindhitherto seen. The reason of this is probably to be found in the fact,that the many preceding days of the Olympic Games, crowded asthey were with exciting events, had fatigued the public, which, at theperiod when the rowing competitions began, had been filled to repletionwith first-class sporting events.There was a very pleasant conclusion to the Olympic Rowing Regattaat Hasselbacken on the 20 July, when all the oarsmen and representativesof clubs from abroad, together with all the Swedish competitorsand officials taking part in the Regatta, were invited to a banquetgiven by the Olympic Rowing Committee.According to the official system of counting points, the relativeposition of the nations taking part in the rowing competitions was asfollows :Nation 1:st Prize 2:nd Prize PointsGreat BritainGermanyDenmarkSwedenBelgium676

SHOOTING.SHOOTING COMMITTEE.he Olympic Games’ Sub-Committee for Shooting waselected in May, 1910. Altogether, it held 21 officialmeetings, in addition to which, several sub-committeeswere entrusted with the carrying out of a considerableamount of work, chiefly of a preparatory and investigatorynature. The composition of the chief Shooting Committeewas as follows:President:Colonel, Count C. E. TAUBE.Vice-President: F. BJöRKENSTAM, Esq., Master of the Houndsto His Majesty.Secretary:G. C. BOIVIE, Esq.Other members: P. O. ARVIDSSON, Esq.,E. BENEDICKS, Esq.,Lieut. E. CARLBERG,F. FAGRELL, Esq.,M. N. HALLMAN, Esq.,E. W. LINDEWALD, Esq.,E. MELIN, Esq.,Captain, Baron S. RÅLAMB,Major O. SJÖGREEN,A. SWAHN, Esq.,O. G. SWAHN, Esq.,Deputy members: J. E. EKMAN, Esq.Baron AXEL KLINCKOWSTRÖM.677

PROGRAMME AND RULES FOR THE COMPETITION.The chief work of the Shooting Committee was the drafting ofthe programme of the shooting competitions — a task which provedto be by no means one easy of solution, for it was necessary tomake a list which, without being too heavy, did everything possibleto satisfy the various wishes and tastes of the nations taking part inthe competition; the requirements just mentioned being, necessarily,widely different both as regards their nature and character.However, after the Committee had determined to follow, in themain, the arrangements made for the English Shooting-Programme atthe Olympic Games of London 1908, which had, with honour, stoodthe test they were then put to, and had proved capable of satisfyingall reasonable claims, it was felt that firm ground, so to say, hadbeen reached. In accordance with this principle, then, the Shootingprogramme was divided into the 3 following principal groups:I. Shooting with army rifle, and shooting with any rifle;II. Miniature-rifle shooting; revolver and pistol-shooting:III. Clay Bird shooting and Running Deer shooting.There still remained, however, a great deal to do before the programme,as a whole, with all the rules for the competitions andother detailed regulations, could be fully drawn up, in consequenceof the desire, briefly mentioned above, to satisfy, as far as possibleall the various wishes and points of view which the shooting clubs,etc., abroad, kept sending in to the Committee, and which gave rise tovery extensive correspondence. The work progressed in spiteof all this, however, and so quickly that, in December 1910, it waspossible to issue the programme, printed in Swedish, English, Germanand French.SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR SHOOTINGRANGES, ETC.Besides this, the Shooting Committee had a great number of othertasks, of the character of which it is not necessary to give any detailedaccount here. It will be enough to state that various arrangements,repairs and work of various kinds were carried out at the rangesat Kaknäs, for the competitions in shooting with army rifles of anytype, at distances from 200-600 metres. The Committee was alsoobliged to procure a suitable place for the competitions in miniaturerifleshooting, and revolver and pistol-shooting, as there existed norange for these types of competition. After a spot, excellently suitedfor the purpose, had been chosen at Brunsängen in the north partof the Kaknäs district, and permission to use the place in questionhaving been obtained, it was then necessary to enclose the ground678

and to take all other needful steps, such as the construction ofshooting-butts, the erection of target holders and protected huts forthe markers, etc.What has been said above respecting the preparations for shootingwith miniature-rifles and pistols, holds good, too, for the clay-birdand running-deer shooting, and the Committee was obliged to putin order grounds close to Råsunda, one of the northern suburbsof Stockholm.THE COMPETITIONS.Shooting with Army-Rifle.The Chief Committee of the Swedish Shooting Association andthe Shooting Competitions of the Olympic Games.In consequence of a communication received from the SwedishOlympic Committee for the Olympic Games of Stockholm, 1912, theChief Committee of the Swedish Shooting Association, at its annualspring meeting, 29—30 April, 1910, determined that the VolunteerShooting Association should take part in the competitions in armyrifleshooting at the Olympic Games, and commissioned its Executiveto appoint a special committee for the purpose of drawing up a planfor a shooting-programme, which the Chief Committee was then todiscuss at its autumn meeting.The Chief Committee of the Shooting Association stated that itwas desirable to have the international competitions arranged asmuch as possible in accordance with the conditions obtaining inSweden, and that Swedish national competitions should also be held.At its autumn meeting in 1910, the Chief Committee of the ShootingAssociation approved of the sub-committee’s scheme for the programmefor the army-rifle shooting competitions at the Olympic Gamesof 1912, and commissioned its Executive to take measures for theselection of the members of the Association to represent Sweden inthe events in question.In addition to this, it was proposed that a petition should be presentedto the King- in- Council, begging for a government- grant tocover the expenses of the practice-shooting.Rifle=Shooting Committee.The Executive Committee of the Shooting Association appointed thefollowing gentlemen to be members of the sub-committee which was todraw up the scheme for a programme for the army rifle shootingcompetitions at the Olympic Games, 1912:679

President: Colonel, Count C. E. TAUBE,Lieut-Col. E. O. ALMQUIST, Esq.,P. O. ARVIDSSON, Esq.,G. BOISVIE, Esq.,Lieut. E. CARLBERG,F. FAGRELL, Esq.,Major C. P. O. K. SJÖGREEN.On 3 Nov, 1910, the sub-committee sent in to the Chief Committeethe scheme it had drawn up for a shooting programme, and this, asmentioned above, was approved of by the Chief Committee at itsautumn meeting, 1910.This programme differed in some essentials from those of the shootingcompetitions of former Olympic Games. Thus, for example, thelongest range was to be only 600 metres, and, in the team competitions,great weight was placed on the use of weapons the constructionof which was in agreement with the regulation model ofeach nation competing. In addition to this, there was to be an eventwhich, hitherto, had been an exclusively Swedish competition.The above-mentioned members of the sub-committee, strengthenedby representatives for running deer shooting and shooting with miniaturerifles and with revolvers, constituted the Shooting Committee forthe Olympic Games, and, as such, had the superintendence of theshooting competitions.Shooting Ranges.The ranges at Stora Skuggan, near Stockholm, were available forpractice before the beginning of the competitions, as were thoseat Kaknäs from 25 — 28 June.The competitors took full advantage of this circumstance, especiallyduring the days last mentioned, when, from morning till evening,the ranges at Kaknäs were occupied by competitors practising there,both Swedes and foreigners.For the competitions, the ranges at Kaknäs had been providedwith new sets of holders suitable for the international targets, and theyhad also been provided with new numbered targets and extra telephonecommunications. New butts were made at the 200 and 500metres’ ranges.The shooting pavilion at the 300 metres’ range was placed atthe disposal of the Olympic Shooting Committee by the SwedishShooting Clubs, and the store-rooms there were placed at theservice of the competitors from abroad, by the same Clubs. Asecretary’s office was opened in a building in the neighbourhood ofthe large blindage.A public telephone- and telegraph office was opened in the noncommissionedofficers’ quarters at Kaknäs.During the whole of the time the competitions went on, the rangeswere decorated with flags.680

GROUP OF ALL THE FOREIGN AND SWEDISH OFFICIALS FOR SHOOTING.Pl. 250

Pl. 251RIFLE COMPETITIONS, KAKNÄS.

RIFLE COMPETITIONS, KAKNÄSPl. 252

Pl. 253U. S. A. RIFLE-TEAM COMPETING.

As the ranges at Kaknäs had only 62 target holders, as comparedwith about 250 at. Bisley Camp in 1908, the grouping of the competitorsand of the various competitions had been a matter of considerabledifficulty, but, by means of alternate firing, and with the assistanceof sketches showing the details of the plan adopted, this difficultywas got over, so that the competitions were finished in the calculatedtime. Each group of competitors had its own telephone-communications.The Arrangements for the Shooting.Special, detailed instructions had been drawn up for the officialsand competitors, stating what each one had to observe, and howthe marking and registration of the results, etc., were to be carriedout. These instructions were printed in English, French, Germanand Swedish. Each of the competitors and officials was given a copyof these instructions, thus making it possible for them to follow thecourse of all the competitions.In all the events the arrangement was made, that each competitorhad his own target and figure, which he had the right to claim afterhis results had been registered and verified.All registration of results took place at the secretary’s office.During the shooting itself, nothing else was marked but the positionof the hits.Every day, before the beginning of the shooting, lots were drawnat the office by the nations, to decide in which groups they shouldshoot, and then the leader of every nation, either himself alone, orafter consultation with the members of his team, had to decide atwhich target, of those alloted to them, the individual competitorsshould fire their series. On the drawing of lots, each individualcompetitor received a card, printed in the language of his nationand stating the number of the group, of the target-stand, and ofthe target where the firing was to take place. By this meansthe leaders and the competitors could follow the course of the wholeof the competition without interruption, a measure which was, naturally,calculated to inspire confidence.The Shooting in the Competitions.Major C. P. O. K. Sjögreen, of the First Royal Grenadier Guards,had been appointed leader of the army-rifle-shooting competitions bythe Olympic Shooting Committee. Captain W. Unander, of the sameregiment, acted as Major Sjögreen's adjutant. The work in the secretary’soffice was in charge of V. Wahlquist, Esq., Secretary of theSwedish Shooting Association, assisted by V. T. Hoffman, Esq., oneof the Executive of the Shooting Committee.681

The officials at the shooting ranges consisted of officers, non-commissionedofficers and men, belonging to the regiments forming thegarrison of Stockholm.a) TEAM COMPETITION. DISTANCE 200, 400, 500AND 600 METRES.The competition was open to one team of 6 men from each nation.2 sighters and 15 shots at each distance.Teams from the following nations had been entered for this competition,which took place on June 29:DenmarkGreat BritainHungaryRussiaSwedenFranceGreeceNorwaySouth AfricaU. S. A.PlacingNationName200 m. 400 m. 500 m. 600 m.TotalpointsU. S. A. Burdette, C. LBriggs, A. L.1:st prize.Adams, H.Gold medal.Jackson, J. E.Osburn, C. T.Sprout, W. A.TotalGREATBRITAIN Ommundsen, H.Burr, H. G.2:nd prize.Skilton, E.Silver Medal.Reid, J.Parnell, E. L.Fulton, A. G.TotalSWEDEN Eriksson, M.Jemström, V.3:rd prize.Björkman C.Bronze Medal. Björkman, T.Larsson, B.Johansson, H.TotalSouth Africa Harvey, G. H.Bodley, R.Smith, A. A.Keeley, E. J.Jeffreys, C. A.Patterson, R.Total682

PlacingNation Name 200 m. 400 m. 500 m. 600 m.TotalpointsFrance Percy, L.Colas, P. R.de Boigne, G.Gentil, P.Johnson, L.Lardin, M.TotalNorway Degnes, O. C.Sunde, A. T.Jensen O. A.Nordvik, H.Husby, O.Glommes, M.TotalGreece Mavrommatis, F. D.Théophilakis A.Théophilakis, J.Levidis, N. M.Théophilas, J. A.Mostras, S. D.TotalDenmark Andersen, N.Madsen, L. J.Friis, R.Schultz, H. K.Larsen, N. H. D.Haislund, J. M.TotalRussiaHungaryde Waldeine, P.de Kouskoff, D.de Lébédeff, T.de Waysse, D.de Tillo, A.de Davidoff, G.TotalBömches, E. R. v. B.Prihoda, S.Velez, R.Hauler, L.Mészoly, G. v. S.v. Farkas, A.Total683

) INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION. DISTANCE 600 METRES.5 sighters and 20 shots.85 men from 12 nations took part in this competition, which washeld on the 1 July:PlacingNameNationPointsCOLAS, P. R.I:st prize, Gold Medal.OSBURN, C. T.2:nd prize, Silver Medal.JACKSON, J. E.3:rd prize, Bronze Medal.Briggs, A. L.Plater, P. E.Jernström, V.Ommundsen, H.Burdette, C. L.Fulton, A. G.Burr, H. G.Wallenborg, C.Adams, H.Reid, J.Sprout, W. A.Gustafsson, E.Skilton, E.Degnes, O. C.Parnell, E. L.Bartlett, H. T.Percy, L.Harvey, G. H.Mavrommatis, F.Johansson, C. H.Sund, C. J.Björkman, T.Hird, L. L.Varley, F. E.Ohlsson. E.Lagerlöf, L.Sunde, A. T.Sedgewick, J.MC Donell, W. N.Richardson, P. W.Théophilakis, J.Nordvik, H.Jonsson, R.Davies, R. F.Eriksson, M.de Kalinine, C.Skatteboe, C. G.Refsum, T.Jeffreys, C. A.Johnstone, F.Schultz, H. K.de Waldaine, P.Somers, J. P.FRANCEU. S. A.U. S. A.Great BritainSwedenGreat BritainU. S. A.Great BritainSwedenU. S. A.Great BritainU. S. A.SwedenGreat BritainNorwayGreat BritainU. S. A.FranceSouth AfricaGreeceSwedenU. S. A.Great BritainSwedenNorwayGreat BritainU. S. A.Great BritainGreeceNorwaySwedenGreat BritainSwedenRussiaNorwaySouth AfricaDenmarkRussiaGreat Britain684

Placing Name Nation PointsHelgerud, A.Friis, R.Örtegren, R.de Boigne, R.de Weysse, D.Levidis, N.Patterson, R.Bodley, R.Maseng, R.Jensen, O. A.Vighals, P.de Rechké, O.de Kouskoff, D.Sæther, Olede Davidoff, G.de Tillo, A.Marion, A.Mérillon, D.de Belinsky, B.Nyström, T. E.Ekwall, H. K.Théophilakis, A.Gentil, P.de Lesche, P.de Dobrjansky, A.Alegria, F.Velez, R.de Lébédeff, T.Thielemann, L.Farkas, A.de Wischniakoff, G.von Jelenffy, Z.von Meszoly, G.von Bömches, E. R.Dulnig, J.Bough, S. C.Hauler, L.Sartori, A.Théophilas, J.NorwayDenmarkSwedenFranceRussiaGreeceSouth AfricaNorwayRussiaNorwayRussiaFranceRussiaSwedenChiliGreeceFranceRussiaChiliHungaryRussiaNorwayHungaryRussiaHungaryAustriaNorwayHungaryFranceGreecec) INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION. DISTANCE 300 METRES.20 shots in 2 series:1 series of 10 shots (4 lying down, 4 kneeling, and 2 standing),at precision target, centimetres dividedinto 5 zones. Time limit, 3 min. 2 sighters.1 series of 10 shots (5 lying down, and 5 kneeling) at a halffigure.Time limit, 3 min. No sighters.91 men from 12 nations competed in this event, which took placeon the 1 July.685

Placing Name Nationprec.SeriesAddedpts.TotalpointsPROKOPP, A. HUNGARY1:st prize, Gold MedalOSBURN, C. T. U. S. A.2:nd prize, Silver MedalSKOGEN, E. E. NORWAY3:rd prize,Bronze MedalLevidis, N. M. GreeceRomander, N.SwedenFulton, A. G.Great BritainVelez, R.HungaryFlodström, C. E. SwedenBartlett, H. T. U. S. A.Harvey, G. H. South Africade Waldaine, P. RussiaAdams, H.U. S. A.Keeley, E. J.South AfricaBjörkman, T.SwedenBraathé, J.NorwayJonsson, G. A. SwedenMavrommatis, F. D. GreeceArvidsson, P. O. SwedenJonsson, R.Stridfeldt, P. A.Ohlsson, E.Colas, P. R.FrancePercy, L.von Farkas, A. HungaryBriggs, A. L.U. S. A.de Wischniakoff, G. RussiaHauler, L.HungaryHird, F. L.U. S. A.von Mészoly, G. Hungaryde Lésche, P.RussiaMc Donnell, W. N. U. S. A.Dulnig, J.AustriaJackson, J. E.U. S. A.Jeffreys, C. A.South AfricaGlomnes, M.NorwaySchultz, H. K. DenmarkSprout, W. A. U. S. A.Sedgewick, J.Great BritainDavies, R. F.Nyström, T. E. SwedenJordell, J. O.Norwayde Lébédeff, T. RussiaEkwall, H. K. ChiliSunde, A. T.NorwayBodley, R.South Africade Belinsky, B. Russiade Rechké, O.Alegria, F.Chilide Kouskoff, D. RussiaVarley, F. E.Great Britainde Tillo, A.RussiaBurdette, C. L. U. S. A.686

Placing Name Nationprec.SeriesAddedpts.TotalpointsJernström, V.Somers, J. P.Helgerud, A.Parnell, E. L.Lloyd, L. N.de Boigne, R.Patterson, R.de Weysse, D.Gentil, P.Skjerven, H. N.Larsen, N. H. D.Hoflund, J. A.Richardson, P. W.von Bömches, E.Théophilakis A.de Davidoff, G.MC Clure, W.Lardin, M.de Dobrjansky, A.Théophilas, J. A.Whelan, G.Gerlow, P.Théophilakis, J.Thielemann, L.Johnstone, A. E.Mérillon, D.de Kalinine, C.Bjerke, O. G.Espelund, J.Lie, B.Wallenborg, C.Smith, A. A.Prihoda, S.Plater, P. E.von Jelenffy, Z.Mostras, S. D.Weydahl, C.Sartori, A.von Daranyi, A.SwedenGreat BritainNorwayGreat BritainFranceSouth AfricaRussiaFranceNorwayDenmarkSwedenGreat BritainHungaryGreeceRussiaGreat BritainFranceRussiaGreeceSouth AfricaDenmarkGreeceNorwaySouth AfricaFranceRussiaNorwaySwedenSouth AfricaHungaryGreat BritainHungaryGreeceNorwayFranceHungaryd) TEAM COMPETITION. DISTANCE 300 METRES.International Target,Teams of 6, with max. 3 reserves. 120 shots (40 standing, 40kneeling, and 40 lying down). 10 sighters in each position.The following nations took part in this competition, which washeld on the 4 July:DenmarkFinlandFranceNorwayRussiaSwedenSouth Africa.687

Placing Nation NameStand- Kneel- LyingTotaling ing pointsSWEDEN Eriksson, M.Johansson, C. H.1:st prize,Blomqvist, E.Gold Medal.Björkman, C.Larsson, B.Jonsson, G. A.TotalNORWAY2:nd prize,Silver Medal.Skatteboe, G.Sæther, OleÖstensen, Ö.Helgerud, A.Sæther, OlofLiberg, E.TotalDENMARK3:rd prize,Olsen, O.Madsen, L. J.Larsen, N. H. D.Bronze Medal. Andersen NLarsen, L. T. K.Haislund, J. M.TotalFrance Colas, P.Percy, L.Johnson, L.Gentil, P.de Boigne, R.Marion, A.TotalFinland Kolho, V. V.Huttunen, H.Nyman, G. R.Holm, E.Tuiskunen, Hj.Vauhkonen, V.TotalSouth Africa Harvey, G. H.Bodley, R.Patterson, R.Smith, A. A.Keeley, E. J.Whelan, G.Total688

Placing Nation NameStand- Kneel-TotalLyinging ing pointsRussia de Waldaine, P.de Lébédeff, Th.de Tillo, A.de Kalinine, C.de Kouskoff, D.de Lesche, P.Totale) INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION. DISTANCE 300METRES AT INTERNATIONAL TARGET.120 shots (40 standing, 40 kneeling and 40 lying down). 10 sightersin each position.The competition was held on the 2 July. 84 men from 9 nationscompeted.Placing Name NationStand- Kneel- TotalLyinging ing pointsCOLAS, P. R. FRANCE1.st prize, Gold Medal.MADSEN, L. J. DENMARK2:nd prize, Silver Medal.LARSEN, N. H. D. DENMARK3:rd prize, Bronze Medal.Johansson, C. H. SwedenSkatteboe, C. G. NorwayLarsson, B.SwedenHelgerud, A. NorwayBjörkman, T. SwedenSæther, Ole.NorwayBlomqvist, E. SwedenJonsson, G. A.Olsen, O.DenmarkKolho, V. V. FinlandEriksson, M. SwedenLiberg, E.NorwayTauson, H. C. DenmarkOsbum, C. T. U. S. A.Saether, Olof.NorwayNyman, G. R.. FinlandJernström, V. SwedenBurdette, C. L. U. S. A.Vighals, P.NorwayÖstensen, O.Johnson, L.FranceHuttunen, H. FinlandRefsum, Th.NorwayHusby, OlofAdams, H. U. S. A.Braate, J.Norway44 Fifth Olympiad. 689

Placing Name NationStand- Kneel-LyingTotaling ing pointsSunde, A. T.Skogen, E. E.Sprout, W. A.Larsen, L. T. K.Björkman, C.Briggs, A. L.Bartlett, H. T.Jonsson, R.Hird, F. L.Tuiskunen, H. H.Harvey, G. H.Vauhkonen, V.Wikström, O. A.Skog, N. J.Percy, L.Marion, A.Nielsen, F.Nielsen, A. P.Arvedsson, P. O.Holm, E.Bömches, E. R.Patterson, R.Schultz, H. K.de Boigne, R.de Lébédeff, Th.Bodley, R.Keeley, E.Kolho, L.de Kouskoff, D.Autonen, I. U.Gerlow, P.Whelan, G.de Waldaine, P.Sartori, A.Smith, A. A.de Belinsky, B.de Tillo, A.Johnstone, A.de Kalinine, C.Jelenffy, Z.Jeffreys; C. A.de Lésche, P.Velez, R..de Reschke, O.Hauler, L.von Farkas, A.de Davidoff, G.de Weysse, D.de Dobrjansky, A.Denver, H. P. C.Toivonen, N.Prihoda, S.Gentil, P.Haislund, J. M.von Mészoly, G.NorwayU. S. A.DenmarkSwedenU. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.FinlandSouth AfricaFinlandSwedenFranceDenmarkSwedenFinlandHungarySouth AfricaDenmarkFranceRussiaSouth AfricaFinlandRussiaFinlandDenmarkSouth AfricaRussiaFranceSouth AfricaRussiaSouth AfricaRussiaHungarySouth AfricaRussiaHungaryRussiaHungaryRussiaDenmarkFinlandHungaryFranceDenmarkHungary690Retired

It was, undeniably, with a certain amount of hesitation that Swedenentered into competition with the chosen marksmen from nationsthat, for many years had been accustomed to take part in internationalshooting competitions.The results showed, however, that, on the whole, these fears weregroundless, the Swedish competitors going through the trial withhonour. This was especially, the case, in the great trial of skillin the international shooting d), where the Swedish group wassuccessful.When permitted, the competitors from abroad employed riflesof varying models, specially constructed for shooting at stationarytargets, and even in the cases when the army model of the respectivecountries was prescribed, rifles were employed with arrangementswhich could not be described as service ones. The Swedish competitors,in every competition, used the regulation military arm of theircountry. As a rule, they shot very evenly and, consequently, inthe greater number of the competitions they had the highest averagepoints.It may be pointed out that, as shooting-practice with the nationalmilitary rifle has for its chief object the creation of good marksmenfor national defence, it would be desirable in coming internationalshooting competitions for such events as those in question to be heldexclusively with the regulation army rifles of the various countries,which should be used without any alteration or addition. As theseshooting competitions are arranged at present, they appear to be ofvery little importance for the training of a nation in shooting, aimingas they do at deciding championships of the world, and at exhibitionshooting.As regards the Swedish Volunteer Shooting Movement, it was a greatpleasure to find that the competitors from our country, by their levelshooting, and by the skill with which they employed their nationalarmy weapon under very varying conditions during the competitions, showthat they can be considered as good exponents of the way in whichthe shooting movement in Sweden is carried on, a circumstance thatattracted the attention of visitors from abroad.Shooting with miniature-rifles, revolvers and pistols.These competitions took place at a shooting-ground specially arrangedfor the purpose in the northern part of the Kaknäs field, justto the east of Stockholm. The leader of the competitions was Captain,Baron Stig Rålamb, who was assisted by Second Lieutenants,N. G. K. Bildt and C. H. Adelborg.The greater number of the competitors from abroad had arrivedsome days before June 29, on which date the competitions began,this giving them a welcome opportunity of practising at the ranges,a fact that proved to be of great service to the men, especially in thecase of the competitors in the duel-shooting event.691

For the purpose of making certain changes for the better in thearrangements, the order of the events, as given in the programme ofthe competitions, was reversed, so that the revolver and pistol shootingcame first, viz., on the 29 June and July 1 and 2, after whichcame the shooting with miniature rifles, on the 3, 4 and 5 July.On the whole, the meeting was favoured with beautiful weather, itbeing only on the first two days that the competitors were troubled alittle by rain and wind.f) TEAM COMPETITION, MINIATURE=RIFLESHOOTING, DISTANCE 50 METRES.Wednesday, 3 July.Rifle: Any breech-loading rifle, with calibre not exceeding 6 mm.,using miniature ammunition intended for competition. Any back- andfore-sight, except magnifying or telescopic.Position: Any, without artificial rest.Target: white with black centre.Number of shots: 40 shots in 8 series, with 5 shots in each series.4 sighters.The competition was open to one team of four men from each nation.The highest possible number of points for the individual competitorwas 200 and, thus, for the team, 800.When the entries closed, 8 nations had signified their intention oftaking part in the competition. Of these, two (Russia and Hungary)withdrew, so that six teams took part in the event, the placing beingas follows:NationN a m eT:l pointsT:l pointsscored byscored bycompetitorteamRemarksGREAT BRITAIN W. E. PimmE. I. LessimoreI. PepeW. Cf. Murray1st prizeGold medalSWEDENU. S. A.FranceG. NordensvanE. CarlbergR. OrtegrenW. CarlbergV. A. SproutV. T. LeushnerF. S. HirdC. T. OsburnL. JohnsonP. GentilA. RegaudM. Lardin2nd prizeSilver medal3rd prizeBronze medal692

NationN a m eTot.pointsscored bycompetitorTot.pointsscored byteamRemarksDenmarkF. GerlowL. J. MadsenFr. NielsenH. P. C. DenverGreeceJ. ThéophilakisJ. ThéophilasFr. MavrommatisN. LevidisBoth on this and the following days of the competitions there prevailedthe finest weather imaginable; almost too fine, one is temptedto say, for the sunshine was quite blinding in its brilliancy, a factthat could hardly have been to the benefit of the shooting. Thevictory of the British team might almost have been anticipated, forthis sort of shooting has long been popular in England. The Britishteam shot very evenly and well, the members of the team having anaverage of 90~ J2.There was a long and interesting struggle between the U. S. A.and Sweden for second place. The result was long in doubt, butthe Swedish team won at last, though by a very narrow majority.g) INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION WITH MINIATURE=RIFLE. DISTANCE 50 METRES.Thursday, 4 July.The regulations for the competition were the same as in the precedingevent.Entries had been made by II nations, the names of 83 competitorshaving been sent in, of which number 41 took part in the competition.They were placed as follows:N a m eNationT:l pointsreachedby competitorRemarksF. S. HIRDW. MILNEH. BURTL. E. LessimoreT. W. KempR. C. MurrayW. F. LeushnerE. BoströmH. von HolstW. J. PimmA. WahlstedtW. A. SproutC. T. OsburnU. S. A.Great BritainGreat BritainU. S. A.SwedenGreat BritainSwedenU. S. A.6931st prize Gold medal2nd Silver medal3rd Bronze medal

N a m eNationT:l pointsreachedby competitorRemarksI. PepéF. NyströmA. NordensvanE. CarlbergW. N. Mc DonellR. OrtegrenE. A. JohanssonW. CarlbergR. LöfmanE. L. AnderssonD. J. GriffithsN. LevidisF. NielsenW. W. StylesE. A. OdelbergL. HauberH. T. SundeA. T. Török von MuraJ. ThéophilakisA. DobrjanskyFr. D. MavrommatisJ. O. JordellV. de PotékineJ. A. ThéophilasP. GerlowG. EricssonR. MasengA. RegaudGreat BritainSwedenU. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.Great BritainGreeceDenmarkGreat BritainSwedenHungaryNorwayHungaryGreeceRussiaGreeceNorwayRussiaGreeceDenmarkSwedenNorwayFranceIn this competition, too, the palm must, unconditionally, be givento the British team. It is true that an American, Hird, succeededin placing himself first, with 194 points, but then followed a compactmajority of five Englishmen in succession, with 193, 192, 192,190 and 190 — undeniably a very good piece of work. In connectionwith this competition, some words should be said with regardto the target used for the miniature-rifle shooting events at 50 metres(Fig. 6 in Rules for Shooting Competitions).The model was obtained from England, and was the same as thatused at the Olympic shooting competitions in London, in 1908. Ascan be seen by the figure, the distance between the zones is very irregular,the result of which is, that the calculation of the points doesnot give a perfectly fair idea of the real value of the hits. Whenit is a question of determining the value of the hits in shooting ata stationary target in general, care should be taken, of course, tohave the mean distance of the hits from the centre given as exactlyas possible, and, as a rule, this is done best by calculating in centimetres.In the competitions now in question, it would have beenpreferable to have employed a target that was measured off in centimetres,when, in order to obtain the exactest valuation possible ofthe hits, a calculation should have been made in millimetres of the694

total distance of all the hits from the centre, a procedure that wouldnot have taken any great length of time, nor have caused any greatamount of trouble.h) TEAM COMPETITION WITH MINIATURE=RIFLE.DISTANCE 25 METRES.3 p. m. Friday, 5 July.The regulations were as in the preceding event.The competition was open to one team of four men from eachnation.Seven nations had entered a team, Denmark, France and Hungarywithdrawing from the competition, however. The remaining teams wereplaced as follows:NationN a m eT:l pointsscoredbycompe-titorTotalpointsscored byteamRemarksSWEDENH. von HolstE. CarlbergW. CarlbergG. Boivie1st prizeGold medalGREAT BRITAIN W. E. PimmJ. PepéW. MilneW. K. StylesU. S. A. T. S. HirdW. A. SproutMc DonellN. T. Leushner2nd prizeSilver medal3rd prizeBronze medalGreeceJ. ThéophilakisT. MavrommatisN. LevidisJ. ThéophilasThis competition gave rise to a very sharp struggle between thethree winning teams, and the nerves, both of the marksmen andlookers-on, were put to a severe test lasting till the very last minute.The British team shot first, scoring 1917 with 99 hits, thus missingthe target only once. Then came the Swedish team. Everythingwent very well at first, but then came a piece of bad luck; one ofthe competitors, by some means or another, not having time to dischargeone of his shots, so that the team had a miss put down toits account, as the regulations prescribed that a shot not fired wasto be counted as a miss. The Swedes made 925 points, however,and thus beat Great Britain’s score, in any case.695

The U. S. A. team came next. If the team could shoot withoutmaking a miss, it would carry off the first prize, even though thescore made might be lower than those of their rivals. Series afterseries was fired without a miss, and everyone, almost, began to thinkthat the American team would perform the task set and so carry offthe gold medal. But, on marking the last series it was found, however,that one of the team had made a miss. The shot had struckthe target just above the right shoulder of the figure, and so near,that, for a moment, there was an animated discussion on the question,“Hit, or no hit?” The teams, the leaders of the competition,experts, and newspaper-correspondents of all nationalities, all examinedthe “corpus delicti” with critical eyes. But it was found to be aclear miss, and this decided the placing of the three teams in question,the U. S. A., which scored 881 points, coming N:o 3, afterSweden and Great Britain, which were N:os 1 and 2 respectively.i) INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION WITH MINIATURE=RIFLE. DISTANCE 25 METRES.10 a.m. Friday, 5 July.Rifle: Any breech-loading rifle with calibre not exceeding 6 mm.,using miniature ammunition intended for competition. Any backandfore-sight, except magnifying or telescopic.Position: Any, without artificial rest.Target: (disappearing): reduced whole-figure, in zones (see fig. 00).The figure, 12 cm. high, appeared 25 times, each time for 3 seconds,with intervals of 5 seconds between each appearance. After eachseries of 5 shots, a pause was made for changing the figure.Number of shots: 25 shots in 5 series, with 5 shots in each series.2 sighters.The highest possible number of points a competitor could scorewas 250.Of the total of 66 competitors entered by 10 nations, 36 tookpart in the shooting, the placing being as follows:N a m eNationTotalpointsscoredby competitor.RemarksW. CARLBERGJ. H. v. HOLSTG. ERICSSONJ. PepéR. C. MurrayA. GyllenkrokW. E. PimmF. S. HirdSwedenSwedenSwedenGreat BritainSwedenGreat BritainU. S. A.1st prize Gold medal2nd prize Silver medal3rd prize Bronze medal25 hits696

N a m eNationTotalpointsscoredby competitorRemarksH. BurtR. LöfmanE. OdelbergR. J. LessimoreN. K. StylesW. N. Mc DonnellG. C. BoivieE. L. AnderssonW. A. SproutF. MavrommatisL. JohnsonE. CarlbergJean ThéophilakisW. MilneJ. W. KempV. T. LeushnerA. J. G. WahlstedtA. DobrejanskyP. GentilGreat BritainSwedenGreat BritainU. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.GreeceFranceSwedenGreeceGreat BritainU. S. A.SwedenRussiaFrancehitshitsA. G. Nordensvan SwedenD. J. Griffiths Great BritainhitsN. Leviois GreeceP. Gerlow DenmarkW. de Potékin RussiaGraf A. Török v. Mura HungaryC. T. Osborn U. S. A.R. Johnson SwedenJ. Théophilas GreeceIn this competition the Swedish competitors succeeded beyond allexpectations, and placed themselves first, second and third. Thefirst man, W. Carlberg, scored 242 — a very good result. That G.Eriksson was awarded the bronze medal, although the British representative,Pépe, had scored the same number of points, was owingto the former having more centres than the latter.j.) TEAM COMPETITION WITH REVOLVER ANDPISTOL. DISTANCE 50 METRES.Tuesday, 2 July.This competition was open to one team of four men from eachnation; the other regulations were the same as those for the individualcompetition. The highest possible number of points one competitorcould make was 600, and for the team 2,400. Nine nations hadeach entered a team, but of these, Denmark, France, Hungary andSouth Africa withdrew from the competition. The result of theshooting was as follows.697

NationN a m eT:l points: T:l pointsscored scoredbycompeti- bytors teamRemarksU. S. A. A. P. LaneHarry E. SearsP. J. DolfenJohn A. Dietz1st prizeGold medalSWEDENG. de LavalE. CarlbergW. CarlbergE. Boström2nd prizeSilver medalGREAT BRITAIN H. O. PoulterH. Durant 3rd prizeA. J. Kempster Bronze medalC. E. StewartRussiaN. KolomenkinG. de SchesterikoffP. WoylochnikoffN. MelnitskyIV.Greece F. MavrommatisJean ThéophilakisC. ScarlatosV.A. ThéophilakisThis competition closed the revolver- and pistol shooting. In duelshooting, the Swedish team fired the most evenly, but the representativesof the U. S. A. were prominently to the fore in the 50 metrescompetitions. America’s best man, Mr. A. P. Lane, especially, showedhimself to be a very safe and cool marksman with the pistol,as his results, which are, in every respect, excellent, bear witness.k) INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION WITH REVOLVERAND PISTOL. DISTANCE 50 METRES.Monday, 1 July.Any revolver or pistol with open fore- and back-sights. Ammunitionwith metal cartridge case. The use of hair trigger not permitted.Number of shots: 60 shots in series, with 6 shots in each series.2 sighters.Time: 4 minutes for a series of 6 shots.Target: white, 50 cm. in diameter. The target divided into IOzones each; 2I/, cm. in breadth. Centre, black; 20 cm. in diameter;The highest possible number of points was 600.There were 88 competitors, from 14 different nations, entered forthis competition. Of these, 54 competitors, from 12 nations, tookpart in the event, the placing being as follows:698

TotalN a m e NationpointsRemarksA. P. LAKE U. S. A.P. J. DOLFEN U. S. A.G. E. STEWART Great BritainG. de Laval SwedenE. BoströmH. O. Poulter Great BritainH. E. Sears U. S. A.N. Kolomtenkin RussiaJ. A. Diez U. S. A.L. Johnson FranceC. I. Törnmark SwedenE. CarlbergR. H. Sayre U. S. A.L. J. Madsen DenmarkA. Regaud FranceW. Carlberg SwedenG. de Panteleymonoff RussiaJ. Théophilakis GreeceD. de Kouskoff RussiaE. Durant Great BritainL. P. K. Larsen DenmarkH. Roedder U. S. A.H. K. Ekvall ChiliA. J. Kempster Great BritainJ. F. Nyström SwedenF. Mavrommatis GreeceGraf A. Török von Mura HungaryH. Huttunen FinlandR. Löfman SwedenC. Scarlatos GreeceG. de Schesterikoff RussiaF. H. Jones Great BritainN. de Melnitsky RussiaP. de WeylochnikoffW. Mc Clure Great BritainP. Palén SwedenG. ErikssonF. Alegria ChiliA. Schmal Jun. AustriaF. Nielsen DenmarkA. H. LarsenG. E. Boivie SwedenS. P. Nielsen DenmarkG. Bock GermanyE. J. Tickell Great BritainA. de Kache RussiaA. Théophilakis GreeceG. E. Stjernspets SwedenW. Winans U. S. A.A. P. Nielsen DenmarkH. Cederschiöld Sweden2. Jelenffy-Toth v. Csejthe HungaryE. Bernhardt AustriaH. Hoffman Germany1st prize Gold medal2nd Silver medal3rd Bronze medal699

G. de Laval, a Swede, had the same number of points as thewinner of the third prize Stewart, (G. Britain), but the lattertook precedence, having made the greater number of “centres”(tens).l) TEAM COMPETITION WITH REVOLVER ANDPISTOL. DISTANCE 30 METRES (DUEL SHOOTING).3 p. m. Saturday, 29 June.The competition was open to one team of four men from eachnation; the regulations being the same as for the preceding competition.The highest possible number of points for each man in thegroup was 300 and, for the team 1,200.Seven nations had entered a team, and all the competitors werepresent. As all the teams had not an opportunity of shooting onSaturday, it was not before Wednesday, 3 July, that the competitioncould be concluded.The result of the shooting was as follows:NationTotalpoints TotalN a m e reached points Remarksby com- of teampetitorSWEDENRUSSIAGREAT BRITAINU. S. A.GreeceFranceGermanyW. CarlbergE. CarlbergH. von HolstP. PalénA. de KacheN. de MilnitskyP. de WoyloschnikoffG. de PanteleymonoffH. DurantA. J. KempsterG. E. StewartH. O. PoulterA. P. LaneR. H. SayreW. WinansJ. A. DietzK. ScarlatosJ. ThéophilakisF. MavrommatisG. PetropoulosE. SandozBaron de JaubertMarquis d. Crequi-MontfortM. FaureB. WandelleckG. BockG. MeyerH. Hoffman700120 hitsno miss1st prize;gold medal.hitsmisses2nd prize;silver medal.hitsmisses3rd prize;bronze medal.hitsmisses.hitsmisses.hitsmisses.hitsmisses.

The Swedish duel-shooting team deserves praise for the confidenceand accuracy with which it shot. The various phrases of itsfiring — loading, taking up position, sighting and discharging thepistol — were all performed simultaneously, and, so to say, with automaticprecision, showing that the team had trained conscientiously,not only individually, but also collectively, and that this latter system oftraining is, undoubtedly to be recommended for team-shooting in general,at a disappearing target.m) INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION WITH REVOLVERAND PISTOL. DISTANCE 30 METRES (DUEL SHOOTING).9 a. m. Saturday, 29 June.Any revolver or pistol, with open fore- and back-sights.Number of shots: 30 shots in 6 series, with 5 shots in each series.Two sighters.Target: Whole-figure (in zones), 1.7 metres high.Highest possible number of points, 300.76 competitors, representing 10 nations, had been entered for thiscompetition and, of this number, 42 men from 10 nations actuallycompeted, the result of their shooting being as follows:N a m eNationTotalpointsRemarksA. P. LANEA. P. PALÉNH. von HOLSTJ. A. DietzC. J. TörnmarkE. CarlbergG. de LavalW. WinansGraf A. Török v. MuraH. RoedderG. C. BoivieE. SandozP. de LavalG. de PanteleymonoffW. CarlbergP. J. DolfenE. BoströmF. A. SchartauR. H. SayreA. Schmal Jun.H. E. SearsN. de MelnitskyJ. ThéophilakisP. de WoylochnikoffF. AlegriaU. S. A.SwedenSwedenU. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.HungaryU. S. A.SwedenFranceSwedenRussiaSwedenU. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.AustriaU. S. A.RussiaGreeceRussiaChili1st prize: gold medal2nd prize; silver medal3rd prize; bronze medalhits.hits.701

N a m eNationTotalpointsRemarksMarquis de Crequi-MontfortC. ScarlatosA. de KacheF. MavrommatisA. GyllenkrookM. FaureG. de SchesterikoffA. ThéophilakisN. LevidisA. MetaxasBaron de JaubertH. CederschialdH. K. EkwallG. H. MeyerE. BernhardtW. Mc ClureBaron H. de CastexAs E. von Holst andFranceGreeceRussiaGreeceSwedenFranceRussiaGreecehits.hits.Francehits.SwedenChiliGermanyhits.AustriaGreat Britainhits.Francehits.J. A. Dietz both reached 283 points, thetie was shot off, when von Holst won with 284 to Dietz’ 282,the bronze medal thus falling to von Holtz.As regards the result of the competition as a whole, it cannot besaid that it was very good, a fact that ought, probably to chieflybe ascribed to the nervousness everywhere prevailing. Sweden, however,was well to the fore, as, of the 14 competitors who hit thetarget every time, 7 were Swedes.This closed the pistol and revolver competitions. In the duelshooting the Swedes were those that shot most evenly, but at 50metres the U. S, A. were easily first. Mr. A. P. Lane, the best manin the team, proving himself a very safe and cool marksman, witnessto the fact being borne by the excellent results he obtained.As far as Sweden is concerned, the competitions in pistol-, revolverandminiature-rifle shooting were both interesting and instructive, atthe same time that the results were quite a surprise, as this part ofthe shooting competitions was, on the whole, a novelty for us, theexplanation of this being probably the following.The leading motive for the volunteer shooting movement in Swedenhas always been national defence, and, in consequence, practicehas always been restricted to rifle-shooting. It is with the army-modelrifle in hand that our marksmen frequent the ranges, or go up intothe hills, or elsewhere, to practise field-shooting. The result hasbeen, that there has existed no interest in other kinds of shooting,except, perhaps, in game-shooting, an ancient form of sport in Sweden.It is a great pity, however, that this should be the case, and itwould not diminish the interest in army-rifle shooting if some atten-702

tion were also paid to miniature-rifle, pistol- and revolver-shooting, allof which forms of sport can, from several points of view, be consideredas well worthy of attention.Apart from the circumstance that our prospects of coming to thefore in these kinds of competitions at international meetings havealready been proved to be quite good, there are other points of viewthat should recommend these forms of shooting to the greater attentionof our marksmen.Shooting with miniature-rifles at targets placed at distances of from50 to 100 metres away is, therefore, an excellent means of practisingcareful firing at stationary targets. As a matter of fact, themarksman learns to aim and fire each time with the greatest careand exactness, so that this form of shooting really forms a verygood preparatory course for army-rifle shooting at longer ranges.In the same way, practice in rapid firing at disappearing targets isa most suitable preparatory exercise for field-shooting, where the marksmanis required, above all, to aim and fire with the speed of lightning,so to say. It was, perhaps, the fact that the Swedes are accustomedto field-shooting that decided the competition at 25 metresin their favour.Another circumstance that speaks in favour of miniature-rifle shootingis, that the marksman himself can, with the aid of a field-glass,ascertain the position of each hit made. By this means, he is soonenabled to judge with precision of the effect of light, temperature andwind on the result of his firing, and this makes this form of shooting avery pleasant and, at the same time, a most instructive one. In additionto this, miniature rifle shooting is cheap, and easy of arrangement.Shooting with revolver or pistol should, rightly, be placed in a categoryby itself, as it cannot be considered as having anything incommon with rifle-shooting. This circumstance, however, should notprevent it from having much more attention paid to it in Swedenthan has hitherto been the case.Revolver- and pistol-shooting at a stationary target, especially atlong ranges, is, undoubtedly, one of the most difficult forms of shootingthere is; for a sure hand and eye, and nerves of steel, arerequisite in the very highest degree. This fact, however, gives everincreasing interest and pleasure to this kind of shooting, the more itis practised. From a sporting point of view, it is the finest of allforms of fire-arm exercise, and is, therefore, one to be specially recommended.Rapid firing with revolver or pistol is a form of shooting that, ina certain degree, can speak for itself. Every body — even the onethat otherwise never thinks of practising shooting in any form —should be anxious, merely as a matter of self-defence, to learn howto handle a revolver — a fire-arm which, in untrained hands, is apt tobe a somewhat dangerously innocent weapon.It has already been said that the competitions in revolver-, pistol-,and miniature-rifle shooting were, on the whole, something new to theSwedish marksmen. This part of the shooting programme was adopt-703

ed principally so as to satisfy, in the best way, the wishes of competitorsfrom abroad, for we ourselves could have but very slighthopes of success in such events as those in question. Characteristicof the situation, too, is the fact that, for the try outs, whichtook place about a month before the Olympic Games began, therewere only about 20 competitors who entered, of which number it wasevident that many really had no very clear idea of the nature ofthe competitions. For example, in the try outs for the shooting withminiature-rifles at 50 metres, a great many of the marksmen usedordinary saloon-rifles, with open sights.The more surprising, therefore, was the result of these competitions,which were so very favourable for Sweden. The marksmen who sosuccessfully defended the Swedish colours, were, with but one or twoexceptions, members of the Stockholm Pistol-shooting Club. This clubwas founded in January 1909, for the purpose of promoting interestin revolver- and pistol-shooting, and also, but not least, in orderto be able to form a Swedish team for pistol-shooting at the OlympicGames of 1912.It is clear, that the success that has been won at the Games inthese, as in the other competitions, will powerfully contribute to moredetermined, more clear-sighted work on the part of the nation as awhole, for the promotion of athletics. We have, therefore, every reasonto hope that, when the signal next time calls the nations tothese peaceful competitions, Sweden will be able to enter the arenawell trained, and prepared to take part in every branch of athleticsincluded in the programme, and determined to once again fight forthe dear old blue and yellow flag.Clay Bird and Running Deer Shooting.The arrangements for the competitions in Clay Bird- and RunningDeer shooting at the Olympic Games of Stockholm, 1912, were entrustedto the Stockholm division of the Svenska Jägarförbundet (theSwedish Sportsmen’s Association), which appointed a committee forthe purpose in question, consisting of Captain Fr. Björkenstam, Masterof the Hounds;, and Messrs. E. W. Lindewald, M. N. Hallman,Alf. Swahn, and Edv. Benedicks, while Joh. E. Ekman, Esq. and BaronAxel Klinckowström were elected deputy members. After the ‘Committeehad met and elected Captain Björkenstam as President and E.W. Lindewald as Vice-President, two additional members were calledin; E. Melin, Esq., who was appointed secretary, and O. G. Swahn,Esq., chosen as adjoined member.The first care of the Committee was to find a suitable place forthe ranges in the immediate neighbourhood of Stockholm and havinggood communications with the capital, and, after several proposalshad been discussed, it was determined to have both ranges outat Ellenhill, close to Lake Råstasjön, where ground for the purposewas offered by the Råsunda Suburbs C:o. and the Crown Prince’sGolf Club, the latter kindly allowing the Committee to make use ofsuch part of its golf-links as might be required.704

U. S. A. MARSKMAN AT KAKNÄS

Pl. 255.U.S.A.ARMY-RIFLE SHOWN TO H.M. THE KING.U. S. A. RIFLE-TEAM.

Pl. 256.DENMARK’SRIFLE-TEAM.RIFLE-TEAM OF FRANCE.

Pl. 257.NORWAY’SRIFLE-TEAM.SOUTH AFRICA’S RIFLE-TEAM.

Pl. 258.SWEDEN’SRIFLE-TEAM.SWEDEN’S PISTOL-SHOOTING-TEAM, Team Competition j.

A PISTOL-SHOOTING COMPETITION.

A CLAY BIRD SHOOTING COMPETITION AT RÅSUNDA.

SPECTATORS AT CLAY BIRD SHOOTING, RÅSUNDA.

It will be seen by the rules of the competitions, which can befound in the latter part of this book, that considerable changes havebeen made in the regulations in force at the Olympic Games of London,1908, the reason of this being a desire to give the competitions,as much as possible, the nature of a sporting event.On the proposal of the Committee the following gentlemen wereelected to act as officials at the competitions:For Clay Bird Shooting:Judge:Count Claes Lewenhaupt, Secretary to the Cabinet;Controllers: N. Krook, J:nr., Esq., and B. Lindroth, Esq.Deputy Member: Carl Kjellberg, Esq.For Running Deer Shooting.Judge:Lieut T. Kroplien;Controllers: Wilh. Schumacher, Esq., and G. Mossberg, Esq.Deputy Member: Lieut. E. Helling.Captain Fr. Björkenstam acted as leader of the competitions.n) CLAY BIRD SHOOTING. TEAM COMPETITION.Teams of 6, with max. 3 reserves.3 stages.1st stage: Teams shoot at 20 birds per man in 2 rounds2nd3rdFor the team competition, which took place on the 29 June and the1 July, there were entries from seven nations:Finland France GermanyGreat Britain Russia SwedenU. S. A.The Russian team did not compete and, in accordance with theregulations in force, the French team retired after the first round, andthe Swedish and Finnish teams after the second round. Of the threeteams left, that representing the U. S. A. was placed first, with 532points, Great Britain coming second with a score of 511, and Germanythird with 510 points.U. S. A. Gold Medal.1st. round: 2nd rd: 3rd rd: Total.Charles W. BillingsRalph L. SpottsJohn H. HendricksonJames R. GrahamEdward F. GleasonFrank Hall45 Fifth Olympiad. 705

John Hurst ButtWilliam Percy GrosvenorHarry Robinson HumbyAlexander MaunderCharles PalmerGeorge WhitakerGREAT B RITAIN................Silver Medal.GERMANYGraf Erich BernstorffFreiherr von Zeidlitz u. LeipeHorst GoeldelAlbert PreussKochAlfred GoeldelBronze Medal.C. WollertAlfred G. A. SwahnJoh. E. EkmanE. Hjalmar FrisellÅke LundebergVictor WallenbergSweden.Finland:Edvard BacherKarl FazerRobert Valdemar HuberGustaf Adolt SchnittEmil Johannes CollanAxel Fredrik LondenBaron Henri de CastesMarquis de Crequi-MontfortEdouard Creuzé de LesserAndré FleuryBaron Charles JaubertRené TexierFrance.o) CLAY BIRD SHOOTING. INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION.3 stages.1st round: Shooting at 20 birds per man in 2 rounds2nd3rd706

There were 83 entries, from 13 nations, for the individual competitionwhich took place on July 2, 3 and 4 July. Of these 83, only61 took part in the event; 21 marksmen had to retire after thefirst round and 12 after the second round.The result is shown by the following list:NameNation Round 1 2 3 TotalJames R. GrahamAlfred GoeldelHarry BlauHarry Robinson HumbyAlbert PreussAnastasius MetaxasFreiherr von Zeidlitz undLeipeGustaf Adolf SchnittEmile JurgensRalph Louis SpottsEdward Francis GleasonKochKarl FazerHorst GoeldelFrank HallWilliam Percy GrosvenorRob. Bennet HutchesonGraf Erich BernstorffJohn Hurst ButtÅke LundebergCharles PalmerAlfred G. A. SwahnLéon SyttineFrantz RosenbergH. F. LüttichBaron Charles JaubertAndré FleuryCarsten Henrik BruunBaron Henri de CastexRobert Waldemar HuberE. Hjalmar FrisellEmil Johannes CollanGeorge WhitakerVictor WallenbergMarquis de Crequi-MontfortWalter BodneckDaniel Francis Mc MahonEdv. BenedicksGeorge Ernest PinchardJoh. E. EkmanEdouard Creuze de LesserCharles W. BillingsH. A. EriksonJohn H. HendricksonJames H. KenyonWilliam R. DaviesEdvard BacherRené TexierAlexander MaunderHerman NybergHenri le MariéU. S. A.GermanyRussiaGreat BritainGermanyGreeceGermanyFinlandHollandU. S. A.GermanyFinlandGermanyU. S. A.Great BritainCanadaGermanyGreat BritainSwedenGreat BritainSwedenRussiaNorwayGermanyFranceNorwayFranceFinlandSwedenFinlandGreat BritainSwedenFranceRussiaU. S. A.SwedenGreat BritainSwedenFranceU. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.CanadaFinlandFranceGreat BritainSwedenFrance707

Name Nation Round 1RussiaGreat BritainFinlandRussiaGreat BritainPaul LiethAlfred William BlackEmil Ernst FabritiusBoris PertelJohn Morris GoodwinO. G. Swahn SwedenO. BökmanC. WollertN. KleinAlfred StabellNorway1. JAMES R. GRAHAM U. S. A. Gold Medal.2. ALFRED GOELDEL Germany Silver Medal.3. HARRY BLAU Russia Bronze Medal.Lord Westbury’s Challenge Cup, which was held by W. H. Ewing,Canada, was won by James R. Graham, U. S. A.p) RUNNING DEER SHOOTING. TEAM COMPETITION.DISTANCE 100 METRES. SINGLE SHOTS.Teams of 4, with max. 2 reserves. 10 shots, one at each run.2 sighters. Any position.Eight nations entered for the team competition, but of these France,Germany and South Africa did not compete. The result is shownby the following list of scores:Alfred G. A. SwahnO. G. SwahnÅke LundebergP. O. ArvidsonW. Neill Mc DonellWalter WinansWilliam F. LeushnerWilliam LibbeyAxel Fredrik LondenNestor ToivonenTivo WäänänenErnst Edvard RosenquistAdolf MichelEberhard SteinböckPeter PaternelliHeinrich ElbogenSWEDEN: 151 points.Gold Medal.U. S. A.: 132 points. Silver Medal.FINLAND: 123 points.Austria: 115 points.Bronze Medal.TotalTotalTotalTotal708

Harry BlauBasile de SkrotskyDimitry de BarkoffAlexandre de DobrjanskyRussia:108 points.Totalq) RUNNING DEER. INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION.DISTANCE 100 METRES. SINGLE SHOTS .For this competition, which began on 29 June, there were 66 entriesfrom 12 nations. Of this number only 34 competitors took part inthe event, the result of the shooting being shown by the followingtable.NameNationAlfred G. A. SwahnÅke LundebergNestor ToivonenK. LarssonO. G. SwahnS. A. LindskogHeinrich ElbogenA. F. Ture CederströmWilliam F. LeushnerAdolf MichelJoh. E. EkmanE. Sökjer-PetersenKochE. E. RosenquistG. LymanBasile de SkrotskyPeter PaternelliAxel Fredrik LondenNicolas M. LividisHarry BlauHuvi Hjalmar TuiskunenIivo WäänäenA. PreussHorst GoeldelE. W. LindewaldP. O. ArvidsonSwedenFinlandSwedenAustriaSwedenU. S. A.AustriaSwedenGermanyFinlandSwedenRussiaAustriaFinlandGreeceRussiaFinlandGermanySwedenKarl Henrik Lorenz Reilin FinlandEdv. BenedicksSwedenWalter Winans U. S. A.Jean TéophilakisGreeceDimitry de Barkoff RussiaEberhard Steinböck AustriaAlexandre de Dobrjansky RussiaPaul LiethAs three competitors tied for the first place, the tie, in accordancewith the regulations, had to be shot off by means of a series of 5709

shots. The order of firing was decided by drawing lots, the resultof this being as follows: Nestor Toivonen, Finland, Alfred G. A.:Swahn, Sweden, Åke Lundeberg, Sweden.On the tie being shot off, the following result was come to:ALFRED G. A. SWAHN, Sweden Gold MedalÅKE LUNDEBERG Sweden Silver MedalNESTOR TOIVONEN Finland Bronze Medalr) RUNNING DEER. INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION. DIS=TANCE 100 METRES. DOUBLE SHOTS.There were 45 entries by 10 nations. Of these, 25 men did notappear, and the result of the competition is shown by the followingtable.N a m eNationÅke Lundeberg SwedenEdv. BenedicksO. G. SwahnAlfred G. A. SwahnP. O. ArwidsonA. LindskogE. Sökjer-PetersenE. W. LindewaldG. LymanBaron Charles Jaubert FranceWalter Winans U. S. A.E. Hjalmar Frisell SwedenJohn E. EkmanC. W. DybeckWilliam F. Leushner U. S. A.Heinrich Elbogen AustriaKochGermanyA. PreussDimitry de Barkoff RussiaBasile de SkrotskyÅKE LUNDEBERG Sweden Gold Medal.EDV. BENEDICKS Sweden Silver Medal.O. G. SWAHN Sweden Bronze Medal.At the Olympic Games of London, in 1908, there were not as manyclay birds used, either for the team or the individual competitions,as in Stockholm, 1912, neither was the calculation of points in theRunning Deer competition the same in London as in Stockholm, sothat, for the purpose of comparison, the results of all these events, atboth places, are given below n per-centages of possibles.710

Comparative list of results (given in % of best possibles) of the Clay Bird=and Running Deer Shooting in London, 1908, and in Stockholm 1912.Team Competition.London 1908Stockholm 1912Individual Competition.London 1908Stockholm 1912Team Competition.London 1908Stockholm 1912Individual Competition. S i n g l e s h o t.Clay Bird Shooting.Gold Medal: Silver Medal: Bronze Medal:Running Deer Shooting.London 1908Stockholm 1912Individual Competition. D o u b l e s h o t s.London 1908.Stockholm 1912Gold Medal: Silver Medal: Bronze Medal:A summary of the results of the shooting competitions (a 1:st prizecounting 3 points, a 2:nd prize 2 points, and a 3:rd prize I point),gives the following figures:N a t i o nPointsSwedenU. S. A.Great BritainFranceDenmarkHungaryNorwayGermanyRussiaFinland711

SWIMMING.GENERAL ORGANIZATION.n accordance with the regulations fixed for the organizationof the work of arranging the competitions of theFifth Olympiad, the Swedish Swimming Association, atthe close of 1909, appointed a special Olympic SwimmingCommittee, which was commissioned to carry outall the preliminary technical- and other arrangementsfor the swimming competitions of the Olympic Games. This Committee— which met for the first time on the 7 January, 1910 — afterseveral additions to its numbers, was composed as follows:President. ERIK BERGVALL, Esq., Editor of the“Nordiskt Idrottslif” Stockholm.Vice-President: Major N. D. EDLUND Umeå.Secretary: KRISTIAN HELLSTRÖM, Esq. Stockholm.Treasurer: JOHN G. ANDERSSON, Esq.Other Members: CARL BLIDBERG, Esq. Gothenburg.PER FJÄSTAD, Esq.Stockholm.THOR FRIMAN, Esq.SödertäljeANTON JOHANSON, Esq.Stockholm.TORSTEN KUMFELDT, Esq.SIGFRID D. LARSSON, Esq.KONRAD LITTORIN, Esq.Örebro.EMIL LUNDBERG, Esq.Stockholm.J. A. LÖNNEGREN Berlin.A. ULRICH, Esq., Mayor Säter.GUSTAF WRETMAN, Esq.Stockholm.Later on, the Committee appointed a special Building Committee,for carrying out the building arrangements necessary for the erectionof a Swimming Stadium at Djurgårdsbrunnsviken. This BuildingCommittee consisted of Messrs. E. Bergvall (President), S. D. Lars-712

son and Th. Kumfeldt. A special Training Committee was alsoappointed, the members of which were Messrs. E. Bergvall (President),John G. Andersson and Th. Kumfeldt. Other sub-committees wereelected during the course of the next few months, for the arrangementof special questions in connection with the Olympic Swimming Competitions.Altogether, the chief Committee held 22 meetings.THE PROGRAMME.The first business that the Olympic Swimming Committee had totake in hand was the selection of the branches of swimming and divingthat ought to be represented on the programme of the FifthOlympiad. As early as at its meeting held on the 9 April, 1910, theCommittee determined to propose the adoption of the programme recommendedby the International Swimming Federation. This ‘firstdraft programme included the following branches:Racing: 100, 400 and 1,500 metres free style; 200 and 400 metres breaststroke, and 100 metres back stroke.Team racing : 800 metres (4 x 200 met.)Spring-board diving and high diving, the last named branch to be on thesame principles as those adopted for the high diving at the Games inLondon, 1908.Water Polo.After the wish had been expressed at the Meeting of the InternationalOlympic Committee at Luxemburg, in June, 1910, for theinclusion of competitions for Ladies, too, the Swimming Committeerecommended the addition to the programme of a 100 met. freestyle, race, and of plain diving, both for Ladies.But Great Britain, at the meeting of the International OlympicCommittee, Buda-Pesth, May, 1911, and at the Congress of theInternational Swimming Federation in Brussels, 1910, had asked forthe addition to the Swedish programme of a team race for Ladies —400 met. (4 x 100), and, as both the Bodies mentioned seconded theproposal, the competition in question was accepted by the SwimmingCommittee. Plain diving for men was also included, in accordancewith a wish expressed by the International Swimming Federation.The final programme was, consequently, as follows:Men.100 met. free style.100 back stroke.200 breast stroke.400 free style.400 breast stroke.1500 met. free style.High diving. Plain diving from heights of 5 and 10 met.High diving. Plain and variety diving combined, from heights of 5and 10 met.713

Spring-board diving.800 met. team race.Water Polo.Ladies.100 met. free style.High plain diving from heights of 5 and 10 met.400 met. team race.DRAWING UP THE RULES AND REGULATIONS.In drawing up the rules for the swimming competitions of the FifthOlympiad, the Swimming Committee determined that the regulationsfixed by the International Swimming Federation should be those nowadopted. For the racing and water polo there existed rules thatcould be taken by the Committee, but no rules for diving competitionshad yet been fixed by the International Federation. As, however,the Federation, at its congress in Paris in 1909, had entrustedthe Swedish Swimming Association, among others, to draw up draftrules for such competitions, the question of rules for the OlympicDiving competitions could be arranged in fullest agreement withthe Federation. It was on the basis of the draft rules for divingwhich were laid before the congress of the Federation, in Brussels,in 1910, that the rules for the Olympic Diving competitions were drawnup and enforced.These rules were subsequently supplemented, at the time when thecompetitions were being arranged, by special “Instructions for Officials”,from which extracts were made for the competitors andprinted separately in English, French and German. These speciallyprinted leaflets also contained information for competitors, respectingsuch details of which special mention was not made in therules; such as, for example, the detailed principles fixing the methodto be adopted in their work by the judges of the diving, etc.As regards the elimination of the competitors before the finals, anumber of new principles were applied, in order that the competitionsmight be carried out with the greatest possible fairness. For example,in the races, the first and second men in each heat, and the “bestthird” of all the heats, were entitled to take part in the next roundor in the final. But, to prevent this rule necessitating the holdingof too many rounds, it was also determined, that if, in any heat inthe first round, not more than three competitors presented themselvesat the starting place, the starter was to let these three, or fewer,swimmers form part of the next heat whose numbers were not complete.In the 100 met. race, where the competitors were, as yet, unaccustomedto this system, the application of the rules occasionedsome difficulty, which was soon overcome, however.In the diving competitions the principle was adopted, that notonly should the winner in each trial heat be entitled to take part inthe final, but that other competitors who reached a certain numberof points should also be qualified to take part in the last round.714

The water polo competition, too, was so arranged that all the teamshad the same chance of winning the second or third prize. Forexample, a team that had been beaten only once, had the right toplay for the second and third prizes against another team which wasalso qualified to play for these prizes. The principle was adhered to,however, that a team which had beaten another team was consideredto have thereby defeated all the teams beaten, direct or indirectly,by the conquered team in question, so that a team which had beentwice beaten would, in nearly every case, be definitely eliminatedfrom the contest.The division of the competitors into the various trial heats took placeby means of drawing lots, which was carried out publicly.The drawing of lots for the diving competitions took place at once,and the figure drawn for each competitor showed the order in whichhe was to start in the competitions. In drawing lots for the races,the competitors were grouped according to the nations to which theybelonged. Lots were drawn between the nations, after which lots weredrawn between the individual representatives of these nations, so that thereshould be as few as possible of the same nation in the same trialheat. The drawing of lots for the intermediate heats, after the trialshad been decided, was quite individual, i. e. irrespective of whetherseveral competitors belonging to the same nation came in the sameheat or not. The drawing of lots for the starting places in the racestook place just before each start. The drawing of lots for the waterpolo took place, first of all, within two chief groups, or pools, on theCup Tie (elimination) system, so that a team from each group metin the final.The whole of the Rules and Regulations for the Officials will befound in the section entitled “Rules and Regulations for the Competitions”,at the end of the book, and also under the heading “Instructionsfor Officials”, on page 128.ARRANGEMENTS IN THE SWIMMING STADIUM.In consequence of the regulation of the International Rules forSwimming Competitions which prescribes a course of not less than100 metres in length for the long distance races, a special SwimmingStadium had to be arranged for the Olympic Swimming Competitions.The spot was chosen at Djurgårdsbrunnsviken, close to the town,and it proved an ideal one for its purpose. A detailed account ofthe building- and other arrangements made will be found on pp.211—217 of this Report.For the convenience of the public, special arrangements were madefor the announcement of the results of the competitions at the SwimmingStadium. For example, notice-boards, visible from all the seats,were erected on the diving platform, and on these were shown theresults of the various events; in addition to which, the results werecalled out in English, German and Swedish. Every competitor hadto wear a cap of the colour fixed for his or her nation, and, in somecases, the caps bore the competitor’s starting-number. At the starting-715

and turning ends, respectively, of the course, there were also shown,by means of large figures, the order of each competitor in eachstart, in addition to which, the starting-number of each competitorwas placed on two lofty notice-boards behind each man, where thenumber remained during the progress of the event. When the results of acompetition were announced, the flags of the nations winning or placed,were at once hoisted on three flag-staffs standing at one end of the course.The swimming course itself and the necessary dressing-rooms werein readiness in such good time before the beginning of the competitions,that the swimmers from abroad who came to Stockholm somedays before the date fixed, could pursue their training there. Anaccount of the measures taken for the preparation and training of theSwedish competitors will be found on pp. 299—300 of this Report.THE COMPETITIONS.The Swimming Races.100 METRES, FREE STYLE.First Round.7 p.m., Saturday, 6 July.Heat I. 1. LADISLAUS BELESNEY, Hungary, 1 min. 8 secs. 2. ROBERT ANDERS-SON, Sweden, 1 min. 9’/6 secs. 3. André Assimacopoulo, Greece, 1 min. IS”/, secs.4. Herbert von Kuhlberg, Russia. The Hungarian won without difficulty.Heat 2. 1. KURT BRETTING, Germany, 1 min. 7 s. 2. PAUL RADMILOVIC,Great Britain, 1 m. 102/G s. 3, Theodore Tartakover, Australasia, 1 m. 12’/, s.4. Jules Wuyts, Belgium 1 m. 13~/~ s. Won easily.Heat 3. 1. LESLIE BOARDMAN, Australasia, 1 m. 6 s. 2. NICHOLAS T.NERICH, U. S. A., 1 m. 7J/li s. 3. John Henry Derbyshire, Great Britain, 1 m. 9l/s s.Not placed: David Baiardo, Italy; Walther Binner, Germany; Alois Kenyery, Hungary.Won without difficulty.Heat 4. 1. PERRY Mc GILLIVRAY, U. S. A., 1 m 2. CECIL HEALY,Australasia, 1 m. ~‘1~ s. 3. KENNETH HUSZAGH, U. S A., 1 m. 6’16 s. Not placed:Eric Andersson, Sweden; Georg Kunisch, Germany. A hard struggle between thefirst three. As best third man in the first round, Huszagh qualified for the secondround.Heat 5. 1. DUKE PAOA KAHANAMOKU, U. S. A., 1 rn.s3i6 s. World’s record.2. WILLIAM LONGWORTH, Australasia, 1 m. 51/S s., 3. Harry J. Hebner, U. S. A.1 m. I$/~ s., 4. Gerard Meister, France I. I 69/6. Won easily. The performance ofthe phenomenal Kanaka quite came up to expectations. He employs a special kindof crawl, with the motor-power derived from the ankles alone, and not from thehip- or knee-joints. The soles of his feet work up and down; both the upperandunder sides of his feet pressing backwards against the surface of the water.Heat 6. 1. HAROLD H. HARDWICK, Australasia, 1 m. 5% s. 2. MAX RITTERGermany, 1 m. 8 s. 3. Herman Meyboom, Belgium, 1 m. 1 5’&, s. 4. James H. Reilly,U. S. A. Won easily.Heat 7. 1. WALTHER RAMME, Germany, 1 m. 10~1, s. 2. MARIO MASSA, Italy,and Harald Julin, Sweden, 1 m. 1 1~1~ s. 3. John Haakon Johnsen, Norway, 1 m.I9’/109 Ramme won without any exertion, and Julin, who was in bad form inconsequence of illness, could only manage to make a dead heat with Massa.716

Heat 8. 1. ERIC BERGQVIST, Sweden, 1 m. 13~1~ s. 2. GEoRGES RIGAL,, France,1 m. 1 7%. Not placed: Ladislaus Szentgróthy, Hungary.As may be seen, the very first round gave some extraordinary results, a freshworld’s record being set by Kahanamoku, while, in addition, no less than fiveother men swam the 100 metres in 1 m. 6 s., or less.Second Round.1.30 p.m., Sunday, 7 July.Heat 1. 1. K. BRETTING, Germany, 1 m. 41/h s. 2. W. LONGWORTH, Australasia,1 m. 51/s s. 3. H. H. Hardwick, Australasia, 1 m. 6 s. 4. R. Andersson,Sweden, 1 m. g6/1,, s. There was a long struggle for first place between Longworthand Bretting, but at length the latter went to the front and won by a second.Heat 2. 1. DUKE KAHANAMOKU, U. S. A., 1 m. 3'/6 s. 2. W. RAMME, Germany)1 m. 7”/6 s. 3. M. Ritter, Germany, and N. Nerich, U. S. A, 1 m. 84/6 s.Kahanamoku made a magnificent spurt 30 metres from the finish, and won withcomparative ease. A dead heat for third place.Heat 3. 1. K. HUSZAGH, U. S. A., 1 m. 41/h s. 2. P. MC. GILLIVRAY, U. S. A.,1 m. 4p/6 s. 3. C. HEALY, Australasia, 1 m. 44/6 s. 4. L. Boardman, Australasia,1 m. 5’/6 s. 5. P. Radmilovic, Great Britain, 1 m. 19 s. M. Massa, Italy, was alsoentitled to start in this heat, but from some misunderstanding, he did not put inan appearance. There was a very hard struggle between the first three men, allof whom did the distance under 1 m. 5 s. As best third in the second round, C.Healy became entitled to take part in the semi-finals. Boardman, too, swamfinely and had the excellent time of 1 m. 52/6 s.Semi=Finals.8 p. m., Sunday, 7 July.Notice was given that the semi-finals would be decided the same day at 8 p. m.but, owing to some misapprehension, the three representatives of the U. S. A. didnot put in an appearance, from their belief that all the seven men who qualifiedin the second round would swim in the final on the Monday. The semi-finals werestarted, however, in spite of the absence of the three men, and with the followingresults:Heat 1: 1. C. HEALY, Australasia, 1 m. 5"/, s., 2. W. RAMME, Germany, 1 m.s, 3. W. LONGWORTH, Australasia, 1 m. 6’/6 s. A hard struggle for first honours.Longworth, even now, was suffering from the affection — suppuration inthe head, — for which, on the following day, he had to submit to an operation.Heat 2: 1. K. BRETTING, Germany, 1 m. 4”/‘b s., W. O.At a meeting of the International Swimming Jury, it was declared that no mistakehad been committed by the leaders of the competition, but that the three representativesof the U. S. A. should be allowed to swim in a special heat toqualify for the final, the first man in this extra heat having to swim the distancein better time than the third man in Heat 1 of the semi-final, while, in the event ofthis being done, the second man in the extra heat would also be allowed to swimin the final, which was put off until Wednesday, July 10. The extra heat in questiontook place on Tuesday, July 9, when M. Massa (Italy), who, in consequence of amisunderstanding, had not swum in the second round, was also given permissionto start. The result was as follows:Heat 3. 1. Duke Kahanamoku, U. S. A., 1 m. 22/G s., World’s record. 2. K.717

Huszagh, U. S. A., 1 m. 6’/, s., 3. P. MC Gillivray, U. S. A., 1 m. 6’,$ s. Kahanamokubeat his own record in the first round by 1/6 second. There was only ahand’s breadth between Huszagh and Gillivray. M. Massa retired.Final.Wednesday, 10 July.1. DUKE PAOA KAHANAMOKU U. S. A.2. CECIL HEALYAustralasia3. KENNETH HUSZAGHU. S. A.Not placed:Kurt BrettingGermanyWalther RammeWilliam LongworthAustralasia, did not start.Bretting seemed very nervous, and the start had to be made overagain on his account. The struggle was severest during the first halfof the race and it was not before 50 met. had been covered thatKahanamoku showed in front. Huszagh and the two Germans thenlay side by side, with Healy a couple of metres in the rear. In thefinish, Healy made a extraordinary spurt and made himself a safesecond. Only a decimetre separated Huszagh and Bretting. It wasa grand race between the swiftest swimmers in the world, only Longworthbeing unfortunately absent in consequence of illness.400 METRES, FREE STYLE.First Round.12,10 p.m., Thursday, 11 July.Heat 1 1. HAROLD H. HARDWICK, Australasia, 5 m. 36 s., 2. MALCOLM CHAMPPION, Australasia, 5 m. 37 s., 3. James Reilly, U. S. A., 6 m. s., 4. Nils ErikHaglund, Sweden, 6 m. 238/s s., 5. David Baiardo, Italy. Mario Massa, Italy,retired. The swimmers got away at the second attempt, Hardwick then taking thelead, followed by his countryman, Champion. During the last 100 met. Champoinlessened the distance between himself and Hardwick, but without seriously threateningthe latter. The American lay more than a quarter of a length behind.Heat 2: 1. THOMAS SYDNEY BATTERSBY, Great Britain, 6 m. 33/& s., 2. JOHNHAAKON JOHNSEN, Norway, 6 m. 14~1~ s., 3. Johan Eskil Wedholm, Sweden, 6 m.29% s. Parell Awksentjeff, Russia, retired. Battersby led the whole way, andwon as he liked.Heat 3: 1. MAX RITTER, Germany, 5 m. 445/r; s., 2. ALOIS KENYERY, Hungary,5 m. 46 s., 3. NICHOLAS T. NERICH, U. S. A., 5 m. soa/ s., B. D. Teander, Sweden,retired. Theodore Tartakover, Australasia, retired. There was a hot struggle betweenRitter and Kenyery, until the German won in the spurt. Nerich, as bestthird man, qualified for the second round.Heat 4: 1. BÉLA VON LAS-TORRES, Hungary, 5 m. 36'& s., 2. HENRY TAYLOR,Great Britain, 5 m. 4g2/6 s., Nicolas Woronkoff, Russia, retired. The Hungarian ledfrom the start, and went away from Taylor during the last 100 met.Heat 5: 1. CECIL HEALY, Australasia, 5 m. 34 s. World’s record. 2. JOHNGATENBY HATFIELD, Great Britain, 5 m. 353/G s., 3. Franz Schuh, Austria, 6 m. 9’/6 s.At the first turn, Healy and Hatfield were level, with Schuh a good way behind.At the second, Healy had gained a little, this lead being increased to 4 metresat the third turn. During the last length, however, Hatfield came on rapidly and718

pressed the leader hard, but the Australian kept his place and covered the distancein record-time.Heat 6: 1. GEORGE RITCHIE HODGSON, Canada, 5 m. 509/r, s., 2. WILLIEFOSTER, Great Britain, 5 m. 5z2&, s., 3. Oscar Schiele, Germany, 5 m. 57 s., 4.George A. Godfrey, South Africa, 6 m. 30'/~ s., 5. Harry Christian Hedegaard,Denmark, 7 m. 74/E s. The men got away after a false start, Hodgson leadingfrom the very first, with Foster next behind him. Godfrey and Schiele lay sideby side. In the second length Foster tried to get in front, but the Canadian keptthe lead without difficulty. Godfrey fell somewhat behind Schiele. Hodgsonwon without any effort.Semi=Finals.7 p. m. Saturday, 13 July.Heat 1: G. R. HODGSON, Canada, 5 m. 2ga15 s., World’s record, 2. J. G. HAT-FIELD, Great Britain, 5 m. 253/S s., 3. W. Foster, Great Britain, 5 m. 49 s., 4. N.T. Nerich, U. S. A., 5 m. 51 s., 5. T. S. Battersby, Great Britain, 5 m. srlI, s., 6.J. H. Johnsen, Norway. Nerich at once took the lead, but he had to resign hisplace to Hodgson at the first turn. Then Hatfield drew level with Nerich, whowas obliged to relax his efforts and fall behind, being passed soon after by Foster.At 200 metres, Hatfield was almost level with Hodgson, who was pressed very closelyby the young Englishman during the last length, the Canadian beating Hatfield only bys. The winner beat Cecil Healy’s record, made in the first round, by almost 9 s.Heat 2: 1. H. H. HARDWICK, Australasia, 5 m. 31 s., 2. BÉLA VON LAS-TORRES,Hungary, 5 m. 34 4/6 s., 3. C. HEALY, Australasia, 5 m. 374/5 s., 4. M. Champion,Australasia, 5 m. 38 s., 5. H. Taylor, Great Britain, 5 m. 48*/, s. Hardwick tookthe lead, with Healy and Las-Torres as his nearest men. After the second turnChampion took third place. In the middle of the third length Hardwick was leadingBela von Las-Torres, who was now second man, with Champion and Healylevel a little way behind. During the sixth length, the Hungarian made an energeticattempt to pass Hardwick and the pace increased considerably. The Australiansucceeded in shaking off his rival, however, and won in the final spurt withoutmuch effort. Healy only tried to get third place and, beating Champion by apowerful spurt, qualified for the final, as best third man.Final.7 p. m. Sunday 14 July.1. GEORGE RITCHIE HODGSON CanadaWorld’s record.2. JOHN GATENBY HATFIELD Great Britain3. HAROLD H. HARDWICK AustralasiaNot placed:Cecil HealyBéla von Las-TorresAustralasiaHungaryHodgson took the lead from the first, closely followed by Hardwick,the two men turning almost simultaneously at the 200 met.mark. Hatfield now increased his pace and, at the last turn, hadalmost caught up the Australian; he soon passed him and thenthreatened Hodgson, who won, but not with much to spare. Hardwickfinished with a grand spurt, but he could not manage to catchHatfield. Healy and Las-Torres did not appear to be in good form.719

1,500 METRES, FREE STYLE.First Round.7 p.m., Saturday 6 July.Heat 1: 1. WILHELM ANDERSSON, Sweden, 23 m. 12l/, s., 2. MALCOLM CHAM-PION, Australasia, 23 m. 34 s., 2. B. Henry Taylor, Great Britain, 24 m. 6’/, s., HerbertMauritz Wetter, Norway, retired. The three first-named kept together until the 7:thturn, when the Swede began to leave the others. At half distance the Swede was15 met. in front of Champion, who, in his turn, had gone away from Taylor, whoqualified, however, as best third, for the semi-fiinal.Heat 2: 1. BÉLA VON LAS-ToRRES, Hungary, 22 m. 58 s., 2. JOHN GATENBYHATFIELD, Great Britain, 23 m. s., 3. Auguste Caby, France, retired. TheHungarian led the whole way.Heat 3: 1. GEORGE RITCHTE HODGSON, Canada, 22 m. 23 s. World’s record,2. WILLIAM LONGWORTH, Australasia, 23 m. 35/;; s., 3. Harry Christian Hedegaard,Denmark, 28 m. ~2~1~ s. Hodgson won as he liked.8.20 p. m., Sunday, 7 July.Heat 4: 1. THOMAS SYDNEY BATTERSBY, Great Britain, 23 m. 58 s., 2. FRANZSCHUH, Austria, 25 m. Ig”lG s., 3. Johan Eskil Wedholm, Sweden, 27 m. 38 s. MarioMassa, Italy, retired. Battersby won as he liked.Heat 5: 1. HAROLD H. HARDWICK, Australasia, 23 m. 23”, s., 2. WILLIEFOSTER, Great Britain, 23 m. 521/i; s., 3. John Haakon Johnsen, Norway, 25 m. 459/G s.,4. Karl Gustaf A. Collin, Sweden, 27 m. 5’/; s. Parell Awksentjeff, Russia, retired.Semi=Finals.12.35, Tuesday, 9 July.Heat 1: G. R. HOUGSON, Canada, 22 m. 26 s., 2. J. G. HATFIELD, Great Britain,22 m. 335/6 s., 3. H. H. HARDWICK, Australasia, 23 m. 14. s., 4 W. Andersson, Sweden,23 m. 14’1~ s.; Henry Taylor, Great Britain, retired. Franz Schuh, Austria, didnot start. In this heat, the best four men in the competition met. After 200metres had been covered, the four foreigners lay abreast, with Andersson about10 metres in the rear. After the second turn, Hodgson began to leave the otherswimmers, Hatfield being second man. The Swede, who was still last, thenpassed Taylor, who thereupon retired. At the 800 metres mark, the position ofthe men was as follows: Hodgson first, with Hatfield, Hardwick and Andersson, 10,20 and 40 metres behind the leader. At the twelfth turn, Hatfield was 25metres behind the Canadian, and the Australian was another 40 met. behindthe Englishman. Andersson now came on and, at the last turn, succeeded in passingHardwick, who, however, in the spurt, by means of a murdering crawl, succeeded inthrowing himself in front and placing himself third, thereby qualifying for the final.Heat 2: 1. BÉLA VON LAS-TORRES, Hungary, 23 m. 9% s., 2. M. CHAMPIONAustralasia, 23 m. 241/6 s., 3. W. Foster, Great Britain, 23 m. 32*/6 s., 4. T. S. Battersby,Great Britain. W. Longworth, Australasia, did not start. After the third turn, the Hungarianleft the others behind him, and led all the way to the finish. There wasa long struggle for second place which was finally decided in favour of Championwho put himself in front at the finish.720

Pl. 262.LONG DISTANCE SWIMMING. G. HODGSON (Canada).START FOR SWIMMING RACE.

100 M. FREE STYLE. LADIES. FINAL.

Pl. 264.START FOR TEAM RACE, LADIES, 400 METRES.PLAIN AND VARIETY DIVING. ALBERT ZÜRNER (Germany), 2:nd prize.

Pl. 265.PLAIN DIVING, MEN. ERIK ADLERZ (Sweden), 1:st. prize.PLAIN DIVING, MEN. TOIVO ARO (FINLAND).

Final.7·40 p.m. Wednesday, 10 July.G. R. HODGSON CanadaWorld’s Record.J. G. HATFIELD Great BritainHAROLD H. HARDWICK AustralasiaNot placed.Malcolm ChampionAustralasia, retired.Béla von Las-TorresHungary, retired.The Canadian at once took the lead at a great pace, and, at thevery first turn, was 10 met. in front of the nearest man, Hardwick (Australasia).At 500 met. this lead had been increased to 25 met., and Hatfieldhad passed Hardwick. Las-Torres retired at 500 met. and was followedby Champion at 600 met. Hatfield swam finely, leaving Hardwick moreand more in the rear. Hodgson’s time for the 1,000 met. was 14 m. 37s., a new world’s record. At the last turn Hodgson had increased theinterval between himself and Hatfield to 40 met., while Hardwick lay another50 met. behind the latter. The Canadian’s time for the 1,500met. was 22 m. exactly, forming a World’s Record, and he went onwith the race to try and beat the mile record, which he succeededin doing, his time for the distance being 23 m. 34 1 / 2 s.BACK STROKE, 100 METRES.First Round.12.15 p. m., Tuesday, 9 July.Heat 1: 1. HARRY HEBNER, U. S. A., 1 m. 21 s., 2. OTTO GROSS, Germany,1 m. 24 s., 3. Åke Bergman, Sweden, 1 m. 334/G s. O. Schiele, Germany, disqualified.Won easily. Hebner swam alternately with arm stroke and a leg crawl.Heat 2: 1. OTTO FAHR, Germany, I m. 22 s., 2. GEORGE HENRY WEBSTER,Great Britain, 1 m. 292/c, s., 3. K. Lundevall, Sweden, 1 m. 46’& s., Johann Wenk,Hungary, (1 m. 28s/, s.,) disqualified. Fahr led from the start and won as he liked.Heat 3: 1. ANDRÉAS BARONYI, Hungary, 1 m. 22 s., 2. PAUL KELLNER, Germany,1 m. 26 s., 3. O. Gregoire, Belgium, 1 m. 29 “/s s., 4. Harry Svendsen, Norway,1 m. 47 ‘/6 s. Won easily7 p. m. Tuesday, 9 July.Heat 4: 1. HERBERT N. HARESNAPE, Great Britain, 1. m. 27 s., 2. ERIC SCHULTZE,Germany, 1 m. 271/S s., 3. GUNNAR SUNDMAN, Sweden, 1 m. 31l/~ s., 4. John HaakonJohnsen, Norway, 1 m. 341/S s. A hard struggle for first place.Heat 5: 1. LADIKAUS SZENTGRÓTHY, Hungary, 1 m. 269/5 s., 2. FRANK SAN-DON, Great Britain, 1 m. 31~/~ s. Won easily.Semi-Finals.7 p. m., Wednesday, 10 July.Heat. 1: 1. H. HEBNER, U. S. A., 1 m. 20'/~ s.,/2. OTTO FAHR, Germany,1 m. 21~/~ s., 3. A. BARONYI, Hungary, 1 m. 26’& s., 4. L. Szengróthy, Hungary,1. m. 262/6 s., 5. E. Schultze, Germany, 6. G. H. Webster, Great Britain. A prettyhard struggle for first place, which Hebner won without any great difficulty aftera spurt. Baronyi, by beating his fellow-countryman, Szentgróthy, succeeded in qualifyingfor the final as best third man.46 Fifth Olympiad. 721

Heat 2: 1. O. GROSS, Germany, 1 m. 26 s., 2. P. KELLNER, Germany, 1 m.26’1, s., 3. H. N. Haresnape, Great Britain, 1 m. 264/5 s., 4. F. Sandon, GreatBritain, 1 m. 321/5 s., 5. G. Sundman, Sweden, 1 m. 35 s. A very hard strugglebetween the first three men.Final.7.40 p. m., Saturday, 13 July.HARRY HEBNER U. S. A.OTTO FAHRGermanyPAUL KELLNERGermanyAndréot placed.as BaronyiHungaryOtto GrossGermanyAfter a false start, all the men got away together, but Hebner atonce took the lead and kept it to the finish. Fahr lay second, withBaronyi nearest behind him. Gross came on at the right-hand sideof the course and drew level with the Hungarian, and a hard struggleensued between these two, but, while this was going on, Kellner,who lay on the outside left, spurted and took third place. Hebner,who kept his head well out of the water and was able to observehis opponents during the whole of the race, won without any difficulty.BREAST STROKE, 200 METRES.First Round.1.50 p. m., Sunday, 7 July.Heat 1: WILLY LÜTZOW, (Germany, 3 m. 72/C s., 2. TOR HENNING, Sweden,3 m. 14 s., 3. KARL GUSTAF L. LINDROOS, Finland 3 m. 16~/~ s., 4. Frank Schryver,Australasia, 3 m. 24 s., Lützow and Henning lay side by side for 150 met.,when the German went ahead in a hard spurt and won easily.Heat 2: PAUL MALISCH, Germany, 3 m. 8(/, s., 2. ARVO OSSIAN AALTONEN,Finland, 3 m. 13 s., 3. Nils Gustaf Andersson, Sweden, 3 m. 20s/, s., 4. Josef Wastl,Austria, 3 m. 25’1; s., 4., George Bajmakoff, Russia, 3 m. 29 s. Malisch swam excellently,and got in much before the Finlander, who swam very powerfully, however.Heat 3: 1. CARLYLE ATKINSON, Great Britain, 3 m. 12 s. W. O.Heat 4: 1. WALTER BATHE, Germany, 3 m. 3s/G s., 2. PERCY COURTMAN, GreatBritain, 3 m. 9;L/6. 3., Fredrik Löwenadler, Sweden, 3 m. 22’1, s. Michal Mc Dermott,U. S. A., 3 m. lS1/, s., disqualified.Heat 5: 1. FÉLICIEN COURBET, Belgium, 3 m. 12~/, s., 2. PONTUS HANSSON,Sweden, 3 m. I#/~ s., George Innocent, Great Britain, 3 m. 16 s. Audun Rusten,Norway, 3 m. 39’ls s., disqualified. There was a hard battle between Courbet andHansson. The latter led at first but, after the turn, Courbet went to the front andwon in the spurt, Hansson being threatened very seriously towards the finish by Innocent.Heat 6: OSCAR DEMJAN, Hungary, 3 m. ~7~ s., 2. HARALD JULIN, Sweden,3 m. 12’1, s., 3. Herman Cederberg, Finland, 3 m. IP/~ s., 4. Wilhelm Lindgren,Finland, 3 m. 21l/~ s., 5. Sven Hansson, Sweden, 3 m. 24”/; s., 6. Oscar BrorEmanuel Hamrén, Sweden. Won easily.Semi=Finals.8.15 p. m., Tuesday, 9 July.Heat 1: 1. P. MALISCH, Germany, 3 m. 93/6 s., 2. T. HENNING, Sweden, 3 ms., 3. H. Julin, Sweden, 3 m. IO’/, s., 4. K. G. Lindroos, Finland, 3 m.722

5. C. Atkinson, Great Britain, 3 m. I 5’& s., 6. A. O. Aaltonen, Finland, 3 m. 17 s.Henning led at the first turn but, in the last length, Malisch came to the frontand won in the spurt. Julin tried hard for second place.Heat 2; 1. WALTER BATHE, Germany, 3 m. 21/G s., 2. W. LÜTZOW, Germany,3 m. 4%/6 s., 3. P. COURTMAN, Great Britain, 3 m. g’/5 s., 4. O. Demján, Hungary, 3 m.I I 11; s., 5. F. Courbet, Belgium, 3 m. I I~/~ s. P. Hansson, Sweden, retired. Batheled from start to finish, closely followed by his fellow-countryman, Lützow.Final.7.30 p. m., Wednesday, 10 July.WALTER BATHEGermanyWILLY LÜTZOWGermanyPAUL MALISCHGermanyNot placed:Percy CourtmanGreat BritainTor Henning Sweden, retired.Bathe at once took the lead, with Lützow close behind him. At50 met. Malisch and Henning lay side by side, with Courtman a littlein the rear. Henning (Sweden), who was in poor condition, retiredafter the turn, and a hard struggle began between Malisch andCourtman for third place, which resulted in favour of the first-named.Bathe won safely in the spurt after an excellent piece of work. TheGermans took all three places in this competition.BREAST STROKE, 400 METRES.First Round.12 noon, Monday, 8 July.Heat 1: 1 . TOR HENNING, Sweden, 6 m. 5915 s.,2. GEORGE INNOCENT, GreatBritain, 7 m. s., Josef Wastl, Austria, retired; Oscar Demján, Hungary, 6 m.s., disqualified as, at the second turn he touched the wall with only one hand.After 200 met. the Hungarian went in front of Henning, who was in poor form.Heat 2: 1. PAUL MALISCH, Germany, 6. m. 47 s., 2. KARL GUSTAF L. LIND-ROOS, Finland, 7 m., 3. Nils Andersson, Sweden, 7 m. 17 S. Mical MC Dermott,U. S. A., (7 m. 7 s.), disqualified.Heat 3: 1. WILLY LÜTZOW, Germany, 6 m. 4g4/6 s., 2. FÉLICIEN COURBET,Belgium, 6 m. 52 3/6 s., 3. ZENO VON SIENGALEWICZ, Austria, 7 m.4 s., 4. FrankSchryver, Australasia, 7 m. 7’/, s.The men were very well matched. At 300 met., the German and the Belgianstill lay side by side but, during the last length, Lützow went ahead and won safely.Heat 4: 1. PERCY COURTMAN, Great Britain, 6 m. 43% s., 3. ARVO OSSIANAALTONEN, Finland, 6 m. 484/, s., 3. Wilhelm Lindgren, Finland, 7 m.Aaltonen led at the first turn. At the second and third turns, Courtman was levelwith him, but after this the Englishman went in front and won without difficulty.Heat 5: 1 WALTHER BATHE, Germany, 6 m.34*/s s., 2. GEORGE BAJMAKOFF,Russia, 7 m. 2fP/, s., Bathe did this excellent time without being at all pressed.Semi=Finals.7.30 p. m, Thursday, 11 July.Heat 1: 1. W. BATHE, Germany, 6 m. 32 s., 2. T. HENNING, Sweden, 6 m.32 s., 3. P. COURTMAN, Great Britain, 6 m. 36% s., 4. Félicien Courbet, Belgium,723

6 m. 59% s., Zeno von Siengalewicz, Austria, retired. Bajmakoff did not start. Itwas only at the third attempt that the men got away. Henning lost a little atthe start and Bathe once took the lead. After the last turn Henning drew levelwith Bathe, who won by inches in the least fraction of a second. Courtman was closebehind. The final spurt was a very hard one.Heat 2: 1. WILLY LÜTZOW, Germany, 6 m. 449/G s., 2. P. MALISCH, Germany6 m. 47’f6 s., 3. A. O. Aaltonen, Finland, 6. m. 564/b s., 4. G. Lindroos, Finland,7 m. o”/~ s., G. Innocent, Great Britain, retired. Aaltonen led at first, with Lützowand Malisch as his nearest men. After the second turn the last-named took thelead, but, in the final length he was passed by Lützow, who won easily.Final.7.35 p. m., Friday, 12 July.WALTER BATHEGermanyTOR HENNINGSwedenPERCY COURTMANGreat Britain.Not placed:Paul MalischGermany.Willy Lützowretired.Bathe at once took the lead, Malisch being second man and Henningthird. After 100 met. Bathe was already 4 met. in front ofthe two men mentioned, who turned together, with Courtman and Lützowa little behind them. At half distance Henning began to leaveMalisch behind him and, after 250 met., Bathe lay 10 met. in frontof Henning, who was ½ met. ahead of Malisch. In the last turn, Henningmissed and turned badly, while Courtman turned beautifully and drewlevel with Henning and Malisch. The Swede, however, went aheadagain and began to lessen the distance separating him from Bathe.The last-mentioned won, however, without being seriously threatened,but there was a very hard struggle between Henning and Courtmanfor second place, the Englishman having passed Malisch and lying closebehind Henning. Lützow retired on being left behind in the hard spurt.TEAM RACE, 800 METRES.First Round.7 p. m., Friday, 12 July.Heat 1: 1. U. S. A., (Kenneth Huszagh, Duke Paoa Kahanamoku, Harry Hebner, PercyMC Gillivray) 10m. 262/6 s. 2. HUNGARY, (Ladialaus Belesnay, Emmirich Zachár, AloisKenyery, Béla von Las-Torres) 10 m. 34’k, s., 3. GREAT BRITAIN (Willie Foster,Thomas Sydney Battersby, John Gatenby Hatfield, Henry Taylor), 10 m. 391/G s.Huszagh at once took the lead from Belesnay and Foster, and this advantagewas still further increased by Kahanamoku. At 300 met. the U. S. A., team lay 8met. ahead, with Hungary 3 met. in front of Great Britain. In the long stretch ofthe race, however, Battersby caught up Zachár, so that the third men of the Hungarianand British teams started simultaneously. Gillivray (U. S. A.) increased the distancebetween himself and Hatfield and Kenyery, who lay abreast at 500 met. At550 met. the U. S. A. was 20. met. in front of Great Britain, which led Hungaryby 1 met. At the last pass, Taylor was able to start a little in front of Las-Torres,and both these men lessened the lead held by Hebner (U. S. A.). Las-Torres, who724

swam beautifully, beat Taylor for second place, but he was a good distance behindHebner at the finish.Heat 2 : 1. AUSTRALASIA (Harold H. Hardwick, Malcolm Champion, Leslie Boardmanand Cecil Healy) 10 m. 14 s. World’s record. 2. GERMANY (Oscar Schiele,George Kunisch, Kurt Bretting and Max Ritter) 10 m. 421/6 s. Australasia wonwithout any difficulty. Hardwick was in front of Schiele at the very first turn, andthe distance between the teams was increased by each man of the Australasia four.AUSTRALASIAFinal.12.45 p. m., Monday, 15 July.World’s record.(Cecil Healy, Malcolm Champion, Leslie Boardman, HaroldH. Hardwick).U. S. A.(Kenneth Huszagh, Harry Hebner, Percy MC Gillivray, DukePaoa Kahanamoku).GREAT BRITAIN(Willie Foster, Thomas Sydney Battersby, John Gatenby Hatfield,Henry Taylor.)Not placed:GermanyThe same swimmers started as in the trial heats, but the Australasiansaltered the order in which their men swam, and placed them:Cecil Healy, Malcolm Champion, Leslie Boardman, Harold H. Hardwick.There was a good start and, at the first pass, Australasiaand the U. S. A. lay side by side, with Germany third. The secondmen of the two leading teams kept together, too, until 300 met.were covered, when Champion succeeded in getting a slight lead forhis team. Boardman was able to start 10 met. in front of Hebnerand the third man in Great Britain’s team, after swimming 50 met.,succeeded in passing his German rival. When the fourth distance wasbegun, Australasia was 15 met. in front of the U. S. A., which, inits turn, was 10 met. before Great Britain, the last man of theBritish team being 5 met. in front of the German swimmer. Kahanamokuwas the fourth man in the U. S. A. team, but he couldmake no impression on Hardwick, and Australasia won without anydifficulty. Great Britain was a safe third. Hungary did not start.100 METRES, FREE STYLE. LADIES.First Round.7.30 p. m., Monday, 8 July.Heat 1: 1. BELLA MOORE, Great Britain, 1 m.2ga/, s., 2. LOUISE OTTO, Germany,1 m. 34’/6 s., 3. Klara Milch, Austria, 1 m. 37’15 s., 4. Greta Johansson,Sweden, 1 m. 41~/~ s., 5. Tyyne Maria Järvi, Finland, 1 m. 428/6 s. Aagot Normann,Norway, retired. Bella Moore led at a good pace, and won without being threatened.Heat 2: 2. DAISY CURWEN, Great Britain, 1 m.233/6 s., 2. JENNIE FLETCHER,Great Britain, 1 m. 26’/, s., 3. Bertha Zahourek, Austria, 1 m. 38”/, s., 4. Pepi725

Kellner, Austria, 1 m. 41 ‘/G s., 5. Karin Lundgren, Sweden, 1 m. 444/G s., SonjaJohnsson, Sweden. Jennie Fletcher got away best, but was soon passed by DaisyCurwen, who won in excellent time.12 noon, Tuesday, 9 July.Heat 3: 1. WILHELMINA WYLIE, Australasia, 1 m. 26”/6 s., 2. MARY LANGFORD,Great Britain, 1 m. 28 s., 3. Hermine Stindt, Germany, 1 m. 2g1/6 s., 4. Josefine StickerAustria, 1 m. 3 II/~ s., 5. Madame Guttensteln, Belgium, 6. Elsa Björklund, Sweden.Won without difficulty.Heat 4: 1. FANNY DURACK, Australasia, 1 m. I g4/; S. World’s record. 2.IRENE STEER, Great Britain, 1 m. 271/6 s., 3. WALLY DRESSEL, Germany, 1 m.s., 4. Margarete Adler Austria, 1 m. j41/i; s., 5. Greta Carlsson, Sweden,6. Regina Kari, Finland. F. Durack won as she liked.Heat 5: 1. GRETE ROSENBERG, Germany, 1. m. 25 s., 2. ANNIE SPEIRS, GreatBritain, 1 m. 239/G s., 3. Vera Thulin, Sweden, 1 m. 44 s. Annie Speirs was leftbehind at the start, and never succeeded in making up lost ground, although shemade a fine attempt to do so.Semi=Finals.12 noon, Thursday, 11 July.Heat 1: 1. F. DURACK, Australasia, 1 m. 20 '/; s., 2. D. CURWEN, Great Britain,1 m. 264/6 s., 3. A. SPEIRS, Great Britain, 1 m. 27 s., 4. B. Moore, Great Britain1 m. 27z/5 s., 5. M. Langford, Great Britain, 1 m. 2g’/6 s., 6. L. Otto, Germany,1 M. s., Miss Durack, who swims a distinctively Australian crawl, w-on as sheliked. There was a very hard fight for second place.Heat 2: 1. W. WYLIE, Australasia, 1 m. 27 s., 2. J. FLETCHER, Great Britain,1 m. 27r15 s., 3. G. ROSENBERG, Germany, 1 m. 2g1,$ s., 4. V. Dressel, Germany,1 m. 332/5 s., I. Steer, Great Britain (1 m. 29 s.), disqualified. All the swimmers gotaway together after a false start. Miss Wylie was threatened seriously by Miss Fletcher.Final.7.30 p. m., Friday, 12 July..FANNY DURACKAustralasiaWILHELMINA WYLIE AustralasiaJENNY FLETCHERGreat BritainNot placed.Grete RosenbergGermanyAnnie SpiersGreat BritainDaisy Curwen, who had undergone an operation for appendicitissince the Thursday, could not start. Miss Durack led from start tofinish. There was a hard struggle for third place between Miss Fletcherand Frln. Rosenberg.TEAM RACE, 400 METRES, LADIES.12 noon., Monday, 15 July.GREAT BRITAIN(Bella Moore, Jennie Fletcher, Annie Speirs, Irene Steer.)GERMANY(Wally Dressel, Luise Otto, Hermine Stindt, Grete Rosenberg.)AUSTRIA(Margarete Adler, Klara Milch, Josefine Sticker, C. Zahouch.)726

Not placed:Sweden(G. I. Carlsson, A. T. M. Johansson, Sonja Jonsson, V. Thulin.)As only 4 teams started, nothing but a “Final” was swum. GreatBritain showed its superiority from the first moment, and the race neverbecame exciting, as the team mentioned led all the way, while Germany,from beginning to end, was an equally safe second. Great Britain won easily.Diving Competitions.HIGH DIVING.HIGH DIVING FOR MEN.First Round.Saturday, 6 July.Heat 1: PAUL GÜNTHER, Germany, placing, 8, points 36.1. 2. Torsten Eriksson,Sweden pl. 11, p. 35.8. 3. Tauno Hmoniemi, Finland, pl.13. p. 35. 4. Alfred Johansson,Sweden, pl. 14, p. 34.7. 5. Nils Tvedt, Norway, pl. 25, p. 31.7. 6. Sven Elis Holmer,Sweden, pl. 31, p. 30.2. 7. Sigvard Andersen, Norway, pl. 32, p. 28,6. VictorBaranoff, Russia, retired. Tvedt, the Norwegian champion had the task of beginningthe Olympic diving competitions. He had an easy, pretty style, though the detailswere not sufficiently elaborated. Günther dived in a perfectly correct anddistinctively German style, but his start was altogether too weak. Alfred Johanssonwho, perhaps, had the best chances of winning this heat, turned over badly in thefirst dive from the greatest height and quite ruined his chances.Heat 2: 1. JOHN JANSSON, Sweden, pl. 5, p. 38.3. 2. (George Wm. Gaidzick,U. S. A., pl. 13, p. 36.2. 3. George Yvon, Great Britain, pl. 17, p. 35.2. 4. G.Ekstrand, Sweden, pl. 18, p. 35.3. 5. Arthur Mc Aleenan, U. S. A., pl. 20, p. 34.9.6. Carlo Bonfanti, Italy, pl. 32, p. 28.5. 7. Alfred Engelsen, Norway, pl. 33, p. 28.3.Jansson was everyone’s superior in this heat and was unanimously placed first by thejudges. Gaidzick (U. S. A.) had plenty of power and pace in his dive, togetherwith a careful style, but in one of his attempts he took too hard a start, which hehad to rectify by means of a sharp bend. Ekstrand, too, failed in one of hisdives. Yvon (Great Britain) dived in good style, taking the greatest height excelently,although his start could have been a quicker one.Sunday, 7 July.Heat 3: 1. HJALMAR JOHANSSON, Sweden, pl. 7, p. 40.1. 2. TOIVO NESTORIARO, Finland, pl. 10, 39.4. 3. AXEL RUNSTRÖM, Sweden, pl. 15, p. 39.3. 4. ERNSTMAGNUS BRANDSTEN, Sweden, pl. 19 p. 37.7. 5. VICTOR GUSTAF CRONDAHL,Sweden, pl. 22, p. 37. 6. Hans Luber, Germany, pl. 27, p. 36.2. 7. Kurt Behrens,Germany, pl. 31, p. 35.1. 8. J. P. Lyons, Canada, pl. 40, p. 32.5. 9. Jens HaraldStefenson, Sweden, pl. 44, p. 31.2. An extraordinarily severe heat, out of which noless than 5 qualified for the final, in which the competitors were entitled to take partonly on the points reached. Hjalmar Johansson showed excellent power, speed andelegance, and reached as much as 40.1 points of 50 possible. Aro (Finland) had also a verysuccessful day. He dives in the same style as Hjalmar Johansson, and there was verylittle between the two men. Aro’s running dive from the lowest height was a littleweak. Runström, the Swedish champion, was third, with such different placingfiguresgiven by the judges as 2 +1+ 7+ 2 + 3. He jumped in uneven, somewhatstiff style, but with much speed and power. Brandsten jumped excellently, but727

General protocol of the competition in High (plain) Diving.Names and decisions of the judgesNameNation1. Blid- 2. Kihl- 3. Asp- 4. S. Jo- 5. J.G.Anbergmark lund hansson derssonRem.728Heat I (6 July, 1912).Nils Tvedt NorwayF. A. Bornamann U. S. A.S. E. Holmér SwedenL. Valentich AustriaW. Baranoff RussiaT. Hmoniemi FinlandPaul Günther GermanyT. Eriksson SwedenA. JohanssonS. Andersen NorwayHeat II (6 July, 1912).L. Boardman AustralasiaA. Assimacopoulo GreeceJohn Jansson SwedenC. Bonfanti ItalyG. Ekstrand SwedenA. MC Aleenan U.S.A.Walter Weber GermanyA. Engelsen NorwayGeorge Yvon Great BritainG. W. Gaidzik U. S. A.Heat III (7 July, 1912).J. H. Stefenson SwedenV. G. CrondahlA. RunströmKurt Behrens GermanyHans LuberToivo N. Aro FinlandJ. P. Lyons CanadaR. ZimmermanE. M. Brandsten SwedenHj. JohanssonHeat IV (9 July, 1912).Leo O. Suni FinlandElias Arnesen NorwayG. A. Godfrey South AfricaA. M. Nyman FinlandK. KainuvaaraS. M. Montan SwedenA. Zümer GermanyEric Adlerz SwedenO. W. Wetzell Finlanddid not start.retired.did not start.FINAL (11 July, 1912).Paul Günther GermanyJ. Jansson SwedenV. G. CrondahlA. RunströmToivo N. Aro FinlandE. M. Brandsten SwedenHj. JohanssonEric Adlerzretired.

his style was not so clean as that of the three men already mentioned. Crondahl,who was the last in this heat to qualify for the final, had a beautifully finishedstyle, with the speed of an athlete in the start, but he did poorly in the runningdive from the lowest height. The Germans in this heat were pretty good butstarted too tamely, and had too little speed and power in the dive to be placed.Heat 4: 1. ERIC ADLERZ, Sweden, pl. 5, p. 39.9. 2. Oskar W. Wetzell, Finland,pl. 13, p. 33.8. 3. Kalle Kainuvaara, Finland, pl. 14, p. 33.2. 4. Albert MikaelNyman, Finland, pl. 21, p. 32. 5. Leo Olavi Suni, Finland, pl. 22, p. 32.1. 6. AlbertZürner, Germany, pl. 26, p. 31.7. 7. Sven Magnus Montan, Sweden, pl. 31, p. 30.2.Adlerz was in a class by himself, and was the only man that qualified for thefinal. He came very near to Hjalmar Johansson’s figures, although he had to rectifyhis first dive from the greatest height by a slight bend, and he went a littletoo far over in his last dive from the same height, too. The Finlanders werepretty good, but were very uncertain. Zürner (Germany), who was much feared,had a bad day, and failed altogether in his dive from the greatest height.Final.Thursday 11 July.Place-figures PointsERIK ADLERZSwedenHJALMAR JOHANSSON SwedenJOHN JANSSON, SwedenNot placed:G. V. Crondahl, SwedenToivi N. AroFinlandA. Runström, SwedenE. M. BrandstenPaul Günther, Germany, retired.Adlerz jumped evenly and in good style, and obtained 40 points, beingplaced 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 3 by the judges. His pace and power inthe dive were extraordinary and, in each dive, he went at such aspeed that no little twisting of the body arose, this lowering his pointsconsiderably. Hjalmar Johansson, whom two of the judges placedas n:r 1 (one of them setting him equal with Adlerz), two n:r 3 andone as n:r 4, had not a such a good day as in the trial on Sunday.His last dive from the greatest height was very successful, however,and carried him in front of Jansson, who with the place-figures 1 + 2+ 2 + 3 + 4 was a good aspirant for second honours. Both gainedthe same place-figures and there was a difference of only 1 / 5 of apoint between them. Jansson dives confidently, although his style is alittle stiff, and he has plenty of pace. Crondahl dived excellently fromthe greatest height, while Aro, the Finlander, who was in front afterthe diving at the lowest height, quite spoiled his chances by an unsuccessfuldive from the highest platform. Runström, who also failedin a dive from the greatest height, was very close to Aro, obtainingthe same place-figures as the latter. In his first dive from the greatestheight, Günther (Germany) struck one arm against his head in theentry into the water, causing a sprain which prevented him fromtaking further part in the competition.730

PLAIN AND VARIETY DIVING COMBINED.First Round.Friday, 12 July.Heat 1: HJALMAR JOHANSSON, Sweden, pl. 9, p. 68.06. 2. ALBERT ZÜRNER,Germany, pl. 14, p. 65.04. 3. Hans Luber, Germany, pl. 23, p. 61.66. 4. GöstaSjöberg, Sweden, pl. 24, p. 62.08. 5. Ernst Magnus Brandsten, Sweden, pl. 24, p.61.42. 6. George W. Gaidzick, U. S. A., pl. 25, p. 62.56. 7. John Jansson, Sweden,pl. 27, p. 59.75. 8. Kurt Behrens, Germany, p. 33, p. 58.35. 9. Leo Olavi Suni,Finland, pl. 45, p. 48.93. Although this was the heat that, beforehand, everybodyhad expected would be the most hotly contested, no one dived in first class style.Gaidzick (U. S. A.) dived best, and would probably had won the heat if he hadexecuted his flying somersault in accordance with the rules. In the programmehe had chosen ordinary somersault and flying somersault, but he executedboth of the dives in much the same way. Three of the judges considered thatthere was no principial difference between his two dives, and as the rules prescribethat the voluntary dives must be of a different nature, they gave him o forhis flying somersault. Two of the judges accepted the dive, however, and oneof these judges placed Gaidzick first, while the other placed him second onthe list. Hjalmar Johansson, who had been the victor at the Olympic Games ofLondon in 1908, had no good day, but his confident style put him first in the heat.Brandsten dived evenly and well, while Sjöberg, who had plenty of pace andgood bearing in the air, quite spoiled his chances by a wretched entry into thewater. Jansson’s prospects were spoiled by failures in the voluntary dives. Zürnerwas best among the Germans, but did not show really good form, while Luber wasput out of the running by a totally unsuccessful “Isander”. Only Hjalmar Johanssonand Zürner qualified for the final.Heat 2: 1. ERIC ADLERZ, Sweden, pl. 6, pl. 74.76. 2. GUSTAF BLOMGREN,Sweden, pl. 9, p. 68.5. 3. HARALD ARBIN, Sweden, pl. 15, p. 62.75. 4. Ernst Eklund,Sweden, pl. 20, p. 59.9. 5. Sigvard Andersen, Norway, pl. 25, p. 56.4. 6. OskarWilhelm Wetzell, Finland, pl. 32, p. 50.46. 7. Kalle Kainuvaara, Finland, pl. 33, p. 48.1.A. Mc Aleenan, U. S. A., retired. Adlerz and Blomgren were the only competitorsof real class in this heat. Although Adlerz was placed after Blomgren byone of the judges, he was indisputably the better man. He did not quite succeed.however, in his plain dive from the highest platform ; the running dive especiallywas very mediocre. Arbin succeeded in getting 7/1o point more than Sjöberg, andthus qualified for the final. Kainuvaara (Finland) dived very unevenly, and gavespecimens both of excellent and bad diving. Mc Aleenan (U. S. A.) injured himselfin the I~/, somersault from the greatest height and retired from the contest.Heat 3: ALVIN CARLSSON, Sweden, pl. 7, p. 66.98. 2. GEORGE YVON, GreatBritain, pl. 9, p. 65.7. 3. TOIVO N. ARO, Finland, pl. 16, p. 62.75. 4. Robert Andersson,Sweden, pl. 18, p. 60.59. 5. Jens Harald Stefenson, Sweden, pl. 25, p. 41.54.J. P. Lyons, Canada, retired. Carlsson had an uncommonly good day and divedwith great confidence and in fairly good form. He was placed first by three ofthe judges, and second by two, while Yvon (Great Britain), who also dived well,was placed first by two of the judges. Robert Andersson, who was fourth manin the London competitions in 1908, came very near Aro, but did not threaten himseriously.731

General protocol of the competition in Plain and Variety Diving combined.Names and decisions of the judgesNameNation1. Kihl- 2. S. Jo- 3. Malm- 4. Wen- 5. J.G. Anmarkhansson ström nerström derssonRem.Heat I (12 July, 1912).Albert ZürnerHj. JohanssonE. BrandstenJohn JanssonF. R. BornamannG. W. GaidzikHans LuberG. SjöbergA. EngelsenKurt BehrensLeo O. SuniGermanySwedenU. S. A. did not start.GermanySwedenNorwayGermanyFinlandHeat II (12 July, 1912).O. W. Wetzell FinlandG. A. Godfrey South AfricaA. Mc Aleenan U. S. A.Harald Arbin SwedenK. Kainuvaara FinlandH. E. Burton U. S. A.retired.did not start.G. BlomgrenErnst EklundEric AdlerzS. AndersenSwedenNorwayHeat III (12 July, 1912)A. Carlson SwedenR. AnderssonPaul Günther GermanyT. Eriksson SwedenGeorge Yvon Great BritainToivo N. Aro FinlandJ. P. Lyons CanadaNils Tvedt NorwayJ. Stefenson SwedenE. G. Schaal U. S. A.L. Valentich Austriaretired.did not start.FINAL (15 July, 1912).Albert ZürnerHj. JohanssonHarald ArbinG. BlomgrenEric AdlerzA. CarlsonGeorge YvonToivo N. AroGermanySwedenGreat BritainFinland

General protocol of the competition in High (plain) Diving for Ladies.Names and decisions of the judgesNameN a t i o n1.J.G.An- 2. A. 3.M.Kihl- 4. Malm- 5. S. JoderssonUlrich mark ström hanssonRem.Heat I (10 July, 1912).Fanny Durack AustralasiaGreta Johansson SwedenFama Elda ItalyLisa Regnell SwedenWilly ThulinMärta AdlerzI. White Great BritainTora Larsson SwedenSelma AnderssonElsa Anderssondid not start.Heat II (10 July, 1912).Hermine Thum AustriaGerda Johansson SwedenDagmar NilssonJessie Kerr AustralasiaA. Garpestad NorwayHanny Kellner AustriaW. Wylie AustralasiaElla Eklund SwedenElsa RegnellEster Edströmretired.Names and decisions of the judgesNameNation1. Kihl- 3. Malm- 4. S. Jo- 5. J.G.An-2. Ulrichmarkström hansson derssonRem.FINAL (13 July, 1912).Greta Johansson SwedenLisa RegnellI. White Great BritainTora Larsson SwedenSelma AnderssonElsa AnderssonElla EklundElsa Regnell

General protocol of the competition in Spring=board Diving.Names and decisions of the judgesNameNation1. Jo- 2. Wen- 3. Blid- 4 Malm- 5. Lundströmhansson nerström berg bergRem.Heat I (8 July, 1912).T. NylundW. WetzellPaul GütherA. M. NymanKurt BehrensE. BroddA. Mc Aleenan j:rJulius SternE. BrandstenSwedenFinlandGermanyFinlandGermanySwedenU. S. A.GermanySwedendid not start.Heat II (8 July, 1912).Carlo Bonfanti ItalyJohn Jansson SwedenG. A. Godfrey South AfricaAug. Müller GermanyE. Eklund SwedenH. E. Burton U. S. A.Ludv. Valentich AustriaAlbert Zürner GermanyHeat III (8 July, 1912).Herbert E. Pott Great BritainFr. A. Bornamann U. S. A.E. Apelqvist SwedenG. W. Gaidzick U. S. A.Axe1 Runström SwedenHans Luber GermanyR. M. Zimmerman CanadaE. Tjäder SwedenNames and decisions of the judgesName Nation Rem.FINAL (9 July, 1912).Paul GüntherKurt BehrensJohn JanssonAlbert ZürnerH. E. PottG. M. GaidzickHans LuberR. ZimmermanGermanySwedenGermanyGreat BritainU. S. A.GermanyCanada

ERIC ADLERZALBERT ZÜRNERGUSTAF BLOMGRENFinal.Monday 15 July.SwedenGermanySwedenPlace-figures. PointsNot placed :Hjalmar JohanssonGeorge YvonHarald ArbinAlvin CarlssonToivo N. AroSwedenGreat BritainSweden»FinlandPlace-figures. Points.The struggle in the final was between Adlerz, Zürner, Blomgren,Hjalmar Johansson and Yvon. Adlerz dived with extraordinary speedand power, and with great confidence. Zürner had a most successfulday, diving in most beautiful style and with an excellent entryinto the water, but speed and power were altogether absent. Thejudges were actually doubtful if his start could be accepted, as heonly made a couple of steps before the take-off. In consequence ofthese faults he ought not, really, to have been dangerous for Adlerz,but the latter failed in his last dive — the flying somersault —from the greatest height, whereby he lost very considerably and wasplaced after the German by two of the judges. Blomgren dived evenlyand in good style, and was considerably superior to Zürner as far aspace and power are concerned. Hjalmar Johansson had a very badday, failing, among other things, in the running dive from the greatestheight. Yvon (Great Britain) dived in a fine easy style, but spoiledhis chances by an unsuccessful backward somersault. Aro hadchosen altogether too easy dives, with low points for difficulty of execution,to be thought of in the placing.PLAIN DIVING FOR LADIES.First Round.Wednesday, 10 July.Heat 1: 1. GRETA JOHANSSON, Sweden, pl. 5, p. 36.2. LISA REGNELL, Sweden,pl. 13, p. 34.1. 3. Isabelle White, Great Britain, pl. 14, p. 33.9. 4. TORA LAR-SON, Sweden, pl. 21, p. 31. 5. SELMA ANDERSSON, Sweden, pl. 23, p. 30.6. 6. ELSAANDERSSON, Sweden, pl. 25, p. 29.7. 7. Villy Thulin, Sweden, pl. 35, p. 25. 8. MärtaAdlerz, pl. 39, p. 21.9. Greta Johansson dived in very superior style, and withthe greatest confidence This was the best of the heats, no less than 6 competitorsqualifying for the final, all diving in good style and with plenty of pace. MissWhite (Great Britain) has great speed, but is too “back-swanked” during her passagethrough the air, this giving an unfavourable impression.Heat 2: ELLA EKLUND. Sweden, pl. 7, p. 34.4. 2. ELSA REGNELL, Sweden,Pl. 8, p. 34.9. 3. Gerda Johansson, pl. 16, p. 28.7. 4. Dagmar Nilsson, Sweden,738

pl. 19, p. 27.3. 5. Ester Edström, Sweden, pl. 23, p. 26.3. Hanny Kellner, Austria,retired. There was a very hard struggle between Ella Eklund and Elsa Regnell,both diving in first class style and with plenty of speed.Final.Saturday, 13 July.Place-figures. Points.1. GRETA JOHANSSON Sweden2. LISA REGNELLSweden3. ISABELLE WHITE Great BritainNot placed:Elsa RegnellSwedenElla Eklund,Elsa Andersson,Selma Andersson,Tora Larsson,Greta Johansson had a very successful day, and dived in the veryfinest style. Lisa Regnell, too, was very good and was, almostunanimously, placed by the judges next to Greta Johansson. Shecame too much over, however, in a running dive from the greatestheight, and so lost points. Miss White dived, as usual, with lots ofpower, but her entry into the water was very poor and she carriedher arms incorrectly during the passage through the air. Neither ElsaRegnell nor Ella Eklund succeeded in getting placed, in consequenceof some accidental mistakes. Selma Andersson dived at a good speedand, at one part of the proceedings, looked a possible prize-winner.SPRING-BOARDDIVING.First Round.7 p. m., Monday, 8 July.Heat 1: I. KURT BEHRENS, Germany, place-figure 6, points 80,14, 2. PAULGÜNTHER, Germany, pl. 9, p. 78,14, 3. A. MC ALEENAN, U. S. A., pl, 15, p. 68,02,4. E. Brandsten, Sweden, pl. 20, p. 65,01, 5. S. Nylund, Sweden, pl. 28, p. 62,6,6. E. Brodd, Sweden, pl- 29, p. 62,62, 7. Oscar W. Wetzell, Finland, pl. 33, p.58,7. This was a pretty strong heat, but the two representatives af Germany dominatedthe whole entirely. Günther was best man in the compulsory part of theprogramme, but Behrens was exceedingly good in the voluntary dives, and fourof the judges placed him first. Mc Aleenan (U. S. A.), was given third place byall the judges, although he was seriously threatened by Brandsten, who was decidedlythe better man in the compulsory dives, but failed altogether in his last voluntarydive (One and a half somersault forwards, with the hands close to the sides).Heat 2: I. JOHN JANSSON, Sweden, pl. 5, p. 77,77, 2. ALBERT ZÜRNER, Germany,pl. 10, p. 76,64, 3. E. EKLUND, Sweden, pl. 16, p. 53,02, 4. Carlo Bonfanti,Italy, pl. 19, p. 46,81. Jansson (Sweden) had a very successful day, and thejudges unanimously placed him before Zürner, the victor in the spring-board divingat the Olympic Games of London, in 1908, who did not do everything he could739

with the last of his voluntary dives, although, in the compulsory half of the programme,he was placed as high as the Swedish representative.Heat 3: 1. HANS LUBER, Germany, pl. 6, p. 77,5, 2. R. M. ZIMMERMAN, Canada,pl. 11, p. 76,6, 3. GEORGE V. GAIDZICK, U. S. A. pl. 16, p. 74,03, 4. HerbertE. Pott, Great Britain, pl. 17, p. 73,94, 5. E. Apelqvist, Sweden, pl. 25, p.62,61, 6. Axel Runström, Sweden, pl. 30, p. 58,42, 7. Erik Tjäder, Sweden, pl. 35,p. 53,56. Herr Luber dived very finely, and was placed, by the judges, almostunanimously, as first man in this heat. Zimmerman was very close to him, however,and one of the judges had even placed him first. It was thanks chiefly to thegood result he obtained in the compulsory division that Luber gained his place.Gaidzick (U. S. A.), the third man at the Olympic Games of London, in 1908,had a bad day. He was nearly equal to Luber in the compulsory diving, and,after the first two voluntary dives, was in front of the German, even, but he failedin his last dive, n:r 18 (Pike dive with backward spring, turning inwards and I 1/2somersault). Pott (Great Britain), ran him very close, one of the judges placinghim second. Axel Runström (Sweden) dived very well, too, until he reachedthe last number on his programme, but here he failed and lost all chance of gettinginto the final.Final.7,40 p. m., Tuesday, 9 JulyPlace-figure PointsPAUL GÜNTHER Germany 6 79,23HANS LUBER Germany 9 76,78KURT BEHRENS Germany 22 73,73Not placed:Albert Zürner Germany 23 73,33R. M. Zimmerman Canada 24 72,54Herbert E. Pott Great Britain 28 71,45John Jansson, Sweden 32 69,64George W. Gaidzick U. S. A. 36 68,01This was the first final that took place in the Swimming Stadium.Günther and Luber, both German representatives, did excellently.Günther was best, but one of the judges placed Luber 0.15 pointsbefore his rival, so that the latter did not reach the highest possibleplace-figure. There was a hard fight for third place between Behrens(the second man at the Games of London), Zürner and Zimmerman,who reached the place-figures of 22, 23 and 24, respectively. Zürnerand Günther were the best men in the compulsory division, withJansson close behind them. In his first voluntary dive, however (thescrew dive, with a whole turn), Zürner was unsuccessful, and Janssonwas weak in his flying somersault, these faults robbing the competitorsin question of all hope of being among the first three. Behrens divedvery confidently, but did not show the form he had displayed in thetrial heat. Luber, who gave an excellent display the whole waythrough, fell behind a little in his last voluntary dive, n:r 18 (Pikedive with backward spring, turning inwards and 1 1 / 2 somersault).740

Zimmerman and Potts lay side by side for a long time, but both ofthem lost a great deal by their last effort (Pike dive with backwardspring, turning inwards and 1 1 / 2 somersault). The first three placesfell to representatives of Germany, and the first of the “not placed”men was also a German, Zürner. This gave the nation in questiona very good start in regard to points for the final placing of thecompeting nations, and one that it managed to retain pretty safelythroughout the whole of the Swimming Competitions.Water Polo.The competitions in Water Polo were arranged on the Cup Tie(elimination) system, but in such a way that the necessary number ofmatches had to be played for the second and third prizes betweenthe teams qualified to take part in these rounds. The principle wasadopted, that a team which had not been beaten, direct or indirect, bya team that was qualified to fight for the second or third prize, shouldhave the right to play against the team last-mentioned, even if it (thefirst-named) had already been beaten by some other team. The teamsentered were drawn in pairs for the first round, after which the orderin which they were to meet in the second round was determined bydrawing lots, so that the order in which the games were to beplayed, right up to the final, was fixed before the games began. Thedrawing of lots took place within two groups or pools, within whichthe elimination took place, so that a team from each group met inthe final. In order to save time, and in order that the award of thesecond and third prizes should be made with perfect fairness, therounds qualifying for these prizes were fought out after the ordinaryones, the principle being applied, however, that a team which defeatedanother was thereby considered to have beaten all the teams previouslyconquered by the second team.As 6 teams had been entered for the competition, the order ofplay, as decided by the drawing of lots, was as follows:1:st Round: 2:nd Round: Final:a) Great Britain WinnerBelgium (Great Britain) Winnerb) Sweden Winner (Great Britain)France (Sweden)c) AustriaHungaryWinner(Austria)In the first round, therefore, there were three matches; in the second,only one, the winner of match c) playing in the final. As Great Britainand Austria were the victors in matches a) and c) respectively, Belgiumand Hungary met in match d), and, Belgium winning this match, thelatter country and France met in match f), France having been beatenin match b) by Sweden. As, again, Sweden had been beaten byGreat Britain in the semi-final, and Austria had been beaten by741

Great Britain in the final, Sweden and Austria met in match h) forthe second prize. Sweden won this match, so that Belgium and Austriaplayed match i) for the third prize, the team that won this matchqualifying for third prize. As Belgium won this match, another game,match k), had to be played between Sweden and Belgium for secondprize. Altogether, ten matches were played, the greatest numberpossible according to the system employed, when 6 teams competed.Belgium, which had been beaten in the very first round by GreatBritain, could, as is shown above, in spite of this fact, meet Austria,which was not beaten by Great Britain before the final for first prizewas played, and Belgium, by beating its rival, robbed it of its chanceof getting even a third prize.The result of the matches was as follows:a)b)c)d)e)f)g)h)i)k)Great Britain v. BelgiumSweden v. FranceAustria v. HungaryBelgium v. HungaryGreat Britain v. SwedenBelgium v. FranceGreat Britain v. AustriaSweden v. AustriaBelgium v. AustriaSweden v. BelgiumSemi-final.Final.Second and Third prizes.First Round.Match a). GREAT BRITAIN-BELGIUM. 7—5.3.15 p. m., Sunday, 7 JulyThis match, which was originally intended to be played on Saturday evening,but which, on account of the increasing darkness, had to be put off until Sundayafternoon, was a very lively one. Great Britain attacked first, but Belgium defendedbrilliantly, and it was Belgium that made the first goal, obtained after 5 minutes’play. Another assault from Great Britain resulted in a hard shot from the leftforward, but the ball went the wrong side of the net, and Belgium took an earlyopportunity of increasing its lead to two goals. Immediately afterwards, Belgiums’left forward was ordered out of the water on account of being within the two-metreline, and this opportunity was at once seized by Great Britain, who made itsfirst point. Directly after this, each side made another goal, and when the whistleblew for half-time, Belgium led by three goals to two.Belgium played a very strenuous game, and immediately after the game wasrenewed, it made a fresh addition to its score, and thus stood 4 goals to 2, andit was only in consequence of the wonderful speedy and energetic play of Radmilovic,Great Britain’s centre forward, that the latter country was able to draw level,4—4, just before time was called. Radmilovic swam forward time after time withthe ball, and shot from every possible position.In accordance with the rules, the game was continued in periods of 6 minutes,3 in each half, the result of the extra-time play being that Great Britain made 3742

additional goals and Belgium 1, so that the final result of the match was thatGreat Britain won by 7—5 (2—3, 2—1, 3—1).Referee: G. Wennerström, Sweden.The players were:Great Britain: Charles Sydney Smith (goal), George Thomson Cornet andCharles Bugbee (backs), Arthur Edwin Hill (centre half-back), George Wilkinson,Paul Radmilovic and Isaac Bentham (forwards).Belgium: Albert Durant (goal), Herman Donners and Victor Boin (backs), JosephPletinez (centre half-back), Oscar Grégoire, Herman Meyboom and FélicienCourbet (forwards).Match b). SWEDEN—FRANCE. 7—2.1,30 p. m., Monday, 8 July.The Swedes who, in the first half, played with the sun in their faces, werecompletely masters of the situation, being vastly superior, both as regardshandling of the ball and speed. After 4 minutes, Robert Andersson, their centreforward, made the first goal for Sweden, Bergqvist, the right forward, making thesecond immediately afterwards. Innumerable shots at goal were made by the Swedes,the ball going above, or by the side, of the goal. One of the French team beingordered out in consequence of “off-side”, Bergqvist made a third goal, the totalbeing added to directly afterwards by Robert Andersson. Then Julin, the Swedishright back, swam forward with the ball, but the instant before he placed it in thenet, the whistle for half time was heard, and the result for the first period of thegame remained at 4— 0, in favour of Sweden.After changing sides, the French left back swam forward and made the firstgoal for his side, but, directly afterwards, Bergqvist and Robert Andersson eachmade another point for Sweden. France repeated its manoeuvre, and with thesame success, but on this occasion it was the right back who made the goal. Thematch ended in favour of Sweden by 7 goals to 2 (4—0, 3—2).Referee: J. Hurd, Great Britain.The players were:Sweden: Thorsten Kumfeldt (goal), Harald Julin and Max Gumpel (backs), PontusAndersson (centre half-back), Wilhelm Andersson, Robert Andersson and EricBergqvist (forwards).France: Jean Thorailler, Henri Decotu, Gustave Prouvost, Paul Vasseur, PaulLouis Beulque, Georges Rigal, Gaston Vanlaere.Match c). AUSTRIA—HUNGARY. 5—4.1.35 p. m, Tuesday, 9 July.At the beginning of the match Hungary played most energetically, and after aninterval, during which the ball went from one side to the other, the team succeededin making its first goal, Austria equalizing soon afterwards, however, by meansof a penalty throw. The game was continued, both teams playing roughly,and the referee’s whistle was heard very frequently. Towards the close of the firsthalf, Austria neglected a fine chance, when its left back swam forward with theball. He was robbed of it and, as the Hungarian forward was unmarked, it wasHungary that made the goal instead, so that when the whistle sounded for half timethe latter team led by 2—1.743

During the second half the game grew still rougher, and lost in character moreand more. Austria made the first goal; then Hungary made one, and both teamsfollowed with another goal, so that the game stood 4—3 in favour of Hungary. Theplayers seemed to lose all self control, and one of the Hungarians was ordered outof the water by the referee, but, instead of making use of this opportunity and bymeans of quiet play making sure of a goal, the Austrians became still more heatedand broke the rules so openly that one of their team, too, was ordered out.At last four of the players, two from each team, were watching the game fromthe side of the bath, and as the Austrian team was awarded a penalty throw, itwas able to draw level at 4—4. In the last moments of the match, Scheff madethe fifth and deciding goal for Austria, which consequently won by 5—4 (1—2, 4-2).Referee: G. Wennerström, Sweden.The players were:Austria: Rudolf Ruckfelder, Richard Manuel, Walter Schachtitz, Otto Sheff-Sochaczewski, Josef Wagner, Ernst Kovács, Herman Buchfelder.Hungary: Arthur von Kankovszky, Josef Onody, Emmerich Zachár, EugenHegner, Tibor Fridmann, Alexandor Adám, Ladislaus Beleznay.Match d). Qualifying match. BELGIUM—HUNGARY. 6—5.2.30 p. m., Wednesday, 10 July.Belgium, which played the better game, made its first goal from a free throwimmediately after the game began, but one of the team had to leave the watersoon afterwards for taking up his position within the two metre line. The Hungarianforwards, however, did not know how to employ their advantage and quitea long time elapsed before their centre, hotly attacked, made a fine goal that broughthis side level. Matters were changed when the game was restarted, an Hungarianbeing ordered out and Belgium making a goal immediately afterwards, but justbefore half time Hungary again succeeded in obtaining the lead, after their goalkeeperhad brilliantly cleared a succession of attacks on the part of Belgium. The resultat half time was, consequently, 3—2 in favour of Hungary.The second half, from beginning to end, was entirely Belgium’s. It soon succeededin drawing level, the left forward taking the ball from the Hungarian goalkeeper, whohad swum out to save. Belgium pressed more and more, and soon took the lead witha fifth goal, its sixth being made with all the Belgium players, with the exceptionof their goalkeeper, in front of the Hungarian net. Immediately before time wascalled, however, Hungary managed to add another goal to its total, but the finalresult was 6-5 in favour of Belgium (2—3, 4—2).Referee: G. Wennerström, Sweden.Semi-final.Match e). GREAT BRITAIN—SWEDEN. 6—3.8 p. m., Thursday, 11 July.Sweden at once took the lead and before a single Englishman had had the ball inhis hands Robert Andersson succeeded in making the first goal. After this thegame became very rough and the referee lost the direction of affairs. After Julin,the Swedish back had been twice ordered out of the water for some unaccountablereason, the game at half time stood at 2—1 in favour of Great Britain.The beginning of the second half was marked by Bergqvist being ordered outof the water for taking up a position within the two-metre line, and Great Bri-744

Pl. 266.PLAIN AND VARIETY DIVING. HJALMAR JOHANSSON (Sweden).PLAIN AND VARIETY DIVING.GEORGE YVON (Great Britain),

PI. 267.PLAIN DIVING, MEN. German style.

Pl. 268.PLAIN DIVING, LADIES.GRETA JOHANSSON (Sweden), 1:st prize.

Pl. 269.PLAIN DIVING, LADIES. LISA REGNELL (Sweden), 2:nd prize.

PLAIN DIVING, LADIES. ISABELLE WHITE (Great Britain), 3:rd prize.Pl. 270.

Pl. 271PLAIN DIVING, LADIES.TORA LARSSON (Sweden).

WATER POLO.FRANCE v. SWEDEN.

Pl. 273.WATER POLO.BELGIUM v. HUNGARY. In front of Hungary’s goal.WATER POLO. BELGIUM V. HUNGARY. In front of Belgium’s goal.

tain had no difficulty in increasing its goal-total by another point, although a flukehad almost given Robert Andersson a chance of making a goal for Sweden. Thelast-named country gained a point soon after, however, made by W. Auderssonfrom a pass by Robert Andersson, the latter player adding a goal on his own accountafter a fine swim forwards. Great Britain put on three more points, however, andwon by 6—3 (2—1, 4—2) the goals having been made for them as follows: Wilkinson,3; Radmilovic, I; Bentham, I and Hill, I.Referee: Van der Heyden, Belgium.Both teams played the same men as in the first round.Match f). Qualifying Round. BELGIUM—FRANCE. 4—1.11.30 a. m., Thursday, 11 July.This match, which was to have been played on Friday, July 12 was, at therequest of the French representatives, played on Thursday, 11 July. In consequenceof the result of the match between Sweden and France, an easy Belgianvictory was expected, but the French team played uncommonly well, especiallyduring the first half, and made the first goal, but the Belgians soon equalized. TheFrench goalkeeper was in his very best form and cleared quite a number of difficultshots, so that it was not until just before half time that Belgium managed to securethe lead by making another goal. Result at half time, Belgium 2—1.During the second half the Belgians succeeded in making two additional goals,and the match finished in favour of Belgium by 4—1 (2—1, 2—0).Referee: G. Wennerström, Sweden.Final.GREAT BRITAIN—AUSTRIA. 8—0.7.50 p. m. Saturday, 13 July,The final had not excited the interest that it should, consideringthat an Olympic Gold Medal was to be played for, but everyone feltpretty sure, of course, that Great Britain must win, for the Austrianteam had altogether too many weak points to be able to offer anyserious resistance. Great Britain at once took possession of the ball,but the attack was repulsed by the Austrian goalkeeper and the ballcarried to the opposite side of the course. This, like other, later,attacks on the part of Austria were never dangerous, as their forwardsseemed to be quite unable to shoot, well watched as they wereby the British defence. Great Britain made a close succession ofattacks, Radmilovic and Wilkinson playing exceedingly well together,the result being that the team made 4 goals in the first half, whichfinished with the goal-total 4—0 against Austria.The second half was a duplicate of the first. Great Britain madesome brilliant attacks and gave quite a nice exhibition of tricky playagainst the comparatively weak backs opposed to them. The teammade 4 goals in this half too, the final result being that Great Britainwon by 8—0 (4—0, 4—0).Referee: E. Bergvall, Sweden.745

Match h). Qualifying Match for second prize. SWEDEN—AUSTRIA. 8—18 p. m., Sunday, 14 July.As in the semi-final, the Swedes took the initiative at the start, and the ballwas passed from the centre forward to the right, who was attacked so vehementlyby the defending back that a free throw was awarded. This resulted inthe left forward obtaining the first goal for Sweden. In the next bout theAustrians were never allowed to touch the ball and it soon lay in their net again,matters beginning to look very dark for them. The Austrian goalkeeper succeeded,however, in repulsing the third attack, and the ball was thrown out to Scheff whoswam forward grandly and placed it in the Swedish net. Immediately afterwards,the Swedish left forward again succeeded in making a goal, and as the opposingback was ordered out of the water a moment later on account of rough play,Sweden made its fourth goal from a penalty throw. Wilhelm Andersson, theSwedish left forward, worked with extraordinary energy, and after a beautiful pieceof combined play between him, Robert Andersson (centre forward) and Bergqvist(right forward), the last-named made the fifth goal. The next minute the Swedishcentre made another fine swim towards the Austrian goal, but came too near thegoal-line, so that the defending goalkeeper was able to cover the whole of the goalopening,and the shot was unsuccessful. A comer throw resulted, however,but the attack was repulsed by the Austrians. Julin, the Swedish back, finishedoff half-time by a fine swim forwards, which was interrupted by the timekeeper’swhistle. Result at half time, Sweden 5—1.During the second half, the Swedes relaxed their efforts and played somewhatnonchalantly. Their first attack resulted in a corner which came to nothing, butafter a piece of good individual play the left forward made the sixth goal forSweden. Immediately afterwards, the Swedish goalkeeper cleared a hard back-throwfrom the left, and a piece of combined play enabled Sweden to obtain its seventhgoal, made by Bergqvist. A free throw from Bergqvist was returned by WilhelmAndersson, and the ball found the Austrian net for the eighth time. A dangerousattack by Austria, immediately afterwards, was cleared brilliantly by the Swedishgoalkeeper. Bergqvist was ordered out of the water soon afterwards, but beforethe Austrians could take any advantage of the event, the whistle blew for full time.Result 8—1 (5—1, 3—0) in favour of Sweden.Referee: George W. Hearn, Great Britain.Match i). Qualifying Match for third prize. BELGUIM—AUSTRIA. 5—4.1 p. m., Monday, 15 July.The general opinion was that Belgium was going to win pretty easily but,partly as the result of bad luck, and partly in consequence of their careless play, theBelgians almost lost the match.Directly after the start, the Belgian centre forward carelessly threw away asafe goal, but soon afterwards the ball found the Austrian net twice. The Belgiansplayed roughly and made many fouls, and one of the team was at last orderedout of the water for being within the 2-metre line. Scheff employed the opportunityto make a goal for Austria, and the remainder of the half saw no changein the total, which remained at 2—1 in favour of Belgium.Immediately after the game was re-started, another Belgian player placed himselfwithin the two metre line and as, in consequence, Belgium had to play with 6746

men only, the figures were soon brought to 2—2. An almost certain goal wasconverted by the cleverness of the Austrian goalkeeper into a comer throw, fromwhich, however, Meyboom made an easy goal for the Belgians. For the third timea Belgian had to watch the proceedings from the side of the bath in consequenceof offending against the two-metre line rule but, on this occasion, the Belgianteam, in spite of playing one man short, succeeded in making a goal and thus hada safe lead of 4—2. But instead of quietly keeping this lead the Belgians let theirplay degenerate more and more, and when, for the fourth time, the referee wasobliged to order a Belgian player out of the water for taking up a position withinthe 2-metre line and Austria succeeded in making a goal, the Belgian players lostall self-possession and the game ended in a semi-riot. Two Belgian players wereordered out of the water, one of them being forbidden to take any further part inthe game, but in spite of this, Belgium succeeded in retaining its advantage and thematch concluded in favour of the last named country by 5—4 (2—1, 3—3).Referee: E. Bergvall, Sweden.The number of goals does not give a correct idea of the relative skill of thetwo teams. The Belgians, who were decidely the cleverer men, had only theirplayers’ want of self-possession to thank that their victory was not a more decisiveone, but the Austrian team, too, was also guilty of exceedingly rough play and thereferee had the greatest difficulty in restraining the excesses threatened by both sides.Match k). Deciding Match for the Second and Third prizes.SWEDEN-BELGIUM. 4—2.9 a. m., Tuesday, 9 July.Belgium attacked first but was repulsed, and the Swedes followed up with asuccession of attempts against their opponents’ goal. These were unsuccessful,however, the ball striking the cross-bar twice and the others being cleared verycleverly by the Belgian goalkeeper who showed excellent form throughout thewhole of the match. At last, however, Robert Andersson, the Swedish centre forward,succeeded in making the first goal for his side, but this was almost immediatelyneutralized by the Belgians, one of their forwards being left unmarked. Just beforehalf time Wilhelm Andersson put a ball hard against the cross-bar, and the firsthalf finished with the game at “one all”.When the game began again, the Swedish players seemed somewhat excited andnervous, but they soon gained the lead by means of a goal obtained by WilhelmAndersson, after a comer-throw by Bergqvist. After Kumfeldt had brilliantly cleareda hard shot from the left-hand comer of goal, the Swedish forwards were once moreable to make a goal, from a pass by Julin. The game was now entirely in the handsof the Swedes, and their well-combined play made their attacks more dangerous thanever. Julin left the opposing forward, and, on being met by the Belgian right back,passed to W. Andersson, who carried the ball onwards until he was threatened by theopposing left back. Bergqvist, being free, received the ball from W. Andersson,and, by means of a lightning shot, increased the Swedish lead to 4—1. Immediatelybefore time was called, however, the Belgians, by means of a fine attack, succeeded inobtaining another goal, but the game finished in favour of Sweden by 4—2 (1—1, 3—1).Referee: J. Hurd, Great Britain.747

Table showing the Results of the Olympic Water PoloCompetition.Great BritainBelgiumSwedenFranceGreat BritainSwedenGreat BritainGreat Britain1:st Prize.AustriaHungaryBelgiumHungaryAustriaBelgiumFranceSwedenAustriaBelgiumAustriaISwedenBelgiumSwedenBelgium2:nd Prize.3:rd Prize.Table showing the number of matches played and goals made in theWater Polo Competitions of the Fifth Olympiad.NationDifferencebetween nr.of goalswon andlost.PrizePointsGreat BritainSwedenBelgiumAustriaHungaryFranceTotalConcluding Words.The Swimming Competitions of the Fifth Olympiad were the greatesthitherto held anywhere in the world. Never before have so manyfine swimmers from so many nations been gathered together to competeagainst each other, and the result showed an enormous increasein interest, and results obtained, in the art of swimming. Therewas not a race but gave a new Olympic record, and in swimming,free style, the world’s records for all distances were broken. Moreneed not be said to characterize the competitions, while, to the swimmingexpert, the two phenomenal racing champions, Kahanamoku andHodgson, presented most interesting studies. By means of its excellentrepresentatives -in breast stroke and back stroke, Germany succeededin obtaining first place in the races, but in the free styles the Anglo-Saxon races were pre-eminent, and thanks, to the results of the Ladies’races, Australasia and Great Britain come first here, with the U. S. A.and Canada as their nearest rivals.In the diving competitions the struggle took place chiefly betweenSweden and Germany, with Great Britain and the U. S. A. next to748

them. In the high diving, Sweden was first, just as she was at theGames of London, but Germany easily took pride of place in thespring-board diving.The Water Polo Tournament, too, showed that this branch of sporthas made considerable progress in several countries. In London, in1908, Great Britain was undisputably the champion, while Belgiumand Sweden had no one to challenge their rights to second and thirdpositions. The relative positions of the two countries last mentionedwas now reversed, and it was only after a severe struggle that GreatBritain was able to retain its position at the head of the list, Belgium,in the first match, succeeding in making a draw until extra time wasplayed. Belgium’s struggle for third prize was also characterized bysome hard matches, both Austria and Hungary sending good teamsto Stockholm.If a summary is made of the lessons learned by these competitions,it must, first and foremost, be pointed out, that the fact of the existenceof an International Swimming Federation, whose principles forthe arrangement of the races were strictly followed, considerably facilitatedthe management of the competitions.Some inconvenience was experienced when making the preparations,in consequence of there being no standard programme for the SwimmingCompetitions of the Olympic Games, and such a programmeshould most certainly be drawn up. Another thing to be desired is,that the privilege of making entries for the competitions should be sofar restricted, that no nation may have the right to enter so many as12 competitors for the individual events. It can hardly be imaginedthat there are so many absolutely first-class swimmers in any nation, thatit is not possible to make a selection of, say, 6 or 8 representatives foreach event, before making entries for the Olympic Games. Only inthe Diving Competitions can there be any real reason for retainingthe present number of entries for each event, as, in such competitions,accidental circumstances play such an important role. As far as theraces are concerned, however, the proposed restriction ought certainlyto be made, and this so much the more as it would thereby bepossible to retain the principle adopted at the Fifth Olympiad whendividing the competitors into heats — that of allowing the secondman in each heat and the best third to take part in the next round —for it can never be fair, when it is a question of both the secondand third prizes, to allow only the winners of the several heats to takepart in the following round. That is; there is nothing to exclude thepossibility of the absolutely best three men in a competition beingdrawn together in the very first heat, or in one of the intermediate rounds.Of this, a very good example was given by the results of the WaterPolo Tournament, as compared with what would have been obtainedhad the elimination system, pure and simple, been applied, and aslong as the competitions in water polo, football, tennis, etc., are formore than one prize, the elimination system employed at the Water749

Polo Competitions of the Fifth Olympiad ought, unconditionally, tobe adopted in future trials of skill in the events mentioned.In this connection a word may be said respecting a circumstancethat could hardly have escaped the observation of a great many people,with regard to the system adopted for awarding points in the Gamesas a whole, and for instituting a comparison between the nations takingpart in the Fifth Olympiad. Throughout the whole of the Games,the same points were awarded for the team competitions as for theindividual events, so that a nation whose representatives won a teamevent did not obtain more points than one whose representative wonan individual competition. The very fact that a nation cannot entermore than one team for a team competition, and thus cannot gainmore than one prize, while — granting sufficient skill — nothing canprevent a nation from carrying off all three prizes in an individualevent, is certainly a great injustice, being so much to the disadvantageof the teams. But, apart from this point of view, a team competitionought, per se, to count for more than an individual competition, as itrepresents more directly a struggle for supremacy between the nations,and there is, thus, every reason to ask whether an alteration in thisrespect should not be made for future Olympiads.According to the official method of calculating points, the relativeposition of the Nations in the Swimming- and Diving competitions was :GermanySwedenGreat BritainAustralasiaU. S. A.CanadaBelgiumAustriaNation 1:st Prize 2:nd Prize 3:rd Prize Points750

WRESTLING.ORGANISATION.he Committee that had in hand the preparatory work fordrawing up the rules of the Wrestling Competitions thatwere to form part of the Olympic Games, consisted of thefollowing members, after the vacancies caused by the retirementof one or two of the persons chosen had been filled,and some additional representatives elected:President: CARL HELGESSON, Esq., GothenburgOther Members: CARL ANDERSSON, Esq., Malmö.A. V. BJÖRKGREN, Esq.,JAMES BORG, Esq.,HJ. JOHANSSON, Esq., Stockholm.JOHN OLSSON, Esq., Malmö.CARL SANDBERG, Esq., Gothenburg.STELLAN WARELIUS, Esq., Stockholm.The meetings of the Committee have been held at various places,chiefly at Gothenburg and Malmö.RULES AND REGULATIONS.One thing that gave the Committee a great deal of work was thedrawing of the rules for the competition, for in no other branch ofathletics are there so many varying regulations in force as in wrestling.Each country has its own peculiar rules, and the greatest differencescan often be found. It was, therefore, necessary for the Committeeto choose from amongst the material at its disposal those regulationswhich, it was thought, might be of use in drawing up the proposedrules for the competition, and, after a careful examination of751

various schemes, one was at length agreed on which proved to satisfyall the requirements that could be demanded. These rules were printed,ready for distribution, several months before the Games began.THE QUESTION OF OFFICIALS.The choice of officials was another thing to which the Committeepaid the greatest attention. In almost every other branch of athletics,the judge, or referee, has merely to state an actual result, although,on one or two occasions, as for example in the case of a dead heatin a race, this may be a matter of some little difficulty. With regardto wrestling, however, things are quite different. The situation herevaries incessantly, and an attention, a watchfulness, is demanded, whichputs the judge to a most severe test. By means of exercising thegreatest care in its choice, however, the Committee succeeded in obtainingthe services, as officials, of persons who, for many years haddevoted much time to wrestling as a branch of athletics.THE NUMBER OF ENTRIES.After the close of entries on the 6 June, when it became knownthat no fewer than 267 representatives had been entered by the variousnations, some serious doubts began to be entertained whetherthe competitions could be concluded within the time allotted to them,and steps were at once taken to meet this eventuality. For example,an agreement was made with the owners of the Riding School in theneighbourhood of the Stadium, by which this establishment could, ifnecessary, be used for the purposes of the competitions. As, however,only 171 of the 267 competitors were present on the day when thewrestling began, not much use was made of this arrangement.The entries in the different classes and the numbers that actuallycompeted were as follows:Feather WeightandLight WeightMiddle Weight, AMiddle Weight, BHeavy WeightTHE COMPETITIONS.The competitions, which went on simultaneously on 3 wrestling-matswere, as far as possible, so arranged that, on each day, two classeswere free from wrestling, in order to give the competitors an opportunityof resting for at least one day between the events.This arrangement proved to be an excellent one, for, with such alarge number of competitors, and with the principle in force thattwo defeats excluded, it was necessary for a wrestler to appear in quitea number of rounds in order to reach the final.It would, of course, take too much space to give an account of allthe wrestling that took place, the total number of bouts reaching therespectable number of 303; we shall, therefore restrict ourselves tomentioning only some few names.752

P l . 2 7 4WRESTLING. FEATHER WEIGHT. STEIN (Germany) v. LARSSON (Sweden).A double-nelson by Larsson parried by Stein.WRESTLING. FEATHER WEIGHT. HANSEN (Denmark) v. ANDERSSON (Sweden).A chancery-hold by Hansen parried by Andersson.

Pl. 275.WRESTLING. FEATHER WEIGHT.Persson has been compelled to bridge,GULLAKSEN (NorWay) v. PERSSON (Sweden).in consequence of Gullaksen’s powerful attack.WRESTLING. MIDDLE WEIGHT B. FOGELMARK (Sweden) V. SALILA (Finland).

Pl. 276.WRESTLING. MIDDLE WEIGHT. A. KLEIN (Russia) v. ASIKAINEN (Finland).A typical illustration o f the unconquerable energy of these two opponents.WRESTLING. MIDDLE WEIGHT A.CLAS JOHANSSON (Sweden), at work.

Pl. 277WRESTLING. MIDDLE WEIGHT B.AHLGREN (Sweden) v. BÉLA VARGA (Hungary).WRESTLING. MIDDLE WEIGHT B. AHLGREN (Sweden) v. BÉLA VARGA (Hungary).A threatening position for Varga, from which he twice succeeded in saving himself,the third time proving fatal.

FEATHER WEIGHT.K. KOSKELO FinlandG. GERSTACKER GermanyO. LASANEN Finland.To begin with the feather weights, it can be said at once that therepresentatives of Finland had the superiority in this class, for nearly allthe Finlanders taking part here showed such skill in wrestling that itfar exceeded what has ever been witnessed in Sweden, as far asagility is concerned. The two prize-winners especially, O. Lasanenand K. Koskelo, of whom Lasanen is intentionally mentioned firstin spite of the fact that, in the final, he was beaten by Koskelo, stoodfar above the other competitors. K. Leivonen, J. Lehmuswirta andL. Haapanen are also deserving of mention. The German competitor,G. Gerstacker, was an athlete to his very finger-tips, and the supplenessof his movements, combined with unconquerable energy, gainedhim the second place amongst the prize-winners. Amongst the Swedishcompetitors the most prominent was E. Öberg, who had to becontented, however, with the not very enviable distinction of being thelast man eliminated in this class. Both Harry Larsson, a Swedish-American, and Hugo Johansson, Swedish wrestling-champion, who hadlong been accustomed to win his matches, had to acknowledge defeatat the hands of a couple of the men already mentioned.LIGHT WEIGHT.E. WÄREG. MALMSTRÖME. MATIASONFinlandSwedenSwedenThe light weight class is, undoubtedly, the one for which the publichas the greatest interest and that with reason, for it is in that divisionone finds the best developed wrestlers, both as regards build and technicalskill, while in no other class is the struggle for the title ofchampion so sternly contested. This was the case in the meeting atthe Fifth Olympiad, too. Every name of distinction in the wrestlingworld was to be found among the entries, and the exhibitions givenwere of a superlative class, and, under such circumstances, it could notbut awaken the greatest satisfaction in Sweden that it was just in thisclass their men were best represented. But here, too, it was a Finlanderwho came out on top; that prominent wrestler, E. Wäre, takingfirst prize. This athlete, who must, unconditionally, be regardedas a phenomenon in the wrestling world, defeated all his opponentsout and out by pressing their shoulders against the mat; not on asingle occassion was he declared winner on points. One of his severeststruggles was his bout with the Swede, G. Malmström, and themeeting of these two men in the final, when Malmström was defeatedafter exactly one hour’s combat, was, undoubtedly, the finest ever witnessedin this country. The winner of the third prize was E. Matiason,Sweden, while E. Lund and J. Nilsson were other Swedes that48 Fifth Olympiad753

FeatherWeight.NameJalmari Wilhelm LebmuswirtaKalle LeivonenPercy Horatius CockingsMariano CiaiBruno Vincent Åkesson¹Mikael HestdalAlfred William TaylorErik ÖbergJosef BeranekKristian ArnesenKarl KarlssonPaul PawlowitchArvid Magnus BeckmanEwald PerssonOtto Aapraham LasanenRagnvald GullaksenArvo KangasAlexandre AnkondinoffHarry LarssonConrad SteinJózsef PongráezWilliam Jones LyshonJonny AndersonHugo Sigfrid JohanssonGeorg GerstackerAndreas SzoszkiRisto MustonenLauri HaapanenVerner Edmund HetmarAntonio PereiraAlexandre MeesitGeorge Mackenzie¹Carl Christian HansenCarl Georg AndersonKalle KoseloGeorge St. RetzerH. RaussFriedr. ScharerNationFinlandGreat BritainItalySwedenNorwayGreat BritainSwedenBohemiaNorwaySwedenRussiaSwedenFinlandNorwayFinlandRussiaSwedenGermanyHungaryU. S. A.GermanySwedenGermanyHungaryFinlandDenmarkPortugalRussiaGreat BritainDenmarkSwedenFinlandU. S. A.AustriaComp. -n:r¹ Retired. + = won, — = lost. The figures above these marks show the time the match lasted.754755

LightWeight.NameJosef (Stemmer) SándorMartin JonssonJohan Theodor NilssonLudwig SauerhöferRaymond CabalHerbrand LofthusEdvin MattiassonAndreas DumraufEugène LesieurVolmar V. WikströmDezsö OroszRichard RydströmJosef StejskalPaul E. Tirkkonen¹Viktor UrvikkoGustaf Hjalmar MalmströmArthur Edwin GouldErnö MárkusArpád SzánthóF O. HansenVictor FischerThorbjörn FrydenlundOtto Armas Laitinen ¹Gollfrid SvenssonKarel HalikBror Edvin Flygare¹August KippastoÖdôn RadványJan BalejWilliam HullWilliam Thomas LuptonRichard FrydenlundJohan Alfred SalonenJean BouffechouxEmil Ernst WäreGeorg Baumann¹Oscar KaplurWilliam Ernest HayesAlessandro Covre³Tuomas Vilho PukkilaThorvald OlsenTalu KolehmainenAatami Rikhard TanttuPetrus EilenbrechtRobert Edward PhelpsBrnno HeckelHugo BjörklundCarl Erik LundNationHungarySwedenGermanyFranceNorwaySwedenGermanyFranceFinlandHungarySwedenAustriaFinlandSwedenGreat BritainHungaryDenmarkAustriaNorwayFinlandSwedenBohemiaSwedenRussiaHungaryBohemiaGreat BritainNorwayFinlandFranceFinlandRussiaGreat BritainItalyFinlandNorwayFinlandHollandGreat BritainGermanySweden1 Retired. ² Moved up from Feather Weight.3 Moved down from Middle Weight A.4Disqualified. + = won, — = lost. The figures above these marks show the time the match lasted.756757

Middle Middle Weight A.NameAnast. AntonopoulusDaniel FältströmAndrea GarganoPeter KokotowitschJean PohlisStanley Vivian BaconAlfred Gundersen¹August JokinenAlfred AsikainenEdgar Hugh BaconVictor Mellin¹Fridolf LundstenZavirre CarcereriJoaquim VictalMauritz AnderssonAdrien BarrierAxel FrankTheodor DahlbergAlexandre SeweroffCl. JohanssonEmil WesterlundAlois TotuschekTheodor TirkkonenNoel Raymond RhysJan SintSven OlssonHvitfeldt HansenFritz JohanssonArpád MiskeyTheodor BergqvistRezsö SomogziMax KleinAnders Peter AndersenMikko HolmAdolf KurzJoseph MerkleWilhelm StcputatKarl Konrad ÅbergNationGreeceSwedenItalyAustriaRussiaGreat BritainNorwayFinlandGreat BritainSwedenFinlandItalyPortugalSwedenFranceSwedenRussiaSwedenFinlandAustriaFinlandGreat BritainHollandSwedenDenmarkSwedenHungarySwedenHungaryRussiaDenmarkFinlandGermanyFinlandComp. -n:r1 Retired. + = won, — = lost. The figures above these marks show the time the match lasted.758759

MiddleWeight B.NameEdouard MartinIvar Theodor BölingAugust RajalaKarl GrossOtto NagelPeter OehlerOscar Wiljami KumpuGustaf Lennart LindJohan Kustaa SalilaOreste ArpeSigurjon PjeturssonRagnar FogelmarkJohannes Thorvald EriksenOscar Wiklund¹Béla VargaKarl Sanfrid EkmanKnut LindbergFritz LangeJohann TrestlerRenato GardiniKarl Gustaf LindAnsgar LøvoldKarl BarlAugust Pikker 2Johan AnderssonErnst NilssonFrant KoprivaAnders Oscar AhlgrenHarald ChristensenNationFranceFinlandGermanyDenmarkGermanyFinlandItalyIcelandSwedenDenmarkFinlandHungarySwedenFinlandGermanyAustriaItalyFinlandNorwayAustriaRussiaSwedenBohemiaSwedenDenmarkComp. -n:r¹ Injured ; retired. ² Unanimously disqualified. Judges: Olsson (Sweden); Schindler (Bohemia);time the match lasted.Nielsen (Denmark). + = won, — = lost. The figures above these marks show the760761

Heavy Weight.NameUrjö Erik Mikael SaarelaKalle A. WiljamaaFinlandNationComp.-n:r762Johan Fredrik OlinDavid KarlssonJean HauptmannsRaoul Lucien PaoliFrans Gustaf LindstrandLaurent GerstmansEmil Isidor BackeniusBarend BonneveldJacob NeserNicolai FamestEdward BarrettSören Marius JensenAdolf Valentin LindforsGustaf Uno PelanderFrederick Humphreys¹Alrik SandbergSwedenGermanyFranceSwedenBelgiumFinlandHollandGermanyRussiaGreat BritainDenmarkFinlandGreat BritainSweden¹ Retired. + = won, — = lost. The figures above these marks show the time the match lasted.

distinguished themselves in this event. Amongst the competitors fromabroad, Wäre, who has already been mentioned, and Ö Radvány,from Hungary, were the most prominent. This latter wrestler wasthe victim of an unceasing run of bad luck, which was the only thingthat prevented him from fighting his way through to the final. Inaddition to these, there were many other quite good men in this class,such as T. Kolehmainen and V. Wikström, Finland; O. Kaplur, Russia;H. Lofthus, Norway; F. O. Hansen, Denmark, and Jan Balej, Bohemia.MIDDLE WEIGHT A.CL. JOHANSSONSwedenMAX KLEINRussiaA. ASIKAINEN FinlandThe Middle Weight A class was the only one in which Swedenmanaged to secure a gold medal, but this was all the more remarkableas, before the Games began, it was considered that the Swedeswould be worst represented just in this section. The first man herewas that honest, open-hearted wrestler, Cl. Johansson, and the factthat no one stood up to him in the final, the other men retiring fromthe bout, must not be taken as detracting in any way from themerit of his victory, as, during the course of the competition, he hadproved himself quite the equal of any of his opponents. The secondand third men were Max Klein, Russia and A. Asikainen, Finland.The struggle between these two showed what the prospect of winningan Olympic gold medal can do, and a wrestling contest lasting noless than 11 hours, and carried on under a burning sun, with a shortpause for refreshments every half hour, must be considered as a proofof unconquerable energy, so that one cannot censure either of theopponents. The struggle taught us, however, that some alterationmust be made in the rules, in order to provide against a repetition ofsuch lengthy contests which are altogether too wearying for the public.The Finnish representatives, K. Åberg, A. Jokinen and E. Westerlund;the Swedish wrestler, D. Fältström, and Jan Sint, Holland, allshowed that it was not without reason they had been chosen to representtheir various nations in this contest for Olympic honours.MIDDLE WEIGHT B.A. AHLGREN SwedenJ. BÖLING FinlandBÉLA VARGAHungaryRegrettably enough, the competition for Middle Weights B had theresult that no gold medal was awarded, for the two men left in forthe final, J. Böling, Finland and A. Ahlgren, Sweden, proved to besuch masters of technique, and possessed such abnormal bodily strengththat, after the contest had been carried on for no less than ninehours, and after the fruitless application of the special regulations madefor such cases, the match had to be declared a draw. As, howeverthe rules of the Olympic Competition stated that it was necessary for763

the victor to have beaten his opponent, and as neither man wouldgive in to his adversary, there was nothing else to be done than todeclare both men winners of a second prize, a result which, after such finework, could not but be regretted. The third man was the well-knownHungarian wrestler, BélaVarga, who had been beaten in the semi-final byAhigren. Among the other competitors in this class may be mentioned:A. Rajaalaand K. Lindberg, Finland; F. Lange, Germany, and S.Pjetursson, Iceland.HEAVY WEIGHT.U. SAARELA FinlandJ. OLIN FinlandS. M. JENSEN DenmarkThe Heavy Weights had fewest representatives, but, in spite of thisfact, the competition was a most interesting one, there being suchmen on the list as S. M. Jensen and U. Saarela, victors at previousOlympic Games. No Swede managed to come to the fore in thisevent, G. Lindstrand, the Swedish champion, who, otherwise, mustbe considered a good man, being beaten at a comparatively early stageof the proceedings. The winner of the gold medal was Saarela, Finland,who beat his most redoubtable opponent, S. M. Jensen, Denmark,in the final. The result might easily have been quite different,had not the Dane found the heat too much for him, as, during thestruggle with the Finnish representative, he showed himself to be thebetter man of the two. Half-broiled by the sun, however, Jensen hadto retire from the contest after the lapse of a couple of hours, and,for the same reason, he took no further part in the competition, sothat the second prize went to J. Olin, Finland. J. Neser, Germany,proved a stumbling block to many aspirants, but he was defeated inthe last round by Saarela.REFLECTIONS.It can be seen by the above lists that Finland was pre-eminent inthe Wrestling Competitions of the Olympic Games. There is oneFinlander, at least, as a prize-winner in each class, and half the totalnumber of prizes fell to the share of that nation, a result that mustbe termed a most brilliant one, and one that will probably never besurpassed by any country in future Olympic meetings. Sweden was agood second, with four prizes; a very fine performance taking into considerationthe large number of first-class men among the competitors.Hungary did not succeed in gaining more than a third prize, but itshowed itself to be the nation that best appreciates wrestling as abranch of athletics. Its representatives competed with a perfect absenceof the brutality that is, unfortunately, sometimes displayed insuch contests, and they accepted the decisions of the judges with anequanimity displaying the spirit of the true sportsman. There weremany, apart from their own partizans, that would willingly have seenHungary placed higher on the list of prize-winners.It can easily be understood that many misunderstandings were sureto arise during the lengthy progress of the Olympic Competitions in764

such a branch of athletics as wrestling, where the decision, in manycases, rests on the personal opinion of the judge presiding over acontest. Very often, the defeated candidate feels that he has a grievance,and if there is the least possibility in the world of being ableto enter a protest, the opportunity is seldom neglected.In order to make the judging at the wrestling competitions of theOlympic Games as fair as possible, the rules prescribed that pointsshould be awarded only in the event of the three judges being unanimous.Further, a bout could not be declared as having been decidedby the defeat of one of the parties, unless two, at least, of thejudges decided that a fall had been gained by the victor. In additionto this, and in order to avoid the possibility of any partialitybeing shown, it was determined that the judges, in each contest, shouldalways belong to other nations than those represented by the wrestlers.One would think, then, that the rules intended to safeguard thecompetitors from unfair decisions on the part of the judges were quiteample for the purpose, but, in spite of this, the leaders of some ofthe wrestlings teams were at once ready with a protest, as soon asany of the representatives of their nations were defeated. This beingthe case, it is clear that the greatest firmness had to be displayedfrom the very beginning by the leaders of the competitions. All interferencewith the work of the officials met with a firm althoughpolite rebuff, at the same time that any information asked for wasvery willingly given. One or two very strong protests were entered,but these were met by satisfactory explanations. It is to be regrettedthat a number of the judges from abroad retired towards the close ofthe competitions, their absence making the rules as to the nationalityof the judges in the various contests of lesser effectivity, but as thistook place towards the close of the events, the step did not causethe leaders of the competition any difficulties worth mentioning.There can be no doubt but the Wrestlings Competitions of the FifthOlympiad taught several lessons well worthy of remembrance on future,similar occasions. The most important question — that of therules — will, however, most probably be taken in hand by the proposedInternational Amateur Wrestling Federation, and solved in agreementwith what has been learned at the Olympic Games of Stockholm.The finals are not included in the tables.Relative positions of the Nations in the Wrestling Competitions.FinlandSwedenGermanyRussiaHungaryDenmarkNation 1:st prize 2:nd prize 3:rd prize Points765

YACHT RACING.THE ORIGIN OF THE REGATTA.t its meeting in Berlin, 27 May, 1909, the InternationalOlympic Committee expressed the desire that YachtRacing should also be included among the other items ofthe programme for 1912, although not as an independentevent, but in connection with the rest of the Games,as the case was at the Fourth Olympiad, in 1908. Atthe same time, however, the desirability was emphasized of arrangingthe Yacht Racing in more direct connection with the other Olympiccompetitions, both as regards time and place, than had been the casein England.In Swedish yachting circles, too, the opinion was general that sailingmatches ought to form part of the Olympic Games, but the sameunanimity by no means prevailed respecting the place where the competitionshould be held, and the manner in which it should be arranged.Yachtsmen from the west coast of Sweden considered that Gothenburgwould be the most suitable place, both as regards position —it being considerably nearer for competitors from abroad — and fromthe greater interest shown there, as they thought, in the matter of theinternational rule. On the Baltic coast of Sweden, again, yachtsmenwere equally convinced of the advantages offered by the vicinity ofStockholm, as, of course, the other competitions in the Games wereto be held there and, consequently, a considerably greater number ofspectators could be expected at the races. The Swedish OlympicCommittee, too, thought that Stockholm was the most suitableplace and so, in a letter dated 24 February, 1910, it approached theRoyal Swedish Yacht Club, asking that body whether it would bewilling to organize international yacht races, in connection with theOlympic Games, to take place immediately after the Olympic Weekproper.766

VESSELS WITH SPECTATORS, NYNÄSHAMN HARBOUR.

JOURNALISTS ON STEAM-YACHT "SAGA".

Another body that might otherwise have been thought of in connectionwith the arrangement of the Olympic sailing competitions,the Swedish Yachtsmen’s Association, considered that its organizationand aims did not allow of its drawing up a plan for the races inquestion. The Yachtsmen’s Association, a union of members ofSwedish yachting clubs, has for its object the introduction of uniformregulations in yacht racing, while it acts as referee and advisorybody in cases submitted to its judgment.The experience gained at the Olympic racing at Ryde in 1908,however, convinced the Swedish Committee that a regatta devotedmerely to Olympic competitions and, thus, with a small and limitednumber of yachts, would not awaken sufficient interest in the generalpublic, so that it was found necessary to arrange open races inaddition to the Olympic yachting events. The Royal Swedish Yacht Clubdetermined, therefore, at a meeting held 2 April, 1910, to have itsannual racing week in 1912 near the date of the Olympic YachtRacing, and also to organize “special Olympic Races”, during the OlympicRegatta week, in accordance with rules and regulations that the Clubwas to draw up in co-operation with the Swedish Yachtsmen’s Association.PREPARATIONS.At its meeting on the 14 April, 1910, the Committee of the RoyalSwedish Yacht Club nominated a Yacht Racing Committee, consisting ofthe President of the Club, Capt. O. Holtermann, Gentleman of theBedchamber; its Secretary, K. Bovin, Esq., Bank Director, and thefollowing members of the Club Committee; Messrs. K. J. Ljungberg,B. A. Hjorth, and S. Hydén, this Racing Committee being instructedto draw up a scheme for the organization of the Olympic YachtRacing in 1912. Hugo Andersson, Esq., Assistant Secretary of theRoyal Yacht Club, was afterwards elected a member of the committeein question.As the races did not directly form part of the Olympic Games, butwere arranged in connection with them, the Royal Yacht Club didnot ask the Swedish Olympic Committee for any pecuniary aid, theCommittee in question having merely to provide the Yacht Clubwith the requisite number of prize medals to be awarded at the OlympicYacht Races in 1912.Regarding the place where the races in question were to be held, theYacht Club Committee determined, after discussing the matter verythoroughly at a meeting held on the 27 October, 1910, that Nynäshamnwould be the most suitable for the purpose. Under ordinaryconditions, Sandhamn offers sufficient anchorage for yachts, andaccommodation for the crews and the spectators, but as, on this occasion,there would probably be a great number, both of competitors andspectators, some place had to be chosen possessing good communications,and plenty of hotel or other accommodation. These facts contributedto the choice of the Committee falling on Nynäshamn, aplace that had the additional advantage of permitting the greater partof the racing to be viewed from the land.767

Preparatory work of the Yacht Racing Committee.The programme of the races at the Fourth Olympiad, in 1908, wastaken as the guide for the Yacht Racing Committee’s plan for the OlympicRaces in 1912, although certain essential alterations were made in theregulations, etc., in question. As regards the classes of boats that were tocompete, the Committee proposed that 6-, 8-, 10- and 12-metre R-classesshould be chosen instead- of the 6-, 7-, 8-, 12- and 15-metre classes onthe Ryde programme. The Committee based its proposal on the factthat the 7-metre class numbered far less than the 10-metres, whilethe 15-metre class was excluded on account of the great difficultyin having such large boats manned exclusively by amateurs. The systemof counting points was also altered; the Ryde figures, 3, 2 and 1, for1:st, 2:nd and 3:rd places, being changed to 7, 3 and 1 point respectively,for the same places. The view was taken that a first place wasbetter than two second, and one second place better than two third.This method of calculation possessed the additional advantage of reducingthe number of ties that had to be re-sailed.¹When the plan had been drawn up in detail, it was submitted tothe Yacht Club Committee, whose approval it gained, the schemebeing afterwards sent to the Committee of the Yachtsmen’s Association.The last-mentioned Committee held a meeting in Stockholm, on the4 December, 1910, when it discussed two questions; first the request,made by the Royal Swedish Yacht Club, that the Association shouldnominate some members of the Olympic Yacht Racing Committee and,secondly, the above-mentioned plan for the Olympic Races. TheCommittee of the Association considered that, as the said plan hadalso to be discussed, it would be more suitable not to nominate anymembers of the Yacht Club’s Olympic Committee, but to considerat once the programme of the races now placed before them. Thedays for the races (which, in part, were predetermined by the necessityof arranging dates that did not clash with the other competitions inthe Games) were approved of, and the Committee of the Associationexpressed its approval of the Olympic Yacht Racing being for boatsof the 6-, 8-, 10- and 12-metre R-classes, and of the number of theentries in each class from each country being restricted to two yachts.The first part of the labours of the Yacht Racing Committee was thusconcluded, and the programme of the Olympic Yacht Racing washanded over to the Swedish Olympic Committee. The plan wasafterwards discussed by the International Olympic Committee at itsmeeting at Buda-Pesth in May, 1911, when the programme in questionwas approved of without any alteration.Another matter of great importance that had to be arranged, wasthe fixing of the racing-dates for the regatta as a whole, and, startingfrom the days already approved of for the Olympic Races, theCommittee of the Royal Swedish Yacht Club drew up the followingprogramme, which received the approval of the Club at a meetingheld on the 23 May, 1911.1In calculating the points for the Olympic Competitions as a whole,however, the official figures, 3, 2, 1 were employed.768

VIEW OF STARTING-PLACE FOR OLYMPIC YACHT RACING.

Pl. 281.“ERNA-SIGNE” (Sweden), 2:ndprize-winner, 12-m. class.

“ERNA-SIGNE” (Sweden) and “HEATHERBELL” (Finland), 2:nd and 3:rd prize-winners, 12-m. class.

“NINA” (Finland). 2:nd prize-winner, 10-m. class.

Pl. 284.“SANS ATOUT” (Sweden)2:nd prize-winner, 8-m. class.

“LUCKY GIRL” (Finland)3:rd prize-winner, 8-m. class.

“TAIFUN” (Norway); “NORNAN” (Russia) and “ÖRN” (Finland) 8-m. class.

“NURDUG II” (Denmark).2:nd prize-winner, 6-m. class.

Friday,Saturday,Sunday,Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,Saturday,July:Yachts assemble at Nynäshamn.The first Olympic Race and general Internationalracing at Nynäshamn.Second Olympic Race and general Internationalracing at Nynäshamn.Eventual re-sailing of ties in the Olympic Races.General International long distance racing insidethe skerries, from Nynäshamn to Sandhamn.No racing.General International race in Kanholm Firth.Cup Races and general International racing atSandhamn.Sailing in to Stockholm. Farewell banquet anddistribution of prizes, 7 p. m.On the 31 August, 1911, the Club Committee assembled againfor the purpose of drawing up a plan for the arrangement of theapproaching regatta as a whole. In addition to the sailing- and financecommittees,the following sub-committees were also appointed: a trafficandaccommodation committee; a Press committee; a reception- andentertainments committee, and an advertising committee. The Presidentand Secretary of the Yacht Club were, ex-officio, members ofall these sub-committees.The question was discussed at the same time of the position ofthe Finnish yachts at the Regatta, and the Committee determined toinvite the 6-, 7-, 8- and 9-metres classes (measured in accordancewith the American rule) to take part in the meeting.The Regatta had thus received its organisation, and the best descriptionof the work carried out will be an account of what was done bythe various committees. It should be mentioned beforehand, however,that the Yacht Club Committee, in order to render the work of organizationless involved, determined at a later meeting, to dissolve theYacht Racing Committee and to replace it by an executive, which shouldtake in hand the preparatory work for the racing. The followinggentlemen were elected members of this executive: Capt. O. Holtermann,Ed. Cederlund, Esq., J:nr., and R. Bovin, Esq., (President, Vice-President and Secretary of the Club, respectively), K. J. Ljungberg,Esq., and Hugo Andersson, Esq. With the same aim in view, it wasalso determined that the President and Secretary should decide whichof the measures of the different sub-committees were to be submittedto discussion by the Club Committe before being put into execution,while the President, Vice-president, Secretary and Treasurer, collectively,were empowered to settle all financial questions concerning theOlympic Races.The Finance Committee and its work.After one or two resignations and fresh elections, the composition ofthe Finance Committee was finally as follows: Messrs. Ed. Cederlund,J:nr.; K. Bovin, J. Sjödahl, G. Steinwall, F. Nyberg, Hjalmar Andersson,C. F. Tranchell, G. Settervall and C. Frisk.769

Detailed calculations were made respecting the cost of the Regatta,and subscription lists were issued for the purpose of obtaining moneyto cover the expenses. The appeal thus made in the name of theClub to the friends and votaries of yacht racing in Stockholm wasnot fruitless, for when, after the conclusion of its labours, the FinanceCommittee dissolved in December 1911, it was able to hand overto the Club a sum of no less than £ 2,800 ($ 14,000).The Advertisement Committee and its work.K. J. Ljungberg, Esq.; Lieut. R. von Heidenstam; Hugo Andersson,Esq.; Thore Blanche, Esq., and Ch. Cahier, Esq., were elected membersof this Committee. As early as in the spring of 1911, in consequenceof the approaching Regatta, Mr. Blanche, at the request ofthe Club Committee, had kindly written an account of the Club, itsdevelopment and work, intended for distribution to persons believedto be interested in the matter. The pamphlet, which had a wealth ofillustrations, contained, in addition to some historical data respectingthe Club and the races it had held, a lively and elucidatory accountof the archipelago of Stockholm, and a description of the types ofboat best suited to its waters. Successful photographs were alsogiven of the Challenge Cups presented by the Club. The little bookwas published in Swedish, English and German, and the first thingthe Committee had to do was to take measures for its general distribution.Lists were made of Swedish and foreign yacht clubs, newspapersand journals, copies of the booklet being then forwarded tothe clubs and publications in question. At the same time the ClubCommittee confirmed the proposal, made by the sub-committee, tosend a copy of the pamphlet, together with the annual report, to everymember of the Club.The Committee also took measures to have various articles writtenand published, intended to attract the attention of the public to theRegatta. The secretaries of the various yacht clubs at home andabroad were requested to inform the owners of yachts of the date ofthe Regatta, and to send the Committee information respecting thoseyacht-owners who intended to compete, besides which, special attentionwas drawn to the International racing events which were to be heldat the same time as the Olympic Races. The yacht-owners who weremembers of the Club were also requested to enter as many of theirboats as possible for the International events.The Work of the Traffic- and Accommodation Committee.Whenever a great regatta is held in the archipelago of Stockholm,the existing local conditions always necessitate extensive preparationsas regards communications, accommodation, etc. On theoccasion of this Regatta, the work in question was doubled, asraces were to be held both at Nynäshamn and at Sandhamn. Thismade it necessary to have a special sub-committee for each place.That for Nynäshamn consisted of Messrs. G. Norström, E. A. af Eken-770

stam; E. Sterner, L. Widberg, A. Ljunggren and O. Lindeberg, whilethe members of that at Sandhamn were Messrs. T. Öhlin, G. Eklundand T. Sjöblom. Captain E. Frestadius was elected a member ofboth committees. The Nynäshamn committee elected from its membersan executive consisting of Messrs. E. A. af Ekenstam, E. Sterner andL. Widberg.This was the first time that Nynäshamn had been chosen as thescene of a great regatta, and this fact rendered the task of the committeemore laborious, although the place was better off than Sandhamnin so far as that, thanks to good railway communications, yachtsmenand spectators could, if necessary, have rooms in Stockholm,while the three hotels at Nynäshamn were easily able to satisfy thedaily wants of all the visitors.Sandhamn, on the other hand, could not be reached so conveniently,and the principal place where meals could be had was the Club-house,so that it was necessary to make special arrangements to supply deficienciesin these respects. The Club Committee, therefore, hired theS/S “Ångermanland”, of the Svea S/S Co., for the racing out atSandhamn, and the Committee of the Stockholm Yacht Club was kindenough to allow the Royal Yacht Club to use its Club-house at Sandhamnduring the same period. These measures greatly increased thepossibilities of providing visitors with sleeping accommodation andmeals during the Regatta.The first step of the chief Committee was to issue a circular, accompanyingthe invitation to take part in the Regatta, containingdirections for procuring rooms at Nynäshamn and Sandhamn. Thatof the local committees was to ascertain the number of beds thatcould be had at Nynäshamn and Sandhamn, both at the hotels andin private houses. This inquiry soon showed, as was to be expected,that the accommodation in question by no means corresponded tothe expected demand for rooms, so that the Yacht Club, on therecommendation of the Committee, obtained permission from the RoyalNaval Board to borrow 300 bedsteads, with I mattress, I pillow, 2sheets and 2 blankets for each, from the Vaxholm Coast Artillery’sdepot, if the supplies there permitted, in consideration of a fixedpayment, and on the Club’s undertaking to make good all damages,and to observe all the other conditions stated in the regulations.When, in July, 1912, the supplies in question were going to betaken from the depot, it proved that the demand for beds was lessthan had been calculated, so that only 200 bedsteads were borrowed,IOO for each place. Some of these beds were supplied to privatehouses, whilst others were sent to the schools at Nynäshamn and tothe premises belonging to the Stockholm Yacht Club at Sandhamn.Accommodation inquiry- offices were opened at both places, the localcommittees supplying them with all necessary information respectingthe rooms, etc., available for visitors.Arrangements for meals for visitors to Nynäshamn were also made, byagreements respecting prices being entered into with the Strand Hoteland the Railway Hotel there. In addition to this, the Railway Hotel771

undertook to cater for the crews of the yachts, at stated hours andfixed prices, and large tents were erected at this house and at theBath Hotel, for the convenience of the guests expected.An agreement respecting charges was made with the landlord of therestaurant at the Sandhamn Club-house, and the local committee alsosucceeded in making arrangements for the catering for the yacht crewsat this place too.One important detail that the Regatta Committee had to arrange,was that of the communications. The Stockholm—Nynäs Rly. Co.was good enough to run special through trains all the time the Regattalasted, the hours of departure and arrival being so fixed thatboth competitors and sightseers could be out at Nynäshamn in goodtime every morning, and return to Stockholm in the evening after theracing was over.In order to give the representatives of the Press, the members ofthe Club and their guests an opportunity of seeing all the races,the Club Committee hired the steam-yacht “Saga” for the Regattaweek, and the S/S “Sandhamns Express” kept up communicationsbetween Stockholm and Sandhamn, running extra trips on Regatta days,this making it possible to leave the city in the morning to take part in,or view, the racing, and then to return to Stockholm in the evening.The work of the Press Committee.The members of the Press Committee were Messrs. F. Nyberg,H. van Rijswijk, A. Lilja, Th. Blanche, and E. Pallin. The task ofthis Committee was to make the necessary arrangements for facilitatingthe work of the Press during the Regatta. It was with a thoughtto this that the Club Committee had hired the “Saga”, and reserved40 places on board for the Press. The Press Committee sent inquiriesto the yachting journals at home and abroad, asking whether it wastheir intention to send any special correspondents to the Regatta.On the receipt of the replies, Press cards were at once sent to therepresentatives in question, admitting them to the Saga. The remainingplaces on board the vessel, some 30 in number, were then handedover to the Press Commissioner of the Olympic Games, for distributionamong other newspaper correspondents present at the Games.The work of the Reception and Entertainments Committee.The composition of the Regatta Reception and Entertainments Committeewas as follows:H. R. H. Prince Wilhelm; Edw. Cederlund, Esq., J:nr.; F. Nyberg,Esq.; Captain E. Frestadius; Lieut. R. von Heidenstam; Admiral J.Hagg; H. Granholm, Esq.; J. Jahnsson, Esq., Consul General; G.Norstrom, Esq.; Count C. Lagerberg, Gentleman-in-Waiting; Professor Hj.Sjögren; Messrs. Ch. Cahier, B. Clarino, H. Hansen, Gustaf Steinwall,K. A. Lagergren, H. van Rijswijk, N. Lundgren, Captain J. Lagerkrantzand E. Hallin, Gentleman-in-Waiting.772

This “Committee of Honour of the Regatta elected from amongits members an executive, consisting of Messrs. Nyberg, Frestadius,van Rijswijk, Lundgren, Lagerkrantz and B. Clarino, whose task it wasto make all the necessary preparations for the entertainments thatwere to take place during the Regatta, viz., the reception festival andthe farewell banquet.At one of its meetings, the Committee determined to give its receptionentertainment at the Nynäshamn Bath Hotel, and the farewellbanquet at Hasselbacken, in Stockholm. The Nynäshamn Bath Hotelproved a most suitable place for the first entertainment, although itwas found necessary to take special measures for seating the greatnumber of guests expected to be present.A report of these entertainments and of the speeches made on bothoccasions will be found in the section of this book entitled “OfficialFestivities”.The work of the Special Yacht Racing Committee.The special committee for the races had, first of all, to draw upa form of invitation to the Olympic and International yacht racingand, in connection with the first of these, to give a definition of theword “amateur” as applied to yachtsmen, this definition to be approvedof by the Committee of the Swedish Yachtsmen’s Association for theOlympic Yachting Races in 1912. The invitation was issued, inSwedish, English and German, after a list had been drawn up ofhome- and foreign yacht-clubs and owners. The next. thing was toarrange the various courses. At Sandhamn there were the old onesready to hand, but at Nynäshamn it was necessary to buoy off noless than 5 different courses; 2 for the Olympic Races, 2 for theInternational events, and I foul weather course.The Committee visited the place and fixed the position of the startingline, the way in which it should be marked, and the length ofthe various legs of the triangular courses. The chart of the waterswas enlarged to twice the scale, and the courses were marked out onthis, giving the starting-line and all rounding flags, as well as all thespecial flag-marks that had to be laid out to distinguish dangerous shallows.In addition to this, harbour- and entrance charts of Nynäshamn andSandhamn were drawn, on which were given the positions of the extraflag-marks that had been laid out in order to mark the shallows.One thing that took a long time to arrange was the drawing up ofthe programme for the starts, a very comprehensive publication, andan early beginning was made with writing it in both Swedish and English.There afterwards being but very few entries from England andGermany, it was found unnecessary to publish this programme inEnglish, but some type-written copies of the description of the coursewere made in that language, and these were distributed to the competitorsfrom abroad.A very important matter was the stationing and mooring of all theyachts, both the competing vessels and those that were only spectators.At Nynäshamn, this question was settled by the building of a773

long pier which the Club Committee decided to have made, and bylaying out the necessary number of buoys. At Sandhamn, the yachtshad to lie at their own anchors, and no other measures were takenbut to increase the number of warping-buoys, and make a numberof land-moorings.Finally, the Sailing Committee took the necessary steps to discovera number of suitable officials to act at the Regatta, as it would benecessary to strengthen the ordinary staff on such an importantoccasion as the approaching Olympic Regatta. The Committee drewup a list which was submitted for the approval of the Club Committee.Meanwhile the Committee of the Royal Yacht Club had a numberof other matters in hand, such as the rebuilding of the club-houseat Sandhamn, the erection of piers at Nynäshamn and Sandhamn, etc.According to the rules, the prizes for the Olympic Yacht Racingwere to consist exclusively of medals, to be. awarded to the steersmenand crews of the winning boats. But in order to be able to rewardthe owner of the winning yacht, too, the club had a sketch made fora commemorative plaque, and rules were drawn up for its award,these steps afterwards receiving the approval of the Club.At the close of entries it proved that the names of no less than144 yachts had been sent in, a figure that certainly constituted aworld's-record. For the Olympic Races there were 24 yachts enteredfrom 6 different nations, and belonging to the following classes.TotalMetre classAfter the close of entries, the number of competitors being thenknown, the Committee began the work of arranging the start-programme.The available space was measured on the various harbourchartsand reproduced on original charts on a greatly enlargedscale, and on these were marked the positions assigned to each classand every yacht, after which, this placing was reproduced on the smallerharbour-charts, a copy of which was given to each boat.THE THREE OLYMPIC DAYS AT NYNÄS.On Friday, the 19 July, the yachts that were to take part in theOlympic Regatta and in the International Races arranged in connectionwith it, assembled at Nynäs.The vast flotilla, consisting of no less than 130 racers and aboutas many other yachts and pleasure steamers, was at length anchored774

at Nynäshamn. Some lay outside the harbour, some in the innerbay, and 50 of the smaller boats lay alongside of a quay speciallybuilt just outside the Club House. In the afternoon all the boats hadtheir pennants hoisted, and the scene presented was a most festiveone, which was heightened by the presence of half-a-dozen steam yachtsat anchor in the harbour.The Reception festivities arranged by the Committee took placeat 8 p. m. at the Bath Hotel, and went off very successfully indeed.THE RACING ON JULY 20.The Olympic Yacht racing began at Nynäs on Saturday, 20 July.It was beautiful weather with a light easterly breeze, the velocityvarying between 3—5 metres. The courses were arranged out tosea, south of Nynäs, the first side of the triangle having to be passedwith a half-wind on a starboard tack, the second close-hauled and thethird with the wind free. The first start, that for the 12-metre class,was made at 11 a. m., after which came the other classes at intervalsof a quarter of an hour.12-Metre class.In the 12-metre class, the order of starting was as follows: Heatherbell,representing Finland; Erna-Signe, Sweden, and Magda, Norway.The start was a good one, and the Swedish boat lying best to windwardand running quickest, at once began to draw away from theother competitors.Erna-Signe kept its lead the whole way up the half-wind side,and rounded the first flag a good number one. During thetacking-bout that succeeded, the Heatherbell left the other two boatsand tried its fortunes out to sea beneath Norrskär. A sharp struggleensued between the Swedish boat and the Norwegian. Magda sooncrept nearer and nearer to the Erna-Signe and, about half way on thetacking leg, passed the Swedish boat and then kept the whole timebetween the buoy and Erna-Signe, lying on the same tacks as the latter.The Magda proved itself a good cruiser and lay very close to thewind. By degrees Heatherbell came back from seawards; but itproved to be behind its rivals.The order mentioned was retained until the flag-ship was reached.10-Metre class.The order of the 10-metre yachts on starting was: Marga, representingSweden; Kitty, Sweden; Nina, Finland, and Gallia II, Russia.Kitty lay very well, but its balloon was yarned too tight andcould not be got out for a couple of minutes, this causing the boatto fall off a little, but when the sail filled, the boat rapidly made uplost ground and was soon leading. Nina took second place and therace was finished without any alteration in the relative positions of theboats. The Russian, Gallia, II was close behind the Finnish boat atthe flag-ship, Marga being last.775

8-Metre class.In the start for the 8-metre yachts, Sans Atout (Sweden) crossedthe line first, but Taifun (Norway) also had a good position andsoon took the lead in this division.At the beginning of the tacking-leg, Taifun led, followed by theSans Atout, the Finnish boat, Örn, the Russian representative,Norman, Lucky Girl (Finland), and Bylina (Russia). During thelatter part of the course, the Sans Atout ran up beautifully and,taking the lead, rounded the yellow flag and started the run beforethe wind one minute before the Taifun. A good distancebehind came the two Finnish boats, Örn and Lucky Girl, and Norman.Then came the run with the wind from starboard. Sans Atout atonce set its spinnaker sheeted well forward, while Taifun was doingits best with the balloon alone; after a couple of minutes, however, theNorwegian boat found it more advantageous to follow the example ofits Swedish rival, and got its spinnaker up, too.During the run in, the Taifun managed to creep past the Swedishboat, and came in a narrow winner.6-Metre class.The start in the 6-metre class was a good one, all the boats beingwell together, with the Kerstin a little in front. On the half-wind legthe Frenchman, Mac Miche, took the lead, but the Kerstin was closeup, with Nurdug II in the same group, while the other three boats,Sass, Finn and Sonja, formed a bunch by themselves in the rear.The struggle between the Frenchman and the Dane continued thewhole time. During the cruise, Mac Miche succeeded in retainingits little advantage and rounded the yellow flag at the beginning ofthe third side 25 seconds before the Nurdug II.Sass lay 4 minutes behind. During the cruise, its main-sail hadlain very badly, the boom almost trailing through the water, and itwas remarkable, under the circumstances, that it could keep thirdplace. It was evident that Herr Mark did all that he could withthe boat, such as it was.During the run free the Dane proved the better sailer, and wassoon in front, and defended its position successfully to the end againstall the attempts of its rivals to pass it.The order in which the yachts passed the flag-ship was, therefore;Nurdug II, Mac Miche, Sass.Results on Saturday, 20 July, 1912.12-Metre class.Wind: E. N. E.Erna SigneMagda IXHeatherbellVelocity of wind: 3.6—4 metres per sec.Start I. (Course 1.)Elapsed and correctedTime:Points:776

10-Metre class.Gallia IINinaMargaKittyStart II.(Course 2.)Elapsed and correctedTime:Points:8-Metre ClassStart II. (Course 3.)Sans AtoutR. S. Y. C. 1912 (lottery boat)TaifunLucie IVLucky GirlÖrnNormanBylinaDid not start.6-Metreclass.KerstinSassFinn IINurdugNurdug IISonja IIIMac MichePhoebéSchkitzStart IV. (Course 2.)Did not start.Did not start.Did not start.THE RACING ON JULY 21.On Sunday, the second Olympic race took place out to sea offNynäs, and was of course a very exciting one, for on the results ofthis day’s competition depended whether Sweden was to be first or notamong the nations that had taken part in the Olympic Games. Theposition appeared to be a very promising one but, on the other hand,one knows how disappointing a race may prove.The Swedes grew very uneasy in the morning when they saw how thewind was, for there was only a light breeze blowing which, about 10o’clock was scarcely stronger than 2 metres per second, and many ofthe boats which, it was hoped, would be able to get a place, such asSans Atout and Sass, were in every respect lively weather boats.The courses for Sunday’s races were the same as those for Saturday,with a light wind the first side, a close-hauled bout for thesecond, and a wind-aft run for the third. The result of the racingwas as follows:12-Metre class.In the 12-metre class, the Erna-Signe (Sweden) had a clear lead ofMagda (Norway) and Heatherbell (Finland), but before very long Magdawent ahead and remained there for the rest of the race. The strugglebetween the Swede and the Finlander was a severer one. For a longtime Erna-Signe was in front but, during the tack down the second777

leg, Heatherbell overtook her, and when two-thirds of this side hadbeen run, the Finnish boat showed just ahead for a little while. TheErna-Signe ran better wind-free, however, caught up her rival, passedher, and so came in second.10-Metre class.In the 10-metre class, the Russian yacht, Gallia II, started verywell, but Kitty soon took the lead and was never afterwards threatened.The two Swedish representatives separated, the Kitty, from Stockholm,keeping well out to sea in the tacking-bout, while Marga went inshore,the Gothenburg boat losing by this manoeuvre, although she was sailedvery well.8-Metre class.In the 8-metre class Taifun (Norway) got a very good start, passingthe line a few seconds after the gun was fired, and closely followedby Lucky Girl and Örn, all three well up under the land, while, ina bunch at the other end of the starting line came Sans Atout, the“lottery boat” and Norman.It was evident that the light winds suited the Norman (Russia), toperfection, and on the close-hauled side she went ahead and obtaineda good lead. Rounding the yellow flag for the last part of the course,however, she had a man overboard in setting the spinnaker, in consequenceof the sheet not being loosened forwards and, lashing back,knocking the man over-board. Before he was got on board again— a very quick piece of work, a buoy being thrown out instantaneously— the yacht was hopelessly in the rear.Taifun now went in front and won, Sans Atout being outpacedin the light winds that prevailed.6-Metre class.There was a beautiful start in the 6-metre class, all the boatscrossing the line in a cluster and at a very good speed, Sonja III,which went ahead like an arrow, being the first, closely followed byMac Miche, Kerstin, Sass and Nurdug II.The Norwegian boat had to leave its front place very soon, however,Mac Miche relieving it there, while the Kerstin and Nurdug did verywell indeed in the light airs.Along the second leg the Frenchman increased his lead, and wassoon sufficiently ahead to be certain of obtaining first place, and Mac Micherounded the flag for the wind free run, a very good first. Then camethe Nurdug and Kerstin close together, with Sass and Sonja in companybehind. There was a hard struggle between the Nurdug andKerstin for second place, but, in the weather that prevailed, the Danewas the better boat and, in spite of skilful handling, the Kerstin couldnot pass her rival. During this duel, both the boats, in consequenceof continual luffing, came a good way in shore on the starboard side.The result of the struggle between Sass and Sonja was, that theformer kept the little lead it had — a result to be expected of askipper of Herr Mark’s ability.778

The positions in the various classes after Sunday’s racing were,therefore, as follows.12-metre class: 1:st prize, Magda, Norway, two wins. 2:nd prize,Erna-Signe, Sweden, two second places. 3:rd prize, Heatherbell, Finland,two third places.10-metre class: 1:st prize Kitty, Sweden, two wins. Nina, Finland,and Gallia II, Russia, tied, each having a second and thirdplace, so that these two boats had to sail off the tie for the secondand third prizes.8-metre class: 1:st prize Taifun, Norway. Sans Atout, Sweden,and Lucky Girl, Finland, had each a second and third place, andhad to sail off the tie for the second and third prizes.6-metre class: 1:st prize, not yet decided. Mac Miche, France,and Nurdug II, Denmark, had each won a first and a second place, andhad to sail off the tie for the 1:st and 2:nd prizes. Sass, Sweden,and Kerstin, Sweden, had to resail for the third prize.12-Metre ClassResults on Sunday, 21 July 1912.Wind: N. E. by N. Velocity of w.: 3.9—4 metres.Barometer: 760 mm. Clear.Erna-SigneMagda IXHeatherbellStart I. (Course 1).Elapsed and correctedTime:Points:10-Metre class.Gallia IINinaMargaKittyStart II.(Course 1.)Start III. (Course 2.)8-Metre class.Sans AtoutR. S. Y. C. 1912 (lottery boat)TaifunLucie IVDid not start.Lucky GirlÖrnNormanBylina6-Metre class.KerstinSassSonja IIIFinn IIMac MicheStart IV. (Course 2.)779

PhoebéNurdugNurdug IISchkitzElapsed and correctedTime:Did not start.Did not start.Did not start.Points:Result of Saturday’s and Sunday’s Olympic Yacht Racing.12-Metre class.Total Place accord.Points: Points: Points: to cor. time.Magda IXErna-SigneHeatherbellThe number of points depended on the result of a protest made by Heatherbellagainst Erna Signe, and which was not yet decided.In the 12-metre class there was no tie to be re-sailed.10-Metre class.Gallia IINinaKittyMargaGallia II and Nina had to re-sail the tie for second and third prizes.8-Metre class.Sans AtoutR. S. Y. C.‘s lottery bt., 1912TaifunLucky GirlÖrnNormanBylinaSans Atout and Lucky Girl had to re-sail the tie for second and third prizes.6-Metre class.KerstinSassFinn IINurdug IISonja IIMac MicheMac Miche and Nurdug II had to re-sail the tie for 1:st and 2:nd prizes, andKerstin and Sass that for the 3:rd prize.RE-SAILINGS OF THE TIES, MONDAY, 22 JULY.Monday was the last day of the Olympic Yachting races at Nynäs.The result of the matches was, that Sweden gained 8 points in theOlympic competitions as a whole, obtained in the following way: Kitty,1:st prize in the 10-metre class (3 points); Erna-Signe, 2:nd prize inthe 12-metre class (2 points); Sans Atout, 2:nd prize in the 8-metreclass (2 points) and Kerstin, 3:rd prize in the 6-metre class (I point).The weather was still as beautiful as could be, with very lighteasterly winds which, as before, varied from 4—3 metres.The first start took place at 11 a. m. for the two 10-metre boats,Nina and Gallia II, which had to re-sail the tie for the 2:nd and 3:rd780

prizes, after which, 5 minutes later, came the race between Sans Atoutand Lucky Girl for the 2:nd and 3:rd prizes in the 8-metre class.After a similar interval, Mac Miche and Nurdug II startedfor the gold medal for the 6-metre yachts, the Sass and Kerstin,both Swedish boats, sailing off a tie for the 3:rd prize in the sameclass.Of the big boats, the Finlander, Nina, crossed the line 3 lengths infront of the Russian, Gallia II, and kept its lead, passing the flagshipan easy winner, 2 minutes in front.The Sans Atout and the Lucky Girl started a good way from eachother, the Swedish boat more in shore and the Finnish boat fartherout, a position which seemed to be rather an advantageous one. Onthe close-hauled leg, however, the Sans Atout went ahead and roundedthe flag for the wind-aft run, 25 seconds ahead of the Finlander.Then ensued a sharp struggle between the two boats. The Sans Atoutgot its balloon set very handily and prettily to port, while the LuckyGirl set her spinnaker to starboard and managed to get it to stand.Then the Swede also tried its luck with the spinnaker, but had notluffed sufficiently while running with the balloon, the consequence ofwhich was that the spinnaker lay very clumsily, so that the boat wasnearly blanketed by the Finlander. Mr Heyman extricated himselfvery cleverly, however, and succeeded in rounding the Erlandsgrundmark two lengths in front of his rival. The Sans Atout kept aheadfrom this point to the flag-ship, the distance being run with scarcelyhalf wind, and even managed to increase its lead to 57 seconds.Mac Miche (France), and Nurdug II (Denmark), which had to re-saila tie for the gold medal in the 6-metre class, had a sharp strugglefor the windward position just before the gun was fired. About20 seconds before the signal was heard, the Frenchman luffed, however,and ran down the line, across which he swung when the gun was fired.He seemed to have got some advantage from his position, too, as heescaped coming under the lee of the high land to port.During the sail to the Erlandsgrund shoal, however, the boats cameclose together, and a sharp and interesting luffing match began. Theyhad little more than half wind but kept on luffing incessantly, andsoon lay almost perfectly still, right in the eye of the wind, a longway inside the flag-mark at the shoal. The Nurdug II was leading,with the Frenchman pushing on from behind. At last the boats hadcome so. far up, that they could not only run free down to the mark,but even set their spinnakers. At the shoal there happened to beboth the flag and an ordinary broom-mark, and, owing to the hurryof the exciting match, and the long luff away from the course, theDane went the wrong side of the sea-mark, and so was out of therunning.It continued the race, however, but, in the weather that prevailed,the Frenchman was the better boat, and on the tacking-course leftNurdug II well behind. At the flag marking the end of this leg,Mac Miche was two minutes ahead, a lead that it increased by anotherminute during the wind-free run.781

France had thus triumphed in the Olympic 6-metre race, Denmarktaking second prize.The Stockholm boat, Sass, and the Kerstin, from Gothenburg, startedfor the third prize in the same class. The struggle for the lead atthe start was a very sharp one, and the Sass lay to windward whenthe gun was fired, but, crossing a fraction of a second too soon, wascalled back and had to re-cross the line. It could never make up thetime thus lost, and was always a minute behind, so that Kerstin wonthe Olympic bronze medal.Result of the re-sailing of the ties in the Olympic Races.Monday, 22 July, 1912.Wind: E. N. E. Velocity of w.: 4.6—5.1 metres.10-Metre class.Gallia IINinaElapsed and correctedTime:Points:8-Metre class.Sans AtoutLucky Girl6-Metre class.Mac MicheNurdug IIKerstinSassFINAL RESULTS OF THE OLYMPIC YACHT RACING.12-Metre class.MAGDA IX Alfred Larsen Norway Olympic Gold Medal.ERNA-SIGNE N. Person & N. Asp Sweden SilverHEATHERBELL E. Krogius Finland Bronze10-Metre class.KITTYNINAGALLIAIIN. AspHarry WahlAlex. WischnegradskySwedenFinlandRussiaGoldSilverBronze8-Metre class.TAIFUN Thoralf Glad Norway GoldSANS ATOUT B. Heyman Sweden SilverLUCKY GIRL Bertil & Gunnar TallbergFinland Bronze782

6-Metreclass.MAC MICHE G. Thubé & G. Fitau France* Olympic Gold Medal.NURDUG II Otto Reedz Thott Denmark SilverKERSTIN Dan Broström Sweden Bronze* Also won the Challenge Cup presented by the French Government.The Commemorative Plaque of the Royal Swedish Yacht Club wasgiven in:Silver-giltto the 1:st boatSilver2:ndBronze3:rdThe relative positions of the nations, according to the SwedishOlympic Committee’s official calculation of points, was as follows:Nation1:st prize 2:nd prize 3:rd prize PointsSwedenNorwayFinlandFranceDenmarkRussia

PRESENTATION OF THE PRIZES.he solemn presentation of the prizes took place at theStadium at 5 p. m., Monday, 15 July.Immediately after the close of the competitions, allthe prize-winners assembled at the north-west entrance,and entered the arena in three columns, the winnersof first prizes marching in the middle, those that hadwon second prizes, to the left, and the winners of third prizes tothe right.This arrangement was adopted, as the presentation of prizes was totake place for all three columns simultaneously, as follows:In the first group, the prizes were presented by H. M. The King,from a tribune situated below the Royal Box and near the runningtrack. His Majesty gave the winners of first prizes an oak-wreath,the Olympic Gold Medal and the Challenge Prize of the OlympicGames, in the order mentioned.In the second group, the prizes were given away by H. R. H.the Crown Prince, whose tribune was near the running track andto the right of that occupied by H. M. The King. H. R. H. presentedthe Olympic Silver Medal to those competitors in the Gameswho had won a second prize.In the third group, the prizes were presented by H. R. H. PrinceCarl, whose tribune was situated to the left of that of His Majesty.H. R. H. Prince Carl presented the Olympic Bronze Medal to thosecompetitors in the Games who had won a third prize.The three groups having marched into the arena, were drawn up784

DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES OF 1912.Pl. 288

Pl. 289CHALLENGE PRIZES AND OAK-WREATHS.

H. M. THE KING CROWNING THE WINNER OF THE 100 M. FLAT.Pl. 290

P l . 2 9 1H. M. THE KING CROWNING THE WINNER OF THE MARATHON RACE.

Pl. 292H. KOLEHMAINEN AT THE DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES.THE WINNER IN SWIMMING, 100 M., LADIES, RECEIVING HER PRIZE.

P l . 2 9 3H. R. H. THE CROWN PRINCE PRESENTING THE 2:ND PRIZE FOR THE MODERN PENTATHLON.

Pl. 294H. R. H. THE CROWN PRINCE PRESENTING THE 2:ND PRIZE FOR TEAMSWIMMING RACE, 400 MET., LADIES.H. R. H. PRINCE CARL PRESENTING THE 3:RD PRIZE FOR THROWINGTHE DISCUS.

Pl. 295H. M. THE KING PRESENTING THE 1:ST PRIZE IN THE “MILITARY”.

in front of the three tribunes. In each group the prize-winners werearranged in accordance with the following list:ATHLETICS (Field and Track events).TUG-OF-WAR.WRESTLING.FENCING.MODERN PENTATHLON.SWIMMING.SHOOTING.GYMNASTICS.The prize-winners having entered, H. R. H. the Crown Princewent forward to the Royal Box, and begged H. M. The King andH. R. H. Prince Carl, to graciously perform the task of presentingthe prizes.H. M. The King then stepped on to the centre tribune, H. R. H.the Crown Prince occupying that to the right of His Majesty’s, andH. R. H. Prince Carl that to the left.A herald called out the name of the prize-winners in each branchof the competitions. The first, second and third men then went forwardsimultaneously to receive their prizes.The first competition taken was the 100 metres Flat, so that thefirst to receive an Olympic Gold Medal was Ralph Craig (U. S. A.).Then came the prize-winners in the other events, in the order inwhich they were mentioned in the programme.At the close of the ceremony, Colonel V. G. Balck thanked HisMajesty and Their Royal Highnesses on the part of the SwedishOlympic Committee, and called for cheers for H. M. The King. H. R. H.the Crown Prince concluded the proceedings by calling for three cheersfor the prize-winners.The presentation of the prizes in the events which were held beforeor after the Olympic Week, as it was called (July 6—15) —Football, the Horse-Riding competitions, Lawn Tennis, Rowing, Shooting,Swimming and Yacht Racing — took place at the scenes of the competitionsimmediately after their close.50 Fifth Olympiad. 785

OFFICIAL FESTIVITIES.number of entertainments were given in connectionwith the Olympic Games of Stockholm, 1912.On Saturday, 6 July, Their Majesties The King andQueen gave a Garden Party at Logården, the gardensof the Palace. Their Majesties also gave a dinner atthe Palace on Tuesday, 16 July.On Tuesday, 9 July and Thursday, 11 July, H. R. H. the CrownPrince gave a dinner at the Palace. On Thursday, 18 July, H. R. H.Prince Wilhelm gave a dinner at his palace at Djurgården, andon Saturday, 27 July, H. R. H. gave a Garden Party at the sameplace.Festivities organized by the Swedish OlympicCommittee.On Thursday, 4 July, a reception lunch was given at Hasselbacken,to which were invited the members of the International Olympic Committeeand the Swedish Olympic Committee, together with their ladies,to a total number of about 70 persons.On Sunday, 7 July, the Swedish Olympic Committee gave its grandreception banquet at the Grand Hotel Royal. The feast was honouredby the presence of H. R. H. the Crown Prince, H. R. H. PrinceWilhelm and H. R. H. Prince Carl, all of whom graciously acted ashosts. Swedish and foreign honoratiores and higher officials wereinvited, to a total of 396 persons.786

Speeches were made, on proposing the healths of:H. M. The Kingby Colonel V. G. Balck;The Heads of Foreign Statesby H. Excellence, the Minister for Foreign Affairs;The Guestsby H. R. H. the Crown Prince;The Swedish Olympic Committee,by Baron Pierre de Coubertin.During the course of the banquet, there was a vocal performanceby a double quartette of men’s-voices, led by Herr Gentzel, Mus. D.At the close of the dinner, the guests were conducted to the OperaterassenRestaurant, which had been reserved for their accommodation,and the remainder of the evening was spent there, enlivened withinstrumental music and song.Speech made by Colonel V. G. Balck atthe dinner given by the Swedish OlympicCommittee at the Grand Hotel Royal,7 July, 1912.When Swedish men meet at a national banquet it is, quite naturally, our duty,and in accordance with a good old custom, to pay honour to our country’s king.This evening we are gathered at an international feast at which there arerepresentatives of most civilized countries, and it is a pleasure, as well as aduty for us, to give expression on such an occasion to the feelings of devotion,reverence and fidelity to our king which animate us, and we feel assuredthat our guests from abroad will gladly unite with us in the voicing of these sentiments.On such an occasion as this, when the leading men in the world of athleticsare assembled here, we are filled with a most special desire to give King Gustafour very heartiest thanks for all the care and support he has bestowed on athletics,for Swedes have the inestimable good fortune to see in His Majesty, not only apromoter and protector of all good sport, but also one of our foremost pioneers inseveral. branches of athletics.Speech made by His Excellence the Ministerfor Foreign Affairs, at the dinnergiven by the Swedish Olympic Committeeat the Grand Hotel Royal, July 7, 1912.787

Gentlemen,Speech made by H. R. H. the CrownPrince at the banquet given by the SwedishOlympic Committee at the Grand HotelRoyal, 7 July, 1912.I rise to propose the health of all our distinguished guests present here thisevening, and, on behalf of the Swedish Olympic Committee, have great pleasure inwelcoming them to our capital.The modem Olympic Games, instituted nearly 26 years ago by one of ourillustrious guests, have, as we all know, developed into the greatest athletic eventof our day. Nearly 30 nations, represented by a total of some 4,000 active competitors,are taking part in the present Games, and the Swedish organizers of thisOlympiad are filled with justifiable pride that the peoples of the world have somagnificently responded to their invitation. Quite naturally, such an enormousnumber of competitors necessitates a vast and comprehensive organization, not onlyin this country, but in most other countries as well. It is, therefore, a great pleasurefor us to be able to receive here as our guests so many of our colleagues fromabroad, each of whom in his own place has promoted the interests of the OlympicGames, and also of games and sport in general.We therefore welcome, first of all, the honoured members of the InternationalOlympic Committee, to whom we are greatly indebted for having placed in ourhands the organization of the Fifth Olympiad. We welcome the official representativesof many countries and corporations, as well as the Olympic Committees ofthe various nations taking part in the Games. It is also a source of great pleasureto us that so many foreign jurymen have come here to fulfil tasks which, veryoften, are of a difficult as well as delicate nature. Finally, on the part of theSwedish Olympic Committee, I beg to welcome all our other guests who, for onereason or another, have come here to witness the Olympic Games. We hope thatyou will all enjoy your stay in our country and that you will take back pleasantand favourable memories of the Fifth Olympiad and of the city where it washeld.(His Royal Highness then continued in Swedish):The Swedish Olympic Committee is also very happy to receive here as its gueststhis evening so many of the Swedes who, as members of one or other of thevarious Committees, or in any other way, have laboured for the successful celebrationof the Olympic Games of Stockholm, and we now beg to thank them mostheartily for their kind co-operation.I have the honour to propose the health of our guests from abroad, and I callon the Swedes here present to give a hearty cheer in their honour.788

On Sunday, 14 July, the Swedish Olympic Committee gave a farewellentertainment at the Stadium, to which were invited the Swedishand foreign honoratiores, officials and active competitors, to a numberof some 4,000 persons.The guests were seated at tables arranged in rows in the arena.Non-intoxicating liquors were the only beverages served. A men’schoir, 2,500 strong, gave a concert after the banquet, the festivitiesbeing concluded by a grand display of fireworks on the summits ofthe two towers.Speeches were made by H. R. H., the Crown Prince, Baron deCoubertin and Colonel Balck.The public were allowed to be present during the concert and fireworkdisplay, on the payment of a small fee, and the Stadium wasfilled to the last seat.Speech made by Baron Pierre de Coubertin,at the farewell entertainment of theOlympic Games, given at the Stadium onJuly 14, 1912.Your Royal Highness, Gentlemen,I am like a father who has many daughters. The moment he has succeededin getting one of them married, he thinks of nothing else but of having the nextone married too. The Olympiads are my daughters, and now that the FifthOlympiad has been so successfully celebrated, I turn with heart and soul towards theSixth Olympiad, which, as you know, Gentlemen, will be celebrated in Berlin in1916. And, on behalf of the International Olympic Committee, I beg to say thatwe hope you will attend, whilst I feel sure that I can be allowed to add, on behalfof our German friends, that all of you, Gentlemen, will be very welcome there.We shall never forget Sweden, the Royal Family, or the Swedish people. Weleave with them a part of our hearts. When the bleak season of the year hascome, my dear Swedish friends, and everything is dark and cold, remember thateverywhere in the wide world, there are friends who are looking back to the gloryof this Olympic summer, and who unite with you in grieving that it shouldever depart.I thank you once again, and call on you all for a cheer for Sweden. (Thelatter half of this speech was made in Swedish and elicited loud cheers.)Entertainment given by Skansen for thecompetitors and officials.On Tuesday, 9 July, all the Swedish and foreign honoratiores andofficials, with their ladies, and all the active competitors, were invitedby the Directors of the Open Air Museum of Skansen to visit thisrenowned spot, and afterwards to partake of some plain refreshmentsthere. About 4,000 persons availed themselves of this invitation. Inaddition to instrumental and vocal music, several speeches were made;one in French, in honour of Sweden and the Fifth Olympiad, by MajorGeneral J. F. Lilliehöök; one in English, by His Excellence, H. Lagercrantz,formerly Swedish Minister at Washington; a third in German,789

y Professor O. Montelius, State Antiquary, and a fourth, in Swedish,by H. Sohlman, Esq., Editor of the Aftonbladet.Speech made by Major General J. Lilliehöök,to the French-speaking group of athletes,etc., at Skansen’s Olympic Entertainment,9 July, 1912.Nobles citoyens et étrangers de distinction, amis des exercices physiques etdes sports,J’ai l’honneur de vous souhaiter la bienvenue de la part des Comités d’Organisationdes Jeux Olympiques à cette fête à Skansen, et je puis l’affirmer sansconteste, de la part de tous les Suédois qui portent intêret à la Vème Olympiade,c’est-à-dire de la très grande majorité de mes compatriotes.Nous vous sommes cordialement reconnaissants d’avoir entrepris un long voyageet même traversé les mers pour venir prendre part à ces luttes olympiques, quiexigent une grande vigueur de corps et d’esprit, et pour remporter les prix disputéspar tant de concurrents d’élite accourus de presque tous les pays du monde.Nous souhaitons également la bienvenue aux nombreux voyageurs et touristesque les solennités de la Vème Olympiade ont attirés parmi nous et qui veulent mettreà profit cette occasion pour apprendre à mieux connaître notre pays, ce qui, nousosons l’espérer sans forfanterie, équivaudra à l’aimer davantage.La Vème Olympiade est placée sous l’auguste patronage de Sa Majesté le RoiGustave V, la présidence d’honneur est confiée au Prince Royal, et le Colonel VictorBalck, qui a servi dans le régiment que je commandais jadis — pardonnez cesouvenir personnel — préside le Comité d’Organisation.Le Stade est l’œuvre d’un architecte suédois, M. T. Grut, et le désir ardentde montrer au monde ce que nous pouvons faire dans le Nord, nous a fourni lesmoyens d’ériger ce monument grandiose, où la majeure partie des concours a lieu.Le sol que nous foulons ici aux pieds, Messieurs, est, je puis le dire, un solsacré. En effet, Skansen est une Suède en miniature avec sa faune et sa flore;nos diverses provinces ont fourni ici les habitations rustiques telles qu’elles étaientdans le passé, avec les meubles et les ustensiles en usage alors, ce qui permet dese faire une idée de la vie populaire dans des temps qui sont déjà loin de nous.Au milieu de ce parc national, vous voyez aussi des huttes de Lapons, les cabanesque se font les charbonniers au fond de nos immenses forêts, une maisonnette depierre qui reçoit sa lumière par le toit, des campaniles en bois dont les clochessonnent en l’honneur des gloires de la patrie, et cent autres choses caractéristiquesde notre pays.Ici, vous verrez exécuter en costumes nationaux les danses anciennes du pays,défiler des cortèges historiques tels qu’ils étaient en usage aux époques importantesde notre glorieux passé, et tout cela, non par esprit d’orgueil ou de vanité, mais envue de fortifier le sentiment national et d’élever les cœurs en haut, au-dessus desquestions mesquines du jour.Cet ensemble forme un musée national en plein air, que nous estimons à unehaute valeur et qui est bien fait pour captiver l’attention de l’étranger. C’est avecle Musée du Nord l’œuvre géniale d’un ardent patriote, le Docteur Artur Hazelius,trop tôt enlevé à la science pour voir son rêve réalisé.Nous sommes heureux et fiers à la fois de vous recevoir ici, Messieurs etchers hôtes. Vous appartenez à des nations bien diverses, sans doute, mais toutes790

elles ont plus ou moins contribué — chacune à son heure et dans son domaineparticulier — à répandre, par des voies pacifiques ou le glaive à la main, lesbienfaits de la civilisation sur tous les points de notre globe, et cela parfois auprix de privations et de sacrifices sans nombre. Par là ces nations ont affranchiles peuples de la tyrannie pour faire régner sur la terre la justice et la paix.Mais pour atteindre ce but, il faut des hommes aux bras d’acier et au cœurd’or, et c’est justement les sports et les divers exercices corporels bien réglés quidoivent nous aider à remplir notre mission.Au moment du péril — croyez-en ma vieille expérience sur les champs debataille — nos facultés sont soumises à une rude épreuve, et celui-là seul qui saitconserver son calme, son sang-froid, sa présence d’esprit et garder la maîtrise de sonpropre corps, est capable de faire ce que la patrie attend de lui.Tous ceux qu’anime un pareil esprit sont des pionniers qui frayent la voie oùnotre génération doit marcher de l’avant. Et, pour terminer, vous voudrez bienpermettre au vieillard qui a l’honneur de vous parler — pour la première et probablementpour la dernière fois — de formuler le vœu que chacun de vous soit un deces vaillants pionniers, et, dans cet espoir, je souhaite que la joie et le succèsvous accompagnent, et que le Très-Haut vous garde tous sous sa paternelle protection!Ladies and Gentlemen,Resumé of the speech made by HisExcellence, H. L. F. Lagercrantz, formerlySwedish Minister at Washington, to theEnglish-speaking athletes, at the OlympicFestival at Skansen, 9 July, 1912.It is my pleasant duty to wish you, our English-speaking guests, a most heartywelcome, and a more suitable spot could not have been chosen for that purposethan this memorial-place of the culture of times past, of times that bred hardy menand women; for, in those days, the very struggle for existence and for liberty wassevere enough to steel both the will and the arm of all.We Swedes look upon you as our distant kinsmen. Some of you, if not all,have Swedish blood in your veins; some of you are the descendants of our Vikings,of men who paid not always the most friendly of visits to England’s coast; werecharmed by your beautiful land; married your country’s daughters and so becameyour forefathers. Some of you from the great Republic of the west, are our brothersand sisters, our uncles and aunts — poor, indeed, is the Swede that has not arich uncle in America! — some of you may even remember the time when youyourselves were lulled to sleep by the rippling murmur of our streams, by windsthat went whispering through Swedish forests. Do we not know, old friends, howstrong the ties are that knit us all together!Yes, hard were the conditions under which our forefathers lived; when theyheld with one hand the plough that furrowed their fields and, with the other, thesword that defended them; when these cottages we see around us were theironly comfort, and bark was often mingled with the bread they ate. We can understandthat such a life must have brought forth hardy men, hardy heroes.The higher culture of which we are so proud, is all too easily accompaniedby effeminacy and moral decadence; but you, leaders in the realm of athletics, have,consciously or unconsciously, become a power that counteracts these treacherous791

dangers which in the form of epicurism, love of pleasure and desire of gain, areever lying in wait to destroy us.May the noble spirit of emulation that the Olympic Games is endeavouring tointroduce into our athletic grounds and our gymnasiums, spread upwards and downwards,and I beg, on this occasion, to acknowledge, and with admiration, that thisspirit of emulation, which has awakened millions of youth from anæmic effeminancyto a life filled with health and gladness, originated with you. And one result ofthis has been that your language has spread the whole world round.Just as Ling’s serious, methodic system of gymnastics has Sweden for its nativecountry, so has athletics been cradled by an English hearth. Fortunate it is that,nowadays, the nations meet oftener in emulous but friendly strife for Olympiclaurels, than with bloody sword for earthly power.The motto that our Crown Prince gave the Fifth Olympiad, is, my friends, agreat and, for all of us, a vivifying truth — not for this part of human life alone:“May the best win!”God bless you all!Resumé of the speech made by ProfessorO. Montelius, to the German-speaking athletesat Skansen’s Olympic Entertainment,9 July, 1912.At the farther end of Skansen, the German-speaking group of athletes werewelcomed by Professor Montelius, who began his speech by saying a few wordsabout Skansen and its genial creator, Artur Hazelius. Skansen’s task was to showhow Swedes in olden times had lived “the simple life” in lowly, yet pleasant dwellings.As late as the middle of the nineteenth century, said the speaker, thepeasants in certain parts of Västergötland seldom saw rye-bread even. Such a lifeproduced a sturdy race, and it was from such homes that the ancient Vikings hadcome, and, at a later day, the warriors who fought beneath Gustavus Adolphusand Charles XII. The word “sport” did not exist at that time in Sweden, but,in any case, our forefathers showed that the thing itself was not unknown to them.From these homes, however, there issued, not only soldiers, but also Swedish menand women who had won a name in intellectual and cultural spheres. The speakerwould mention only one name, that of Carolus Linnæus, who was born and receivedhis first rudiments of instruction at a poor parsonage. The historical collectionsat Skansen and the Northern Museum pointed to a very ancient culture. If anation possessed culture, ancient, yet vigorous, it would find there the best securityfor its independence.Professor Montelius thanked the guests for the confidence that had been reposedin Sweden by allowing her to organize the Olympic Games, and concluded hisspeech, which was received with loud applause, by calling for a four-fold Swedishcheer for the Olympic Games.Speech made by Harald Sohlman, Editorof the Aftonbladet, to the group of Scandinavianathletes, at Skansen’s OlympicEntertainment, 9 July, 1912.Northern Athletes, both Men and Women,Athletic life and out-of-door life; athletic festivals and out-of-door festivals, aretwo things that must necessarily accompany each other. This is not the least of792

the reasons that has impelled the Swedish hosts at this International Entertainmentfor Athletes, to ask for, and hospitably receive, permission to make just thisplace the scene of the festival, for there can be nothing nearer to an athlete’s,or a rifleman’s spirit, than a landscape, breathing of liberty, such as the one thatsurrounds us here.It is a Swedish landscape that here meets our gaze; it is the most distinctivelySwedish place that can be found in this part of our country and, what ismore, it is not only a piece of Swedish scenery, but also a fragment of Swedishculture — living scenery; primeval culture. This is a place of which, and where,one can most rightly quote the ancient thought:“Listen to that fir-tree’s whisper,At whose foot thy dwelling’s rooted.”With joy, and not without a certain pride, we have thought that to this place,we should lead you, too, our Northern kinsmen, whose native-lands and whoseculture has so much in common with ours, although each possesses its own distinctivefeatures.Dr. Artur Hazelius, the creator of this Open Air Museum, intended to givenew life to the past, that it might serve as a reminder and an impulse to thisand coming generations. Folk-dances and melodies; folk-games and ancient Swedishhumour — all live again on the dancing-platforms and in the cottages, on thepaths and in the meadows of Skansen.This is a place that, we believe, ought to appeal to an athlete, both to histhoughts and his feelings; both to his soul and his heart, by the impressions whichan unconfined landscape and ancient culture in union, ought to make on a healthyand receptive mind.Athletic sports are of ancient date in the life of the Scandinavian nations. InNorthern mythology, what prominence is not given to the story of Thor’s driving hispair of he-goats, to say nothing of the hammer-throwing of the gigantic charioteer— he who has just passed above us and cleansed the air with his lightning-bolts— or of his mighty bow and spear.And athletics has been a custom of our peoples, and has been cherished bythem, from the earliest childhood of each nation until the present day. Athletics has presentedboth serious and humorous forms, from the combats of “belt-wrestlers” and therivalry of knightly tournaments, down to “knocking the cat out of the barrel” andclimbing the greasy pole, but it has always been warmly cherished and, sometimes,has found expression in forms which, in strength and agility, if not in grandeur,could well compare with the displays of the classic Olympic Games.When, then, at the present moment, all the athletes of the world have met infriendly competition in the capital of the ancient land of Sweden, we regard it asa recognition of what has been done during the course of many ages, and of whatis still being done at the present day, in the sphere of athletics.Our country has experienced varying fortunes, not only in the field of athletics,but in other respects too.To-day, on the 9 of July, about two hundred years ago, the glorious sun of ourtemporal power set for ever in a sea of blood, in a battle widely renowned inhistory. But over our land another sun has since risen — the sun of peace andlabour, of mental and material labour. While still honouring our nation and itsflag above everything else in the world, we see that in peace, justice, co-operation793

and fraternization lies the way to our goal — the prosperous, happy future of Swedenand of other nations, not least that of the kindred Scandinavian peoples.It is in the arena of peaceful rivalry that we now strive for our victories — orsuffer defeat. It is such a festival of peaceful competition and international fraternizationof which, just now, the capital of Sweden has the honour to be the centreand thus has fastened on it the gaze of the whole world. It is a very great pleasurefor us to meet personally, individually, here, in this beautiful place so close to ourcity, comrades from various nations now competing in friendly rivalry. And inthe warm hope, the inspiring belief, that this branch, too, of the many efforts madenowadays to promote international aims and connections, may contribute to universalfraternization, to bring about the co-operation of separate, differing forces forgood and useful ends — let us unite in giving a cheer for that sign under whichwe are now gathered, and which is called the Fifth Olympiad.Festivities arranged by the SpecialCommittees.In addition to the entertainments already mentioned, special festivitieswere arranged by the Committees for cycling, fencing, football,horse-riding, rowing, swimming, and yacht racing.On Friday, 28 June, the Football Committee had a grand receptionat the Strand Hotel for all those taking part in the Olympic FootballCompetitions, and on Sunday, June 30, the same Committee gave adinner for the honoratiores.On Friday, 5 July, the Shooting Committee gave a farewell feast atHasselbacken, and on the same day the Cycling Committee gave agrand reception at the Grand Hotel Royal for the honoratiores andofficials.On Monday, 8 July, the Cycling Committee gave a farewell entertainmentat Hasselbacken for the honoratiores, competitors and officialsin the Cycling Race round Lake Mälar.On Thursday, 11 July, the Fencing Committee gave a dinner atHasselbacken.On Saturday, 13 July, the Horse Riding Committee had its receptionbanquet at Hasselbacken.On Sunday, 14 July, a dinner was given at Hasselbacken in honourof the competitors in the Modern Pentathlon.On Tuesday, 16 July, the Swimming Committee arranged a steamboatexcursion out to Sandhamn, the guests being the officials andcompetitors in the Olympic Swimming Events. Lunch was taken duringthe return trip.On Wednesday, 17 July, the Rowing Committee gave a receptionfeast at Hasselbacken.On Friday, 19 July, the Rowing Committee gave its farewell entertainment.On Friday, 19 July, the Royal Swedish Yacht Club had a grandreception at the Hotel at Nynäs. A speech was made on the occasionby H. R. H. Prince Wilhelm.794

Speech made by H. R. H. Prince Wilhelmat the Reception Banquet given by the RoyalSwedish Yacht Club at Nynäs, 19 July, 1912.From far and near there have assembled in this spot to-day, interested and sportlovingyachtsmen who have come to take part in Swedish waters in the greatstruggle over the Olympic course, or in the competition for first place in theInternational Yacht Racing. In the name of the Royal Swedish Yacht Club, I bidyou all, both yachtsmen and our other guests, a most hearty and sincere welcome.We thank you for your response to our invitation in coming to us fromfar-off seas, and you may rest assured that the good wishes now offered, are ofthe real, old-fashioned Swedish sort.It is, too, my lively hope that, during the next few days, new bonds of friendshipmay be knitted between the representatives of the various countries, and that thismay lead to mutual confidence and good-understanding, and contribute to elevateand improve yachting. We all love the sea. Everyone here, has, at one time orother, experienced the delight derived from a lively sail over the blue, foamingwaters, or that feeling of pride and daring which irresistibly comes over us when,breakers boiling on all sides, the hand firmly grasps the tiller and the sailor looksdeath and danger in the face without blenching. It is this feeling, this love ofthe sea, that binds us all together. On the sea a Man is needed, and we knowthat when ever we meet a good yachtsman, we meet, too, a real man.Finally, I beg you to be assured that everything will be done to make yourstay here as pleasant a one as possible, and that if, in addition to a prize whichmay possibly become yours, you carry away some sunny and pleasant memories ofthe Swedish skerries, it will be our best and dearest recompense.Mesdames et Messieurs!Telle que la Métropole hellénique voyait arriver, de rivages lointains, pour lesOlympiades de jadis ses parents de langue et de race; telle la Société royale nautiquede Suède souhaite ici la bienvenue la plus cordiale et la plus sincère àses hótes olympiques et internationaux. L'unité de langue et de race semblerait aujourd'hui perdue. Mais en est-il bien ainsi, Messieurs? Aimer, c'est comprendre, et n'ya-t-il pas une langue que nous aimons tous, celle des grands vents libres, la voixpuissante de l'Océan? Malgré la différente latitude des pays où furent nos berceaux,nous autres marins et yachtmen n'avons-nous pas tous, en outre, une patrie commune,l'onde salée et la crête écumante?Au nom de la Société royale nautique de Suède, je vous souhaite la bienvenue auxrives de la Baltique, au milieu d'un peuple qui, de tout temps, a aimé la mer et lesvoiles. C'est notre vif désir que vous vous trouviez ici en plein pays d'amitié, quevous sentiez qu'ici on essayera de ne perdre aucune occasion pour rendre votreséjour agréable et de bon souvenir.J'exprime les vœux que les concours de voile qui vont se réaliser contribuerontà developper ce sport antique et noble qui est cher à nous tous, et -- qu'ici seformeront entre les yachtsmen de cordiales relations qui tendront à accentuerla fraternité de tous les véritables sportsmen. Jamais encore une main peureusene tint avec succès le gouvernail, là, c'est l'oeil certain, la main intrépide, le cœurvaillant qui réussissent. Et les cœurs vaillants partout où ils se rencontrent, nese reconnaissent-ils pas, ne sont-ils pas frères?Messieurs nos hôtes, soyez chaleureusement les bienvenus!795

On Saturday, 26 July, the Royal Swedish Yacht Club gave its farewellbanquet at Hasselbacken. During the course of the dinner, H.R. H. Prince Wilhelm, who presided, proposed the health of H. M.The King. His Royal Highness also drank to the health of the Headsof the foreign nations represented at the Games. The health of theguests was proposed by Captain O. Holtermann, who spoke in French,German and Swedish, as follows:Speech made by Captain O. Holtermann,at the Farewell Banquet given by the RoyalSwedish Yacht Cl&b, at Hasselbacken, 26July, 1912.YOUR ROYAL HIGHNESSES.Ladies and Gentlemen.The Olympic and International Regattas of 1912 are now ended, and theRoyal Swedish Yachting Club begs to offer its warmest thanks to those who cameto Sweden to take part in these events. For many of you the journey was bothlong and difficult, and for many, too, it was a matter of great difficulty to bringthe yachts here. But there is a Swedish proverb that says “the way to a friend’shouse is not long.” I can assure you that you have found real friends here andso we hope that friendship, our beautiful capital and the cruise through ourarchipelago will attract you here many times.If I do not make a mistake, this is the first time that the Royal Swedish YachtClub has had the pleasure of seeing the beautiful tricolor of France waving abovea yacht taking part in our regattas. We are enchanted to have had the opportunityof seeing this lovely, well-rigged French boat, and we are full of admiration forthe manner in which it has been handled. We beg to congratulate our Frenchguests most heartily on their success in winning the Olympic Gold Medal at theregatta, and on the many other prizes they have succeeded in gaining.I also wish to express the pleasure the Club feels at seeing amongst its Frenchguests here this evening Baron de Coubertin, the president of the InternationalOlympic Committee.From Germany there came only one yacht, “one — but a lion”. We are veryglad to have had the opportunity of admiring the beautiful “Sophie-Elisabeth” whenit was sailed by its skilful and cheery steerman.We have had, too, the honour of welcoming many friends of yachting from theother side of the Baltic, from S:t Petersburg, Riga and Reval. Last year, at Helsingfors,we had the pleasure of becoming most pleasantly acquainted with many ofyou, and we are very grateful to the Finns that they gave us the opportunity ofmeeting you then. We are sincerely pleased that you have come here in suchnumbers, and hope to see you here very often in the future.The memory of many a hard fight for glorious prizes, of fraternization and theformation of life-long friendships, all unite us to the Finns. We cannot thankthem enough for the hearty and magnificent reception they gave us last year, andthat they have repaid our visit by a most excellent attendance at our Regattas. Itwas a stately sight, and one not soon to be forgotten, when Commodore Krogiussailed into Nynäshamn at the head of a squadron of 30 boats.Of course, it would be a most desirable thing if the various yacht clubs of theBaltic could agree on a uniform type of boat, but, until that takes place, we have,796

y means of our rules as to “comparison-race prizes”, found a way of arrangingraces between boats constructed according to our various rules, which will mostcertainly be of advantage to the sport that is so dear to all of us — yachting.From Denmark we have the pleasure of seeing a most distinguished and celebratedyachtsman, who sailed his boat most brilliantly.Although Norway is our nearest neighbour, it is a very distant one as far asyachting is concerned, for sea-communications between Christiania and Stockholmare very long ones, for sailing yachts, that is to say. We thank you with allour hearts, gentlemen from Norway, for having come here with three such charmingboats;, and for venturing to expose them to the difficulties attendant on railwaytransport.We congratulate you most heartily on having won 2 of the 4 OlympicGold Medals, and your success is the greater that your yachts have been designedby a Norwegian and built in Norwegian dockyards. We shall be most happy tomeet you here again in noble rivalry on the blue Baltic.Last of all, we give our warmest thanks to the home Clubs that were so kindas to accept our invitation to the Regattas.Amongst our guests we have the great pleasure to see many persons who, duringthe last few years, have contributed to the development and improvement of ourClub, by means of highly appreciated work or generous gifts. We are exceedinglyglad to see so many of the honorary members of the Royal Swedish Yacht Clubamong our guests to-day, and we thank them sincerely for the interest theycontinue to take in the Club and its aims.I beg to drink the health of the guests of the Royal Swedish Yacht Club.Admiral Hägg proposed the health of the Hon. President, H. R. H.Prince Wilhelm; of the Club Committee, and of the Sub-Committeeswhich had the chief credit of the success that had attended the Regatta.Baron Pierre de Coubertin responded on behalf of the foreign guests,and thanked Prince and Princess Wilhelm, and the Royal SwedishYacht Club for their hospitable and hearty reception.Baron de Coubertin also proposed the health of the Swedes, andspoke as follows:Altesses Royales,Mesdames, Messieurs,i/heure a sonné où vont se clore ces fêtes magnifiques qui marqueront si profondéméntdans l'histoire olympique. Encore quelques instants et la célébration de la VèmeOlympiade aura pris fin.Elle nous laisse un souvenir ensoleillé, non pas seulement parce que la terre etl'eau suédoises se sont parées pour nous de tous les enchantements d'un été radieux"mais parce que l'art du spectacle et le souci de la perfection technique ont étécombinés par vous, Messieurs les membres du Comité Suédois, de la façon la plusingénieuse et la plus réussie.Pour faire une Olympiade, la puissance et l'argent sont bien loin de suffire, ilfaut de la persévérance, de la patience et de la tolérance. Il faut surtout une conceptionhaute et sereine du double rôle auquel le sport peut et doit aspirer ausein des grandes démocraties modernes- rôle d'équilibreur humain hérité de l'athlétismeantique, rôle d'éducateur social, hérité de la Chevalerie. Ce n'est pas seulement797

vers le gymnase d'Olympie que nous devons tourner nos regards, Messieurs, maisaussi vers ces tournois du moyen-âge trop oubliés ou trop méconnus, dont le seultort fut de pousser parfois jusqu'au delà du raisonnable le culte élégant de l'honneur,du stoïcisme et de la générosité.Je ne puis rendre de plus grand hommage à la nation suédoise, Monseigneur,que de dire à ceux qui la représentent ici que maintes fois dans l'histoire, on l'avue avec admiration s'inspirer de ce double idéal.Et maintenant. Messieurs, voici qu'un grand peuple a, par notre entremise, reçude vos mains le flambeau des Olympiades et s'est engagé par là à en préserver, et,si possible, à en aviver la flamme précieuse.Une coutume s'est établie que la dernière parole dite au soir des Jeux Olympiquesfut pour saluer l'aurore des Jeux suivants. C'est pourquoi je vais vous proposer aunom du Comité International Olympique, gardien suprême et stable de l'institutionrenovée, de lever nos verres en l'honneur de la VIème Olympiade.Puisse-t-elle contribuer comme ses illustres devancières au bien général, au perfectionnementde l'humanité! Puisse-t-elle se préparer dans le labeur fécond despériodes pacifiquesl Puisse-t-elle, le jour venu, être célébrée par tous les peuplesde l'univers dans l'allégresse et la concorde!Admiral Palander thanked the Royal Swedish Yacht Club for allthe hospitality experienced by the Swedish guests, and concluded bycalling for a cheer for the Club, and wishing it a prosperous future.Other Festivities and Receptions.Among other festivities and receptions may be mentioned the following:The Reception given on Monday, 8 July, by His Excellence, theMinister for Foreign Affairs, at the Foreign Minister’s Hotel.The 5 o’clock tea, on Friday, 12 July, given by Baron Pierre deCoubertin, President of the International Olympic Committee.The dinner given on Friday, 5 July, by Colonel V. G. Balck,for the members of the International Olympic Committee.Colonel V. G. Balck’s reception, Wednesday, 10 July.The banquet given on 10 July, at Saltsjöbaden, by the Publicistklubben(Association of Swedish Journalists) for the representatives ofthe Foreign Press.The dinner given on Saturday, 20 July, by the President of theRoyal Swedish Yacht Club, Captain O. Holtermann, and Mrs. Holtermann,for the Club Committee and the foreign competitors in theYacht Racing, and their ladies, to a total of 120 persons. Amongthose present may be mentioned, the Duke and Duchess of Södermanland(Prince and Princess Wilhelm), the Grand Duke and DuchessKyrill, the Duke and Duchess of Somerset, etc.The Farewell Festivities arranged at Saltsjöbaden, on Friday, 17July, by the officers of the Garrison of Stockholm, for those takingpart in the Horse Riding Competitions.The Subscription Ball at Hasselbacken, on Saturday, 18 July,arranged by the Stockholm Field Riding Club.798

The dinner, given on Wednesday, 3 July, by Colonel Robert M.Thompson, the President of the U. S. A. Olympic Committee, onboard his yacht Catania, for the members of the International OlympicCommittee and the Presidents of the National Olympic Committees.The reception given on Thursday, 4 July, by the U. S. A. contingent,on board the steamer Finland, in honour of the officials andcompetitors in the Games.The dinner given at Hasselbacken on Monday, 8 July, for the Delegatesto the Congress of the International Swimming Federation.The dinner given at Hasselbacken on Wednesday, 17 July, by theSwedish Athletic Association in honour of the Delegates to the Congressfor the formation of an International Amateur Athletic Federation.799

THE PROPOSED PRIZE FOR MOUNTAINASCENTS.ne part of the programme for The Fifth Olympiad was,that an Olympic gold medal should be awarded for“the finest performance in mountain ascents during theyears 1908—1911”.Consequently, in September 1911, the Swedish OlympicCommittee issued a circular to the various Alpineclubs and organisations in, as well as outside, Europe — not evenfar-off China being forgotten — asking them to propose candidatesfor the prize, and in January 1912, Mr. Erik Ullén was entrustedwith the task of examining, and reporting on, the answers and entriesreceived.Even before accepting this mandate, Mr. Ullén had expressed the strongestdoubts as to the possibility, as well as the desirability, of awardingsuch a prize — an opinion fully shared by the prominent foreignmountain-climbers with whom he had had an opportunity of discussingthe matter — and the answers received only confirmed and strengthenedthis opinion. As was to be expected, nearly all the leading clubshad declared against awarding the prize, while those candidates thatcould at all be thought of in a competition of this kind, based theirclaims, as a rule, more on a series of more or less meritorious ascentsthan, as was intended, on a really “Olympic” mountaineering feat.On May 31 Mr. Ullén sent in the following memorandum:ToThe Swedish Olympic Committee for the Olympic Games of Stockholm, 1912.Gentlemen,In accordance with the mandate received by the Committeefor Mountain Ascents, the said Committee now begs to state:800

that, in the opinion of the Committee, none of the ascents which have beenproposed for the prize, and the merits of which could, according to the stipulationsof the competition, be taken into consideration, is of that exceptional importancewhich one has the right, as well as the duty, to demand for the award of an OlympicGold Medal;that the Committee is strongly of the opinion that there exists no satisfactory commonbasis for a comparison between different ascents, and that, consequently, ajust award is impossible.The reasons on which the Committee bases this opinion are:1. The frequent use of paid, professional guides in mountaineering, which makesit inevitable that the jury will run the risk of rewarding amateurs for what,in reality, is due to professionals, while it also makes it impossible to compareascents carried out with, and without, assistance received from such guides.2. The impossibility of comparing ascents of different character, such as, for instance, a Dolomite rock-climb, a snow- and ice-climb in the Oberland, and anascent in the Himalayas.3. The impossibility of judging the conditions of weather and snow existing atthe time of the ascent, factors which are of vital importance on every occasion.4. The impossibility of correctly estimating the degree of safety with which anascent has been made, it being evident that the sporting value of a climb mustbe considered very much diminished if the climber has exposed himself todangers that could have been lessened, or altogether avoided, by better judgmentand greater skill.5. The fact that the jury’s chief knowledge of an ascent must be obtained fromthe account given by the climber, i. e. the competitor himself.On these grounds the Committee begs to propose:that the Olympic Gold Medal for “the finest performance in mountain ascentsduring the years 1908—1911” shall not be awarded, andthat the Swedish Olympic Committee should propose that, for the future, thiscompetition shall not form part of the programme of the Olympic Games.For THE COMMITTEE FOR MOUNTAIN ASCENTSErik Ullén.On July 2 the Swedish Olympic Committee decided that the prizefor mountain ascents should not be awarded.It is, for obvious reasons, only the possibility of awarding the prizethat is discussed in this memorandum, but it is evident that theawarding of such a prize, even if it were possible, would be anythingbut desirable. The hope of accomplishing an ascent that has beenconsidered impossible, is a strong temptation for the young and ambitiousmountaineer to expose himself to unwarrantable risks, and agood many fatal accidents can, undoubtedly be ascribed to this cause.How much stronger would not the temptation be to overstep thelimits between the justifiable and the unjustifiable, if there also existedthe possibility of gaining an Olympic medal, with the glory it entailsboth for the winner and for his country? There is no doubt butthat an Olympic mountaineering prize would lead to the loss of manyhuman lives.There is still another side of the question that must not be overlooked.51 Fifth Olympiad. 801

The mountaineer makes his ascents in places far from public observation,and, as a rule, his feats are known only to a small circleof people with similar interests.As a matter of fact, this has put its stamp on climbing as a sport,and on alpine literature. When the mountaineer describes his ascentsin the journal of his club, he does so with an accuracy, and a careand moderation in the choice of expressions, that contrast sharplywith the exaggerations, self-assertion, and big words, that so oftencharacterize his false imitator when the latter tries to draw attentionto his person in the daily or weekly papers. Were mountaineeringfeats to be rewarded with Olympic medals, it is greatly to be fearedthat some candidates, in order to make an impression on the mindsof the jurors, and to add to their chances of obtaining the covetedprize, would be tempted to forget this honourable tradition. Indicationsof this have not been wanting in the list of merits sent to theCommittee for Mountain Ascents.The inevitable result of awarding such a prize as the one in questionwould be, that the standard of mountaineering as a sport would decline.802

REPORT ISSUED BY THE JURY FORAWARDING THE OLYMPIC PRIZEFOR GAME SHOOTING.n consequence of a request made by Baron Pierre deCoubertin, the Swedish Olympic Committee for the OlympicGames of Stockholm, 1912, determined to give anOlympic gold medal for the best Game Shooting featduring the period 1908—1911. This determination,however, was come to only after much hesitation, for thedifficulties were clearly seen that lay in the way of giving proper effectto the resolution. Not wishing to reject the proposal, it was thought preferableto investigate the practicability of the idea, both for this occasionand for future Olympic meetings. This resolution, however, introducedquite a new feature into the Olympic Games. In the Gamesalready held, the competitors themselves had been present and, bytheir feats in the arena, had shown that they were worthier of Olympiclaurels than their rivals. Performances elsewhere had no validityfor the judges at the Games. But in this particular branch of sport,on the other hand, there would be brought before the judges, featsperformed anywhere during the period fixed. Under these circumstances,the competition for the Olympic game shooting prize woulddepend essentially on the entries, and it was very uncertain, of course,if the most deserving candidate would be entered, for, in spite of allpublic notification of the matter, a great part of the human race,especially in other parts of the world, would remain ignorant of theprize to be awarded. Another point that rendered it a matter of infinitedifficulty for the judges to award the medal justly would bethe fact that, in this case, the judges would have no opportunity of803

gaining any direct and personal knowledge of the feat in question,but would be obliged to rely entirely on the statements and ideas ofthose making the entry, and these again would, perhaps, not be basedon personal knowledge of the facts. Still, the Swedish Olympic Committeeresolved to refer the matter to the further investigation of thejudges. The following were chosen as judges and members of thejury in question: President; Count Claes Lewenhaupt, Lord of theBedchamber, Fr. Björkenstam, Esq., Master of the Hounds, E. vonEckermann, Esq., Master of the Hounds, Professor Einar Lönnberg,Professor A. G. Nathorst.In order to obtain a more precise definition of the phrase “thebest game shooting feat”, many expressions of opinion were asked for,and the definition given by the proposer of the award, Baron deCoubertin himself, viz., “— — — — qualities of manliness andcourage and energy — — — — displayed on one or severaloccasions”, is probably the most satisfactory one. For it cannot bethe intention of the proposer or any one else, to reward the shootingof a great number of head of game, as, irrespective of other pointsof view which need not be discussed here, this signifies chiefly aplentiful supply of game and skill in shooting, and the last factoris a thing that is submitted to the decision of judges during the courseof several different competitions in the ordinary Olympic Games.Neither can there be a question of awarding a medal such as theone in question for a feat, for which the sportsman has good-luck tothank, more than anything else, and yet there were entries that couldbest be referred to such a category.After having carefully deliberated on what had been laid beforethem in the matter, the jury determined to make the following report:“We, the undersigned, who have been commissioned to act as judges for theaward of the Olympic Gold Medal for the best game shooting feat during theperiod 1908—1911, beg herewith to state as follows:Under any circumstance, it would be difficult to give a just and definite decisionin such a matter as this, as we should then proclaim that a certain person had,in such a wide sphere as the one in question, surpassed all his contemporaries in“qualities of manliness and courage and energy — — — — displayed on one orseveral occasions”, as Baron Pierre de Coubertin, in the opinion of the judges,correctly defines the demands that should be made of the recipient of this medal.As we, the judges, from the documents which have been placed before us inthe matter, have not been able to come to the conclusion that any of the fewcandidates who have been proposed can be considered as having fulfilled suchgreat claims in a higher degree than all other persons, we find ourselves obligedto propose that the medal in question shall not be awarded on this occasion.Stockholm, 15 June, 1912.CLAES LEWENHAUPT.FREDRIK BJÖRKENSTAM. E. v. ECKERMANN.EINAR LÖNNBERG.A. G. NATHORST.In consequence of this report, the question of an Olympic Medalfor Game Shooting was decided negatively for this occasion, and this804

most certainly in agreement with the opinion of the-majority of thosethat had gone the most carefully into this delicate matter, and whoentertained every desire to consider game shooting as sport. Evenbefore any decision had been come to in the one direction or theother, articles appeared in leading sporting journals, hinting that theaward of the prize in question would not be in agreement with thesporting ideal of game shooting. Another proof that such an opinionwas very generally held is the fact, that no entries at all were madeby nations that, otherwise, could, most certainly, have sent in thenames of very prominent candidates. Under these circumstances, andas it is as good as impossible to choose, at a certain period, themost deserving candidate, and as the award of such a prize seemsto clash with the character of the other Olympic competitions, it wouldprobably be most suitable and fortunate if, for the future, there shouldarise no question of giving an Olympic medal for game shooting.805

CONCOURS D’ART.t was, of course, quite natural, that, when the OlympicGames were revived in our days, a wish should be stronglyexpressed to also include the thought entertained by theancients, and unite intellectual feats to the physicaldisplays at Olympic Competitions.In connection with this idea, Baron Pierre de Coubertin,President of the International Olympic Committee has been a very ardentchampion for the establishment of art competitions in connection withthe modem Olympic Games and, on his initiative, it was determinedby the International Olympic Committee as early as 1906 that, fromthe year 1908, the Olympiads recurring regularly each fourth year,should also include a “Concours d’Art”. The short time at the disposalof the organizers of the Olympic Games of London, 1908,did not permit of the execution of this design, so that nothing cameof the matter at the Fourth Olympiad. The question was discussedagain, however, after the London Games, and, at the Meetings of theInternational Olympic Committee at Berlin, 1909, and at Luxemburg,1910, the decided opinion was expressed that, in connection withthe Olympic Games of 1912, an announcement should be made ofan art competition in architecture, sculpture, painting, music, andliterature, to embrace works directly inspired by athletic sports.In consequence of this definite demand for an art competition inconnection with the Fifth Olympiad, the Swedish Olympic Committeeapplied to the Swedish Art Institutions and Associations, asking their806

opinion in the matter. These artistic circles advised great caution,however, in respect to the organizing of such a competition.The Royal Academy gave it as its decided opinion that, if an artcompetitionwas arranged, with the limitations fixed by the InternationalOlympic Committee, it could hardly embrace anythingbut architecture, while, on the other hand, works of sculpture andpainting would, in such a competition, be considered principally in thelight of illustrations, calculated to glorify athletic life, and thereforepresupposing in the artist, in the first place, a knowledge of the technicsof athletics. The works in question, consequently, would not bejudged merely as works of art, and, the competition, from an artisticpoint of view, would, therefore, be without meaning. The Royal Academyalso pointed out the difficulty of obtaining any suitable exhibitionpremises in Stockholm, and also the absence of means of erectingsuch a place in the vicinity of the scene of the Olympic Games. TheAcademy, therefore, advised the Swedish Olympic Committee not toorganize such a competition as the one in question.The Swedish Society of Arts pointed out that, while no serious remarkscould be made against the plan as far as architecture was concerned,the case was quite different in respect to the regulations forpainting and sculpture. Unlike the other arts, architecture always servesa more or less practical end. With regard to a competition in paintingor sculpture, on the other hand, it must always be an indispensablecondition that the principal motive of the competition is, purely andsimply — art. This seemed not to be so in the present case, andas the successful works of art in question were not to be awardedthe Olympic prizes, merely, or even principally, on account of theirartistic merits, the competitions at once became purposeless. TheSociety, however, advised the holding of an Art Exhibition in connectionwith the Olympic Games.The Section for Architecture of the Swedish Technological Societyreplied, that, even if it fully perceived the attractiveness of the proposalto fashion the modem Olympic Games, with the aid of art, in accordancewith their classic prototypes, it was not able to advise theholding of the proposed competition, chiefly on account of the vast machineryand great expense necessary for its organization, and of the comparativelysmall results that could be expected. The Section wished tosuggest, however, that, of the alternatives — a competition or an exhibition— an international competition in architecture should be chosen,in accordance with a definite programme.The Artists’ Association decided both against a competition andan exhibition, while the Artists’ Union expressed itself sympatheticallyas far as an exhibition was concerned.“The Free Artists” Society pointed out in its reply that, although theproposal to awaken artistic interest in healthful athletic sport appeareda most attractive one, still, it was impossible to realize the idea inthe form of an art competition. On the other hand, the Societythought that an Art Exhibition in connection with the Olympic Gamesof 1912, would be a very suitable measure to adopt.807

In consequence of these expressions of opinion, the Swedish OlympicCommittee, at a meeting held on the 6 February, 1912, resolvednot to include the Concours d’Art in the programme of the Games,as the concensus of opinion in artistic circles in Sweden was againstsuch a competition being held, and as, without the assistance of theleading artists of the country, the organization of such a competitionwould be associated with insuperable difficulties. A sum not exceeding5,000 francs was granted, however, to be placed at the disposalof the International Olympic Committee, in the event of thatbody, in accordance with an alternative proposal made by BaronPierre de Coubertin, determining to organize such a competitionitself.As a matter of fact, the International Olympic Committee afterwardsdetermined to arrange such a competition as the one in question,and the following notice, with the propositions for the competition,was issued through the Swedish Olympic Committee:1. The Fifth Olympiad will include: competitions in Architecture, Sculpture,Painting, Music, and Literature.2. The Jury can only consider subjects not previously published, exhibited orperformed, and having some direct connection with sport.3. The winner of each of the five competitions will be awarded the GoldOlympic Medal. The exhibits selected will, as far as possible, be published, exhibitedor performed during the Olympic Games of 1912.4. Competitors must notify their intention of entering for one or more of thesecompetitions before the 15 January, 1912, and the exhibits themselves must be inthe hands of the Jury before the 1 March, 1912.5. No limitations as to size or form are laid down for manuscripts, plans, drawingsor canvases, but sculptors are required to send in clay models, not exceeding80 centimetres in height, length or width.6. For further information, application should be made to M. le Président duComité International Olympique, 20, Rue Oudinot, Paris.Various essays, musical compositions, paintings, works of sculptureand architecture were sent in within the time fixed, and were submittedto examination by the jury appointed by the International OlympicCommittee.The prizes were awarded as follows:Literature:Gold Medal: GEORGES HOHROD et M. ESCHBACH, Germany. “Odeto Sport.”Sculpture:Gold Medal: WALTER WINANS, U. S. A. Bronze statuette, “An Americantrotter”.Silver Medal: GEORGES DUBOIS, France. Model of the entrance to amodern Stadium.808

Painting:Gold Medal: G. PELLIGRINI, Italy. Three connected friezes representing“Winter Sports”.Architecture:Gold Medal. EUG. MONOD et LAVERRIÈRE, Switzerland. Building-planof a modern Stadium.Music:Gold Medal: RICARDO BARTHELEMY, Italy. “Olympic Triumphal March”.All the objects that gained a prize were sent to Stockholm and exhibitedin special premises at 10, Karlavägen, to which the publicwas admitted.The work of sculpture — “An American Trotter” — executed byMr. Walter Winans, and which had gained the gold medal, was presentedby the sculptor to the Swedish Olympic Committee, to be addedto the new Swedish Museum of Athletics at the Stadium.At the expense of the sculptor, a bronze cast was made of themedallion — “The Joy of Effort” — executed for the competitionby Professor Tait McKenzie, of the University of Philadelphia, andwas inserted in the outer wall of the Stadium. In accordance witha wish expressed by the President of the International OlympicCommittee, a bronze plaque has been placed in the wall, as a pendantto the above-named work. It carries the following inscription:Dans ce Stade, la Vème Olympiade de l’èremoderne a été glorieusement célébrée partous les peuples de l’univers sous le règnede S. M. Gustave V. — Juillet 1912.The medallion and the plaque have been placed on opposite sidesof the grand entrance to the Stadium.The “Ode to Sport”, written by Georges Hohrod and M. Eschbath,Germany, and which received the Olympic Gold Medal forLiterature, was as follows:1.o Sport, Du Göttergabe, Du Lebenselixier!Der fröhlichen Lichtstrahl wirft in die arbeitsschwere Zeit,Der du ein Bote bist der längst vergangenen Tage.Wo die Menschheit lächelte in Jugendlust,Wo der aufsteigende Sonnengotte die Gipfel der Berge röteteUnd scheidend den Hochwald in leuchtende Farben tauchte.II.o Sport, Du bist die Schönheit!Du formst den Körper zu edler Gestalt,Hältst fern von ihm zerstörende LeidenschaftUnd stählst ihn durch dauernde Übung.Gibst schöne Harmonie seinen Gliedern.Und gefälligen Rythmus seinen Bewegungen.809

Du verbindest Grazie mit Kraft.Und Geschmeidigkeit mit Stärke.III.O Sport, Du bist die Gerechtigkeit!Vergeblich ringt der Mensch nach Billigkeit und RechtIn allen sozialen Einrichtungen;Er findet beide nur bei Dir.Um keinen Zoll vermag der Springer seinen Sprung zu höhen,Nicht um Minuten die Dauer seines Laufs.Die Kraft des Leibes und des Willens Spannung ganz alleinBestimmen die Grenzen seiner Leistung.IV.O Sport, Du bist der Mut!Es gibt nur eine Losung für die Kraft der Muskeln und des WillensUnd die heisst: wagen!Der wahre Mut is nicht tolkühne unbesonnene VerwegenheitIst nur Vertrauen auf die erworb‘ne Kraft,Dem Zufall überlässt sich nur der freche Spieler;Dein Wagen ist Berechnung, ist Verdienst!O Sport, Du bist die Ehre!Von Dir gespendet hat Lob und Zeugnis vollen Wert,Weil nur in wahrer Redlichkeitgewonnen.Unlautrer Wettbewerb und unerlaubter KunstgriffSind streng verpönt.Und mit Verachtung würde der bestraft,Der nur mit List und Täuschung die Palme sich erringen wollte.O Sport, Du bist die Freude!Sobald Dein Ruf ertönt, erbebt der Leib in Wonne,Das Auge glänzt und stürmisch Blut durchströmt die Adern.Klar fliegen die Gedanken ätherwärtsDie Seele ist gelöst von jedem DruckUnd jubelt laut im Vollgenuss des Lebens.VII.O Sport, Du bist die Fruchtbarkeit!Auf zielbewussten Wegen veredelst Du des Menschen Rasse,Weisst kranke Keime zu ersticken und Flecken auszuwischen,Die ihre Reinheit zu vergiften drohen.Und kraftgeschwellt hegt der Athlet Verlangen,Sich Söhne zu erzeugen, die fähig sind wie er,Ruhmvollen Lorbeer zu erringen.VI.VIII.O Sport, Du bist der Fortschritt!Wer Deinem Dienste würdig sich will zeigen,V.810

Muss fortgesetzt an Leib und Seele sich verbessernMuss jedes Übermass vermeiden;Und seine Leistungen zu steigern stets bestrebt sein,Und doch das höchste Gut, Gesundheit sich bewahren.Des alten Spruches eingedenk“Gesunde Seele will in gesundem Körper wohnen“.IX.O Sport, Du bist der Friede!Du schlingst ein Band um Völker,Die sich Als Brüder fühlen in gemeinsamer PflegeDer Kraft, der Ordnung und der SelbstbeherrschungDurch Dich lernt Jugend selbst sich achten,Und auch Charakter Eigenschaften anderer VölkerSchätzen und bewerten.Sich gegenseitig messen, übertreffen, das ist das ZielEin Wettstreit in dem Frieden.The relative positions — according to the official method of calculatingpoints — of the nations taking part in the Concours d’Art wasas follows:NationGoldMedalSilverMedalPoints.ItalyU. S. A.SwitzerlandGermanyFrance811

DISPLAYS, ETC., IN CONNECTION WITH THEOLYMPIC GAMES.he Swedish Olympic Committee received from manyquarters proposals for displays and competitions, outsidethe Olympic Games but in connection with them.There may be mentioned, for example, the proposal ofthe Knickerbocker Whist Club, of New York, for a competitionin whist; one from Canada for a Lacrosse displayand a third, from the Olympic Committee of France, for Aeronauticcompetitions. But on the 27 June, 1911, the Swedish OlympicCommittee adopted the principle that competitions outside the Gamesought to be avoided as much as possible during the progress of theOlympiad. None the less, the Committee considered that, in certaincases, exceptions should be made from this rule, and this was doneas regards the Display of Boy Scouts, the Flat Racing and TrottingRaces at Lindarängen, the display of Gottland games, the Icelandic“Glima”-Wrestling, Baseball, and the Swimming displays in connectionwith the illuminations at Djurgårdsbrunnsviken. In addition tothis, there were several displays in gymnastics, of which an accountis given elsewhere in this book, in connection with the report of theGymnastic competitions.The Co-operation of, and Display by, Boy Scouts.The co-operation of the Boy Scouts was not meant to be restrictedmerely to displays, but it was also the intention to carry out a propagandafor the boy scout movement by means of allowing the lads toundertake easier duties (as attendants, etc.), at the Games, this work, at the812

same time, affording a good opportunity for a number of boys to catcha glimpse of the great international event in the sphere of athletics.The initiative to the participation of the boy scouts in the Gameswas taken by Captain B. E. Littorin, Chief of the Stockholm’s ScoutCorps, and Vice-President of the Scout Federation of Sweden. CaptainLitorin laid his proposal before the Executive Committee of thelast-named body, and the Committee, finding it a most attractiveone, communicated with the Swedish Olympic Committee, which approvedof, and accepted, the plan. The financial side of the questionwas discussed and arranged, and the two organizations drew up aprogramme in common for the participation of the scouts in theGames.According to this plan, the scouts were to undertake, and be responsiblefor, all the sale of programmes inside the Stadium. In additionto this, they were to be ready to assist the officials of the Gamesat all the places where competitions were going on, and where it wasthought that they could be of any use. Finally, they were to havethe disposal of the Stadium for one evening, for the purpose of givinga display en masse, in gymnastics and in suitable boy scout exercises.The following Committee was appointed for the purpose of organizingthe participation of the boy scouts in the Games:Camp-Chief and President:Captain B. E. LITTORIN.Manager and Secretary:Lieut. RAGNAR EHRNFELT.Treasurer:KURT GELLNER, Esq.Chief of scout contingent in Stadium: C. EDELSTAM, Esq.Manager for sale of programmes: Lieut. TORSTEN AXELSSON.Reception-Marshal:J. PAULUS PALM, Esq.Camp-Doctor:Dr. A. G. GRÖNBERGER.Intendant:Lieut. C. G. M. HUMBLE.Intendant:Lieut. V. LIND.Kitchen-master:Sergeant-Major P. BRUNNBERG.In order that as many scouts as possible might be given the opportunityof taking part in the movement, an invitation was extendedto all the boy-scout corps affiliated to the Boy Scout Federation ofSweden. Invitations were also sent to the British, Danish, Norwegian,French and German Scout organizations, asking them to send smallcontingents. The following corps from abroad responded to the invitation:“Det Danske Spejdercorps” represented by some 50 scoutsunder the leadership of Captain F. Zeeman; “Norske Gutters Spejdekorps”and one or two other Norwegian Boy Scout Associations, whichsent a total of 50 scouts under Lieutenant N. R. Östgaard, and “Jung-Deutschland” with about 40 scouts, led by Dr. Keller. As the Stockholmcorps had an acquaintanceship of long standing with “DanskeDrenge”, this boys’ association was also represented, and sent about20 lads under the leadership of Mr. V. Hansen.The Swedish boy scout corps that came into camp were the following:813

Bodens Scoutförening.Borås Scoutkår.Djursholms Spanare.Enköpings Scoutkår.Eskiltuna, Sörmlandspojkarna.Falköpings Riddargossar.Falu Scoutkår.Gothenburg Riddarpojkar.Karlshamns Riddarpojkar.Karlskrona Scoutkår.Kristianstads Scoutkår.Leufsta Bruks Scoutkår.Linköpings Scoutkår.Luleå Scoutkår.Norrköping, Östgötapojkarna.Sala Scoutkår.Skara Scoutkår.Sköfde Scoutkår.Stockholms Scoutkår.Strömstads Riddarpojkar.Uddevalla Riddarpojkar.Umeå Scoutförening.Vallentuna Spanarkår.Varbergs Scoutförening.Visby Scoutkår.Västerås, Arospojkarna.Vänersborgs Spejarkår.Åmåls Riddarpojkar.Örebro Scoutkår.K. F. U. M. (Y. M. C. A.) Scoutkår.As the scouts practice open-air- and camp-life on a large scale, itwas considered that the best form of quartering this numerous assemblagewould be to arrange a large camp somewhere in the immediateneighbourhood of the city, and the Royal Djurgård Park Authoritieswere kind enough to assign the scouts a suitable spot for theircamp in the neighbourhood of Manilla, not far from the DjurgårdsbrunnCanal.Altogether there were some 1,200 boy scouts in this Olympic camp.As soon as the exact numbers were known of those that intendedto be present, all necessary measures were taken for making thecamp in readiness. The Royal Naval Dockyard was good enough tolend about 100 large or small tents, to be used by those corpsthat did not bring their own. Another important question, of course,was that of commissariat, but this question was solved by an intendant-schoolin the city kindly placing two officers and some 20 of thepupils at the disposal of the Committee. Rector Prawitz, of the ManillaDeaf and Dumb School, permitted the use of the fine kitchensthere, and allotted a wing of the building to be used as an Office,814

The result of all these kind services was that the payment made by eachscout in the camp did not exceed 75 öre (10 d.; 20 cents) per day.The various contingents of scouts began to arrive on the last daysof June and, during the next few days, the remainder of the boyscame into camp from all parts of the country. Those from abroadwere received by their Swedish comrades with banners and martial music,and were then taken, amid songs and instrumental music, throughthe leafy promenades of Djurgården out to the camp near the Canal.As the members arrived they were divided into bodies, each 50 strong,with one of the elder scouts as divisional chief. A special order ofthe day had been drawn up, so that the camp-routine should be conductedproperly, and of this the following details may be of interest.Reveille, 6 o’clock. Washing, dressing and tidying-up had to be finishedin half an hour, after which, some early refreshments were taken. At7 o’clock the Swedish flag was hoisted and saluted in proper boy-scoutway, gymnastic exercises following. After breakfast there was a free intervalof some hours, the time being used to view the sights ofthe town. Dinner was taken at 2 o’clock, the dining-room for thehundreds of boys consisting of the green slopes round Manilla, and, asbeautiful sunshiny weather prevailed during the whole time the camplasted, the dining-room did excellent service. After a couple of hours’rest after dinner, free exercises in gymnastics were taken, or the boyswere allowed to play and amuse themselves under the superintendenceof the leaders. The level ground at the foot of the camp swarmedwith boys, and one could see, for example, how the lads imitated thetug-of-war competitions at the Stadium by forming tug-of-war teams,often with as many as 200 boys on each side of the red, central ribbonof the rope. Supper was taken at 7 p.m., and after that time the publiccame to visit the camp in great crowds. The scouts’ own band providedthe musical entertainment, and afforded the visitors great pleasure.The day concluded with solemn evening prayers, after which the Swedishflag was lowered with a proper boy scout salute.As regards the assistance given by the scouts at the competitions,the various officials applied each day for the number of boys considerednecessary for the several competitions, on the supposition, ofcourse, that the scouts could be of any use in each special case. Atthe Stadium, for example, two reliefs of boy scouts were on duty everyday, the first body arriving in the morning and staying on duty until1 p.m., when it was relieved by the second division. The Stadiumneeded about 600 scouts for each day’s service. On the day of theMarathon Race, scouts were posted all along the route, in order, incase of need, to signal orders from one to the other of the officialsposted at various spots. At the Swimming Stadium, too, there werescouts on duty daily, and they also did service on the occasions of theCycle Road Race, the Shooting Competitions, etc. Every body remembersfrom the “Stadium-days” how the little, sun-burned, blueand grey boys ran about, selling programmes and fans, letting outcushions, procuring water, wiping the perspiration from the bodies ofthe wrestlers, recalling fainting ladies to consciousness, or going home815

to the dwellings of private individuals, in order, in accordance withthe directions of the owners, to find pocket-books or a bunch of keyslying in the depths of some secret drawer, the position of which hadbeen told them. Each one had his sphere of action given him beforehand,and received his instructions from the Scout-chief, E. Edelstam,the Chief Leader of the boy-scouts in the Stadium, after an applicationfrom the officials for a scout.Then came the boy scouts’ own display in the Stadium on Friday,the 12 July. The first item of the programme was a gymnastic displayby the assembled scouts, under the leadership of Captain B. E. Littorin.The display began with a stately march into the arena of all the scoutsto the tones of a lively quick step played by the Band of the KungsholmBoys’ Club’s Scout Corps. The head of the long column consistedof the foreign contingents, preceded by the standards of theirrespective countries. Then came thousands of Swedish scouts, corpsafter corps, with some 20 banners at their head. The long train oflads, that stretched all the way round the running track of the Stadium,was greeted with loud applause by the spectators.The scouts marched out again through the two tower-gateways in orderto dress for the gymnastic display. After some minutes a sharp signalwas heard and, at the same moment, the scouts rushed into the arenalike one vast billowing wave. With their white shirts and blue collarsand cuffs, they looked like a flight of thousands of swallows, movingforwards in “much-admired disorder”. But the disorder was onlyapparent, for, the next minute, the turf was dotted with 1,000 boys inperfectly parallel straight lines, ready, at the leader’s command, to givean exhibition of the Swedish gymnastics which, to these youths of anewer time, has given the harmonious, beautiful forms of classic physique.The exhibition commenced with a few free exercises followedby a game, after which came marching and movements in the ranks.Then came free jumping and vaulting over each other’s bodies. Theprogramme was concluded with a few simple trunk- and respirationmovements. Everything went beautifully and with the greatest precision,not a single fault being made, and then amid the liveliest applause,they disappeared from the arena as swiftly as they had enteredit.After the gymnastics came a display of some special boy scoutexercises, tug-of-war, relay-racing, etc. Then came a display of “first aid”,the scouts giving an example of the way in which various injuries shouldbe treated, and finally transporting an injured person from the ground ona cycle-ambulance.After the Swedish scouts had been dismissed, the Danish boysmarched in and gave an attractive display, among other things, of akind of staff-play which is very popular in Denmark and goes bythe name of “stokkeslag”. Finally, the Danish boys threw themselveson the grass and began to roll about in all directions, apparentlywithout any plan or order. But the final effect was a very pleasingone and resulted, too, in a beautiful greeting to Sweden, for theDanish boy scouts had rolled into long letters forming the words816

A CORNER OF BOY SCOUTS’ CAMP, DJURGÅRDEN.

BOY SCOUTS SALUTING THE SWEDISH FLAG

Pl. 298.BOY SCOUTS’CAMP.ONE OFTHE FOREIGNENSIGNSCHAIRED.GYMNASTICS IN BOY SCOUTS’ CAMP.

GYMNASTIC DISPLAY BY BOY SCOUTS IN THE STADIUM.

“SVEA LEVE” (Long live Sweden). First- Lieutenant Höijer had allhonour of his lads from “Det Danske Spejderkorps.”After the close of the display, all the boy scouts formed in linesof columns. Captain Littorin went to the front and thanked the publicfor the interest it had shown in the lads. After this there wassung in unison the song to Sweden beginning: “Du Gamla, du Fria”(“Thou ancient, thou fell-crowned, free land of the North”); then a cheerfor Sweden was called for, the answer being a thundering fourfoldcheer in Swedish fashion, and, with the band of the Gothenburg “Riddarpojkar”at its head, the army of boy scouts marched out of thearena and the display was ended.Displays of Gottland Games and Icelandic “Glima”.Even now-a-days, very ancient, popular games are played in the Swedishisland of Gottland. From old documents we know with certaintythat such sports were practised at the beginning of the 17th century, andthat then they were known to have been long customary in the islandof the Goths. In all probability they are as old as the days of paganism,and have been handed down from generation to generationwithout suffering any kind of deterioration. People of all ages, fromboys to old men, take part in them, and it is almost counted as ashame for a Gottlander not to have practised these ancient games.They are, thus, deeply rooted in the hearts of the people of the island,and the time will hardly come when they will be forgotten in theplace that saw their birth.There are three of these games that deserve special mention, andthe Swedish Olympic Committee for the Olympic Games of Stockholm1912 thought it only right to arrange exhibition games of“Pärkspel”, “Varpkastning” and “Stångstörtning”, for those whohappened to feel an interest in the matter.These displays, which were given in the Stadium at 7.30 p.m.,Sunday, the 7 July, attracted a small but interested public, and thevarious exhibitions, which were finely performed, were greeted withlively applause.The first to make their appearance were 16 stately, gigantic Gottlanders,bronzed by the sun of their native island. They were underthe command of Lieutenant Lindvall. The men marched in stepto the “pärk”-field in the southern half of the Stadium, and the gamebegan. It was a little difficult for the uninitiated, perhaps, to followall the intricacies of the game, but one could not but admire thelively yet lithe movements of the players, who used both hands andfeet, as occasion required, to return the ball in fine curves to opponentswho were equally on the watch to receive it.The match was between a Blue team, of Visby men, and a Yellow,the members of which were from the country districts of Gottland.After an hour’s contest the Yellows had won the two “pärks” played,and so claimed a well-deserved victory.Simultaneously, at the other end of the arena, a display was beinggiven of Icelandic “Glima”-wrestling, a form of athletics that de-52 Fifth Olympiad. 817

mands skill, elegance and litheness. After a friendly hand-shake, theopponents grasped each other firmly by the “handles” in the leathergirdles they wore. Then began a lithe, dance-like wrestling, in thecourse of which the men were as often being swung in the air asthey were on terra firma, and some vigorous bouts were fought beforea proper fall could be gained.After the close of the “Pärk” and “Glima” there was given a simultaneousdisplay of two ancient Gottland games: “Kasta varpa”(quoits) and “Stångstörtning” (tossing the caber). The quoits, thrownwith sure hand and eye, went spinning close to the pins, and oftentouched the hobs.An account of these sports may interest the reader, “pärk”, especially,being a game worth adoption in other lands.PÄRKSPEL.Sketch of the “Field”.c:a 9 metresStångPärken× “Pärkkarlens”(“Pärk-man’s”)place.The Outs.The Ins.The game takes its title from a rectangle of narrow laths or ofrope, laid on the ground and called the “pärk”. The dimensionsof the “pärk” are 230 centimetres × 80 centimetres (92 inches × 32inches); the sides are called “stång” and the ends “sticka” — “framsticka”and “baksticka” respectively.The field is divided by a boundary line, or “stöta” (lying about 9metres from the “pärk”) into two parts, called “ute” and “inne” (outsand ins): see the above sketch.The game is played with a fairly light, but hard, leather-coveredball, about 10 centimetres (4 inches) in diameter. The ball can bestruck either with the hand or the foot. The chief rule is, that theball may only bounce once on the ground before it is struck, ifit does not happen to be struck while in the air before bouncing.If the ball bounces more than once before the stroke, it is dead; the ballis also dead, if, while it is in play, it is touched twice in successionby the same player, or even if only once by several players in successionwho are on the same side.The games, like most others, consist of periods of attack and defence.The aim of the attacking side is, to get the ball dead in thatpart of the field belonging to the “ins”, while the last-named sidemust endeavour to prevent this. The end in question is attained bystriking the ball so hard, or so far, into the opponent’s part of the818

field, that the players there are unable to strike it back before itis dead.The number of the players, as a rule, is 14, there being 7 oneach side. The number can be less, but hardly larger.The captains of the different side, who are the only men thatreceive the serve, are called “pärk-karlar” (“pärk-men”), and theyare usually the best players.The points or “vunsterna” are four in number, viz: 10, 20, 30(“fullt” or set ball) and 40 (“vunnet” or game).The Play.The captains toss for innings. We can call the sides, the “Blues”and the “Yellows”. The Blues win the toss and the players take uptheir respective places. The placing of the men of each side is arbitrary,but the “pärkkarlen” of the “Ins” has his place behind the“backsticka” (back end) of the pärk. See the sketch.The Yellows, who are the outs, attack first, and endeavour to geta so-called “kas”, i. e., to get the ball dead, (i. e., so that it stops rolling),at a spot as far inside the defender’s part of the field as possible.If the Outs can get a “kas” behind the “bakstickan” or an imaginarycontinuation of this back end of the “pärk”, they have got whatis called “kas i baken” (dead ball at the back), the best that can behad and the two sides at once change places. If the Outs cannot succeedin getting any “kas” at all in their opponents’ territory, then theboundary line (“stötan”: see sketch) is “kas” or dead-ball line. Eachman, in turn, of the Outs, must, if necessary, (i. e. unless a “kas i baken” ispreviously made), serve (“slå in”— strike in) the ball with a strokeof the hand; i. e., he must endeavour to serve the ball from theboundary-line just in front of the “pärk”, so that it bounces thefirst time in the “pärk” without touching the sides of the same. Allthe first serves must be made from the “stöta”, or boundary line, infront of the “pärk”. If, when the ball is served, it should bounceoutside the “pärk”, or touch the side, the stroke (“hugget”) is afault, and the player that has made the fault cannot repeat the serve,but the next man on his side takes his place. The harder theserve is given, the more difficult it is to get the ball to bounce inthe “pärk”, but, on the other hand, a hard (“snarvt”) serve is alwaysmore difficult for the opponents’ “pärkkarl” to take. If theserve succeed, then the “pärkkarl” of the Blues (the Ins, or defenders),and he alone, endeavours with hand or foot to return this firstserve, after it has bounced once, as far as he can, back into the territoryof the Yellow (attacking) party which, in its turn, tries to get theball back into that part of the field belonging to the Blues. Shouldhe not succeed and the ball, after bouncing, becomes dead behind the“backsticka”, then “kas i baken” has been won by the Yellows andthe two sides at once change places. (See below.)In this way the ball is struck backwards and forwards until it is deadon one side or the other. After the serve, the ball may be taken inthe air or on the hop, after one bounce. The spot where the819

all becomes dead (stops) on the defenders’ territory (i. e. where oneof the defenders misses) is the “kasen” (dead ball) and it is markedwith a peg or the like. If the “kas” happens to be between the“stöta” (serving-line) and the “backsticka”, or back- end line, sometwo or three of the attacking force may advance so much nearerinto the defenders’ territory. In this way the Yellow (attacking) sidemades its: serves (hugg), either until it has got a “kas i baken”(dead ball at the back of the “pärk”; see the foregoing), or untileach man on that side has served. When the ball becomes deadin the attackers’ half of the field, then their next man must serve.When all the “Yellows” have served, the two sides change places,the Yellows becoming the Ins, and the Blues the Outs; i. e., the firstnamedbecome the defenders and the last-named the attackers, Nowbegins the attempt to get what is called “kula” or “vunst”; i. e., theYellow party must endeavour to defend the “kas” (dead ball) it gainedwhen it was the attacking party. (The best “kas” is, of course, “kasi baken”: if the Yellows — the first attacking side — has notwon such a “kas” but has several “kasar”, or dead balls in frontof that line, then, on changing sides, the Yellow shall defend that“kas” which lies nearest the “backsticka”, or back- end line, thisone being the most advantageous for them). This it does by hinderingthe ball, when the Blues begin to serve, from becoming dead (i. e. stopping)behind that “kas”. Each man of the Blues, if necessary, musttry to serve the ball into the pärk, and the pärkkarlen (thestriker-out) of the Yellows must try to return the serve, the ball beingthen cast backwards and forwards from the one side to the other, asdescribed above, until it is dead. If the Yellows succeed in defendingtheir kas, then they count one point= 10; if they do not, thenthe Blues count 10 and one “innings” has been completed on eachside. After the play for “kula” or “vunst” has been decided, anotherinnings begins. The sides stay on that side of the “stöta”, or boundaryline, where they are, and then the Blues, who in their turn beginthe attack, must try to get a kas (dead ball) in the territory of theYellows, and, if they succeed, the sides change places, as above, andthe Blues must defend their kas.If no “kas” is won by the attacking side, then, of course, a secondinnings is begun at once by the other side taking up the offensiveand trying to win a “kas”.The game goes on in this way, each side alternately becoming theOuts (Ins), until one of them has got four points = 40 (vunnet) andthereby won a game (a “pärk”). As a rule, three “pärk” are played,that side finally winning which gets two of them.“VARPKASTNING.”(Quoits).This game can hardly be called a form of athletics in the modernsense of the word, as it requires neither special strength nor agility,but merely sureness of eye and a skilful hand. The game is, thus, one820

Pl. 300.ICELANDIC“GLIMA”-WRESTLING.ICELANDIC“GLIMA”-WRESTLING.

Pl. 301.ICELANDIC“GLIMA”-WRESTLING.ICELANDIC“GLIMA”-WRESTLING.

that is held in special favour by elderly men, and is a somewhatunique “Old man’s game”.The “varpan” (quoit) consists of a flat, nearly round, and somewhatthick stone, 15 centimetres (6 inches) or a little less in diameter.The quoit is held in the right hand so that the forefingerrests along the rounded edge of the stone, with the other fingers onthe under side of the quoit. When the stone is thrown forward, it isgiven a slight rotary movement in order to get it to move steadilythrough the air and to remain on the spot where it strikes the ground.After having learned to throw the quoit in this manner, the game is,to throw at a mark at a certain distance, usually about 20 metres.The marks consist of pins, or hobs, fastened in the ground. Theplayers stand by the one pin and throw at the other. When everyonehas thrown his quoit, the players go to the mark, and the onewhose stone lies nearest to the pin gains one point. Each player nowcasts his quoit at the pin where he was standing when he began thegame, and the casts are continued from each hob alternately, untilone of the players gains 12 points, when he becomes the victor.The game can be played by two or three persons, but also bymore; in the latter case the players divide themselves into two parties,the best throw of each side deciding the point.“STÅNGSTÖRTNING”(Tossing the Caber)is a sport that presupposes an amount of bodily strength somewhatsurpassing the ordinary.The caber, which is of timber, should have a length of about 5metres, with a bottom diameter of 13 centimetres (51/S inches) and atop diameter of about 7 cm. (3 inches). The caber must first belifted from the ground with one hand round the thin end, the polebeing then grasped by the other hand, at a distance of about */3 of ametre (26 inches) higher up. Then, supporting the caber on thebended knee, and with the body bent somewhat backwards, the playermust try to heave up the pole, so that the thick end is lifted upwards,until the caber stands almost perpendicular, supported somewhatagainst the shoulder. Both hands now grasp the thin end ofthe pole. With the caber in this position, a slight run is permittedup to a certain mark and then, when this is reached, the thick end ofthe pole is allowed to fall slowly forwards, and, at the same time,the caber is thrown forcibly upwards and forwards, so as to getthe pole to turn over. The thick end of the caber touches the groundfirst, and it ought to pitch over with the thin end foremost. In order tocount a point, the thin end must fall forwards at right angles to thethrowing point, and the thrower must not step past the mark. The one whothrow farthest and who gets the caber to turn over properly, is the winner.ICELANDIC “GLIMA”=WRESTLING.THE RULES.The wrestlers shall stand erect. They grasp each otherwith the right hand on the opponent’s left hip (the players wear trunks),821

and with the left hand somewhat above the middle of the opponent’sright thigh. Heels together; toes turned out.The hands must never be employed to obtain any special hold.A wrestler may make use of them only to prevent himself from falling,so that his body will not touch the ground.It is not permitted to strike with the feet (on the calf, or elsewhere,where an opponent can be hurt), elsewhere than near the ground (as,for example, in a “vadtag”, or “calf”, leg-hold), and then only withthe sole of the foot.Defeated is the one that touches the ground with:The whole body.The trunk.The hip.The upper arm.The thigh.Not defeated is the one that touches the ground with:The hand or hands.The knee or knees.A Brother-fall is the term given when both wrestlers fall at thesame time. When this happens, the “glima” shall be begun again fromthe beginning.In the course of an ordinary “competition-glima” all the opponentsmeet each other. The one that wins oftenest is the victor.ArniBjörnGunnarExample.Arni Björn Gunnar Jön WinsJónExplanation: Arni wrestles with Björn and beats him; a + sign isthen placed to Arni’s credit underneath Björn’s name, and a — signto Björn beneath Arni’s name, and so on. (+ = win; — = defeat.)According to the table given above, Gunnar has beaten all his rivalsand so is the victor.Each “glima” lasts three minutes. If, during this time neither competitorwins, there is a pause of two minutes, after which a fresh“glima” begins.If a competitor gives up a “glima”, and does not fight it out tothe end, it is reckoned as a defeat to him and a win to his opponent.If a competitor makes use of a “nidtag” (foul), during the courseof a “glima”, and if the judges agree that it has been done wilfully,the offender is warned. If a competitor is warned twice duringthe course of the same glima, he loses the right to take anyfurther part in the competition.822

A nidtag (foul) is the term applied if one of the wrestlers comedown on his hands and feet, or is in any other dangerous position,and his opponent rushes up to him and presses him to the groundby sheer weight, and without having the prescribed hold. All “nidtag”(fouls) are forbidden.At 3 p.m., on Monday, the 15 July, competitions in IcelandicGlima-Wrestling were held at the Stadium, for a Cup presented tothe Swedish Olympic Committee by Icelanders living in Denmark.The following Icelanders took part in the competition: SigurjónPjetursson, Hallgrimuå Benidiktsson, Magnús Tomasson, Axel Kristjánsson,Gudmundar Kristinu Gudmundsson and Kári Arngrimsson,Halldór Hanssen acting as judge. The display was one of the mostdelightful of all the competitions in the Games.Baseball.The game of baseball is one of no very ancient date in Sweden,Vesterås, in 1910, being the birthplace of the first club formed forthe practice of the game that is so very popular in America.When, in the spring of 1912, the Vesterås Baseball Club receiveda communication from the Swedish Olympic Committee, inquiringwhether the Club would be willing to take part in an exhibition gameone evening during the Games, the question awakened both pleasureand doubt in the hearts of the members, for, though the highest wisha Swedish athlete could entertain was that of being able to take anypart in the Olympic Games, there were doubts if the Club couldget a team of good players. Many of the most prominent membersof the Club had left the district, and this loss seemed a difficult oneto make good. However, by means of continual practice, carried onthree times a week, the Club managed to get together a team sufficientlyskilful to be able to give their opponents a fairly good game.The American Olympic team in Stockholm had the idea of givingan exhibition of baseball in the Swedish capital, and had thereforebrought baseball outfits, together with a description of the game,printed in America.According to the original Olympic programme, the evening of July10 had been reserved for the exhibition game in the Stadium, but asthe American Olympic Committee would not allow the members ofthe team to take part in the game before the end of the other competitions,the baseball match was put off until Monday, July 17, whenthe game was played at the Östermalm Athletic Grounds, the Stadiumat that date being needed for the Horse Riding competitions.As, in baseball, a great deal depends on the “battery”, i e. theability of the pitcher and catcher, and as, compared with their opponents,the Swedish team was pretty weak just in this respect, the captainof the American team was begged to allow two of his men toact as the battery for the home side. The visitors were kind enough823

to comply with this request, Messrs. B. Adams and W. Oler, J:nr,being lent to the Swedes as pitcher and catcher respectively, MrAdams being afterwards relieved by Messrs. Nelson and Holden.A remarkable feature of baseball is the ability of the pitcher tothrow the ball so that it “breaks” in the air, this making it verydifficult for the striker to hit the ball properly. As the Swedishpitch had not yet learnt this art, and as our batsmen, therefore, hadnot had an opportunity of playing against such a pitcher, we weregreatly afraid that the members of our team would not be able toget the ball away when they were opposed by the American pitchers.Matters turned out far better than had been expected, however, a twobasehit being made amongst other things, while our team did notat all make such a bad figure in the field, though there were anumber of mistakes, excusable on account of nervousness, etc.It is impossible, of course, to learn to play baseball thoroughly ina couple of seasons, and none of the Swedes taking part in the matchhad ever before seen a game played by an experienced team. Theresult showed, however, that baseball can be played with advantagehere in Sweden, especially as, in this country, the long, light summerevenings permit of games being carried on until about 10 p.m., while,in most places in America, it is dusk at 8 o’clock, or even earlier.Result of the Baseball Match played on the 15 July, 1912, atthe Östermalm Athletic Grounds, between the U. S. A and Sweden.SWEDEN. AB. R. H. P. A. E. UNITED STATES. AB. R. H. P. A. E.Oler, cB. Adams, pNelson, pHolden, pSapery, ssWelin, 1bWikman, 3bLandahl, 2bLarson, rfTorsleff, lfJohansson, lfAxell, cfTotalsDrew, rfWhitney, rfCourtney, 3bKiviat, ssJones, 2bKelly, cfPatterson, cfDavenport, cIrons, lfHorine, lfBonhag, 1bBlanchard, 1bByrd, pHaff, pMcClure, p.Totals* Sweden allowed 6 put-outs in last (sixth) innings.United StatesSwedenTwo-base hits: Courtney, Wikman. Three-base hit: Kiviat. Stolenbases: Kiviat, Jones 2, Davenport 2, Johansson. Bases on balls: OffAdams 1, off Nelson 3. Struck out: by Adams 3, by Byrd 3, byHaff 3, by Mc Clure 1, by Nelson 3 and by Holden 1. Doubleplays: Byrd to Bonhag. Wild pitches: Adams, Nelson. Hit by pitchedball: Drew, Kelly. Passed balls: Oler 2, Davenport 2. Umpire:Mr. George Wright.824

Pl. 302.VÄSTERÅS BASEBALL-CLUB TEAM.BASEBALL MATCH, U. S. A. v. SWEDEN.AXELL, Sweden, batsman: DAVENPORT, U. S. A., pitcher.

Pl. 303.BASEBALL MATCH, U.S.A. V. SWEDENPractice before game. DAVENPORT catcher, HOLDAN batsmanBASEBALL MATCH, U.S.A. v. SWEDENWICKMAN, Sweden, making a two-base-hit to centre field. DAVENPORT catcher.

Pl. 304.BASEBALL MATCH, U. S. A. v. SWEDEN.WELIN, Sweden, racing to 1:st base after a short hit. BLANCHARD at 1:st base.BASEBALL MATCH, U. S. A. v. SWEDEN.SWEDEN in. U. S. A. fielding. ADAMS batting. DAVENPORT catcher.

CHORAL FESTIVAL IN THE STADIUM, 13 JULY, 1912

As may be seen by the above report of the game, six inningswere played, the final result being America 13, Sweden 3. As thegame began at a comparatively early hour, 10 a.m., there was nogreat crowd of spectators, and those that were present were mostlyAmericans or Swedish-Americans.REPORT OF THE ENTERTAINMENTSCOMMITTEE.On October 30:th, 1911, the Swedish Olympic Committee appointedan “Entertainments Committee”, as it was felt that some measures oughtto be taken for the comfort and pleasure of those who were expectedto visit Stockholm during the Games. It seemed specially desirable tomake every effort to organize some public entertainments, in considerationof the fact that the long, light, northern summer evenings usuallyentice people to remain out of doors until a very late hour. TheCommittee, therefore, was empowered to take all steps necessary withregard to the decoration of the city, excursions and interurban communications,public amusements, evening entertainments at the Stadium,and publications in connection with these matters.The composition of the Committee was as follows:President: A. LILJA, ESQ.,Vice-President: FRITHIOF AHLSELL, ESQ.,Secretary: D. BLOMBERG, ESQ.,Other Members: B. F. BURMAN, ESQ.,BEYRON CARLSON, ESQ.,CAPTAIN E. FRESTADIUS.,TORBEN GRUT, ESQ.,KRISTIAN HELLSTRÖM, ESQ.,OLLE HJORTZBERG, ESQ.,C. RAMSTRÖM, ESQ.The Decoration of the City.The decoration of the city during the summer was a matter of greatpublic interest, the Artists’ Club, among other bodies, devoting attentionto the matter, and discussing it at a special meeting.A number of proposals were made for the decoration of the streetsand public places; plans for triumphal arches in central positions,bonfires on the southern heights of the town, decorative arrangementsalong the quays, etc., being sent in to the Entertainments Committee.This body finally came to the conclusion, however, that the city wouldappear most dignified adorned in native beauty, its charms enhancedmerely by a wealth of flags, that is to say, Stockholm was to be itself,but in its best attire.In accordance with this decision, a letter was addressed to the CivicFinancial Board which, with the greatest willingness, agreed to carryout the wishes of the Committee as expressed in its communication,825

this leading to the decoration of the streets and squares of the townwith flags.Flag-staffs, displaying the colours of the nations taking part in theOlympic Games, were erected in the following streets and publicplaces: Skeppsbron (the Great Quay), Norrbro Bridge, Strömgatanalong Norrström to Skeppsholmen, Arsenalsgatan, Birgejarlsgatan,Sturegatan, Valhallavägen, Sturevägen as far as to the Olympian Gardens,and along Strandvägen up to the Swimming Stadium.The festive appearance of the town was enhanced by the massesof flags and bunting that adorned many private houses and publicbuildings, while balconies were more generally decorated with flowersthan in other years.Excursions in the vicinity of Stockholm.By means of circulars to the various steamboat companies whosevessels keep up communications between Stockholm and its environs,the Committee endeavoured to awaken an interest in the arrangementof excursions to various places.During the time the Games went on, a great number of boats,among them the steamships “Brevik” and “Saga”, made pleasuretrips at different hours, the midnight excursions being much liked,as they gave visitors an opportunity of finishing the day in a mostpleasant way before going to rest after the restaurants were closed.On a couple of these boats there were “hosts”, speaking several languages,and the decorative arrangements and the preparations to satisfymore material desires were made with a special view to the guestsfrom abroad and to upholding the reputation of Swedish hospitality.The harbour authorities, too, displayed the greatest willingness inthe matter of arranging special anchorages for motor-boats, a step thatgreatly facilitated an advantageous placing of these vessels for excursionsto various places.Experimental taxi-cab drives were made through the town, for thepurpose of determining times, distances and fares, the results beingafterwards published in the official guide.Publications for the guidance of visitors.By means of circulars to the theatres, art-exhibitions, museums,concert halls, and steamboat companies of the city, an appeal wasmade to supply the Committee with information respecting their intendedspecial arrangements for the summer, these particulars afterwards beingpublished in the two organs of the Committee, “Stockholm”, and the“Guide Programme”.A contract was made with the firm of Hasse W. Tullberg & Co.for the due publication of these guides.“Stockholm, The Official Guide to the Olympic Games” was a bookof more than 300 pages, and cost 1 krona (c:a 1 sh. 1 d.). It containeda full description of the sights of the city and its environs,and a list of the communications, as well as plans of the various826

Olympic arenas, a general programme of the Games, a list of theentertainments, etc., in Swedish, English, German, French and Russian.“The Official Guide and Programme” was a daily sheet, costing 10 öre(1 d.), with a list of amusements and entertainments for the day.Both of these publications were edited by Mr. Gustaf Åsbrink.Gala, and other Theatrical Performances.At the request of the Committee, the Royal Opera re-opened betweenJuly 2 and July 15, during which time there were given: Carmen,Romeo and Juliet, Tosca, Lohengrin, the Adventures of Hoffman,and Bohème. On July 6, at the same house, there was given aSwedish Ballad Concert, with Mr. John Forsell, Court singer, as soloist.Swedish orchestral compositions were also played on this occasion.On July 11 and 14 at the request of the Entertainment Committee,the club called the “Friends of Swedish National Dances”, gave galaperformances at the Opera House, the programme on both occasionsbeing most successfully carried out. A specially chosen choir ofUppsala undergraduates sang a selection of Swedish part-songs and thencame two scenes, one representing an old-fashioned cottage interior,and the other a fell-landscape bathed in the light of a northern summernight; old-fashioned dances and herd-girl songs were then givenwith these poetical back-grounds.On July 15, on the occasion of the Horse-Riding competitions,there was given another gala representation at the Opera, when Izeylwas performed, the Royal family and their Imperial and Royal guestsbeing present.Of the other Stockholm houses, the Svenska Theatre, the OscarTheatre and the Djurgård Theatre also gave performances. At theIntima Theatre an amateur company of undergraduates, from the Universitiesof Uppsala and Stockholm, gave a classical comedy that ranfor some few evenings. At the Svenska Theatre, Einar Fröberg’scompany played “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” from June 27 toJuly 1. At the Oscar Theatre, the operettas, “The Count of Luxemburg”,“The Merry Widow”, and “Chaste Susanna”, were playedfrom July 1—15. The Djurgård Theatre was open all the summer,according to custom.As was mentioned above, a company of undergraduates gave a classicalcomedy, “Mostellaria” written by Plautus Titus, and dating backsome 2,000 years. It was the intention of those that gave the initiativeto this enterprise, to offer the public classical plays during thecourse of the classical Olympic Games. As on a former occasionin Stockholm, and as was the custom during the early part of the17:th century, all the roles, those of the women too, were played bymen. The attendance here, as at the other theatres, was not allthat could have been expected, but the performances were continued,with the exception of some few nights, until the 12 July.All the concert halls, restaurants and music halls did their best tomake as favourable an impression as possible, by engaging good bands, etc.827

By the efforts of the Entertainment Committee, a concert wasgiven at the Stadium on the evening of July 6, by the massedmilitary bands of the city, in which 300 performers from twelvedifferent bands took part. The arrangements were made by theStockholm division of the Swedish Musicians’ Association, under thepatronage of H. R. H. the Crown Prince. Swedish composers alonewere represented on the programme. The audience was a very goodone, and warmly applauded the performance.This concert, the success of which was due in no small degree tothe excellent acoustic properties of the Stadium, was the greatest ofits kind that had ever been held in Sweden.On the evening of July 9, the band of the Royal Grenadier Guardsplayed at the Stadium, Sub-lieutenant Gustaf Björkquist being theconductor. The reason of this concert being given was to allow peoplewho had no opportunity of visiting the athletic grounds during theday, to see the place at their ease on the payment of a verysmall sum.On Friday, 12 July, there was a grand review of Swedish BoyScouts at the Stadium. At 7.30 p.m., Swedish, Danish, Norwegianand German boy scouts marched past amid the lively applause of thesightseers, the review following immediately afterwards.Open Air Entertainments.Following the traditions with regard to the arrangements made toamuse the public on the occasion of exhibitions, rifle meetings, etc.,the Committee made it an item of its programme to arrange pleasuregardens, etc., in the neighbourhood of the Stadium. It can easilybe understood that, for the short time that the Games lasted, therecould be no possibility of any extensive or expensive arrangementsbeing made anything like the immense and costly establishmentson the continent, but everything was to be of a provisional character,the principal features being a dancing platform, roundabouts, etc.Through the complaisance of the military authorities and the DjurgårdPark Board, it was found possible to arrange the gardens inquestion at a suitable spot near the harbour of Värtan. After theplace had been drained and covered with gravel, there were erecteda large restaurant, dancing platforms, a marionette theatre, switchbacksand other simple attractions, the whole being given the titleof “Olympia”. The price of admission was 3 d. (c:a 6 cents).There were crowds of sightseers the whole of the time the place wasopen and, during the short period of its existence, it was visited byabout 30,000 persons.A considerable part of the receipts was paid over to the SwedishCommittee for the Olympic Games.Special arrangements made by Public Institutions.A number of public institutions made special arrangements in connectionwith the great event in the world of athletics.828

For example, the Royal Library exhibited a number of books dealingwith athletics, the exhibition including an interesting collection ofmanuscripts (some dating from the 16:th century, these latter embracingchiefly riding and fencing), and the rich literature of our daysin the field of sport and athletics.At the open-air museum of Skansen, the various Provincial Associationsfor the promotion of home-sloyd (domestic handiwork), exhibited,for the purpose of sale, products of Swedish home labour — Scaniantapestry and lace, linen from Västergötland and Ångermanland, and leather,bone and mazer work from Lapland. The objects sold formed apleasing contrast with the ordinary souvenirs sold at industrial exhibitions.At the open-air theatre at Skansen there was given a “folk-play”called “The Värmlanders”, and at the lower theatre, which is also anout-of-doors establishment, Topelius’ play, “The Whirligig”, was givenduring the whole of the summer.The Northern Museum allowed the Östergötland Association for thePromotion of Home Sloyd to use two of its rooms, for the purpose ofexhibiting the fine old lace, hemstitch and tapestry made in thepeasant homes, etc., of the province.The Swedish Artists’ Association, the Swedish Artists’ Union, anartist, Mr. G. Fjaestad, and the Sloyd Association called “HandarbetetsVänner”, had very interesting exhibitions of work during the summer,and it was everywhere evident that the intention was to make thevery best possible impression on an occasion like that of the OlympicGames, the holding of which was such an honour to the country.On casting a glance back at the efforts made by the EntertainmentsCommittee to arrange public amusements during the course ofthe Games, it will be found that the indoor-entertainments offered toour visitors and which (as, for example, in the case of those at theRoyal Opera House) were of a very high class, could not compete,as far as the attendance of the public was concerned, with theout-of-door amusements, even if these were of the very simplest description.A long evening spent in the open air amid the witchery of theNorthern summer twilight that, during June and July, forms our nighthere, seemed to be the natural continuation of the exciting out-doorlife of the daytime, and the Terrace Café at the Stadium and all theother open-air establishments of the kind were, as a rule, quite full,while the theatres were playing to half-empty houses. It would bedifficult to say, however, whether this experience should be a guidefor places in more southern latitudes, where artifical lighting replaces,though it cannot vie with, the natural beauty of a northern summer eve.It should also be added that, in many cases, the expectations ofthose who went to great extra expense and made sacrifices in orderto be able to offer the public increased opportunities of enjoying themselvesduring the course of the summer of 1912 here in Stockholm,were not fulfilled. In consequence of the vast scale on which the829

Olympic Games were advertised and the lengthy preparations made,economical expectations were raised to the very highest pitch, andthe result was disappointing to the more sanguine of the speculators.As a result of the contracts which the Entertainments Committeehad been empowered to make, the body in question was able, however, tohand over to the Swedish Olympic Committee, at the conclusion ofthe Games, the sum of a little more than £ 2,000($ 10,000), as shownin the Report of the Finance Committee.The great Swedish Choral Festival at the OlympicGames of Stockholm, 1912.The Swedish Choral Association, which embraces singers from everypart of Sweden, and the object of which is to create an interestin the execution of four-part songs for men’s voices, and also to increasepatriotism in Sweden, organized a grand Choral Festival in connectionwith the Olympic Games of Stockholm, in 1912.More than 4,400 singers from the whole country took part in thismusic festival. A temporary concert hall was erected for the occasion,seating 8,000 persons, in addition to the singers. The festival lastedthree days, during which time two concerts were given at the hall,an open-air performance took place at Skansen, and one was held atthe Stadium. At the concerts, which were attended, at Skansen, byan enormous crowd, and at the other places by full houses, thesongs were rendered, in part, by the grand choir of 4,400 men, and,in part, by smaller choirs from the provinces, each numbering from200 to 800 singers. The concert at the Stadium, which was attendedby an audience numbering 27,000, was preceded by an immensechoral procession, in which 6,000 persons took part. In the cortegethere were allegorical groups representing “Patriotic Songs”, “WarSongs”, “Church Choral Music”, and “Ballads”, besides which therewere groups from each province of Sweden illustrating some peculiarfeature of the district represented. A most imposing sight was presentedthis lovely summer evening by the entrance into the Stadiumof the enormous procession of 4,400 singers, in their white corps-capsand with their banners, and preceded by the allegorical groups —whose gigantic platforms were drawn by teams of six horses — theheralds and horsemen, the thousand schoolboys and the thousandboy-scouts with little Swedish flags in their hands, which marchedinto the arena amid the applause of nearly three times ten thousandexpectant sightseers. It made an impression which can be imagined,but hardly described.After the singers had taken up their station in the middle of thearena and Mr. Hultquist, principal conductor of the Association andsole arranger of the festival, had mounted the tribune, the concertbegan with a special greeting to Their Majesties the King and Queen,consisting of a feeling speech by H R. H. the Crown Prince, Chairmanof the Swedish Choral Association, followed by a song of homagecomposed for the occasion and dedicated to their Majesties. Then830

came the concert proper, consisting of patriotic songs alone, whichwere rendered most brilliantly. It was simply astounding to hear suchperfect ensemble, such precision of intonation, with variations infullness of tone that allowed the vast volume of harmony to roll inthunder across the Stadium, or to die away in the faintest pianissimo.Each number was greeted with great applause, and after the last song— “Hear us, Svea!” — which was heard by the audience standingwith uncovered heads, there was no end to the cheering. There wasa clapping of thirty thousand pairs of hands; people hurrahed andshouted, they waved handkerchiefs and parasols and, the ‘encore’not coming quickly enough to please the public, bursts of applausewere heard arising from section after section of the audience, followedby the cry “Hear us, Svea! Hear us, Svea!” Although the concertwas now at an end, the public would not quit the Stadium, but continuedto ask for fresh numbers, which were heard with an undiminishedenthusiasm, seldom, or never before, witnessed among the slowly-moveddwellers in the high north.As may be imagined, the concerts in the great hall were of greatermusical value, as it was possible to arrange the programmes there inbetter accordance with the demands of art, and as songs by smallerchoirs and soloists, given in addition to the performances by the largechoir, lent variety to the whole. The ideal acoustic propertiesof the concert hall also added to the effect, for seldom has a temporaryerection better served its purpose in this respect than was now the case.831

MEDICAL AID DURING THE GAMES.he arrangements for providing medical aid at the variousplaces for the competitions in athletics, swimming, rowing,cycling, fencing and horse riding were made by thespecial committees for each of these branches. For thefencing competitions, which were held in the lawn-tennispavilion at the Östermalm Athletic Grounds, in theimmediate neighbourhood of the Stadium, the provision was made that,in the case of help being required, those in charge could apply to themedical staff on duty at the Stadium, which would be in readiness, inthe event of a severe case of illness or an accident occurring duringthe course of the competitions at the scene of the fencing in thelawn-tennis pavilion, to give assistance there too. For the horse ridingcompetitions, which took place on July 16 and 17, after the conclusionof the competitions in athletics at the Stadium, the medical menand their staff who had been on duty at this place, stayed there untilthe conclusion of these events as well.A. THE COMPETITIONS IN THE STADIUM.I. The organization of the medical staff.The following doctors, who had been chosen by the Committee forAthletics, attended for the purpose of giving any necessary medical aidat the competitions that took place at the Stadium from the 6:th tothe 15:th July, and on July 16:th and 17:th, as well as during the fencingcompetitions:832

FRIES, K. A. E., surgeon-lieutenant, Army Medical Corps Reserve;assistant physician at the Garrison Hospital, Stockholm;JOSEFSON, A. R., lecturer on internal diseases at the Carolean Institute;LEVIN, E. I., lecturer in bacteriology at the Carolean Institute;NICKLASSON, G. W., assistant physician at the Stockholm UnionInfirmary;NYSTRÖM, E. G., lecturer in surgery at the Carolean Institute;WAHLSTEDT, A. J. G., surgeon-captain, attached to the Royal FieldTelegraph Corps; assistant at the Public Medical Institution;ÅHMAN, C. G., surgeon-captain, Army Medical Corps Reserve; inpractice at Gothenburg.The Queen Sophia Association placed trained members of the StockholmVolunteer Aid Corps at the disposal of the medical staff at theStadium, for the purpose of rendering assistance there, and there werealso present two Sisters from the Swedish Nursing “Red Cross” Association,for the purpose of giving aid in the case of any of the publicbeing attacked by illness. After application to the proper quarters,the doctors, nurses and members of the Voluntary Medical Aid Columnswere granted permission to wear, while on duty during the OlympicGames, the white arm-band with the Geneva Cross, which is knownthroughout the civilized world.A little room on the ground floor of the Stadium, with direct communicationwith the stands and the principal entrance, was placed at thedisposal of the doctors for the purpose of operations, the dressing ofinjured limbs, etc. There was direct Riks-telephone communicationwith this room. In addition to this, there were two rooms on the secondfloor, with an entrance from the staircase in the north-west tower,which were used as store-rooms for appliances which it was not necessaryalways to have at hand in the doctors’ room. These roomswere also intended to be used as reserve sick-rooms, and were usedon one occasion, when a bed was made there for a boy-scout whohad been attacked in the Stadium with acute gastritis and who wasnot able to return at once to the boy-scout camp in Djurgården Park.The Stille-Werner Co. Ltd. had placed all necessary medical andsurgical appliances, and other articles for the care of the sick, at thedisposal of the doctors on duty at the Stadium competitions. In this way,the operation-room at the Stadium, from the beginning of the Games,was so well furnished that, had there been any necessity, very seriouscases could very well have been treated there. The VolunteerAid Corps, the “Red Cross” and the Army Medical Departmenthad sent blankets and other requisites for two beds, the necessarylinen, bandages, ambulance litters and other appliances.The work of the medical staff at the Stadium during the competitionswas organized in the following way. At the times when thecompetitions were going on, there were always present at least 2doctors, 5 attendants and 2 sick-nurses. Of the doctors, one was alwaysin the arena, as a rule in the vicinity of the place where sucha competition was going on as gave reason to suppose that an acci-53 Fifth Olympiad. 833

dent might happen to a competitor or an official. It was the dutyof this doctor to be always at hand in the event of an accident, ora case of sickness of any kind, occurring among those present in thearena. The other doctors on duty were stationed either in the operation-roomor on the balcony above, where two seats with a goodview both of the arena and of the stands were always reserved forthe doctors on duty. The nurses too, were on the same balcony,when they were not on duty in the operation-room, and two of thesick-attendants also had seats there. Another attendant was placed asan outlook on the balcony from which the flags of the winning nationswere hoisted on the flag-staffs. If he observed anything that he thoughtrequired the attention of any of the medical staff, he communicatedby telephone with the operation-room. One attendant was stationedat the gate admitting to the arena, in front of the west grandentrance. His task was to be at hand if his aid should be requiredby the doctor on duty in the arena. The remaining attendanthad always to be either inside, or in the immediate neighbourhood of,the operation-room. All these attendants were instructed to pay verycareful attention to everything that took place in the arena orin the stands, which could be easily seen from the spots where theywere stationed. By this means, any accident or case of illness, not onlyamong the competitors and officials, but also among the public, couldeasily be observed and reported with the least possible loss of time tothat doctor that was nearest. At the same time, however, these attendants,especially those on the balcony, had to have their attentiondirected on the doctor or doctors that happened to be in the arena.These latter, by means of a specially arranged system of signalling could,in case of necessity, call one or two attendants either with or withouta supply of bandages or an ambulance-litter.II. Medical Aid given in the Stadium.During the period when the competitions were going on in theStadium, there were treated altogether by the medical staff on dutythere, 149 cases, of which 132 were men and 17 women. From thefollowing tables may be seen the nationality of these persons, thebranches of athletics represented and the officials treated, togetherwith the character of the complaints and injuries. Tables No 1 & 2embrace the men; Nos. 3 & 4, the women, treated.The two cases of sunstroke which occurred during the Marathon raceare not included in the tables, as both the men were taken direct tothe Royal Seraphim Hospital and, consequently, were not treated atall at the Stadium. These two cases will be treated of later on.A few remarks may be made respecting a couple of the casestreated.During one of the football matches, a Danish player happened to falland put his elbow out of joint. On examination it was found thatthe upper ends of both the ulna and the radius were displaced backwardsand outwards (luxatio cubiti posterior et lateralis). The injured834

Table I. Nationality of the Men Patients.Branch of Athletics, or OfficeNationTotalAustriaCanadaDenmarkFinlandFranceGermanyGreat BritainGreeceHollandHungaryItalyLuxemburgNorwayRussiaSwedenTurkeyU. S. A.TotalTable II. Complaints and bodily injuries of the Men Patients.Name of thecomplaints andbodily injuriesBranch of Athletics, or OfficeFainting (Syncope)Epilepsy (Epilepsia)Acute enlargement ofthe heart (Dilatatiocordis acuta)Inflammation of theveins (Phlebitis)Bleeding at the nose(Epistaxis)Acute bronchitis(Bronchitisacuta)Sore throat (Anginatonsillaris)Acute gastric catarrh(Gastritis acuta)Acute intestinal catarrh(Enteritisacuta)Carried forward835

Branch of Athletics, or OfficeName of thecomplaints andbodily injuriesBrought forwardToothache(Odontalgia)Acute inflammation ofthe joints (ArthroitisHydrops)Sunburn (ErythemaSolare)Shingles (Herpes zoster)Sore on the hornymembrane of theeye (Ulcus comæ)Abscess (Abscessus)Boil (Carbunculus)Cyst on sebaceousgland (Atheroma infectum)Sting of insect (Morsusinsect.)Fracture (fracturæ) ofcollar-bone (fr. claviculæ)Fracture of ribs (fr.costarum)Broken fibula(fr. fibulæ)Dislocation of elbowjoint (Lux. cubiti)Dislocation of the collar-bone(Sublux.claviculæ)Ankle sprain (Distorsiopedis)Rupture of muscle)(Ruptura muscularis)Strain (Distorsio tendinum)Concussion of the brain(Commotio cerebri)Thrombus(Hämatoma)Contusion (Contusio)Bruise(Vulnera contusaCut (Vulnera incisa)Graze (Vulnera trita,v. contusa)Foot-gall (Vulneratritapedum)Foreign body (Corpusalienum)For. body in the eye(Corp. alien. oculi)Total836

Table III.Nationality of the Women Patients.Branch of Athletics, or OfficeNationGymnastsWomen officialsand AttendantsWomen fromamong thepublicTotalFinlandSwedenTable IV.TotalComplaints and injuries of the Women Patients.Branch of Athletics, or OfficeName of the complaintsand injuriesGymnastsWomen Officialsand AttendantsWomen fromamong thepublicTotalFainting (Syncope)Hysteria (Hysteria)Bleeding at the nose (Epistaxis)Toothache (Odontalgia)Wound caused by hat-pin (Vulnus)Contusion (Contusiones)Bruise (Vulnera contusa)Foreign body (Corpus alienum)Foreign body in the eye (Corpusalien. oculi)Totalman was taken to the operation-room where the elbow was put intojoint again, the patient being under the influence of ether.This was the first case that had to be treated in the operation-room,and it was, too, the only instance during the whole of the O[ympic Games,when it was found necessary to perform an operation while the patient wasunder the influence of an anaesthetic. During the Stadium week proper,between the 6 and 15 July, there was not a single serious accident in theStadium. This very satisfactory state of things is to be ascribed, inno small degree, to the excellent arrangements made there, by meansof which every measure had been taken on the part of the managementin order to avoid accidents of any kind.A Russian officer, a competitor in the individual competition inprize-jumping, happened, after having cleared the obstacles verycleverly, to fall with his horse at the last one, the wide ditch. Hewas up in his saddle again at once, and rode out of the Stadium asif nothing serious had happened, but, as he went at a walk alongthe road outside the Stadium on the way to the saddling place, hewas suddenly seen to fall from his saddle to the ground. He wascarried to the operation room, where the doctors immediately tookhim in hand. On an examination, which was at once made, nothingelse could be observed than a concussion of the brain, which, however,837

was not of a very serious nature, so that, after suitable treatment, heregained consciousness in a comparatively short time. He complained,however, of great tenderness to pressure on the left side of the upperpart of the abdomen (over regio hypochondrica sin.), and as thissymptom seemed gradually to increase, it was suspected that therewas some internal injury to one of the abdominal organs, probablythe spleen. In order that a surgical operation might be performedin good time in the event of its being necessary, the injured manwas conveyed in an ambulance carriage to the “Red Cross” Hospitalwhere, during the next 24 hours, careful attention was paid to hiscase. The symptoms vanished by degrees, however, so that, after astay of 2 days at the hospital, he was able to leave the establishmentfully cured, without any operation having been required.The lists of the cases of illness treated as shown in tables Nos. 2and 4, show a great diversity of internal and external complaints,with exterior injuries, most of them of a very slight description. Ofthe 5 cases of broken ribs that were treated, 3 of them were merelyinfractions of one or several ribs, without any break in the continuityof the bone in question. The diagnosis was made supportedby the intense tenderness to pressure experienced by the sufferers at acertain part of the ribs.It is, of course, self-evident that a number of cases of illness wouldoccur during a period of 10 days amongst such a great number ofpeople as the competitors and officials amounted to, and, as is shownby the above tables, the competitors and the other persons who hadbusiness of one kind or another inside the Stadium made very fulluse of the medical aid that could be had there, even for such affectionsas had nothing to do with the competitions nor had arisenwhile the patients were inside the Stadium. On the other hand, itproved that the number of cases of illness or accidents amongst thevery numerous public in the stands at the Stadium was far less thanhad been expected. Thus, among the public, there were only 7 casesof fainting, in spite of the intense heat that prevailed during the Stadiumweek. Care had been taken, however, that plenty of fresh watercould easily be had in all the stands, while the scout-boys postedthere, were always ready, active and obliging as they were, to fetchwater whenever it was required.III. The Marathon Race.The medical examination of the competitors in the Marathon racehad taken place the day before the event came off. In every case,the competitor’s heart was examined most carefully and, if there wasany possible reason for doing so, the examination was extended toother organs as well. Most of the Swedish doctors on duty at theStadium took part in the examination. Many foreign doctors werealso present, for longer or shorter periods, during the examination.Not one of the competitors was found to be in such a conditionthat his abstention from the race was considered necessary.838

The most comprehensive measures of security were taken along thewhole of the course, so that medical help could always be had closeat hand, in the case of any accident or illness occurring amongstthe competitors during this trying event. Medical stations were arrangedat Sollentuna, Tureberg, Silfverdal, Stocksund and Söderbrunn.At each of these stations there was a physician with his assistant,and a group of from 2—5 men belonging to the Stockholm VolunteerAid Corps. At all of these stations, with the exceptionof that at Söderbrunn, there were arranged sick-rooms with beds;at Söderbrunn, which lies scarcely 1¼ mile from Stockholm, therewas a sick-tent. At all the medical stations there were ambulancelitters, bandages, instruments for giving injections, a motor-car, andstimulants, such as camphor, digalén, etc. At the control stations —Tureberg and Stocksund — and at Silfverdal and at the turn, sterilizeddrinking water, and refreshments (tea, coffee, lemons and oranges)were provided for the competitors. At the turning point (in the neighbourhoodof Sollentuna) there was a doctor with assistants, thestation being provided with a motor-car, ambulance-litters, etc., as atthe other medical stations. At 9 different places along the coursethere were patrols of boy-scouts, provided with flags for signalling andwith drinking-flasks containing fresh water. Certain of these patrolshad cyclists among their number. In the motor car carrying theleader of the competition there was a doctor, provided with an injectioncase, stimulants and bandages, etc. At the Stadium, on Marathonday, there were 6 doctors, of whom one was stationed at theentrance to the Stadium, two at the winning post, and three in theoperation room or in the seats reserved for the medical men on thebalcony over the western grand entrance. In addition to the sickattendantsusually on duty, there were 10 extra men (belonging tothe Volunteer Aid Corps) posted at different places inside the Stadium.In all, there were 11 doctors, 7 medical assistants, 30 sickattendantsand 2 sick-nurses on duty on Marathon day, in the Stadiumand along the course.To the best of our knowledge, there has never before been a Marathonrace so minutely arranged, nor with so many imaginable measurestaken with such great care for the purpose of assisting the competitorswho might be in need of help. But, in spite of all this theMarathon race of Stockholm, on July 14, 1912, was to cost ahuman life.All the competitors that passed the tape came in in perfect condition.But, on the other hand, a great number of the runners,while still on the course, had to be taken up by motor cars sent outfrom the medical stations. The sick-rooms arranged at these stationssoon became crowded with men who had retired from the race,and who now, absolutely worn out, sought for rest and quiet.At the hill at Öfver-Järfva, a Portuguese athlete, Francesco Lazaro,on the return journey to the Stadium, had been seen to stagger as he ran,fall a couple of times, rise again and continue the race, only finallyto fall and remain lying on the ground. Almost immediately after839

this had happened, he was taken in hand by a Swedish physician,Dr C. R. Torell, who happened to be on the spot. A few minuteslater, Dr G. Liljenroth, the physician on duty at the medical stationat Silfverdal, came to the place, followed in a short time by Dr K.A. Fries, the medical man who was in the motor-car driven by the leaderof the competition. The proper measures had at once been begun inorder to restore Lazaro to consciousness, but without any result, and thematter was reported to the Stadium by means of the telephone. Asthe steps which were taken to recall the sick man to his senses, stillseemed to be without result, he was placed in one of the motorcars at the disposal of the doctors and carried to the Royal SeraphimHospital, whither he was accompanied by Dr Fries. He arrivedat the hospital about 5,30 p. m. On his arrival there he was stillsenseless, had violent attacks of cramp and convulsions of the wholebody, and became delirious; his temperature was 4 1.2° Cent. (106°Fah.), and all the symptoms pointed to sunstroke. Dr Arnold Josefson,lecturer on internal medicine, who, during the summer, was temporarilychief physician at the clinical surgery of the hospital infirmary, went, assoon as the news of Lazaro’s illness reached him, to the hospital fromthe medical station at Stocksund where he had been on duty duringthe Marathon Race. As soon as he had examined the patient, Dr Josefsonsaw that the case was a very serious one and that it wouldprobably prove fatal. The treatment of the invalid was continuedwithout a moment’s intermission, and with the greatest attention, butit was impossible to save Lazaros’ life, and he died at 6 a. m., thefollowing day, July 15.The post-mortem examination was carried out by Dr Folke Henschen,experimenter pro tem., and the clinical diagnosis was fully confirmedby the examination.A Bohemian competitor who, it was stated, was found lying senselesson the road, was taken in a motor car to the medical station atStocksund. On his arrival there he was found to be suffering fromgiddiness; his pulse was slow, and he complained of an insufferableheadache. Continuous treatment with cold appliances gradually broughthim to his senses, but Dr Josefson thought it wisest to take himto the Royal Seraphim Hospital, which he left the following day,however, quite restored. This was, most certainly, another case ofsunstroke.Two other competitors in the Marathon race came to the medicalstation at Stocksund, complaining of a severe headache, both of thembeing among the youngest of the competitors. One of them, whowas led to the station by a boy-scout, suffered somewhat from giddinessas well as from headache. There is a possibility that both ofthese cases, too, were sunstroke.A couple of days after the Marathon race, the 7 doctors who hadbeen on duty at the Stadium competitions, sent in a document to theInternational Olympic Committee with reference to Lazaro’s death, statingthat, if it is thought that the Marathon race in its present formought to be retained on the programme of the Games in future Olym-840

piads, it ought to be run during the coolest part of the day. Thedoctors on duty at the Games were of the unanimous opinion thatthe Marathon race, as an athletic feat, is not of such value as to counterbalancethe risk that attends it.B. THE CYCLING ROAD RACE ROUND LAKE MÄLAR.The medical examination of the competitors in the cycling raceround Lake Mälar, took place on July 6 at midday, in one of therooms of the Engelbrekt primary school, Valhallavägen. As, however,a number of the competitors were not present at the examination, DrsE. Levin and K. A. Fries went to the start at Liljeholmen and thereexamined those competitors who had not previously been seen by thedoctors.An accident that could easily have been a most serious one, happenedto a Swedish cyclist, K. J. Landsberg, who, immediately afterstarting, at 5 a. m. on July 7, came into a collision with a carelesslydriven motor car and fell. He was at once carried back in the carto the starting place, where the examination that was at once madeshowed that he was suffering from a slight concussion of the brain andthat he had also received several somewhat severe contusions. Afterthe injured man had been temporarily bandaged and had been givenan injection of morphine, he was taken in an ambulance carriageto St. Mary’s hospital, which he left a week afterwards, quite restoredto health.After having completed the race, a number of the cyclists weretreated at the doctor’s room in the Stadium for contusions and otherslight injuries, got by falling or other accidents on the way. A reportof these is given elsewhere together with that respecting the work ofthe doctors at the Stadium. Apart from these unimportant injuries, allthe competitors that completed the course passed the tape in perfectcondition.C. THE ROWING COMPETITIONS.The measures for giving medical aid at the rowing competitions ofthe Olympic Games were entrusted to Dr Gustaf Wigh, surgeon-captain,attached to the Royal Uppland Infantry.The competitors in the rowing matches were all young men,18—24 years of age, well built and well developed. When half theperiod of training was over, the competitors in the Swedish teamswere examined by Dr Wigh, when their condition in every respectwas found satisfactory in the case of all but one man, who was discoveredto have a somewhat irregular action of the heart, with the cardiacalmurmurs not quite distinct. The same man was examined againafter another fortnight’s training, and was then found to be plainly sufferingfrom enlargement of the heart, with irregular action of the heart,and albumin in the urine. He was advised to leave off training atonce and take a thorough rest, the result of which was, that afterlittle more than a week, he was free from these symptoms and feltquite well again.841

Dr. Wigh’s assistance was not once asked for by any of the foreigncompetitors in the rowing matches, neither did there occur anythingduring the matches themselves that necessitated his interference.Dr. Wigh points out that all the rowers, after ceasing rowing onreaching the winning post, showed signs of excessive exhaustion, sometimesin a most alarming degree. All of the men, however recoveredfrom this in an astonishingly short time. Dr. Wigh considersit indisputable, however, that the presence of a medical man at rowingmatches is most desirable, as there always exists a possibility of thisexhaustion taking a dangerous form.D. THE SWIMMING COMPETITIONS.The medical arrangements at the swimming competitions of theOlympic Games were in the hands of Drs. K. A. Fries, A. Franzénand N. Granér. A doctor’s room had been specially arranged asnear to the swimming course as possible,and one medical man atleast, and, as a rule, two, were constantly present at the SwimmingStadium when the competitions took place. Compared with the workof the physicians and the rest of the medical staff at the Stadiumproper, the doctors at the swimming competitions had but little to do.The cases treated were few in number and of little interest. Narrowescapes from somewhat serious accidents were not wanting, however,so that the constant presence of the doctors at the swimming competitionsneed by no means be considered as an exaggerated measureof precaution.842

STATISTICS, LIST OF OFFI=CIALS AND COMPETITORS.

THE OLYMPIC GAMES OF TO-DAY.A SHORT REVIEW.he wave of interest in, and appreciation of, physicalculture and hygiene which, towards the close of the19:th century, swept over the whole of Europe, founda perfectly logical expression in the establishment ofthe modern Olympic Games. In nearly every country ofthe civilized world, clear-sighted patriots directed theirendeavours towards the employment of physical exercises as a meansof elevating the vitality and the capacity for work of the individual,and, thereby, of the entire nation. What, then, was more naturalthan that, after antiquarian zeal and study had shed their light onthe classic Olympic Games and their influence on the culture oftheir times, the world should unite in a desire to revive these Gameswhich, in all truth, form a worthy example of the steps that shouldbe taken to train mankind to-day to manliness and strength.It is France and a Frenchman that have the honour of originatingthis thought. It was Baron Pierre de Coubertin who, in the springof 1893, made the first proposal to re-establish the Olympic Gamesand, on his initiative, representatives of the athletic organizationsof various countries assembled on the 16 July, 1894, in the GrandHall of the Sorbonne University, in Paris. The meeting discussedthe possibility of instituting the Games, and the greatest interestwas displayed in every quarter. The International Olympic Committeewas formed at this initial meeting, and was entrusted with the taskof arranging Olympic Games at regular intervals, and at variousplaces in the civilized world.It must be acknowledged, however, that the Anglo-Saxon racehad specially and most thoroughly prepared the way for these modemOlympic Games, for, long before their establishment, the athletic lifeof England had been taken as the model on which most othernations fashioned theirs.845

Classic soil was chosen as the scene of the first modern Olympiad— an honour legitimately demanded by the home of the classicOlympic Games. Athens, in 1896, saw the first Olympic meeting ofthe athletics of the modern world; four years later the turn came toParis. The third was held in St. Louis, in 1904; the fourth in London,1908 and the fifth in Stockholm, in 1912. In Greece, a wish aroseto have the permanent home of the Games in that country, and, asan expression of that desire, a special Olympic Committee organizedOlympic Games in Athens, in 1906, intended to be repeated everyfourth year, i. e., between the official, International Games. TheInternational Olympic Committee, however, insists on the Games takingplace at the proper interval, at different places in the civilized world.The Olympiads hitherto held bear witness, by the interest theyhave excited among the athletes of the world and by the resultshitherto attained, to the unheard-of, rapid development of the Internationalathletic movement.Athens 1896.A great deal was done to publish to the world the holding of thefirst Modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896, and quite a largenumber of competitors were entered — especially if judged by thethen existing conditions, and the Games were, without doubt, thegreatest athletic festival hitherto held in our times. The United Statesof America, especially, sent a very representative team which gainedmany brilliant victories, and Great Britain, too, was represented bysome skilful athletes. France was victorious in the cycle races andin fencing; Germany easily won the gymnastic competition. Hungary’swreaths were gained by clever swimmers, and the names of othercountries, too, can be found in the list of winners. Switzerland, Austria,Denmark, each took a prize in the shooting competitions. Swedenwas victorious in the high jump, and Denmark in the weight-lifting competitions,while Greece itself won a brilliant victory in the Marathon Race.The thoughts of carrying out the first modern Olympic Games onclassic ground at Athens, was an exceedingly happy thought. It gavethe Games a certain stamp, and the Greeks heartily appreciated therespect thus paid to their ancient glories, and showed an enthusiasmand an energy that were simply unique. Greece fulfilled withhonour its task of arranging the first Modern Olympic Games.Paris 1900.The second Olympiad, in Paris, 1900, was somewhat quieter, forthe French did not show all the interest in the Games that mighthave been expected. Not enough was done to attract the athletesof foreign nations to the competitions, and not so many were presentas at Athens four years previously. A first class team from the U. S. A.took part in the Games however, and won nearly every competition.S:t Louis 1904.In consequence of the Olympic Games of 1904 taking place inone of the western states of the New World, the third Olympiad, too,did not enjoy the same international stamp as the Games of 1896,846

as far as regards the number of competitors present, at least. SeveralEuropean nations sent representatives, but most of the athletes takingpart in the Games were from the U. S. A. It is stated that no lessthan 390 competitions were held, of which only 14 were won byothers than representatives of the U. S. A.Athens 1906.At the Games of Paris and S:t Louis the mistake had been committedof holding the competitions through the course of an entiresummer. In Athens, in 1906, on the other hand, they were given avery concentrated form, all the competitions taking place within thelimit of 14 days, and an attempt had been made to so arrange thecompetitions that those wishing to do so could attend everyone of them,and so that, while a competition was going on in the Stadium, no otherevent should be held anywhere else. The rowing-, swimming-, shooting-,fencing-, lawn tennis-, and football competitions, however, hadto be arranged at various places within and outside the city.The Athenian meeting of 1906 had that festive stamp which, amongall the modern Games hitherto held, had marked none but those celebratedat the capital of Greece; ten years before. It was estimated that,during the Games, the ordinary population of Athens was increasedby 100,000 souls, the total number of foreigners being about 40,000.The Stadium, which can contain 50,000 spectators, was occupied tothe last place, and outside the doors stood tens of thousands of persons,wishing, but unable, to obtain admission. These Games of Athensmark the beginning of the outburst of enthusiasm for the athleticmovement which found such perfect expression in the Games of London,in 1908, and of Stockholm, in 1912.The order of merit in the field and track events, as decided bythe number of prizes won at the Games of Athens, in 1906 was:U. S. A., 21; Sweden, 11; Great Britain, 9; Greece, 4; Hungary, 4;Australia, 2; Canada, 2; Germany 2; Belgium 1; Finland, 1; France 1.London 1908.The Fourth Olympiad, held in London in 1908, embraced 109 competitions,divided into two classes: “Summer Sports and Winter Sports”.These Games showed an enormous increase in the number of activecompetitors, no less than 2,666 athletes taking part in the variousevents; 2,184 in the summer competitions, and 482 in the wintersports, these numbers representing 22 nations.The best ten nations in the Fourth Olympiad were: Great Britain,131 1 /6 ; U. S. A., 44 1 /3 ; Sweden, 23 1/3; France, 16’/~; Canada, I 2’J3;Germany, 9½; Hungary 7 x/3; Norway, 8; Italy, 4; Belgium 6 points.It is now impossible to obtain complete lists of results of thepreceding Olympiads, so that, for the sake of comparison, thefollowing table of results obtained at previous Olympic Games includesmerely field and track events (pure athletics), and the competitionsmost nearly allied to them, and of which reliable lists of resultsstill exist, while a second table is appended, giving the presentOlympic Records.847

Results obtained in the precedingOlympic Games in the so=called “Stadium=events”.CompetitionAthens 1896 Paris 1900S:t Louis 1904.London 1908. Athens 1906.m. FlatKraenzlein, U. S. A.Hahn, U. S. A.Burke, U. S. A.Jarvis,Hahn,Walker, South Afr.Hahn, U. S. A.Tewksbury,Hahn,Kerr, CanadaBurke, U, S. A.Long,Hillman,Halswell, G. BritainPilgrim, U. S. A.Flack, G. BritainTysoe, G. BritainLightbody,Sheppard, U. S. A.Pilgrim,Flack,Bennet,Lightbody,Sheppard,LightbodyHurdle racem.Curtis, U. S. A.Kraenzlein, U. S. A.Schule,Smithson,Leavitt,m.Kraenzlein,Hillman,m.Tewksbury,Hillman,Bacon, U. S. A.Steeple-chasem.Orton,LightbodyRussel, G. Britain.Rimmer, G. BritainMarathon raceLouis. Greece.Teato, FranceHicks, U. S. A.Hayes, U. S. A.Sherring, CanadaBroad jumpClark, U. S. A.Kraenzlein, U. S. A.Prinstein,Irons,Prinstein, U. S. A.High jumpClark,Baxter,Jones,Porter,Leahy, G. BritainHop, step and jumpConolly, G. BritainPrinstein,Prinstein,Ahearne, G. BritainO’Connor,Standing broad jumphighhop, step and jumpPole jump.Hoyt, U. S. AEwry,Ewry,Ewry,Baxter,Ewry,Ewry,Ewry,Dvorak,Ewry, U. S. A.Ewry,Gilbert, U. S. A.Ewry, U. S. A.Ewry,Gonder, FrancePutting the weightGarret,Sheldon,Rose,Rose,Sheridan, U. S. A.Throwing the discusGarret,Baur, HungarySheridan,Sheridan,Sheridan,Greek styleJaervinen, FinlandThrowing the hammer Flanagan, U. S. A.Flanagan, U. S. A.Flanagan, U. S. A.weight (56 lb)Desmarteau, CanadaWeight lifting, one handElliot, G. BritainOsthoff,Steinbach, Austriatwo handsJensen, DenmarkKakousis, GreeceToffalos, GreeceTug-of-WarMilwaukee, U. S. A.Great BritainGermanyTeam raceNew York A. C., U. S. A.Great Britain5 Engl. miles FlatHawtrey, G. BritainThrowing the stoneGeorgantas, GreeceThrowing javelin, held in middleLemming, SwedenLemming, Swedenfree styleLemming,PentathlonMellander, SwedenWalking race 1,500 m.Bonbag, U. S. A.84854 Fifth Olympiad 849

OLYMPIC RECORDS.CompetitionHolderRecordMade at theOlympic GamesofAthletics.metres Flatmiles Racemetres FlatMarathon RaceD.F.Lippincott,U.S.A.A. Hahn, U. S. A.C. D. Reidpath, U.S.A.J. E. Meredith,U.S.A.A. N. S. Jackson, GreatBritainH. Kolehmainen, FinlandH. Kolehmainen, FinlandE. R. Voigt, Great BritainH. Kolehmainen, FinlandK. K. Mc Arthur, Syd-AfricaHurdle Race meters F. C. Smithson, U.S.A.Hurdle Race H. L. Hillman, U. S. A.Hurdle Race H. L. Hillman, U. S. A.Walking Race met. G. E. Lamer, GreatBritainWalking RaceG.H.Goulding, CanadaWalking Race miles G. E. Lamer, GreatBritainRunning High Jump A.W. Richards, U.S.A.Standing High Jump R. C. Ewry, U.S. A.Running Broad Jump A.L. Gutterson, U.S.A.Standing Broad Jump R. C. Ewry, U.S. A.Hop, Step and Jump T. J. Ahearne, GreatBritainPole JumpH. S. Babcock, U.S.A.Throwing the Javelin, b. h. J. Saaristo, FinlandThrowing the Javelin. r. &l. h. J. Saaristo, FinlandThrowing the Discus, b. h. A. R. Taipale, FinlandThrowing the Discus, r. &l. h. A. R. Taipale, FinlandPutting the Weight, b. h P. Mc Donald, U. S. A.Putting the Weight, r. &l. h. Ralph W. Rose, U.S.A.Throwing the Hammer M. J. McGrath, U. S. A.850Stockholm 1912.St. Louis 1904.Stockholm 1912.1912.1912.1912.1912.London 1908.Stockholm 1908.1912.London 1908.St. Louis 1904.1904.London 1908.Stockholm 1908.London 1908.Stockholm 1912.Paris 1900.Stockholm 1912.St. Louis 1904.London 1908.Stockholm 1912.1912.1912.1912.1912.1912.1912.1912.

CompetitionHolderRecordMade at theOlympic GamesofRelay Race, 400 metres,(4 x 100 m.) GermanyRelay Race, 1,600 metres,(4 x 400 m.) U. S. A.Relay Race, 1,600 metres,(200, 200, 400, 800 m.) U. S. A.Swimming.100 metres, free style Duke P. Kahanamoku,U. S. A.back stroke H. Hebner, U. S. A.breast stroke W. Bathe, Germanyfree style G.R. Hodgson, Canadabreast stroke W. Bathe, Germanyfree style G.R. Hodgson, CanadaTeam Race, 800 metres,(4 x 200 m.) Australasia100 metres, free style, ladies Fanny Durack, AustralasiaTeam Race, 400 metres,ladies (4 x 100 m .)Great BritainStockholm 1912.1912.London 1908.Stockholm 1912.1912.1912.1912.1912.1912.1912.1912.1912.851

PRIZE=WINNERS AT THE OLYMPIC GAMESOF STOCKHOLM, 1912.Field and Track Athletics.I. R. C. CRAIGII. A. MEYERIII. D. F. LIPPINCOTTI. R. C. CRAIGII. D. F. LIPPINCOTTIII. W. R. APPLEGARTHI. C. D. REIDPATHII. H. BRAUNIII. E. F. J. LINDBERGI. J. MEREDITHII. M. W. SHEPPARDIII. I. N. DAVENPORTI. A. N. S. JACKSONII. A. R. KIVIATIII. N. S. TABERI. H. KOLEHMAINENII. J. BOUINIII. G. W. HUTSONI. H. KOLEHMAINENII. L. TEWANIMAIII. A. STENROOSI. K. K. MC ARTHURII. C. W. GITSHAMIII. G. STROBINO100 m. Flat.U. S. A.U. S. A.U. S. A.200 m. Flat.U. S. A.U. S. A.Great Britain400 m. Flat.U. S. A.GermanyU. S. A.800 m. Flat.U. S. A.U. S. A.U. S. A.1,500 m. Flat.Great BritainU. S. A.U. S. A.5,000 m. Flat.FinlandFranceGreat Britain10,000 m. Flat.FinlandU. S. A.FinlandMarathon Race 40,200 m.South AfricaSouth AfricaU. S. A.852

I. F. W. KELLYII. J. WENDELLIII. W. M. HAWKINSI. G. H. GOULDINGII. E. J. WEBBIII. F. ALTIMANII. A. W. RICHARDSII. H. LIESCHEIII. G. L. HORINEI. PLATT ADAMSII. BEN ADAMSIII. C. TSICLITIRASI. A. L. GUTTERSONII. C. D. BRICKERIII. G. ÅBERGI. C. TSICLITIRASII. PLATT ADAMSIII. BEN ADAMSHurdle Race 110 m.U. S. A.U. S. A.U. S. A.Walking Race 10,000 m.CanadaGreat BritainItalyRunning High Jump.U. S. A.GermanyU. S. A.Standing High Jump.U. S. A.U. S. A.GreeceRunning Broad Jump.U. S. A.CanadaSwedenStanding Broad Jump.GreeceU. S. A.U. S. A.I. G. LINDBLOMII. G. ÅBERGIII. E. ALMLÖFI. H. S. BABCOCKII. FR. TH. NELSONII. M. S. WRIGHTIII. F. D. MURPHYIII. B. UGGLAIII. W. HAPPENNYI. E. LEMMINGII. J. J. SAARISTOIII. M. KOVÁCSHop, step and jump.SwedenSwedenSwedenPole Jump.U. S. A.U. S. A.U. S. A.U. S. A.SwedenCanadaThrowing the Javelin, best hand.SwedenFinlandHungaryThrowing the Javelin, right and left hand.I. J. J. SAARISTO FinlandII. W. SIIKANIEMIFinlandIII. U. PELTONENFinlandThrowing the Discus, best hand.I. A. R. TAIPALE FinlandII. R. L. BYRD U. S. A.III. J. H. DUNCAN U. S. A.853

Throwing the Discus, right and left hand.I. A. R. TAIPALE FinlandII. E. NIKLANDERFinlandIII. E. MAGNUSSONSwedenPutting the Weight, best hand.I. P. Mc DONALD U. S. A.Il. R. W. ROSE U. S. A.III. L. A. WHITNEY U. S. A.I. R. W. ROSEII. P. Mc DONALDIII. E. NIKLANDERI. M. J. MCGRATHII. D. GILLISIII. C. CH. CHILDSI. F. R. BIEII. J. J. DONAHUEIII. F. L. LUKEMANI. H. WIESLANDER11. C. LOMBERG111. G. HOLMÉRPutting the Weight, right and left hand.I.II.U. S. A.U. S. A.FinlandThrowing the Hammer.U. S. A.CanadaU. S. A.GREAT BRITAINSWEDENPentathlon.NorwayU. S. A.CanadaDecathlon.SwedenSwedenSwedenRelay Race 400 m.pointspoints.I. U. S. A.II. FRANCEIII. GREAT BRITAINRelay Race 1,600 m.Team Race 3,000 m.I. U. S. A.II. SWEDENIII. GREAT BRITAINpoints.Tug-of-War.I. SWEDEN.II. GREAT BRITAIN.Cross-Country Race: 8,000 m., ind. comp.I. H. KOLEHMAINEN FinlandII. HJ. AKDERSSONSwedenIII. J. EKESwedenCross-Country Race: 8,000 m., team comp.I. SWEDEN points.II. FINLANDIII. GREAT BRITAIN854

Cycling Road Race round Lake Mälar.Individual Competition.I. R. LEWIS South AfricaII. F. H. GRUBBGreat BritainIII. C. O. SCHUTTE U. S. A.I. SWEDENII. GREAT BRITAINIII. U. S. A.Team Competition.Fencing.I. N. NADIII. P. SPECIALEIII. R. VERDERBERInd. Competition with foilsItalyItalyAustriaÉpée team Competition.I. BELGIUM.II. GREAT BRITAIN.III. HOLLAND.Ind. Épée Competition.I. P. ANSPACHII. I. OSSIERIII. P. LE HARDY DE BEAULIEUBelgiumDenmarkBelgiumSabre Team Competition.I. HUNGARY.II. AUSTRIA.III. HOLLAND.I. J. FUCHSII. B. BÉKESSYIII. E. MESZAROSInd. Sabre Competition.HungaryHungaryHungaryFootball.I. GREAT BRITAIN.II. DENMARK.III. HOLLAND.Gymnastics.Team Competition I.I. SWEDEN points.II. DENMARKIII. NORWAYTeam Competition II.I. ITALY points.II. HUNGARYIII. GREAT BRITAIN855

I. NORWAYII. FINLANDIII. DENMARKTeam Competition 111points.Ind. Competition.I. A. BRAGLIA ItalyII. L. SÉGURAFranceIII. A. TUNESIItalypoints.Horse Riding Competitions.Military, Team Competition.I. SWEDEN.II. GERMANY.III. U. S. A.Military, Ind. Competition.I. Lieutenant A. NORDLANDERII. Oberleutnant VON ROCHOWIII. Capitaine J. CARIOUSwedenGermanyFrancePrize Riding.I. Captain, Count C. BONDE SwedenII. Major G. A. BOLTENSTERNSwedenIII. Lieutenant, Baron H. VON BLIXEN-FINECKE SwedenPrize Jumping, Ind. Competition.I. Capitaine J. CARIOU FranceII. Oberleutnant VON KRÖCHERGermanyIII. Capitaine E. DE BLOMMAERTBelgiumPrize Jumping, Team Competition.I. SWEDEN.II. FRANCE.III. GERMANY.Lawn Tennis.Covered Courts.I. A. GOBERTII. C. P. DIXONIII. A. F. WILDINGGentlemen’sSingles.FranceGreat BritainAustralasiaLadies’ Singles.I. E. M. HANNAMII. T. G. S. CASTENSCHIOLDIII. M. B. PARTONGentlemen’s Doubles.I. A. GOBERT—M. GERMOTII. G. SETTERWALL—G. KEMPEIII. C. P. DIXON—A. E. BEAMISHGreat BritainDenmarkGreat BritainFranceSwedenGreat Britain856

Mixed Doubles.I. E. M. HANNAM—C. P. DIXON Great BritainII. F. H. AITCHISON—H. ROP.-BARKETT Great BritainIII. S. FICK—G. SETTERWALLSwedenI. C. L. WINSLOWII. H. A. KITSONIII. O. KREUZERI. M. BROQUEDISII. D. KÖRINGIII. M. BJURSTEDTOut-of-door Courts.Gentlemen'sSingles.Ladies’ Singles.Gentlemen’s Doubles.I. H. A. KITSON—C. L. WINSLOWII. A. ZBORZIL—F. PIPESIII. A. CANET—M. MÉNYMixed Doubles.I. D. KÖRING—H. SCHOMBURGKII. S. FICK—G. SETTERWALLIII. M. BROQUEDIS—A. CANETSouth AfricaSouth AfricaGermanyFranceGermanyNorwaySouth AfricaAustriaFranceGermanySwedenFranceI. G. LILLIEHÖÖKII. G. ÅSBRINKIII. G. DE LAVALI. LEANDER CLUBII. NEW COLLEGEModern Pentathlon.Eights,Rowing.outriggers.Fours, outriggers.I. LUDWIGSHAFEN RUDER GES.II. THAMES ROWING CLUBI. W. D. KINNEARII. P. VEIRMANFours, inriggers.I. DENMARK.II. SWEDEN.Single Sculls.Shooting.I. Army Rifle Shootinga. Team Competition.I. U. S. A.II. GREAT BRITAINIII. SWEDEN857SwedenSwedenSwedenGreat BritainGreat BritainGermanyGreat BritainGreat BritainBelgiumpoints.

I. P. R. COLASII. C. T. OSBURNIII. J. E. JACKSONI. A. PROKOPPII. C. F. OSBURNIII. E. E. SKOGENb. Ind. Competition.FranceU. S. AU. S. Ac. Ind. Competition.HungaryU. S. A.Norwaypoints.points.I. SWEDENII. NORWAYIII. DENMARKII. Shooting with any Rifle.d. Team Competition.points.I. P. R. COLASII. J. L. MADSENIII. N. H. D. LARSEKe. lnd. Competition.FranceDenmarkDenmarkpoints.I.II.III.III. Miniature-Rifle Shooting.f. Team Competition.GREAT BRITAINSWEDENU. S. A.points.I. F. S. HIRDII. W. MILNEIII. H. BURTg. Ind. Competition.U. S. A.Great BritainGreat Britainpoints.h. Team Competition.I. SWEDENII. GREAT BRITAINIII. U. S. A.points.I. W. CARLBERGII. J. H. VON HOLSTIII. G. ERICSSONi. Ind. Competition.SwedenSwedenSwedenpoints.IV. Revolver and Pistol Shooting.j. Team Competition.I U. S. A.II SWEDENIII. GREAT BRITAINpoints.I. A. P. LANEII. P. J. DOLFENIII. G. E. STEWARDk. Ind. Competition.U. S. A.U. S. A.Great Britain858points.

I. SWEDENII. RUSSIAIII. GREAT BRITAINl. Team Competition.points.I. A. P. LANEII. P. PALENIII. H. VON HOLSTm. Ind. Competition.U. S. A.SwedenSwedenpoints.I. U. S. A.II. GREAT BRITAINIII. GERMANYV. Clay Bird Shooting.n. Team competition.points.I. J. R. GRAHAMII. A. GOELDELIII. H. BLAUo. Ind. Competition.U. S. A.GermanyRussiapoints.I. SWEDENII. U. S. A.III. FINLANDVI. Running Deer Shooting.p. Team Competition.points.I. A. SWAHNII. Å. LUNDEBERGIII. N. TOIVONENI. Å. LUNDEBERGII. E. BENEDICKSIII. O. G. SWAHNq. Ind. Competition, single shots.SwedenSwedenFinlandr. Ind. Competition, double shots.SwedenSwedenSwedenpoints.points.Swimming.I. DUKE PAOA KAHANAMOKUII. C. HEALYIII. K. HUSZAGH100 m. free style.U. S. A.AustralasiaU. S. A.100 m. back stroke.I. H. HEBNER U. S. A.II. O. FAHRGermanyIII. P. KELLNERGermanyI. W. BATHEII. W. LÜTZOWIII. P. MALISH200 m. breast stroke.GermanyGermanyGermany859

I. G. HODGSONII. J. HATFIELDIII. H. HARDWICKI. W. BATHEII. T. HENNINGIII. Y. COURTMANI. G. HODGSONII. J. HATFIELDIII. H. HARDWICKI. E. ADLERZII. HJ. JOHANSSONIII. J. JANSSONI. E. ADLERZII. A. ZÜRNERIII. G. BLOMGRENI. P. GÜNTHERII. H. LUBERIII. K. BEHRENS400 m. free style.CanadaGreat BritainAustralasia400 m. breast stroke.GermanySwedenGreat Britain1,500 m. free style.CanadaGreat BritainAustralasiaHigh Diving.SwedenSwedenSwedenPlain and Variety Diving.SwedenGermanySwedenSpring-board Diving.GermanyGermanyGermanypoints.points.points.100 m. free style, for Ladies.I. FANNY DURACKAustralasiaII. WILHELMINA WYLIEAustralasiaIII. JENNIE FLETCHER Great BritainHigh Plain Diving, for Ladies.I. GRETA JOHANSSON SwedenII. LISA REGNELLSwedenIII. ISABELLE WHITEGreat Britainpoints.I. AUSTRALASIAII. U. S. A.III. GREAT BRITAIN800 m. Team Race.Water Polo.I. GREAT BRITAIN.II. SWEDEN.III. BELGIUM.400 m. Team Race, for Ladies.I. GREAT BRITAINII. GERMANYIII. AUSTRIA860

Wrestling.I. KALLE KOSKELOII. GEORG GERSTACKERIII. O. A. LASANENI. E. E. WÄREII. C. H. MALMSTRÖMIII. E. MATIASSONI. C. E. JOHANSSONII. M. KLEINIII. A. ASIKAINENFeather Weight.Light Weight.Middle Weight A.Middle Weight B.I. A. O. AHLGRENII. I. T. BOLINGIII. B. VARGAFinlandGermanyFinlandFinlandSwedenFinlandSwedenRussiaFinlandSwedenFinlandHungaryI. U. SAARELAII. J. OLINIII. S. M. JENSENHeavy Weight.FinlandFinlandDenmarkI. MAGDA IXII. ERNA-SIGNEIII. HEATHERBELLI. KITTYII. NINAIII. GALLIA III. TAUFINII. SANS ATOUTIII. LUCKY GIRLI. MAC MICHEII. NURDUG IIIII. KERSTINYacht Racing.12-M. class.10-M. class.8-M. class.6-M. class.NorwaySwedenFinlandSwedenFinlandRussiaNorwaySwedenFinlandFranceDenmarkSweden861

WINNERS OF THE OLYMPIC CHALLENGE PRIZES.Competition Presented by Won byPentathlonDecathlonMarathon RaceH. M. the King of Sweden F. R. Bie, NorwayH. M. the Emperor of Russia H. Wieslander, SwedenH. M. the King of Greece K. K. Mc Arthur, SouthAfricaThrowing the Discus,best hand M:me G. de Montgomery A. R. Taipale, FinlandFencing, team comp.,Épée The British Fencers BelgiumSabre The City of Buda-Pesth HungaryFootball The Football Association Great BritainGymnastics, ind. competitionThe City of Prague G. A. Braglia, ItalyMilitaryH. M. the Emperor of Germany SwedenPrize RidingH. M. the Emperor of Austria Count C. Bonde, SwedenPrize Jumping, ind. comp. Count Géza Andrássy Captain J. Cariou, Franceteam comp. H. M. the King of Italy SwedenHorse Riding Comps. The Swedish Cavalry SwedenModern Pentathlon Baron P. de Coubertin G. Lilliehöök, SwedenRowing, eights Count Brunetta d’Usseaux Great BritainClay Bird Shooting, ind.competition Lord Westbury J. R. Graham, United StatesSwimming, 1,500 metres Count Brunetta d’Usseaux G. Hodgson, CanadaLadies’ HighDiving Countess de Casa Miranda Greta Johansson, SwedenWrestling, heavy weight The Gold & Silversmiths C:o U. Saarela, FinlandYacht Racing,6-metre classThe French GovernmentG. Thubé and G. Fitau,FranceLIST OF COMPETITORS WHO WON THREE I:ST PRIZES.NameNationCompetitionH. KOLEHMAINEN FinlandW. CARLBERG Sweden5,000 m. Flat.10,000 m. Flat.Cross Country Race, 8,000 m.Miniature-Rifle Shooting, team competition,25 metres.Miniature-Rifle Shooting, ind. competition,25 metres.Revolver and Pistol Shooting, teamcompetition, 30 metres.A. P. LANE U.S.A. Revolver and Pistol Shooting, teamcompetition, 50 metres.Revolver and Pistol Shooting, ind,competititon, 50 metres.Revolver and Pistol Shooting, ind.competition, 30 metres.862

LIST OF COMPETITORS, WHO WON TWO I:ST PRIZES.NameNationCompetitionR. C. CRAIGC. D. REIDPATHJ. MEREDITHJ. R. GRAHAMA. NORDLANDERE. ADLERZA. SWAHNÅKE LUNDEBERGA. GOBERTP. R. COLASP. ANSPACHG. HODGSONA. R. TAIPALEG. A. BRAGLIAMrs. E. M. HANNAMC. L. WINSLOWJ. FUCHSU. S. A.SwedenFranceBelgiumCanadaFinlandItalyGreat BritainSouth AfricaHungary100 m. Flat.200400 m. Flat.Relay Race 1,600 m.800 m. Flat.Relay Race 1,600 m.Clay Bird Shooting, team competition.ind.Horse Riding Competitions, Military,team competition.Horse Riding Competitions, Military,ind. competition.High Diving.Plain and Variety Diving.Running Deer Shooting, team comp., ind. comp.,single shots.Running Deer Shooting, team comp.ind. comp.,double shots.Lawn Tennis (covered courts) Gentlemen’sSingles.Lawn Tennis (covered courts), Gentlemen’sDoubles.Army Rifle Shooting, ind. competition600 m.Shooting with any Rifle, ind. competition300 m.Fencing, Épée team competition.Ind. Épée competition.Swimming, 400 m. free style.1,500Throwing the Discus, best hand., right & left hand.Gymnastics, Team Competition II.ind. competition.Lawn Tennis (covered courts), Ladies’Singles.Lawn Tennis (covered courts) MixedDoubles.Lawn Tennis (out-of-door courts) Gentlemen’sSingles.Lawn Tennis (out-of-door courts) Gentlemen’sDoubles.Fencing, Sabre team competition.Ind. Sabre competition.863

OFFICIAL CALCULATION OF POINTS.(1:st prize = 3 points; 2:nd prize = 2 points; 3:rd prize = 1 point.NationNumber NumberNumber Number Number Number Total of times of times Totalof of 1:st of 2:nd of 3:rd number placed placed ofpoints prizes prizes prizes of prize fourth* fifth* placingsSwedenU. S. A.Great BritainFinlandGermanyFranceDenmarkNorwaySouth AfricaHungaryCanadaItalyAustralasiaBelgiumRussiaAustriaGreeceHollandBohemiaLuxemburg* In such competitions where it was possible to place 4 or 5 men or a team.CALCULATION OF POINTS FOR THE CONCOURS D’ART.Nation1stprize2ndprizePointsItalyU. S. A.SwitzerlandGermanyFrance864

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SWEDISH OFFICIALCALCULATION OF POINTS(1:st prize 3 points; 2:nd prize 2 points; 3:rd prize 1 point)AND THE “ENGLISH” METHOD OF CALCULATING POINTS.(1:st prize 5 points; 2:nd prize 3 points; 3:rd prize 1 point)1:st prizes 2:nd prizes 3:rd prizes Total PointsNationAccord. Accord.Total Points Points Total Points Points PointsTotalto to3 5 2 3 1 princ. princ.3, 2, 1 5, 3, 1SwedenU. S. A.Great BritainFinlandGermanyFranceDenmarkNorwaySouth AfricaHungaryCanadaItalyAustralasiaBelgiumRussiaAustriaGreeceHolland55 Fifth Olympiad. 865

LIST OF THE PRIZES WON BY THE DIFFERENT NA-TIONS AT THE OLYMPIC GAMESOF STOCKHOLM, 1912.SWEDEN.24 1:st prizes, 72 points: Field and Track Athletics: Hop, Step and Jump.Throwing the Javelin, besthand.Decathlon.Cross-country Race, teamcompetition.Tug-of-War.Cycling road race round Lake Mälar, team competition.Gymnastics, team competition according to the Swedishsystem.Horse Riding Competitions, Military, team competition.ind.Prize Riding.Prize Jumping, team comp.Modem Pentathlon.Shooting with any rifle, team competition.Miniature Rifle, team competition, 25 metres.ind. , 25Revolver and Pistol, team comp., 30 metres.Running Deer Comp., team competition.ind. comp., single shots., doubleSwimming: Plain Diving.Plain and Variety Diving.Plain Diving, Ladies.Wrestling, Middle weight A.Yacht Racing, 10-metre class.24 2:nd prizes 48 points: Field and Track Athletics: Hop, Step and Jump.Decathlon.Relay race 400 metres.Team race, 3,000 metres.Cross-country race, ind.competition.Horse Riding Competitions, Prize Riding.Lawn Tennis (covered courts), Gentlemen’s Doubles.(out-of-door courts), Mixed Doubles.Modern Pentathlon.Rowing, Fours, inriggers.Shooting with Miniature Rifle, team comp., 50 metres.866

Shooting with Miniature Rifle, ind. comp., 25 metres.Revolver and Pistol, team 50ind. 30Running Deer Comp., ind. comp., single shots.doubleSwimming; 400 metres breast stroke.Plain Diving.Ladies.Water Polo.Wrestling, Light weight., Middle weight A.Yacht Racing, 12-metre class.8-16 3:rd prizes, 16 points: Field and Track Athletics: Running Broad Jump.Hop, Step and Jump.Throwing the Discus, rightand left hand.Decathlon.Cross-country Race, ind.competition.Horse Riding Competitions, Prize Riding.Lawn Tennis (covered courts), Mixed Doubles.Modern Pentathlon.Shooting with Army Rifle, team competition.Miniature Rifle, ind competition, 25 metres.Revolver and Pistol, ind. comp., 30 metres.Running Deer Comp., ind. comp., double shots.Swimming: Plain Diving.Plain and Variety Diving.Wrestling, Light weight.Yacht Racing, 6-metre class.Total 136 points.THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.23 1:st prizes, 69 points: Field and Track Athletics: 100 metres flat.200400800Hurdle race, 110 metres.Running High Jump.StandingRunning Broad Jump.Pole Jump.Putting the weight, best hand., right andleft hand.Throwing the Hammer.Relay Race, 1,600 metres.Team Race, 3,000867

Shooting with Army Rifle, team competition.Miniature Rifle, ind. comp. 50 metres.Revolver and Pistol, team comp., 50 m., ind. 50, 30Clay Bird Competition, team competition.ind.Swimming: 100 metres Free style.100 Back stroke.18 2:nd prizes, 36 points: Field and Track Athletics: 100 metres flat.2008001,50010,000Hurdle race, 110 metres.Standing High Jump.Standing Broad Jump.Pole Jump.Throwing the Discus, b. h.Putting the weight, best hand., right andleft hand.Pentathlon.Shooting with Army Rifle, ind. comp., 600 metres.300Revolver and Pistol, ind. comp., 50 metres.Running Deer Comp., team competition.Swimming, 800 metres team race.19 3:rd prizes, 19 points: Field and Track Athletics: 100 metres flat.4008001,500Marathon Race.Hurdle race, 110 metres.Running High Jump.Standing Broad Jump.Pole Jump.Throwing the Discus, b. h.Putting the Weight, b. h.Throwing the Hammer.Cycling road race round Lake Mälar, ind. competition., teamHorse Riding competitions, Military, team competition.Shooting with Army Rifle, ind. competition, 600 metres.Miniature rifle, team comp., 50 metres.,, 25Swimming, 100 metres free style.Total 124 points.868

10 1:st prizes, 30 points:GREATBRITAIN.Field and Track Athletics: 1,500 metres flat.Relay race 400 metres.Football.Lawn Tennis (covered courts), Ladies’ Singles,( ), Mixed Doubles.Rowing, Eights.Single Sculls.Shooting with Miniature Rifle, team comp, 50 metres.Swimming: Water Polo.400 metres team race, ladies.15 2:nd prizes, 30 pointsField and Track Athletics: Walking race 10,000 metres.Tug-of-War.Cycling road race round Lake Mälar, ind. competition.teamFencing: Épée team competition.Lawn Tennis (covered courts), Gentlemen’s Singles.( ), Mixed Doubles.Rowing, Eights.Fours, outriggers.Shooting with Army Rifle, team competition.Miniature Rifle, ind. comp., 50 metres.team 25Clay Bird Competition, team competition.Swimming: 400 metres free style.1,50016 3:rd prizes, 16 points: Field and Track Athletics: 200 metres flat.5,000Relay race 1,600 metres.Team race 3,000Cross-country Race, teamcompetition.Gymnastics, team comp. according to special regulations.Lawn Tennis (covered courts), Ladies’ Singles.( ), Gentlemen’s Doubles.Shooting with Miniature Rifle, ind. comp., 50 metres.Revolver and Pistol, team comp., 50 m., ind. 50, team 30Swimming, 400 metres breast stroke.100 free style, ladies.Plain Diving, ladies.800 metres, team race.Total 76 points.9 1:st prizes, 27 points:FINLAND.Field and Track Athletics: 5,000 metres flat.10,000869

Field and Track Athletics: Throwing the Javelin, rightand left hand.Throwing the Discus, b. h., rightand left hand.Cross-country Race, ind.competition.Wrestling, Feather weight., Light, Heavy8 2:nd prizes, 16 points: Field and Track Athletics: Throwing the Javelin, b. h., rightand left hand.Throwing the Discus, rightand left hand.Cross-country Race, teamcompetition.Gymnastics, team competition, with free choice of movementsand apparatus.Wrestling, Middle weight B., Heavy weight.Yacht Racing, 10-metre class.9 3:rd prizes, 9 points: Field and Track Athletics: 10,000 metres flat.Throwing the Javelin, rightand left hand.Putting the Weight, rightand left hand.Shooting: Running Deer Competition, team competition.ind.Wrestling, Feather weight., Middle weight A.single shots.Yacht Racing, 12-metre class.Total 52 points.8-GERMANY.5 1:st prizes, 15 points: Lawn Tennis (out-of-door courts) Mixed Doubles.Rowing, Fours, outriggers.Swimming, 200 metres breast stroke., 400, Spring-board Plain Diving.13 2:nd prizes, 26 points: Field and Track Athletics: 400 metres flat.Running High Jump.Horse Riding Competitions, Military, team competition., , ind., Prize Jumping, ind. comp.Lawn Tennis (out-of-door courts) Ladies’ Singles.870

Shooting: Clay Bird Competition, ind. competition.Swimming, 100 metres back stroke., 200 breast stroke.,,,Plain and Variety Diving.Spring-board Diving.400 metres team race, ladies.Wrestling, Feather weight.6 3:rd prizes, 6 points: Horse Riding competitions, Prize Jumping, team race.Lawn Tennis (out-of-door courts), Gentlemen’s Singles.Shooting: Clay Bird Competition, team competition.Swimming, 100 metres back stroke., 200 metres breast stroke., Spring-board Diving.Total 47 points.FRANCE.7 1:st prizes, 21 points: Horse Riding Competitions, Prize Jumping, ind. competition.Lawn Tennis (covered courts), Gentlemen’s Singles.( ), Doubles.(out-of-door courts), Ladies’ Singles.Shooting with Army Rifle, ind. competition, 600 metres.any rifle,Yacht Racing, 6-metre class.4 2:nd prizes, 8 points: Field and Track Athletics: 5,000 metres flat.Relay race 1,600 metres,Gymnastics, ind. competition.Horse Riding Competition. Prize Jumping, team competition.3 3:rd prizes, 3 points: Horse Riding competition, Military, ind. competition.Lawn Tennis (out-of-door courts), Gentlemen’s Doubles.( ), Mixed Doubles.Total 32 points.DENMARK.1 1:st prize, 3 points: Rowing, Fours, inriggers.6 2:nd prizes, 12 points: Football.Fencing: Épée ind. competition.Gymnastics, team competition according to Swedish system.Lawn Tennis (covered courts) Ladies’ Singles.Shooting with any rifle, ind. competition.Yacht Racing, 6-metre class.4 3:rd prizes, 4 points: Wrestling, Heavy weight.Gymnastics, team competition, with free choice of movementsand apparatus.Shooting with any rifle, team competition., ind.Total 19 points.NORWAY.4 1:st prizes, 12 points: Field and Track Athletics: Pentathlon.Gymnastics, team competition, with free choice of movementsand apparatus.871

Yacht Racing, 12-metre class.8-1 2:nd prize, 2 points: Shooting with any rifle, team competition.3 3:rd prizes, 3 points: Gymnastics, team competition according to Swedish system.Lawn Tennis (out-of-door courts) Ladies’ Singles.Shooting with Army Rifle, ind. competition, 300 metres.Total 17 points.HUNGARY.3 1:st prizes, 9 points: Fencing: Sabre team competition.ind.Shooting with Army Rifle, ind. competition, 300 metres.2 2:nd prizes, 4 points: Fencing: Sabre ind. competition.Gymnastics, team competition according to special regulations.3 3:rd prizes, 3 points: Field and Track Athletics: Throwing the Javelin, best hand.Fencing: Sabre ind. competition.Wrestling, Middle weight B.Total 16 points.SOUTH AFRICA.4 1:st prizes, 12 points: Field and Track Athletics: Marathon Race.Cycling road race round Lake Mälar, ind. competition.Lawn Tennis (out-of-door courts), Gentlemen’s Singles.( ), Doubles.2 2:nd prizes, 4 points: Field and Track Athletics: Marathon Race.Lawn Tennis (out-of-door courts) Gentlemen’s Singles.Total 16 points.CANADA.3 1:st prizes, 9 points: Field and Track Athletics: Walking race, 10,000 metres.Swimming, 400 metres free style., 1,5002 2:nd prizes, 4 points: Field and Track Athletics:1 3:rd prize, 1 point: Field and Track Athletics:Total 14 points.Running Broad Jump.Throwing the Hammer.Pentathlon.ITALY.3 1:st prizes, 9 points: Fencing: Ind. competition with foils.Gymnastics, team competition according to special regulations.ind. competition.1 2:nd prize, 2 points: Fencing: Ind. competition with foils.2 3:rd prizes, 2 points: Field and Track Athletics: Walking rac 10,000 metres.Gymnastics, ind. competition.Total 13 points.AUSTRALASIA.2 1:st. prizes, 6 points: Swimming: 100 metres free style, ladies.800 team race.872

2 2:nd prizes, 4 points: Swimming: 100 metres free style.100 ladies.3 3:rd prizes, 3 points: Lawn Tennis (covered courts), Gentlemen’s Singles.Swimming: 400 metres free style.1,500Total 13 points.BELGIUM.2 1:st prizes, 6 points: Fencing: Épée team competition.ind.1 2:nd prize, 2 points: Rowing: Single Sculls.3 3:rd prizes, 3 points: Fencing: Épée ind. competition.Horse Riding competitions, Prize Jumping, ind. competition.Water Polo.Total 11 points.RUSSIA.2 2:nd prizes, 4 points: Shooting with Revolver and Pistol, team comp., 30 metres.Wrestling, Middle weight A.2 3:rd prizes, 2 points: Shooting: Clay Bird Competition, ind. competition.Yacht Racing, 10-metre class.Total 6 points.AUSTRIA.2 2:nd prizes, 4 points: Fencing: Sabre team competition.Lawn Tennis (out-of-door courts), Gentlemen’s Doubles.2 3:rd prizes, 2 points: Fencing: Ind. competition with foils.Swimming: 400 metres team race, ladies.Total 6 points.GREECE.1 1:st prize, 3 points: Field and Track Athletics; Standing Broad Jump.1 3:rd prize, 1 point: Field and Track Athletics: Standing High Jump.Total 4 points.3 3:rd prizes, 3 points:Total 3 points.HOLLAND.Fencing: Épée team competition.SabreFootball.873

TABLE SHOWING THE N:R OF PRIZES WON BY THENATIONS IN THE VARIOUS BRANCHES OF ATHLETICS.NationAthletics Cycling Fencing FootballGymnasticsHorseRidingLawnTennisModernPent- Rowing Shooting Swimming Wrestling YachtathlonRacingTotalpointsSwedenU. S. A.Great BritainFinlandGermanyFranceDenmarkNorwayHungarySouth AfricaCanadaItalyAustralasiaBelgiumRussiaAustriaGreeceHollandN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPointsN:r of prizesPoints874875

LIST OF DIPLOMAS OF MERIT AWARDED ATTHE OLYMPIC GAMES 1912.100 m. Flat.200 m. Flat:BELOTE, F. VDREW, H. P.PATCHING, G. H.RAU, R.REIDPATH, C. D.YOUNG, D. B,400 m. Flat:HAFF, C. B.MEREDITH, J. E.800 m. Flat:BRAUN, H.BROCK. G. M.CALDWELL, D.1,500 m. Flat:JONES, J. P.WIDE, E.5,000 m. Flat:BERNA, T. L.BONHAG, G. V.CARLSSON, M.DECOUTEAU, A.Athletics.U. S. A.South AfricaGermanyU. S. A.U. S. A.GermanyCanadaU. S. A.U. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.SwedenCanada10,000m. Flat:KEEPER, T.CanadaHurdle Race: 110 m.CASE, J. R.NICHOLSON, J. P.POWELL, K.Walking Race 10,000 m.RASMUSSEN A.U. S. A.Great BritainDenmark876

Running High Jump:ERICKSON, E. R.GRUMPELT, H. J.JOHNSTONE J. O.KULLERSTRAND, K.THORPE, J.Standing High Jump:BYRD, R. L.GOEHRING, L.MÖLLER, E,Running Broad Jump:ALLEN, F.MERCER, E.WORTHINGTON, H.Standing Broad Jump:Pole Jump:GOEHRING, L.MALMSTEN G.MÖLLER, E.BELLAH, S. H.Hop, Step and Jump:Pentathlon:Decathlon:ADAMS, PLATTLARSÉN, E.OHLSSON, HJ.WINNE, E.BRUNDAGE, A.LUKEMAN, F. L.MENAUL, J. A.WIESLANDER, H.DONAHUE, J. J.HALT, K.HOLMÉR, G.KUGELBERG, E.MERCER, E. L. R.WICKHOLM, W.Throwing the Javelin, best hand:HALME, J.SIIKANIEMI, W.ÅBRINK, R.Throwing the Javelin, right and left hand:HALSE, A.JOHANSEN, D. V.LEMMING, E.NILSSON, O.ÅBRINK, R.U. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.U. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.U. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.U. S. A.NorwaySwedenNorwayU. S. A.CanadaU. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.GermanySwedenU. S. A.FinlandFinlandSwedenNorwaySweden877

Throwing the Discus, best hand:MUCKS, A. M.NIKLANDER, E.PHILBROOK, G. W.TRONNER, H.Throwing the Discus, right and left hand:DUNCAN, J. H.FLEETWOOD, F.LIND, C. J.MULLER, E. J.NILSSON, E.Throwing the Hammer:CAREY, D.JANZON, G.LIND C. J.LINDE, N.OHLSSON, C. R.Putting the Weight, best hand:MUDIN, I.NIKLANDER, E.NILSSON, E.PHILBROOK, G. W.Putting the Weight, right and left hand:AHO, P.NILSSON, E.WHITNEY. L. A.U. S. A.FinlandU. S. A.AustriaU. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.SwedenGreat BritainSwedenHungaryFinlandSwedenU. S. A.FinlandSwedenU. S. A.Cross-Country Race 8,000 m.:HELLAWELL, H. H.JOHANSSON, F. W.KYRÖNEN, J. W.LARSSON, B.RICHARDSON, L.SUNDQVIST, J.Marathon Race:ANDERSSON, C.BOISSIÈREDAHLBERG, HJ.DUFFY, J.ERXLEBEN, J.FABRE, E.FORSHAW, J:r J.FORSYTH, W. C. H.GALLAGHER, J:r J. J.GREEN, H.JACOBSSON, S.KWIETON, F.LLOYD, E. W.LORD, F.LILLEY, T. H.LUNDBERG, I.DE MAR, C. H.PIGGOT, R. F.878U. S. A.FinlandSwedenSouth AfricaSwedenSwedenFranceSwedenCanadaU. S. A.CanadaU. S. A.CanadaU. S. A.Great BritainSwedenAustriaGreat BritainU. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.

SAKELLAROPOULOS, H. P.SIMONSEN, A.SMITH, H.SOCKALEXIS, A.TEWANIMA, L.TOWNSEND, A.WESTBERG, J.GreeceNorwayU. S. A.Great BritainSwedenANDREASEN, B. M.APSIT, A.BAIER, P. R.BECHT, J.BIRKER, R.BJÖRK, G.BROWN, F. R.CAPELLE, A.DAVEY, C. F.DOWNEY, A.EKSTRÖM, A.FRIEDEMANN, A.GANGET, R.GAYLER H. H.GIBBON, A. W.GUY, F.HANSEN, A. L.HANSEN, CH.HELLENSTEINER, J.HENRIKSEN, P. G. E.HENSZELY, J.HIGGINS, F. C.HILL, CH.JONES, S. L.KANKONEN, J. W.KARLSSON, W.KOCH, M.KOFLER, A.KOLLER, C. V.KOPSKY, J. G.KRAMER, R.LEMNITZ, F.LÜTHJE, C.MAZUR, G.Épée Team Competition:SWEDEN.Ind. competition with foils:ALAJMO, E.BÉKESSY, B.BERTI, L.MONTGOMERIE R.SELIGMAN, E.Ind. Épée competition:BOIN, V.HOLT, M.SELIGMANN, E.SÖRENSEN, E.TOM, L.NorwayRussiaGermanyU. S. A.GermanySwedenCanadaFranceEnglandChiliSwedenChiliFranceEnglandIrelandNorwayDenmarkAustriaNorwayHungaryEnglandScotlandEnglandFinlandSwedenGermanyAustriaChiliU. S. A.AustriaGermanyHungaryCycling.Fencing.879MEISSNER I. A.MERCREDY, R. J. R.MERLIN, E. A.MEYLAND-SMITH, O.MILLER, J.MORÉN, H.MÜLLER, I.MÄNNEL. O.NIELSEN, V.OLSEN, G.PIKE, J. K.RABE, W.RACINE, J.RAITA, A.RAMES, B.RAMMER, R.RATHMAN, O.REIDER, J.REINVALD, J. F.SMIEL, H.STEINERT, J.STEVENSEN, J.STEVENSON, D. M.THOMSON, R.TILKANEN, V. O.TORRES, J. P.VÄRE, F. A. H.WACHA, A.WALKER, J.WALKER, M.WARSOW, G.WATSON, G.WILSON, J.ZILKER, J.U. S. A.IrelandEnglandDenmarkScotlandSwedenHungaryGermanyDenmarkU. S. A.GermanyFranceFinlandBohemiaAustriaGermanyDenmarkGermanyU. S. A.ScotlandFinlandChiliFinlandAustriaIrelandGermanyCanadaScotlandAustriaItalyHungaryGreat BritainBelgiumGreat BritainSwedenBelgium

Ind. Sabre competition:ANDRÉEFF, W.FÖLDES, D.NADI, N.SCHENKER, Z.TOTH, P.WERKNER, L.RussiaHungaryItalyHungaryHungaryGymnastics.lndividualcompetition:GIORGIO, ZAMPORIGUIDO, BONIGUIDO, ROMANOLALU, MARCELPIETRO, BIANCHITORRES, MARCUSItalyFranceItalyFranceDisplay:RUSSIA.Lawn Tennis (covered courts):BOSTRÖM, W.GRÖNFORS, T.LARSEN, E.LEFFLER, H.LOWE, F. G.MÖLLER, F.NYLÉN, C. O.Lawn Tennis (out-of-door courts):INGERSLEV, V.HEYDEN, A. M.SAUMAROKOFF-ELSTON, Count M.TAPSCOTT, L. E.THAYSSEN, A.WENNERGREN, C.ZEMLA, L.SwedenDenmarkSwedenGreat BritainSwedenDenmarkGermanyRussiaSouth AfricaDenmarkSwedenBohemiaBERNHARDT, E.GRÖNHAGEN, Å. E.MANNSTRÖM, B. K. A.PATTON J:r, G. S.STRANNE, J. S. M.Modern Pentathlon.AustriaSwedenU. S. A.SwedenEights:AUSTRALASIA.CANADA.GERMANY.Rowing.Fours, outriggers:DENMARK.NORWAY.SingleSculls:BUTLER, E. B.880Canada

Shooting.Comp. a)Comp. b)Comp. c)SOUTH AFRICA:BRIGGS, A. L.BURDETTE, C. L.BURR, H. G.FULTON, A. G.JERNSTRÖM, V.OMMUNDSEN, H.PLATER, P. E.WALLENBERG, C.BARTLETT, H. T.FLODSTRÖM, C. E.FULTON. A. G.HARVEY, G. H.LEVIDIS, N. M.ROMANDER, N.VELEZ, R.WALDAINE, P. DEU. S. A.Great BritainSwedenGreat BritainSwedenU. S. A.SwedenGreat BritainSouth AfricaGreeceSwedenHungaryRussiaComp. d) FRANCE.Comp. e) BJÖRKMAN, T.HELGERUD, A.JOHANSSON, G. H.LARSSON, B.SKATTEBOE, G. G.Comp. g) BOSTRÖM, E.v. HOLST, H.KEMP, F. W.LESSIMORE, L. E.LEUSHNER, W. F.MURRAY, R. C.PIMM, W. J.Comp. i) GYLLENKROK, A.MURRAY, R. C.PEPÉ J.SwedenNorwaySwedenNorwaySwedenGreat BritainU.S. A.Great BritainSwedenGreat BritainComp. j)RUSSIA.Comp. k) BOSTRÖM, E. . . .DE LAVAL, G....POULTER, H. O.Comp. m) CARLBERG, E.DIETZ, J. A.DE LAVAL, G.ROEDDER, H.TÖRNMARK, C. J.TÖRÖK, A., GrafWINANS, W.SwedenGreat BritainSwedenU. S. A.SwedenU. S. A.SwedenHungaryU. S. A.Comp. o) METAXAS, A.GreecePREUSS, A.GermanyROBINSON, HUMBY H.Great BritainSCHNITT, G. A.Finlandv. ZEDLITZ UND LEIPE, Freih. Germany56 Fifth Olympiad.881

Comp. q) CEDERSTRÖM, F.EKMAN, J. E.ELBOGEN, H.LARSSON, K. A.LEUSHNER, W. F.LINDSKOG, S. A.MICHEL, A.Comp. r) LINDEWALD, E. V.SÖKJER-PETERSÉN, E.SwedenAustriaSwedenU. S. A.SwedenAustriaSweden100 m., free style:BOARDMAN, L.BRETTING, K.MC GILLIVRAY, P.LONGWORTH W.RAMME, W.100 m., back stroke:BARONYI, A.GROSS, O.200 m., breast stroke :COURTMAN, PJULIN, H.400 m., free style:HEALY, C.VON LAS-TORRES, B.400 m., breast stroke:MALISCH, P.1,500 m., free style :ANDERSSON, W.High, Plain Diving:ARO, T. N.BRANDSTEN, E. MCRONDAHL, V. G.RUNSTRÖM, A. W.Plain and Variety Diving:ARBIN, H.CARLSON, ALVINJOHANSSON, HJ.YVON, G.Spring-board Diving:GAIDZICK, G. W.JANSSON, J.POTT, H. E.ZIMMERMAN, P. M.ZÜRNER, A.Swimming.882AustralasiaGermanyU. S. A.AustralasiaGermanyHungaryGermanyGreat BritainSwedenAustralasiaHungaryGermanySwedenFinlandSwedenSwedenGreat BritainU. S. A.SwedenGreat BritainCanadaGermany

100 m., free style, ladies:CURWEN, DAISYROSENBERG, GRETESPEIRS, ANNIEHigh Plain Diving for ladies:ANDERSSON, ELSAANDERSSON, SELMAEKLUND, ELLALARSSON, TORAREGNELL, ELSAGreat BritainGermanyGreat BritainSweden800 m., Team Race:GERMANY.Water Polo:AUSTRIA.Wrestling.Feather Weight:HAAGPANEN, LAURILEIVONEN, KALLELEMUSWIRTA, JALMAR WILHELMÖBERG, ERIKLight Weight:BALEJ, JANKAPLUR, OSCARKOLEHMAINEN, TATULUND, CARL ERIKNILSSON, JOHAN THEODORRADVANY, ÖdonWIKSTRÖM, VOLMARMiddle Weight A:JOKINEN, AUGUSTSINT, JANÅBERG, KARL KONRADMiddle Weight B:RAJALA, AUGUSTFinlandSwedenBohemiaRussiaFinlandSwedenHungaryFinlandFinlandHollandFinlandFinland“ÖRN”“SASS”Yacht Racing.8-m. class:6-m. class :Finland883

TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF STARTERS IN ALL THE COMPETITIONS OF THEOLYMPIC GAMES OF 1912.C o m p e t i t i o nTotalAthletics:100 metres Flat2004008001,5005,00010,000Marathon RaceHurdle Race, 110 metresWalking Race, 10,000 metresRunning High JumpStandingRunning Broad JumpStandingHop, Step and JumpPole JumpThrowing the Javelin, best handright & left handThrowing the Discus, best handright & left handPutting the Weight, best handright & left handThrowing the HammerPentathlonDecathlonRelay Race 400 metres1,600Team Race 3,000 metresCross-country race 8,000 metresTug-of-WarCycling:Fencing:FoilsÉpée Team CompetitionIndividual Épée CompetitionSabre Team CompetitionIndividual Sabre CompetitionFootball:Gymnastics:Team Competition I.Team Competition IITeam Competition IIIIndividual CompetitionDisplays.Horse Riding Competitions:MilitaryPrize RidingPrize Jumping, IndividualTeamLawn Tennis:Gentlemen’s Singles (covered courts)Ladies’Gentlemen’s DoublesMixedGentlemen’s Singles (out-of-door courts)Ladies’Gentlemen’s DoublesMixedCarried forward

CompetitionTotalModernRowing: (crews)BroughtPentathlonEights, outriggersFoursFours inriggersSingle ScullsRowing: (boats)Eights, outriggersFours,Fours, inriggersSingle scullsforwardShooting:Team Competition a)Individual Competition b)Individual Competition c)Team Competition d)Individual Competition e)Team Competition f)Individual Competition g)Team Competition h)Individual Competition i)Team Competition j)Individual Competition k)Team Competition l)Individual Competition m)Team Competition n)Individual Competition 0)Team Competition p)Individual Competition q)Individual Competition r)Swimming:100 metres free style100 back stroke200 breast stroke400 free style400 breast stroke1,500 free styleHigh DivingPlain and Variety DivingSpring-Board Diving100 metres free style, LadiesHigh Diving, Ladies800 metres Team RaceWater Polo400 metres Team Race, LadiesWrestling:Feather WeightLight WeightMiddle Weight A.Middle Weight B.Heavy WeightYacht Racing: (crews)12 metres class1086Yacht Racing: (yachts)12 metres class1086boatsyachtsTotal

TABLE OF DIPLOMAS OF MERIT AWARDED AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES OF 1912.Athletics Cycling FencingLawnTennisRowing ShootingModernPen-tathlonGymnasticsSwimmingWrestlingYachtRacingTotalAustralasiaAustriaBelgiumBohemiaCanadaChiliDenmarkFinlandFranceGermanyGreat BritainGreeceHollandHungaryItalyNorwayRussiaSouth AfricaSwedenU. S. A.

NUMBER OF ATHLETES ACTUALLY COMPETING IN THE VARIOUS BRANCHES OF ATHLETICS.NationGym-Athletics Cycling Fencing Football nasticsHorse Lawn ModernYachtRiding Tennis Pentath- Rowing Shooting Swimming Wrestling Racing TotallonAustralasiaAustriaBelgiumBohemiaCanadaChiliDenmarkEgyptFinlandFranceGermanyGreat BritainGreeceHollandHungaryItalyJapanLuxemburgNorwayPortugalRussiaServiaSouth AfricaSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyU. S. A.Totals

TABLE SHOWING PROPORTION BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF ENTRIES AND THE ACTUALNUMBER OF ATHLETES COMPETING.Branch of AthleticsNumber ofcompetitorsenteredActual numberof AthletescompetingNumber ofentries for all thecompetitions*)Actual numberof starters in allthe competitionsAthleticsCyclingFencingFootballGymnasticsHorse RidingLawn TennisModern PentathlonRowingShootingSwimmingWrestlingYacht RacingTotal*) The difference between Columns 2 and 5 is caused by the fact that in many cases, the same man was entered for two or more events.

LIST OF COMPETITORS IN THE OLYMPIC GAMES OFSTOCKHOLM, 1912.NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionAaltonen, A. O.Aamdes, O. A.Aas, L. T.Aas, R.Aas, Th. V.Abraham, A.Abrahams, S. S.Abrahamsen, I.Achun, A.Adám, AladarAdam, AlexAdam, D,Adam, J.Adams, B. WAdams, H.Adams, P.Adler, M.Adlerberg, H.vonAdlercreutz, N.Adlerz, E. W.Adlerz, M. E.Aejmelaens, C.B. E.Aelter, J.Ahlberg, G.Ahlgren, A.Ahlgren, A. O.Ahnger, A.Aho, P.Aitchison, F. H.Akimow, A.Alajmo, E.Alancourt, G.Alegria, F.Alenitzyn, A.FinlandNorwayGermanyGreat Brit.NorwayRussiaHungaryLuxemburgGermanyU. S. A.AustriaRussiaSwedenRussiaBelgiumSwedenFinlandGreat BritainRussiaItalyFranceChiliRussiaSwimmingAthleticsFencingFootballYacht RacingAthleticsGymnasticsSwimmingm. breast stroke,m.High jump.Foils; team Épée; ind.épée.met. class.Decathlon.Broad. Jump.Team Competition III.Ind. comp.Water Polo.Gymnastics Team Competition II.III.FencingTeam, sabre.AthleticsHigh jump; broad jump.Shooting a. b. c. e.AthleticsHigh jump: broad jump;hop, step and jump.Swimmingm. free style. Ladies.m.team.swim.race.Yacht Racing -met. class.Horse Riding Comp. Military; Prize jumping;individ.SwimmingHigh (plain) diving; plainand variety diving.High (plain) diving;ladies.Modern PentathlonAthleticsRowingAthleticsWrestlingYacht RacingAthleticsLawn Tennis(coveredcourts)FootballFencingmetres flat;metres flat.Eights; outriggers.Marathon Race.Middle weight B.-met. class.Putting weight, b. h. andr. & l. h.Ladies’ Singles; MixedDoubles.Foils; team sabre; ind.sabre.Cycling Road Race roundCyclingLake Mälar.b. c. k. m.ShootingLawn Tennis (out-of- Gentlemen’s Doubles.door courts)891

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionAlexander, G. R. Great BritainAlfthan, M. FinlandAllen, F. H. U. S. A.Allert, E. A. E. DenmarkAlmlöf, E. SwedenAlmquist, A. A. RussiaAlmqvist, A. SwedenAlsleben, A. RussiaAltimani, F. ItalyAmberger, G. GermanyAmes, G.Amphlett, E. M.Amundgén, E.Amundsen, A.Andersen, A. P.Andersen, A. S.Andersen, G.Andersen, Hj. N.Andersen, J.Andersen, J.Andersen, N.Andersen, S.Anderson, A.E.D.Anderson, A. L.Anderson, G.R.L.Andersson, C.Andersson, C. A.Anderson, C. G.Andersson, E. H.Andersson, E. L.Andersson, C. E.Andersson, Hj.Andersson, J.Andersson, J. H.Andersson, K. E.Andersson, L. R.Andersson, N. G.Andersson, O. M.Andersson, R.Andersson, S. A.M.Andersson, W.Andreassen, B.Great BritainSwedenNorwayDenmarkNorwayDenmarkNorwayDenmarkNorwayGreat BritainSwedenGreat BritainSwedenU. S. A.SwedenGermanySwedenU. S. A.SwedenNorwayFencingYacht RacingAthleticsRowingAthleticsModern PentathlonRowingAthleticsFencingRowingGymnasticsWrestlingGymnasticsFootballGymnasticsAthleticsGymnasticsShootingSwimmingAthleticsSwimmingWrestlingSwimmingShootingSwimmingAthleticsWrestlingSwimmingAthleticsSwimmingWrestlingSwimmingCyclingInd. épée; foils.-met. class.Broad jump.Fours, inriggers.Hop, step and jump.Eights, outriggers.Decathlon.Walking Race.met. flat; team racemet.Ind. épée.Foils; team épée; ind.épée.Eights; outriggers.Team competition I.Middle Weight A.Team competition III;ind. camp.Team competition III.Cross-country Race.Team competition I.a. d.High (plain) diving;plain and varietydiving.met. flat; met.flat.Tug-of-War.Hurdle race.Marathon Race.Water Polo.Feather Weight.High (plain) diving;Ladies.g. i.met. free style.Cross-country Race.Feather Weight.Middle Weight B.Water Polo.met. flat.m. breast stroke.Middle Weight A.met. free style;plain and variety diving;water polo.High (plain) diving;Ladies.met, free stylewater polo.Cycling Road race roundLake Mälar.892

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionAndré, G. I. France Athletics Hurdle race, high jumpbroad jump; Pentathlon;Decathlon.Andreef, WladimirAndreas, J.Andstén, C.Andstén, J.Angell, B.Anker, J.Ankondinoff, A.Ansén, K. A.Anspach, H.Anspach, P.Antal, J.Antonopoulos, A.Apelqvist, E.O.E.Appelgren, J.Applegarth, W.RussiaAustriaFinlandNorwayRussiaSwedenBelgiumHungaryGreeceSwedenFencingFootballYacht RacingTeam, sabre; ind. sabre.-met. class.Lawn Tennis (out-ofdoorcourts) Gentlemen’s Doubles.Yacht Racing -met. class.WrestlingFeather Weight.FootballFencingFoils; team épée; ind.épée team sabre; ind.sabre.Foils; team épée; ind.épée; team sabre; ind.sabre.Athleticsmet. flat.WrestlingMiddle Weight A.SwimmingSpring-board diving.FootballGreat Britain Athleticsmet. flat; met.Apsit, A. Russia CyclingAradi, L.Arbin, H.d’Arcy, V. H. A.Arenholt, J.Armgarth, G.Amaud, H. A.Arnesen, K.Amheim, E.Arnheiter, A.Aro, T. N.Arpe, O.Arsenieff, B.Arvidsson, P.O.Ashington, H. S.Asikainen, A.Assimacopoulo,A.d’ Astafort.Atkinson, C.Auba, J. C.HungarySwedenGreat BritainDenmarkSwedenFranceNorwaySwedenGermanyFinlandItalyRussiaSwedenGreat BritainFinlandGreeceFranceGreat BritainFranceGymnasticsSwimmingAthleticsLawn Tennis (out-ofdoorcourts)FencingAthleticsflat; relay race m.Cycling Road race roundLake Mälar.Team competition II.Plain and variety diving.met. flat; met.flat; relay race m.Gentlemen’s Singles;Doubles.Foils; team sabre.met. flat; teamrace m.; cross-country race.WrestlingFeather Weight.Lawn Tennis (cove- Ladies’ Singles,red and out-of-door Mixed Doubles.courts)RowingSwimmingWrestlingFencingShootingAthleticsWrestlingSwimmingHorse Riding comp.SwimmingAthletics893Fours; outriggers.High (plain) diving; plainand variety diving.Middle Weight B.Ind. sabre.c. e. p. q. r.Hurdle race; broad jump;hop, step and jump.Middle Weight A.m. free style.Military; prize riding;prize jumping, ind. &team.m. breast stroke.High jump.

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionAust, O.Autonen, J. U.Awksentjeff, P.SwedenFinlandRussiaYacht RacingShootingSwimming-met. class.e.m. free style;Ayde, A.AthleticsWalking race.Baasch, U.Baastad, E. F.Babcock, H. S.Babel, R.Bacher, E.Backenius, E. I.Bacon, E. H.Bacon, S. V.Baden, HBaiardo, DavidNorwayU. S. A.HungaryFinlandGreat BritainDenmarkItalyPole jump; Relay racemet.FootballAthleticsPole jump; Pentathlon.Gymnastics Team competition II.Shooting n. o.WrestlingHeavy Weight.Middle Weight A.A.AthleticsCross country race.Swimmingmet. free style,Baier, RudolfBailey, H. P.Bajan, A.Bajmakoff, G.GermanyGreat BritainHungaryRussiaCyclingFootballRowingSwimmingCycling Road race roundLake Mälar.Eights, outriggers.m. breast stroke,Baker, B. H.Baker, P. J.Balej, J.Banikas, G.Barath, L. vonBarbesino, L.Barkoff, D. deBarl, KarlBaronyi, AndrásBaronyi, AndreasBarret, E.Barrett, H. F.Barrier, A.Barta, ZdenekBartholomae, F.Bartholomae, W.Bartlett, H. T.Bathe, WalterGreat BritainBohemiaGreeceHungaryItalyRussiaAustriaHungaryGreat BritainFranceBohemiaGermanyU. S. A.GermanyAthleticsHigh jump.m. flat; m. flat.WrestlingLight Weight.AthleticsPole jump.Lawn Tennis (out-of- Gentlemen’s Singles;door courts)Doubles.FootballShooting p. r.Wrestling Middle Weight B.AthleticsBroad jump.Swimmingm. back stroke.AthleticsTug-of-War.WrestlingHeavy Weight.AthleticsMarathon Race.Wrestling Middle Weight A.FencingInd. épée; team sabre.RowingEights, outriggers.Shooting b. c. e.Swimmingm. breast stroke,Battersby, T. S.Great Britainm. free style;Baumann, G.Baumann, H.Beale, J. G.Beasley, H. B.RussiaGreat BritainCanadaWrestlingAthleticsteam race.Light Weight.m. flat.Marathon race.m. flat:Beamish, E. A.Great BritainRelay race met.Lawn Tennis (covered Gentlemen’s Singles,courts)Doubles.894

NameNationBranch of Athletics.CompetitionBeaufort, J. D.H. deBecht, JohnBeckman, A. M.Behm, CharlesBehrens, K.Békessy, BélaBeleznay, LadislausBelinsky, B. deBellah, S. H.Belloni, GinoBelote, F. V.Belvselvsky, E.Benckert, C.Benedicks, E.Benfratello, J.Bengtsson, G.Bengtsson, O.Bentham, IsaacBeranek, J.Berardo, F.Beresford, J.Bergh, K.Bergman, A.Bergman, P. H.Bergman, ÅkeBergqvist, A. Th.Bergqvist, ErikBergsland, HansBergstedt, R.Bergström, E.Bergström, K. J.Bergström, O. L.Bergvall, T.Berkes, JozsefBerna, T. S.Bernhardt, Edm.Bernstorff, E.Berntsen, OlufHollandU. S. A.SwedenLuxemburgGermanyHungaryRussiaU. S. A.ItalyU. S. A.RussiaSwedenItalySwedenGreat BritainBohemiaItalyGreat BritainSwedenNorwaySwedenHungaryU. S. A.AustriaGermanyDenmarkFencingCyclingWrestlingGymnasticsSwimmingFencingTeam épée; ind. épée;Cycling Road race roundLake Mälar.Feather Weight.Team competition II.III.High (plain) diving; plainand variety diving;Spring-board diving.Foils; ind. épée; ind.sabre.Swimmingm. free style; waterpolo; m. teamrace.Shooting b. c. e.AthleticsPole jump.FencingFoils, team sabre.Athleticsm. flat; High jump;Relay race met.Yacht Racing -m. class.Lawn Tennis (cov- Gentlemen’s Singles.ered & out-of-doorDoubles.courts)Shooting 0. q. r.FencingFootballSwimmingWrestlingFootballRowingAthleticsYacht RacingSwimmingWrestlingFootballSwimmingFencingRowingFootballYacht RacingAthleticsGymnasticsAthleticsModern PentathlonShooting k. m.n. 0.FencingFoils, team sabre, ind.sabre.Water Polo.Feather Weight.Fours, outriggers.High jump; broad jumpTug-of- War.m. class.m. back stroke.Middle Weight A.m. free style; waterpolo.Team épée; ind. épée.Eights, outriggers.-m. class.Marathon race.Team competition II.m. flat;m. team race;cross-country race.Foils, team épée; ind.épée; ind. sabre.895

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionBerré, MarcelBerry, A.Bertelsen, N.Berth, P. L. L.Berthelsen, J. O.H.Berti, LázlóBertilsson, P. D.Bertrain, GabrBes, LouisBetts, A. E.Beulque, P. L.Beyer, Hans A.Betzén, G.Bianchi, PietroBie, F. R.Billings, C. W U. S. A.Binaschi, A. ItalyBinner, Walther GermanyBiró, Gyda HungaryBirch, Halvor DenmarkBirker, Robert GermanyBisgaard, E.Bjerke, O. G.Björk, E. G.BelgiumGreat BritainNorwayDenmarkHungarySwedenRussiaFranceGreat BritainFranceNorwaySwedenItalyNorwayDenmarkNorwaySwedenFencingFootballYacht RacingFootballFencingGymnasticsFencingCyclingGymnasticsSwimmingGymnasticsAthleticsGymnasticsAthleticsShooting n. o.FootballSwimmingFootballGymnasticsCyclingFoils; ind. épée; teamsabre.-m. class.Foils, team épée, ind.épée, team sabre, ind.sabre.Foils, team sabre, ind.sabre.Team competition I.Foils, team épée, ind.épée.Cycling Road race roundLake Mälar.Team competition II.Water Polo.Team competition III.Broad jump.Team competition II;Ind. competition.Hurdle race, broad jump,Pentathlon, Decathlon.m. free style.Team competition III.Cycling Road race roundLake Mälar.RowingFours, outriggers.Shooting c.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Björklund, E.Swimmingm. free style; ladies.Björklund, H. Norway Lawn Tennis (out-of- Gentlemen’s Singles,door courts)Doubles.Björklund, H.Björkman, C.Björkman, T.Björksten, W.SwedenFinlandWrestlingShootingYacht racingLight Weight.a. d. e.a. b. c. e.m. class.Björn, E. Sweden Athletics m. flat; m. flat.Björnson, H.Björnstad, J.Norway GymnasticsRowingTeam competition III.Eights, outriggers; Fours,inriggers.Björnstad, O.Bjömström Finland Yacht RacingFours, inriggers.m. class.Bjurstedt, M. Norway Lawn Tennis (out-of- Ladies’ Singles; Mixeddoor courts)Doubles.Blaha, A. Austria FootballBlack, A. W. Great Britain Shooting o.Blake, John P. Fencing Team épée, ind. épée.Blakeney, H.E.H. Athletics m. flat; hurdle race.Blanchard, V. S. U. S. A. Hurdle race.Blanchy, F. J. France Lawn Tennis (out-of- Gentlemen’s Singles.door courts)896

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionBlau, H. RussiaBlau, H. AustriaBlijenburgh, W.P. H. van HollandBlixen-Finecke,H. von SwedenBlom, O.HollandBlomgren, Gust. SwedenBlommaert, E. de BelgiumBlomqvist, E. SwedenBlum, Zoltán HungaryBoardman, Leslie AustralasiaBock, G. GermanyBodley, R. South AfricaBodnár, Sándor HungaryBodneck, W. RussiaBodor, Ödön HungaryBogen, AlbertBohm, C.Boigne, R. deBoin, VictorBoin, V.BoissièreBoivie, G. C.Bolander, G.Boltenstern, G. A.Bömches vonBoor, E. R.Bonde, C.Bonfadini , F.Bonfanti, C.AustriaSwedenFranceBelgiumFranceSwedenHungarySwedenItalyBonhag, G. V. U. S. A.Boni, GuidoItalyBonneveld, B. HollandBontmy, J. W.Bordang, Andre LuxemburgBoreischa, P.Borissow, F.Bos, A. P. . AZBosch, Fr.Bosch, H.Bossche, G. vandenBoström, E.RussiaHollandRussiaGermanyBelgiumSwedenShootingSwimmingFencing0. p. q.Water Polo.Team épée, ind. épée,team sabre.Horse Riding com- Prize riding.petitionLawn Tennis (out-of- Gentlemen’s Singles.door courts)SwimmingPlain and variety diving.Horse Riding comp. Military, prize jumping,ind. & team.Shooting d. e.FootballSwimming100 m. free style;800 m. team race.Shooting k. l.a. b. c. d. e.FootballShootingAthletics400 & 800 m. flat;relay race 1,600 m.FencingTeam sabre; ind. sabre.FootballShooting a. b. c. d. e.FencingInd. épée.SwimmingWater Polo.AthleticsMarathon race.Shooting h. i. k. m.AthleticsThrowing the discus, b.h.Horse Riding comp. Prize riding.Shooting a. b. c. e.Horse Riding comp. Prize riding.FootballSwimmingHigh (plain) diving,spring-board diving.Athletics 5,000 m. flat; 3,000 m.team race; crosscountry race.GymnasticsWrestlingFootballGymnasticsFootballCyclingFencingCyclingFootballRowingShooting57 Fifth Olympiad. 897Team competition II;Ind. competition.Heavy Weight.Team competition II;III.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Team épée, ind. épée.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Fours, outriggers.g. j. k. m.

NameNation Branch of Athletics CompetitionBoström, W.Bothén, B.Bothén, BjörnBouffechoux, J.Bough, S. Ch.Bouin, J.Boullery, J.Bouman J:r, P.Bourne, R. C.Boutoussoff, W. P.Bouvy, N. J. J.Bowman, W. L.Boyd, P. E. CanadaBraglia, Alberto ItalyBrambeck, N. F. SwedenBrandes, F. W.Brandsten, E. M.Brandstetter, J. AustriaBranting, Georg SwedenBrascheRussiaBraun, H. GermanyBraunsteiner, K.Brauer, Th.Brebner, R. G.Brecke, A. B.Breckinridge, S.D.Bredakolff, J. G.vanBreed, George H.Brekke, S.Brenner, B.Bretting, KurtBreunig, M.Bricker, C. D..Brickley, C.Bridge, R.Briggs, A. L.Borbas, GasparBroberg, G.Brock, G. M.Brodd, E. A.Brodi, SandorBrodtkorb, B.Sweden Lawn Tennis (covered& out-of-doorDoubles.Gentlemen’s Singles,courts)Yacht Racing 10-m. class.FranceNorwayFranceHollandGreat BritainRussiaHollandU. S. A.AustriaSwedenGreat BritainNorwayU. S. A.HollandU. S. A.NorwayFinlandGermanyCanadaU. S. A.Great BritainU. S. A.HungarySwedenCanadaSwedenHungaryNorwayWrestlingShootingAthleticsFootballRowingFootballFencingRowingGymnasticsFencingRowingSwimmingFootballFencingYacht RacingAthleticsFootballAthleticsFootballYacht RacingFencingFootballFencingFootballYacht RacingSwimmingFootballAthleticsShootingFootballRowingAthleticsSwimmingFootballAthletics898Light Weight.b.5,000 m. flat; crosscountry race.100 m. flat.Eights, outriggers.Foils, team épée, ind.épée.Eights, outriggers.Team competition II,ind. camp.Team sabre.Fours, inriggers.High (plain) diving; plainand variety diving;spring-board diving.Ind. épée.10-m. class.400 m. flat; 800 m. flat;relay race 1,600 m.High jump.8-m. class.Foils; team épée: ind.épée.Foils, team épée; ind.épée.10-m. class.100 m. free style;800 m. team race.Broad jump; hop, stepand jump.Hop, step and jump.Walking race.a. b. c. e.Eights, outriggers.800 m. flat; relay race1,600 m.Spring-board diving.High jump; broad jump.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionBroeske, M.Brookfield, E. W.HamiltonBroquedis, M.Brown, Fr. R.Bruhn-Möller, W.Brulé, GeorgesBrundage, A.Brunkman, C.Brunkman, G.Brusewitz, E.Brustad, GeorgBruun, C. H.Brülle, WilhelmBråthe, J.Buchfelder, H.Buchfelder, R.Buchwald, C.Buder, J. E.BuerknerBugbee, Ch.Bukse, J.Burdekin, B.Burdette, C. L.Burdick, J. W.Burger, K.Burgess, E. R.Burkowitz, H.Burn, T. C.Burr, H. G.Burt, H.Burton, R.Butler, E. B.Butt, J. H.Butterworth, H.Byl, Ch. van derByrd, R. L.Bäuerle, O.Börjesson, E.Börjesson, J.Bökman, O.Böling, I. Th.Bönninghausen,H. vonGermany Rowing Eights, outriggers.Great BritainFranceCanadaSwedenFranceU. S. A.SwedenNorwayGermanyNorwayAustriaFencingLawn Tennis (out-ofdoorcourts)CyclingTeam sabre; ind. sabre.Ladies’ singles; Mixeddoubles.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Rowing Eights, outriggers;Fours, inriggers.Modem PentathlonAthleticsThrowing the discus b. h.;Pentathlon; Decathlon.Rowing Eights, outriggers;Fours, inriggers.Eights, outriggers.Lawn Tennis (out-of- Ladies’ Singles.door courts)Gymnastics Team competition I.ShootingGymnasticsTeam competition IIIII.Shooting c. e.SwimmingWater Polo.Denmark FootballGermanyGreat BritainRussiaGreat BritainU. S. A.GymnasticsHorse Riding comp.SwimmingCyclingTeam competition IIIII.Prize riding.Water Polo.Cycling road race roundLake MälarEights, outriggers.a. b. c. e.High Jump.GermanyGreat BritainGermanyGreat BritainCanadaGreat BritainU. S. A.GermanySwedenFinlandGermanyRowingShootingAthleticsFootballRowingAthleticsFootballShootingAthleticsRowingShootingFencingAthleticsFootballShootingWrestlingAthletics.899Eights, outriggers.400 m. flat; relay race1,600 m.a. b.g. i.800 m. flat.Single Sculls.n. o.Team sabre, ind. sabre.Ind. épée; ind. sabre.High jump, broad jump,throwing the discusb. h., r. & l. h.Hop, step and jump;Pentathlon.o.Middle Weight B.Hurdrace.

Name Nation Branch of AthleticsCompetitionBöysen, TrygveBöös, Gunnar M.NorwaySwedenGymnasticsFencingTeam competition I.Foils.Cabal, R.Caby, A.Caldwell, D.Calvi, G.Cambas, P. A.Campana, A.Campelli, P.Canet, A. H.Capelle, A.Carcereri, Z.Carey, D.Caridia, G. A.Cariou, J.FranceU. S. A.ItalyGreeceFranceItalyFranceItalyGreat BritainFranceCarlberg, C. E. SwedenCarlberg, E.Carlberg, W.Carlén, G.Carlson, A.Carlsson, C.Carlsson, GretaCarr,, G.Carroll, T.Great BritainCase, J. R. U. S. A.Casparsson, E. G. SwedenCastella, S. A.Castenschiold, S.Castex, H. deCastorina, CarloCate, C. H.Caulle, J.Cavallini, F.DenmarkFranceItalyHollandFranceItalyCederberg, H. E. FinlandCederschiöld, H. SwedenCederschiöld, M.Cederström, A.F. T.Chaffe, W.ChambopoulosChampion, M.Great BritainGreeceAustralasiaWrestlingSwimmingAthleticsFencingAthleticsFootballLawn Tennis (out-ofdoorcourts)CyclingWrestlingAthleticsLawn Tennis (covered courts)Horse Riding comp.GymnasticsShootingModem PentathlonShootingAthleticsSwimmingFootballSwimmingRowingAthleticsHorse Riding comp.FootballLawn Tennis (coveredcourts)ShootingFencingFootballAthleticsFencingSwimmingShootingLawn Tennis (coveredcourts)ShootingAthleticsFencingSwimmingLight Weight.1,500 m. free style;water polo.800 m. flat.800 m. flat; 1,500 m. flat.Ind. épée.Broad jump.Gentlemen’s Singles:Doubles.MixedCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Middle weight A.Throwing the hammer.Gentlemen’s Singles;Doubles.Military, prize riding,prize jumping, ind. & team.Team competition I.f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m.f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m.Cross country race.Plain and variety diving.100 m. free style; ladies;400 m. team race, ladies.Fours, outriggers.High jump; hop, stepand jump.Hurdle Race.Military, prize jumping,ind.Ladies’ Singles;Mixed Doubles.m. n. 0.Foils.800 m. flat.Foils; team sabre; ind.sabre.200 m. breast stroke.k. m.Ladies’ Singles;Mixed Doubles.q.Tug-of-War.Ind. épée; team épée.400 m. free style;1,500800 team race.900

Name Nation Branch of AthleticsCompetitionCharlet, O.Childs, C. C.Chisholm, G. A.Chkileff, Alex.Choultz, A.Christensen, C.Christensen, J.Christensen, J. H.Christensen, SörenP.Christiansen, E.Christiansen, H.Christiansen, L.Christoffersen,H. J.Chromoff, N. A.Ciai, MarianoCimera, R.Cipera, JosefClason, H. A. A.Clemenz, J.Clemmensen, E.Clilverd, R. E.Cockings, P. H.Colbachini, D.Collan, E. J.Colas, P. R.Collin, K. G. A.Connes, E.Convert, P.GermanyU. S. A.RussiaNorwayDenmarkNorwayDenmarkRussiaItalyAustriaBohemiaSwedenNorwayDenmarkGreat BritainCooke, C. L. U. S. A.Cooke, StensonCorble, A. H.Corkery, J. J.Comeliussen, T.Correa, Fem.Corsar, GeorgeCortesao, A. Z.Comett, G. Th.Costa, AntoineCottrill, W.Cotzias, C.Courbet, F.Courtman, P.Courtney, J. I.Covre, A.Cowhig, W.RowingAthleticsFencingAthleticsGymnasticsAthleticsWrestlingGymnasticsYacht RacingAthleticsFootballWrestlingFootballFencingYacht RacingFootballRowingModem PentathlonWrestlingAthleticsShootingEights, outriggers.Throwing the hammer.Hurdle race.Team sabre; ind. sabre.Broad jump: Decathlon.Team competition I.Marathon race.Middle weight B.Team competition I.6-m. class.Cross country race.Feather weight.Team sabre.12-m. class.Fours, outriggers.Feather weight.ItalyHurdle race.Finlandn. o.Francea. b. c. d. e.Sweden Swimming1,500 m. free style.FranceWater Polo.Belgium Horse Riding comp. Military, prize jumping,Great BritainCanadaNorwayPortugalGreat BritainPortugalGreat BritainFranceGreat BritainGreeceBelgiumGreat BritainAthleticsFencingAthleticsYacht RacingFencingCyclingAthleticsSwimmingGymnasticsAthleticsFencingSwimmingU. S. A. AthleticsItalyGreat BritainWrestlingGymnastics901team.200 m. flat; relay race400 m.Ind. foils; ind. épée.Team sabre; ind. sabre.Marathon race.8-m. class.Ind. épée.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.400 m. flat: 800 m. flat.Water Polo.Ind. comp.1,500 m. flat; team race3,000 m.; cross countryrace.Team épée; ind. épée.200 m. breast stroke;4oowater polo.200 m. breast stroke;4oo100 m. flat; 200 m. flat;relay race 400 m.Light weight.Team competition II;ind. comp.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionCoyle, F. J.Craig, R. C.Crawshay, R. O.Crequi-Montfort ,deCrondahl, V. G.Cross, SidneyCsejthe, Z. Jelenffy-Töthv.Curwen, DaisyCuzna, H.Cvetko, R.U. S. A. AthleticsGreat BritainFranceSwedenGreat BritainHungaryGreat BritainAustriaFencingShootingSwimmingGymnasticsShootingSwimmingRowingFencingPole jump.100 m. flat,; 200 m. flat.Team sabre.l. m. n. o.High (plain) diving.Team competition II.b. c. e. k.100 m. free style; ladies.Fours, outriggers.Foils, team sabre.Dahl, J.Dahl, N.Dahlberg, Hj.Dahlbäck, H.Dahlin, J.SwedenNorwaySwedenDahll, O. NorwayDahlström, E. SwedenDalberg, A. Th.Danild, F. DenmarkDanitch, W. RussiaDaranyi, A. von. HungaryDavenport, I. N. U. S. A.Davey, C. F.Great BritainDavidoff, G. de. RussiaDavidsen, O. NorwayDavies, R. F. Great BritainDavies, W. R. CanadaDavids, A. GermanyDawson, P. M. Great BritainDawe, L. S.Decoin, H.Decoteau, A.Degnes, O. C.Dehn, W.Deichler, E.Delaby, M. F. L.DelochDelloye, F.Demjan, O.Demarchi, C.Denver, H. P. C.Derbyshire, J. H.Dereani, F.Déván, I.Devecchi, B.FranceCanadaNorwayGermanyChiliFranceGermanyBelgiumHungaryItalyDenmarkGreat BritainAustriaHungaryItalyAthleticsThrowing the javelin, b.h.Cross-country race.Marathon race.RowingEights, outriggers.Fours, inriggers.Athletics400 m. flat; relay race1,600 m.RowingFours, outriggers.FootballWrestling Middle weight A.AthleticsCross-country race.FencingTeam sabre, ind. sabre.Shooting C.Athletics400 m. flat; 800 m. flat;relay race 1,600 m.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Shooting a. b. c. e.RowingFours, outriggers.Shooting b. c.0.FencingFoils.Team épée, ind. épée,foils.FootballSwimmingWater Polo.Athletics5,000 m. flat.Shooting a. b.RowingEights, outriggers.Horse Riding comp. Prize jumping; ind.Athletics100 m. flat; hurdle race.Horse Riding comp. Prize jumping, ind. and,team.Athletics1,500 m. flat.Swimming200 m . breast stroke:4ooFootballShootinge. f.Swimming100 m. free style.FencingFoils, ind. sabre, teamsabre.Athletics200 & 400 m. flat;relay race 1,600 m.Football902

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionDiana, D.Dickason, H.Dietz, J. A.Dines, J.Dixon, C. P.H. I. H. GrandDue DmitryDobrjansky, A. deDodds, J.Dolfen, P. J.Domenichelli, G.Domonkos, G.Donahue, J. J.Donners, H.Doorman, J.ItalyGreat BritainU. S. A.Great BritainRussiaGreat BritainU. S. A.ItalyHungaryU. S. A.BelgiumFencingFoils.Gymnastics Team competition II.Shooting j. k. l. m.FootballLawn Tennis (cover- Gentlemen’s Singles,ed courts)Doubles,Mixed Doubles.Horse Riding comp. Prize jumping, ind. &team.b. c. e. g. i. p. q.Water Polo.j. k. m.Team competition II.ShootingSwimmingShootingGymnasticsFootballAthleticsSwimmingFencingModem PentathlonPentathlon, Decathlon.Water Polo.HollandTeam épée, team sabre.Dorizas, M. Greece AthleticsThrowing the discus, b.h.;Dormald, L. G.Doyle, B. J.Dowler, J.Downey, V. A.Drescher, L.Dressel, VallyDrew, H. P.Drubina, I.Drury, H. J.Dubourdieu, V.Due, P.Duffy, J.Dukes, G. B.Dulnig, J.Dumbill, T. HDumrauf, A.Duncan, J. H.Duncan, R. C.Dunay, B.Durack, FannyDurant, A. P.Durant, H.Dybeck, G. W.Dyrberg, J. A.Great BritainChiliDenmarkGermanyU. S. A.HungaryGreat BritainFranceNorwayCanadaU. S. A.AustriaGreat BritainGermanyU. S. A.Great BritainHungaryAustralasiaBelgiumGreat BritainSwedenDenmarkRowingCyclingAthleticsCyclingFootballSwimmingAthleticsGymnasticsRowingFootballAthleticsShootingAthleticsWrestlingAthleticsFencingSwimmingShootingModem PentathlonShootingFootballputting the weight, b.h.Eights, outriggers.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Tug-of-War.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.100 m free style, ladies;400 m team race, ladies.100 m. flat; 200 m. flatWalking race.Team competition. II.Fours, outriggers.Marathon race.Pole jump.b. c.Walking race.Light weight.Throwing the discus, b.h.and r. & l. h.100 m. flat, 200 m. flat.Foils, ind. sabre.100 m. free style, ladies.Water Polo.j. k. l.r.Eck, W. M. HollandEdman, J. V. SwedenEdmundson, C. U. S. A.Edström, E. M. SwedenEggebrecht, F. GermanyEhmreich, P. AustriaAthleticsSwimmingRowingAthletics903Tug-of- War.400 m. flat, 800 m. flat.High(plain)diving; ladies.Eights, outriggers.Broad jump.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionEichhorn, C.Eilenbrecht, P.Eitel, P.Ekberg, G. M.Ekberg, R.Ekblad, K. E. E.Eke, J.Ekholm, K. V.Ekimoff, M.Eklund, E. D.Eklund, E. R.Ekman, J. E.Ekman, K. S.Ekman, L.Ekroth, H. A.Ekstrand, G.Ekström, A.Ekwall, H. K.Elbogen, H.Elichagaray, F.Elizarof, A.Eller J:r, J. J.Endrerud, H.Enell, K. H. A.Engebretsen, E.Engebretsen, K.Engelmann, W.Erickson, E. R.Ericksson, G. L.Ericksson, H.Ericsson, F.Ericsson, S.Eriksen, B. G.Eriksen, E.Eriksen, I.Eriksen, J. Th.Eriksen, M.Erikson, A.Eriksson, H. A.Eriksson, M.Eriksson, T. J.Erxleben, J.Erödy, I.GermanyHollandChiliSwedenFinlandRussiaSwedenChiliAustriaFranceRussiaU. S. A.NorwaySwedenNorwayGermanyEngelsen, A. NorwayEngelstad, O.Enright, H. B. U. S. A.Erckrath, I. deBaryGermanyU. S. A.SwedenNorwayDenmarkNorwaySwedenU. S. A.HungaryRowingWrestlingAthleticsFootballAthleticsGymnasticsAthleticsGymnasticsHorse Riding comp.SwimmingShootingWrestlingAthleticsFootballSwimmingCyclingShootingRowingAthleticsFootballFencingGymnasticsFootballGymnasticsSwimmingGymnasticsAthleticsFencingAthleticsShootingAthleticsYacht RacingRowingFencingRowingGymnasticsWrestlingGymnasticsRowingShootingSwimmingAthleticsGymnasticsEights, outriggers.Light weight.100 m. flat; 200 m. flat;hurdle race.100 m. flat; broad jump.Team competition I.10,000 m. flat; crosscountry race.Team comp. III; ind.comp.Prize riding.High (plain) diving; ladies.Plain and variety diving,spring-board diving.n. 0. q. r.Middle weight B.High jump.High (plain) diving.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.b. c. k. m.p. q. r.Fours, inriggers;outriggers.800 m. flat; 1,500 m. flat.Hurdle race; Pentathlon.Ind. épée.Team comp. I.Team comp. II.III.High (plain) diving,Team comp III.Team comp. I.High jump.Ind. épée, team épée,team sabre.High jump.g. i. k.Pentathlon.10-m. class.Eights, outriggers.Foils, ind. épée, team épée,Fours, outriggers.Team comp. I.Middle weight B.Team comp. I.Fours, outriggers.0.a. b. d. e.High (plain) diving.Marathon race.Team comp. II.904

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionEskola, J.Espelund, J.Estlander, E.Eulenberg, J.Everritt, A. F. G.Eyrich, T. H. C.Fabre, E.Fabritius, E. E.Fagan, A. W.Fahr, O.Failliot, P.FinlandNorwayFinlandRussiaGreat BritainDenmarkCanadaFinlandGreat BritainGermanyFranceFalch-Lund, E. NorwayFalche, G. DenmarkFalk, E. SwedenFalkenberg, I. C. NorwayFarber, J. RussiaFarkas, A. von. HungaryFarnest, N. RussiaFarrel, E. L. U. S. A.Faure, M.Faworski, L.Fazer, K.Fegth, H.FranceRussiaFinlandNorwayFeilmann, F. E. Great BritainFeith, C. W.Fekete, M.Fick, S.Fickeisen, O.Fickeisen, R.Filatoff, P.Filippoff, A.Filippoff, S. P.Finne, S.Finnerud, P.Fischer, V.Fischera, A.Fison, W. G.Fitzgerald, E. J.Fitzhardinger, R.B.Fixdal, N.Fjästad, N.Fleetwood, F.Fleischer, F.HollandHungarySwedenGermanyRussiaNorwayAustriaGreat BritainU. S. A.AustralasiaNorwaySwedenAustriaAthleticsShootingYacht RacingCyclingFencingRowingAthleticsShootingFencingSwimmingAthleticsYacht RacingGymnasticsAthleticsHorse Riding competitionYacht RacingShootingWrestlingAthleticsShootingFootballShootingRowingFencingFootballCross-country race.c.6 p.m. class.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Ind. épée, team épée.Fours, outriggers.Marathon race.Foils100 m. back stroke.100 m. flat; 200 m. flat;Pentathlon; Decathlon;relay race 400 m.; relayrace 1,600 m.12-m. class.Team competition I.Throwing the javelin, b.h.Prize riding; prize jumping,ind.8-m. class.a. b. c. e.Heavy weight.Broad jump; hop, stepand jump.l. m.n. o.Eights, outriggers; fours,inriggers.Team sabre.Lawn Tennis (covered Ladies’ Singles,& out-of-door courts) Mixed doubles.RowingFours, outriggers.FencingFootballFencingAthleticsWrestlingFootballRowingAthleticsRowingAthleticsInd. sabre.Ind. épée, team épée.Cross-country race.Light weight.Eights, outriggers.5,000 m. flat.Eights, outriggers.1oo m. flat; broad jump;hop, step and jump;relay race 400 m.Pentathlon.Throwing the discus b.h.,r. & l. h.100 m. flat; relay race400 m.905

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionFleming, Ph.Fletcher, F.Fletcher, JennieFleury, A.Flodström, C. E.Flotow, vonFlygare, B. E.Fock, B.Fogelmark, R.Fonbaek, O.Forgacs, F.Forsberg, F. W.Forshaw J:r, J.Forsman, O. E.Forsström, E.Forsyth, W. A.Fortgens, G.Foster, W.Fothi, S.Foti, S.Fournelle, P.Franck, A.Francom, S.Frandsen, R. P.Frank, A. P. R.Franklin, B. W.Frantzen, J. P.Franzl, V.Fraser, S.Frederiksen, O.Fredriksson, E.A.Fregosi, C.FreyerFriborg, E.Friedemann, A.Friedmann, T.H. R. H. PrinceFriedrich KarlFriesicke,Frigast, P.Friis, R.Frisell, E.Frisell, Hj.Fritz J:r, W. H.Frydenlund, R.Frydenlund, Th.Great BritainU. S. A.Great BritainFranceSwedenGermanySwedenNorwayHungarySwedenU. S. A.FinlandCanadaHollandGreat BritainHungaryLuxemburgFinlandGreat BritainDenmarkSwedenGreat BritainLuxemburgAustriaAustralasiaDenmarkSwedenItalyGermanySwedenChiliHungaryRowingAthleticsSwimmingShootingHorse Riding compWrestlingAthleticsEights, outriggers.High jump; broad jump.100 m. free style, ladies.n. 0.c.Prize riding.Light weight.10,000 m. flat; team race3,000 m.; cross countryrace.Wrestling Middle weight B.AthleticsMarathon race.800 m. flat; 1,500 m. flat.Yacht Racing 10-m. class.AthleticsMarathon race.RowingFours, outriggers.Gymnastics Team competition III.AthleticsMarathon race.FootballSwimming400 m. free style;1,500800 team race.AthleticsThrowing the discus b.h.Gymnastics Team competition II.AthleticsBroad jump.Yacht Racing 10-m. class.AthleticsMarathon race.RowingFours, outriggers.Wrestling Middle weight A.GymnasticsTeam competition II.Team competition II;III.AthleticsBroad jump; pole jump.RowingEights, outriggers.Lawn Tennis (out-of- Gentlemen’s Singles.door courts)AthleticsTug-of-war.Gymnastics Team competition II.Horse Riding comp. Prize jumping, ind. &team.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.SwimmingWater Polo.Germany Horse Riding comp. Prize jumping, ind. &R.team.RowingEights, outriggers.Denmark Lawn Tennis (out-ofdoorGentlemen’s Singles.courts)Shootinga. b.Sweden Athletics800 m. flat.Shootingn. 0. r.U. S. A. AthleticsPole Jump.Norway WrestlingLight weight.906

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionFrykberg, N. Sweden Athletics1,500 m. flat; team race3,000 m.Frykman,G.W.A.Fuchs, G. E.Fuchs, J.SwedenGermanyHungaryFootballFencingTeam sabre, ind. sabre.Fuchs, K. Bohemia Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles.(covered & out-of-Doubles.Fulton, A. G.Fältström, C.E.D.Földes, D.Great BritainSwedenHungarydoor courts)ShootingWrestlingFencinga. b. c.Middle weight A.Foils, team sabre, ind.sabre.Förderer, F. Germany FootballGabrielson, A.Gabrielson, Ch.Gagnet, R.Gaidzik, G. W.SwedenFranceU. S. A.Gajeffsky, P. RussiaGale, B. R. CanadaGallager J:r, J. J. U. S. A.Gallon, T. H. CanadaGardini, R.Gargano, A.Gamier, Ch.Garp, Th.Garton, A. S.Gate, W. P.Gayler, H. H.Gelfort, G.Gellert, I.ItalyFranceDenmarkGreat BritainSouth AfricaGreat BritainGermanyHungaryGentil, P. FranceGeorgiades, J. N. GreeceGerde, O. HungaryGerhardt, P. C. U. S. A.Germot, M. FranceGerms, J. E. C.vanGerlow, P.Gerstacker; G.Gerstmans, L.Gibbon, A. W. J.HollandDenmarkGermanyBelgiumGreat BritainGignoux, J. E. U. S. A.Gillan, J. A.Gille, K.Gillespie, T. C.Great BritainSwedenGreat BritainRowingCyclingSwimmingAthleticsRowingAthleticsWrestlingRowingGymnasticsRowingFencingCyclingRowingGymnasticsShootingFencingAthleticsLawn Tennis(covered courts)FencingShootingWrestlingCyclingFencingRowingAthleticsRowing907Fours, inriggers.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.High (plain) diving; plainand variety diving;spring-board diving.400 m. flat.Eights, outriggers.Marathon race.400 m. flat; relay race1,600 m.Middle weight K.Middle weight A.Fours, inriggers.Team competition I.Eights outriggers.Ind. épée, foils, ind.sabre.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Eights, outriggers.Team competition II, ind.competition.a. b. c. d. e. f. i.Ind. épée.Team sabre, ind. sabre.100 m. flat; 200 m. flat.Gentlemen’s Singles.Doubles.Ind. épée.c. e. f. g. i.Feather weight.Heavy weight.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Foils, team épée, ind.épée.Eights, outriggers.Pole jump.Eights, outriggers.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionGillis, D.Giongo, F.CanadaItalyGirsen, C. 0. FinlandGitareff, B. RussiaGitsham, C. W. South AfricaGlad, Th. NorwayGlaser, J. GermanyGleason, E. F. U.S. A.Glockauer, A. GermanyGlommes, M.Glover, E.Gobert, A. H.Goeldel, A.Goeldel, H.Godfree, D. W.Godfrey, G. A.Goehring, L.Golling, F.Gollini, A.Gompogne, A.Gonder, F.Goodwin, J. M.Goppold de Lobsdorf,K.Goppold de LobsdorfJ:r, V.Goppold de LobsdorfS:r, V.Gore, A. W.Gorodetzky, N.Gould, A. E.Goulding, G. H.Goworsky, P.Graf, L.Grandell, E.Granfelt, N. D.Graham, E. F.Graham, J. R.Grantz, G.Graubard, B.Green, H.Greifenfels, A.Guieber vonNorwayGreat BritainFranceGermanyGreat BritainSouth AfricaU. S. A.AustriaItalyFranceGreat BritainBohemiaGreat BritainRussiaGreat BritainCanadaRussiaHungarySwedenU.S. A.NorwayAustriaGreat BritainRussiaAthleticsYacht RacingFootballAthleticsYacht RacingFootballShootingGymnasticsShootingAthleticsLawn Tennis(covered courts)ShootingFencingModem PentathlonSwimmingAthleticsFencingGymnasticsAthleticsShootingFencingLawn Tennis(covered courts)FencingWrestlingAthleticsFencingRowingAthleticsGymnasticsThrowing the discus b.h.: throwing the hammer.100 m. flat; 200 m. flat;400 m. flat.8-m. class.Marathon race.8-m. class.n. o.Team competition IX,team competition III.a. c.5,000 m. flat; 10,000m. flat; cross countryrace.Gentlemen’s Singles,Gentlemen’s Doubles.n. 0.n. 0. q.Team sabre, ind. sabre.100 m. back stroke; 400m. free style.High jump; broad jump.Foils, team sabre, ind.sabre.Team competition II.Ind. competition.Pole jump.n.Ind. épée.Horse Riding comp. Military.Shooting n. 0.RowingFootballAthleticsFencing908Team épée; ind. épée.Foils, ind. épée, teamépée, team sabre.Gentlemen’s Singles,Gentlemen’s Doubles.Foils.Light weight.Walking race.Ind. épée, team épée,foils.Eights, outriggers.100 m. flat; 200 m. flat.Team competition I.Eights, outriggers, fours,inriggers.Marathon race.Team sabre, ind sabre.

Name Nation Branch of AthleticsCompetitionGregoire, O.BelgiumGregory, R. J. CanadaGriez von Ronse,A. D. AustriaGriffiths, A. J. Great BritainGriffiths, D. J.Grijseels J:r, J. HollandGrimmelmann,H. J. W. DenmarkGrineff, L. RussiaGripe, R. F. SwedenGroot, H. F. de HollandGross, K. GermanyGross, O.Grosvenor, W. P. Great BritainGroteGermanyGrubb, F. H. Great BritainGrubbe, T. NorwayGrumpelt, H. J. U. S. A.Grundwald, L. AustriaGrüner, W. SwedenGrünfors, T.Grönfors, Th.Grönhagen, Å. E.Grönvall, N. R. J.Guldbrandsen, K.J .NorwayGullaksen, R.Gumpel, M. SwedenGundersen, A. NorwayGustafsson, E. SwedenGustafsson, K.Gustafsson, K.Gustafsson, N. O.Gustafsson, P. A.Guttenstein, M me BelgiumGutterson, A. L. U. S. A.Guttman, D. SwedenGuy, F. Great BritainSwimmingRowingFencingCyclingShootingAthleticsGymnastics Team competition III.FencingFoils.Yacht Racing m. class.FootballWrestling Middle weight B.Swimmingm. back stroke.Shooting n. 0.Horse Riding comp. Prize jumping, ind.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.FootballAthleticsHigh jump.FootballAthleticsMarathon race.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles,(covered & out-of- Gentlemen’s Doubles,door courts) Mixed doubles.Yacht Racing -m. class.FencingInd. épéeModem PentathlonFencingFoils.CyclingWrestlingSwimmingWrestlingShootingAthleticsFootballAthleticsSwimmingAthleticsCyclingGylche, V. E. Denmark AthleticsGyllenkrook, A. Sweden ShootingGünther, P. Germany SwimmingGöbel, M. J. Holland FootballGötke, K. C. Denmark Rowingm. back stroke,water polo.Eights, outriggers.Ind. épée.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.g. i.m. flat, m. flat.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Feather weight.Water Polo.Middle weight A.b.Marathon race.Tug-of-War.m. free style. ladies.Broad jump.Marathon race.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Walking race.i. m.Spring-board diving.Fours, outriggers.Haapanen, L.Hack, K.Hackberg, W.FinlandAustriaSwedenWrestlingAthleticsFeather weight.Marathon race.Throwing the hammer;Decathlon.909

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionHæggström , N. I.Hære, G.Haff, C. B.Hagander, S.SwedenNorwayU. S. A.SwedenHagberg, E.Haglund, A. M. FinlandHaglund, K. SwedenHaglund, N. E.Hagström, E. D.Hahne, H. RussiaHaintz, J. BohemiaHaislund, J. M. DenmarkHaley, E. W. Great BritainHalik, K.. BohemiaHall, F. U. S. A.Hall, Sh.Hallberg, G. SwedenHalldorsson, J. IcelandHalme, J. FinlandHalmos, G.Halpin, T. J.Halse, A.Halt, K.HungaryU. S. A.NorwayGermanyModemRowingAthleticsPentathlonYacht RacingRowingAthleticsSwimmingYacht RacingAthleticsLawn Tennis(covered courts)ShootingAthleticsWrestlingShootingFencingAthleticsGymnasticsAthleticsHammersley, K. ChiliHammond, G. M. U. S. A. FencingHammond, W. K. Great BritainHamrén, O. B. E.Hannam, E. M.Hanney, E. T.Hansen, A.Hansen, A. H.Hansen, A. L.SwedenGreat BritainDenmarkNorwayHansen, A. M. DenmarkHansen, C. Ch.Hansen, C. H. Ch.Hansen, Ch. M.Hansen, Fr. O.Hansen, H.Hansen, H.Hansen, H. NorwayHansen, H. Tr. DenmarkCyclingSwimmingLawn Tennis(covered courts)FootballGymnasticsCyclingGymnasticsWrestlingCyclingGymnasticsWrestlingFootballWrestlingYacht RacingGymnasticsEights, outriggers; fours,inriggers.400 m. flat.Throwing the javelin, r.& l. h.6-m. class.Single Sculls.800 m. flat.400 m. free style.8-m. class.200 m. flat.Gentlemen’s Singles.a. d. e.200 m. flat; 400 m. flat.Light weight.n. 0.Foils,team épée, ind. épée.High jump.100 m. flat.Hop, step and jump;throwing the javelin,b. h., r. & l. h.Team competition II.800 m. flat.Throwing the javelin, b.h., r. & l. h.Throwing the javelin, b.h.; Putting the weight,b. h.; Pentathlon; Decathlon;relay race400 m.100 m. flat; high jump.Foils, team épée, ind.épée.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.200 m. breast stroke.Ladies’ Singles, Mixeddoubles.Team competition III,ind. competition.Team competition I.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Team competition III.Feather weight.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Team competition III.Light weight.Middle weight A.12-m. class.Team competition I.910

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionDenmark Gymnastics Team competition I.RowingFours, inriggers.Gymnastics Team competition I.FootballLawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles,(covered & out-of- Gentlemen’s Doubles.Hanson, L. Great Britaindoor courts)Gymnastics Team competition II,Hansen, J.Hansen, J. Ch.Hansen, R.Hansen, S. P.Hansen, V. G.Hansson, L. Sweden SwimmingHansson, S.Happenny, W.Haraldsen, P.Hardwick, H. H.Hardy de Beaulieu,P.Hare, A.Haresnape, H. N.Harju, E.CanadaNorwayAustralasiaBelgiumGreat BritainFinlandHartman, P. R. DenmarkHartvall, E. FinlandHartzell, C. SwedenHarvey, G. H. South AfricaHassanein, A. M. EgyptHatfield, J. G. Great BritainHauenstein, H. AustralasiaHauler, L. HungaryHauptmanns, J. GermanyHawkins, M. W. U. S. A.Hay, Ebba SwedenHayes, W. E.,Healy, C.Great BritainAustralasiaHebner, H. J. U. S. A.AthleticsFootballSwimmingFencingAthleticsSwimmingAthleticsRowingYacht RacingGymnasticsShootingFencingSwimmingRowingShootingWrestlingAthleticsLawn Tennis(covered courts)WrestlingSwimmingHeckel, B. Germany WrestlingSwimmingHedegaard, H. C. DenmarkHedlund, O. F. U. S. A.Hedman, O. E. SwedenHegner, E. HungaryHeikilä, W. FinlandHeiland, H. W. U. S. A.Heinrich, A. AustriaHelgerud, A. NorwayAthleticsFootballSwimmingAthleticsRowingShooting911ind. competition.200 m. breast stroke,water polo.200 m. breast stroke.Pole jump.100 m. free style, 400m. free style, 1,500m. free style, 800 m.team race.Ind. épée, team sabre.1,500 m. flat; 3,000 m.team race.100 m. back stroke.1,500 m. flat; team race3,000 m.; cross-countryrace.Fours, inriggers.12-m. class.Team competition I.a. b. c. d. e.Foils, ind. épée.400 m. free style; 1,500m. free style; 800 m.team race.Eights, outriggers.a. b. c. e. g.Heavy weight.Hurdle race.Mixed Doubles.Light weight.100 m. free style; 400m. free style; 800 m.team race.100 m. free style; 100m. back stroke; 800m. team race.Light weight.400 m. free style; 1,500m. free style.1,500 m. flat.Water Polo.Cross country race.100 m. flat; 200 m. flat.Single Sculls.b. c. d. e.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionHellawell, H. H. U. S. A.AthleticsHellensteiner, J. Austria CyclingHellgren, E.Hellmich, O.Hellström, C. L.Hemmerling, M.Hempel, W.Hendrickx, O. J.Hendrickson,J.H.Henderson, W. E.Henley, E. J.SwedenHungarySwedenLuxemburgGermanyBelgiumU. S. A.Great BritainAthleticsGymnasticsYacht RacingGymnasticsFootballSwimmingShootingAthleticsHennet, R. Belgium FencingHenning, Th. Sweden SwimmingHenriksen, P. G.Henriksson, V.Henriques, E.Henry, G. V.NorwayFinlandSwedenU. S. A.CyclingRowingYacht RacingHorse Riding comp.Hentges, Fr. Luxemburg GymnasticsHentges, P.Henzsely, J. Hungary CyclingHerczeg, I.Herlofson, C.Herlofson, H.Hermann, M.Herschend, S.Herschmann, O.Herseth, M.Hestdal, M.Hetmar, V. E. R.Heuet, G.Heyden, H. C. F.Cl. van.Heyden, L. M.Heyman, B.Hibbins, F. N.Higgins, F. C.NorwayGermanyDenmarkAustriaNorwayGymnasticsFootballRowingAthleticsYacht RacingFencingRowingWrestling10,000 m. flat; crosscountry race.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Cross-country race.Team competition II.10-m. class.Team competition II;team competition III.Water Polo.n. o.Throwing the discus, b.h.400 m. flat; 800 m. flat;relay race 1,600 m.Foils, team épée, ind.épée, team sabre.200 -m. breast stroke;400 m. breast stroke.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Fours, outriggers.8-m. class.Military, prize riding,prize jumping, team.Team competition II;team competition III;ind. competition.Team competition II;team competition III;ind. competition.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Team competition II.Eights, outriggers.I00 m. flat; 200 m. flat;400 m. flat; relay race400 m.; relay race1,600 m.G-m. class.Team sabre.Fours, inriggers.Feather weight.DenmarkFrance Athletics 5,000 m. flat; 10,000m. flat.HollandGermanySwedenGreat BritainFootballLawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(out-of-door courts) Gentlemen’s Doubles.Yacht Racing 8-m. class.Athletics 5,000 m. flat; 10,000m. flat; cross countryrace.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.912

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionHill, A. E.Hill, Ch.Hill, G. N.Great BritainAustraliaSwimmingCyclingAthleticsWater Polo.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.m. flat;Hird, F. S. U. S. A.Hirsch, J. GermanyHjorth, C. H. R. SwedenHlavay, G. HungaryHoare, G. R. Great BritainHodgetts, S.Hodgson, G. R. CanadaShootingFootballFencingFootballGymnasticsSwimmingb. c. e. f. g. h. i.Foils.Team competition II,ind. comp.m. free style;Hoffman, H.Hoffman, J.Hoffman, K.Hoflund, J. A.Hohenau, vonHohenlohe, E.,PrinceHohenthal, V. G.vonHol, P.Holden, H. W.Hollstein, E.Holm, E.Holm, M.Holmberg, C. A.Holmberg, T. O.Holmér, G.Holmer, S. E.Holmström, A.GermanyBelgiumGermanySwedenGermanyAustriaRussiaNorwayU. S. A.GermanyFinlandDenmarkSwedenHolmström, G. V. FinlandHolopainen, J.Holst, J. H. von SwedenHolt, M. D. V. Great BritainHolter, R. D. NorwayHonzatko, B. BohemiaHorine, G. L.Horn, J. B.U. S. A.LuxemburgHorn af Åminne,H. SwedenHorsfall, E. D. Great BritainHorvay, A. HungaryHoutkooper, M. HollandHovdenak, O. NorwayHoward, J. A. CanadaHuber, R. W. FinlandHulford, F. H. Great BritainHullden V. FinlandHumby, H. R. Great BritainShooting k. l.SwimmingWater polo.RowingSingle Sculls.Shooting c.Horse Riding comp. Prize jumping, ind. andteam.FencingInd. sabre.Modern PentathlonGymnasticsAthleticsFootballShootingWrestlingAthleticsGymnasticsAthleticsSwimmingLawn Tennis(covered & out-ofdoorcourts)FootballShootingFencingRowingAthleticsGymnasticsTeam competition I.m. flat.d. e.Middle weight A.Cross-country race.Team competition I.Pentathlon, Decathlon.High (plain) diving.Ladies’ Singles;Mixed doublesg. h. i. l. m.Team épée, ind. épée.Fours, inriggers.Marathon race; Decathlon.High jump.Team competition II,III.Horse Riding comp. Military.RowingEights, outriggers.AthleticsHigh jump.FootballAthleticsCross-country race.m. flat, m. flat,relay race m.Shooting n. o.Athletics m. flat, m. flat.Yacht Racing -m. class.Shooting n. o.58 Fifth Olympiad. 913

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionHumphreys, Fr.Humphreys. T.Hunter, W. L.Husby, O.Hussak, L.Huszagh, K.Hutcheson, R. B.Hutson, E. W.Huttunen, H.Hyks, B.Hylander, A.Hynes, M. St.Hyvärinen, E.Hyvärinen, M.Hårleman, C.Höie, T.Hök, Å.Höyer, Cl.Great BritainNorwayAustriaU. S. A.CanadaGreat BritainFinlandBohemiaSwedenGreat BritainFinlandSwedenNorwaySwedenNorwayAthleticsWrestlingAthleticsShootingFootballSwimmingShootingAthleticsShootingLawn Tennis(out-of-door courts)GymnasticsAthleticsGymnasticsAthleticsRowingHorse Riding comp.RowingTug-of-War.Heavy weight.m. flat, crosscountry race.Broad jump.a. e.m. free style,m. team race.o.m. flat, m.team race.d. e. k.Gentlemen’s Singles.Doubles.Team competition I.Tug-of-War.Team competition III.III.Pole jump.Eights, outriggers.Prize jumping.Fours, inriggers.Ilmoniemi, T.FinlandSwimmingGymnasticsHigh (plain) diving.Team competition III.Ingebrigtsen, O. NorwayIngerslev, V. DenmarkIndriksson, A. RussiaInnocent, G. Great BritainAthleticsLawn Tennis(out-of-door courts)AthleticsSwimmingBroad jump, throwing thejavelin, b. h.Gentlemen’s Singles,Doubles.m. flat.m. breast stroke,Irons, F. C. U. S. A.Isberg, P. SwedenJaakonaho, J.Jack, F.FinlandGermanyJackson, A. N. S. Great BritainJackson, J. E. U. S. A.Jacobs, D. H. Great BritainJacobsen, O.Jacobson, SkotteJacobsson, SiggeJahn, W.Jakovleff, A. deJand, E.Janda, F.Jankovich, I.NorwaySwedenGermanyRussiaAustriaBohemiaHungaryAthleticsYacht RacingCyclingFencingAthleticsShootingAthleticsGymnasticsAthleticsFencingRowingAthletics914Broad jump.m. class.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Foils, team épée, ind.épée, team sabre.m. flat.a. b. c.m. flat, m. flat,relay raceTeam competition I:m. flat, m. flat,hop, step and jump,Decathlon.Marathon race.m. flat.Foils.Fours, outriggers.Throwing the discus, b.h.,Putting the weight, b.h.m. flat, m. flat,relay race

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionJanse, A. J.Jansson, K. E.Jansson, K. J. E.Janzon, C.Jaubert, Ch.Javurek, J.Jebe, Ch.Jeffreys, C. A.Jeney, S.Jensen, C. C.Jensen, C. J.Jensen, E.Jensen, J.Jensen, J. K.Jensen, O. A.Jensen, O.Jensen, S.Jensen, S. A.Jensen, S. M.Jensen, T.Jensen, W.Jernström, V.Jesinghaus, W.Jilewitch, W.Jiranek, L.Jirsak, J.Jong, A. E. W. deJongh, H. deSwedenFinlandSwedenFranceBohemiaNorwaySouth AfricaHungaryDenmarkNorwayDenmarkNorwayDenmarkNorwayDenmarkNorwayDenmarkSwedenGermanyRussiaBohemiaHollandJohansen, D. V. NorwayJohansen, H.Johansen, Hj. P. DenmarkJohanson, A. SwedenJohansson, A.Johansson, C. H.Johansson, Cl. E.Johansson, E.Johansson, E. A.Johansson, Fr. R.Johansson, F. W. FinlandJohansson, Greta SwedenJohansson, G. M.Johansson, H. A.Johansson, Hj.GymnasticsSwimmingAthleticsShootingFencingYacht RacingShootingRowingGymnasticsAthleticsGymnasticsHorse Riding comp.GymnasticsShootingCyclingFootballGymnasticsWrestlingGymnasticsShootingGymnasticsYacht RacingAthleticsFencingAthleticsFootballGymnasticsRowingSwimmingShootingWrestlingFootballShootingWrestlingAthleticsSwimmingWrestlingSwimming915Team competition I.Ind. competition.High (plain) diving, plainand variety diving,spring-board diving.Throwing the hammer.l. m. n. o. r.Foils, team épée, ind.épée, team sabre.8-m. class.a. b. c. e.Eights, outriggers.Team competition III,ind. comp.Cross country race.Team competition I.Prize jumping, ind.Team competition I.a. b.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Team competition I.Heavy weight.Team competition I.I.a. b. c. e.Team competition II.III.8-m. class.m. flat.Pole jump.Foils, team épée, ind.épée, team sabre.Ind. épée, team sabre,ind. sabre.Throwing the javelin, b.h.and r. & l. h.Team competition III.Fours, inriggers.High (plain) diving.a. b. d. e.Middle weight A.g.Middle weight A.m. flat; team racem.; cross-countryrace.m. free style, ladies;high(plain)diving, ladies;m. team race, ladies.High(plain)diving, ladies.Feather weight.High (plain) diving, plainand variety diving, waterpolo.

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionJohnsen, B.Johnsen, J. H.NorwayGymnasticsSwimmingTeam competition III.m. free style;back stroke;free style;Johnson, F. SwedenJohnson, L. FranceJohnson, T. SwedenJohnstone, A. E. South AfricaJohnstone, J. O. U. S. A.Jokinen, A. FinlandJones, J. P. U. S. A.Jones, P. H.Jones, S. L.Jonsson, E.Jonsson, G.Jonsson, G. A.Jonsson, J.Jonsson, K.Jonsson, M.Jonsson, R.Jonsson, SonjaJordan, K.Jordell, J. O.Judkins, A.Julin, H.Jurgens, E.Just, J.Juslén, P.Jnstén, B.Jäger, A.Järvi, T. M.Järvinen, W.Great BritainSwedenGermanyNorwayGreat BritainSwedenHollandBohemiaFinlandGermanyFinlandJöhncke, A. SwedenJölver, K. A. W. DenmarkJörgensen, E.Jörgensen, H.Jörgensen, P. P.Jörgensen, S. NorwayYacht Racing 12-m. class.Shooting a. d. e. f. i. k.RowingFours, inriggers.Shooting b. c. e.AthleticsHigh jump.Wrestling Middle weight A.Athletics m. flat; m. flat;team race m.;cross-country race.Shooting k.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Shooting c.AthleticsThrowing the hammer.Shooting c. d. e.Yacht Racing 6-m. class.AthleticsTug-of- War.WrestlingLight weight.Shooting b. e. i.Swimmingm. free style, ladies;m. team race, ladies.Gymnastics Team competition II;III.Shooting c. g.SwimmingWater Polo.m. free style;m. breast stroke;water polo.Shooting o.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(out-of-door courts)Doubles.Yacht Racing 12-m. class.FootballSwimmingAthleticsFencingModern PentathlonFootballRowingGymnasticsm. free style, ladies.Throwing the discus, b.h.,r. & l. h.Foils, team sabre.Fours, outriggers.Team competition III.III.Kache, A. de RussiaKahanamoku, D. U. S. A.Kainuvaara, K. FinlandKaiser, F. H. U. S. A.Kalinine, C. de RussiaKallberg, A. FinlandKaltenbrunner, J. AustriaShootingSwimmingAthleticsShootingAthleticsFootball916k. l. m.m. free style;m. team race.Plain and variety diving.Walking race.b. c. d. e.Marathon race.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionKanakuri, S. JapanKander, G. S. V. SwedenKangas, A. FinlandKanivé, N. LuxemburgKankkonen, J.Kankovszky, A.vonKaplur, O.Kapmal, A.Kari, ReginaKaroly, J:Karpati, O.Karlsson, D.Karlsson, K.Karlsson, M.Karlsson, W.Keely, E. J.Keeper, J.FinlandHungaryRussiaFinlandHungarySwedenSouth AfricaCanadaKehrling, B. von HungaryKeinänen, I. FinlandKeiser, W. RussiaKelemen, A. von HungaryKellaway, H. G. Great BritainKellner, Hanny AustriaKellner, P.Kellner, P.Kelly, F. W.Kemp, F. W.Kempe, C.Kempster, A. J.Keene, A. V.Kenna, P. A.Kent, A. H. E.Kenyery, A.GermanyU. S. A.Great BritainSwedenGreat BritainCanadaHungaryAthleticsYacht RacingWrestlingGymnasticsCyclingMarathon race.12-m. class.Feather weight.Team competition II;III;ind. comp.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.SwimmingWater Polo.WrestlingLight weight.AthleticsMarathon race.Swimmingm. free style, ladies.FootballAthleticsMarathon race.WrestlingHeavy weight.Feather weight.Athletics m. flat, m.flat.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Shooting a. c. d. e.Athletics m. flat, m.flat.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles.(out-of-door courts)Doubles.Gymnastics Team competition III.FencingFoils, team épée, ind. épée.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles.(out-of-door courts)Doubles.AthleticsSwimmingMarathon race.High (plain) diving,ladies.m. free style, ladies;m. team race, ladies.m. back stroke.AthleticsHurdle race.Shooting g. i.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles,(covered courts)Doubles,Mixed Doubles.Shooting j. k. l.FencingInd. sabre.Horse Riding comp. Military, prize-jumping,ind.RowingEights, outriggers.Swimmingm. free style,Kenyon, J. H.Kereszetssy, J.Kern, E.Kertesz, V.Ketterer, E.Keyper, R. J. G.Kildal, K.CanadaHungaryGermanyHungaryGermanyDenmarkNorwaym. team race.Shooting o.GymnasticsTeam competition II.Athleticsm. flat; relay racem.FootballAthleticsm. flat.Horse Riding comp. Prize riding.Prize jumping, ind.917

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionKilman, G. SwedenKingsford, P. E. Great BritainKinnear, W. D.Kipp, E. GermanyKippasto, A. RussiaKirby, A. G. Great BritainKirk, J. W.Kirk, K.Kirkebjerg, F.Kirkegaard, J.Kitson, H. A.Kiviat, A. R.Kivenheimo, V.Hj.Kjems, A. N.Klein, M.Klein, N. F. H.Klem, Th.Klerck, C. G.Klika, M.Klintberg, J.Knepper, E.Kniajevitsch, D.deDenmarkSouth AfricaU. S. A.FinlandDenmarkRussiaSwedenNorwaySwedenBohemiaSwedenLuxemburgRussiaKnight, A. E. Great Britain FootballKnudsen, K. L. Norway GymnasticsKobulszky, K. Hungary AthleticsKoch, M.KochKodl, J.Koepke, A.Koepke, C.Kofler, A.GermanyBohemiaRussiaAustriaKohn, R.Kokotowitsch, P.Kolehmainen, H. FinlandKolehmainen, T.Kolehmainen, T.Kolho, L.Kolho, V. V.Koller, V. C.Kolling, J. C.ChiliHollandHorse Riding comp. Prize jumping, team.AthleticsBroad jump.RowingSingle Sculls.FootballWrestlingLight weight.RowingEights, outriggers.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Gymnastics Team competition I.Horse Riding comp. Military.Gymnastics Team competition I.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles.(out-of-door courts)AthleticsGymnasticsWrestlingShootingRowingFencingAthleticsGymnasticsFencingCyclingDoubles.m. flat, team racem.Team competition III.I.Middle weight A.o.Fours, outriggers.Ind. sabre, team sabre.Foils, team épée, ind. épée.Cross-country race.Team competition II,III.Foils, team épée, ind.épée.Team competition III.Throwing the discus,b.h.,r. & l. h.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Shooting n. 0. q. r.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles.(out-of-door courts)CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.FootballWrestling Middle weight A.Athletics m. flat, m.flat, team racem., cross-country race.m. flat, Marathonrace.WrestlingLight weight.Shooting e.d. e.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.FencingInd. sabre.918

Name Nation Branch of AthleticsCompetitionKolomenkine, N.deRussiaKonow, M. NorwayKopriva, F. BohemiaKopsky, J. G. U. S. A.Korody, K.Korponay, J.HungaryKorver, J. M. de HollandKoskelo, K. FinlandKouchnikoff, P. RussiaKouskoff, D. deKousnezoff, N.Kovacs, E. AustriaKovács, M. HungaryKovacs, N.Kraft, C. A.Kragh-Christiansen,E.Kramer, R.DenmarkNorwayAustriaKramer, W. J. U. S. A.Krebs, C. I.Krefting, Kr.Kreuzer, O.Krigsman, W.Kriz, Fr.Krogh, O. T.Krogius, A.Krogmann, G.Krojer, G.Krombholz, F.Kruckenberg, C.W.Kruklin, A.Krushel, A.Kröcher, vonKröder, G.Kubrycht, B.Kudloff, W.Kugelberg, E.Kuhn, E. A.Kukkola, E.DenmarkNorwayGermanySwedenBohemiaNorwayFinlandGermanyAustriaSwedenRussiaU. S. A.GermanyAustriaBohemiaGermanySwedenRussiaFinlandShooting j. k. l. m.Yacht Racing 12-m. class.Wrestling Middle weight B.CyclingFootballGymnasticsCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Team competition II;ind. comp.FootballWrestlingFeather weight.GymnasticsInd. competition.Shooting a. b. c. d. e. k.FencingTeam sabre, ind. sabre.SwimmingWater Polo.AthleticsThrowing the javelin, b.h.r. & l. h., Throwingthe discus, b. h.Broad jump.Horse Riding comp. Military.Yacht Racing 6-m. class.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Athleticsm. flat, crosscountryrace.Gymnastics Team competition III.FootballLawn Tennis (out-of- Gentlemen’s Singles.door courts)AthleticsThrowing the javelin,b. h., r. & l. h.FencingFoils, team épée, ind. Épée,team sabre.RowingEights, outriggers.Yacht RacingFootballAthleticsRowing12-m. class.Hop, step and jump,throwing the javelin,b. h., Pentathlon, relayrace m.Fours, outriggers.Horse Riding comp. Prize riding.Athleticsm. flat, Marathonrace.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Horse Riding comp. Prize jumping, ind.RowingFours, outriggers.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.FencingFoils, ind. épée.AthleticsPentathlon, Decathlon.Yacht Racing 8-m. class.AthleticsBroad jump, throwing thejavelin, b.h.; Pentathlon.919

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionKulikoff, S.Kullberg, A. B. G.Kullerstrand, K.Kumfeldt, K. T.Kummer, N.Kumpu, O. W.Kundert, Fr.Kunisch, G.Kurpiel, L.Kurz, A.Kusik, M.Kusmitscheff,Kwieton, F.Kynin, N.Kyrönen, W.Köring, DoraKörner, R.Labat, R. J.Labik, V.Lagarde, C.V.Lager, G.Lager, J.Lagerlöf, L.Laine, A.Laitinen, O. A.Lalu, M.Lamby, N. S.Landberg, S.A.R.Landrock, H.Landsberg, K. J.Lane, A. P.Langford, MaryLangaard, C.Lange, F.Langkjær, S.Langsam, M.Lanners, E.Lardin, M.Larimer, M. W.Larsen, A.RussiaSwedenLuxemburgFinlandBohemiaGermanyAustriaGermanyRussiaAustriaRussiaFinlandGermanyFranceBohemiaFranceSwedenFinlandFranceSwedenGermanySwedenU. S. A.Great BritainNorwayGermanyDenmarkLuxemburgFranceU. S. A.NorwayGymnasticsInd. competition.Team competition I.AthleticsHigh jump.SwimmingWater Polo.GymnasticsTeam competition II,III.Wrestling Middle weight, B.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Swimming m. free style, m.team race.FootballWrestling Middle weight A.RowingSingle Sculls.Yacht Racing 8-m. class.AthleticsMarathon race.FootballAthleticsCross-country race.Lawn Tennis Ladies’ Singles,(out-of-door courts) Mixed Doubles.GymnasticsTeam competition II,III.AthleticsRowingShootingAthleticsWrestlingGymnasticsYacht RacingGymnasticsRowingCyclingShootingSwimmingHigh jump.m. flat, m. flat,m. flat.Throwing the discus, b.h.,Putting the weight, b.h.Fours, outriggers.b.High jump.Light weight.Ind. competition.12-m. class.Team competition I.Eights, outriggers.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.j. k. l. m.m. free style, ladies,team race, ladies.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles,(out-of-door courts)Doubles,Mixed Doubles.Wrestling Middle weight B.AthleticsGymnasticsHigh jump, Pentathlon,Decathlon.Team competition II,III.II,III,ind. comp.Shooting a. c. f.FencingFoils, ind. épée, team.épée.Yacht Racing 12-m. class.920

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionLarsen, C. O. L.Larsen, E.Larsen, E.Larsen, H.Larsen, L. T. K.Larsen, N. H. D.Larsen, O.Larsen, P.Larsson, A.Larsson, A. V.Larsson, B.Larsson, B.Larsson, D.Larsson, E. V.Larsson, H.Larsson, K.Lasanen, O. A.Las-Torres, B.vonDenmarkNorwayDenmarkNorwayDenmarkNorwaySwedenFinlandHungaryGymnasticsAthleticsLawn Tennis(covered courts)RowingShootingAthleticsYacht RacingAthleticsSwimmingAthleticsShootingAthleticsWrestlingShootingWrestlingSwimmingTeam competition I.Hop, step and jump.Gentlemen’s Singles;Mixed Doubles.Fours, outriggers.d. e. k.a. c. d. e. k.m. flat ; m. flat.12-m. class.Throwing the javelin,b. h.High (plain) diving, ladies.m. flat; crosscountryrace.a. d. e.Tug-of-War.Feather weight.q.Feather weight.m. free style;m. free style: 800 m.Laufray, L. Franceteam race.Water Polo.Laursen, J. P. M. Denmark GymnasticsTeam competition I.de Laval, C. P. G. SwedenModern PentathlonShooting m.de Laval, E. P. H.Modern Pentathlonde Laval, G. P. F.Lawrence Great BritainShootingHorse Riding comp.j. k. m.Military.Laybourn, W. C. Denmark Modern PentathlonLazaro, F. Portugal AthleticsMarathon race.Lear J:r, Bende Lébédeff, T.U. S. A.RussiaHorse Riding comp.ShootingMilitary; prize jumping,team.a. b. c. d. e.Lee, G.Great Britain Athleticsm. flat;Lefevre, M. L.Leffler, H.DenmarkSwedenm. flat.Team competition I.Gentlemen’s Singles.Legat, M.Lehmann, E.Lehmuswirta, J.W.Leister, K.Leivonen, K.Lelong, C. L.Lemming, E.ItalyGermanyFinlandGermanyFinlandFranceSwedenGymnasticsLawn Tennis(covered & out-ofdoorcourts)AthleticsWrestlingRowingWrestlingAthletics921Broad jump; pole jump.m. flat; m. flat.Feather weight.Fours, outriggers.Feather weight.m. flat; m. flat;m. flat; relay racem.; relay racem.Throwing the javelin, b.h. & r. & l. h.; throwingthe discus, r. &l. h.; throwing thehammer.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionLemming, O.Lemnitz, F.Lenzi, A.Leone, P.Leparsky, F.Lepère, A.de Lesche, P.Lesieur, E.de Lesser, E. C.Lessimore, E. J.Leushner, W. F.Leviczky, K.Levidis, N.Levin, J. G. Hj.Levin, S.Levison, E.Lewenhaupt, C.G. S.Lewenhaupt, Ch.Lewenhaupt, G.Lewin, J.Lewis, R.Libbey, W.Liberg, E.Lichtenfels, J.Lie, A.Lie, B.Lie, R.Liebing, O.Liesche, H.Lieth, P.Lietola, V.Lieven, J.Lilley, T. H.Lilliehöök, G. M.Lind, C.Lind, G. L.Lind, K. G.Lindahl, A.Lindberg, E. F. J.Lindberg, K.SwedenGermanyItalyRussiaFranceRussiaFranceGreat BritainU. S. A.HungaryGreeceSwedenDenmarkSwedenSouth AfricaU. S. A.NorwayGermanyNorwayGermanyRussiaFinlandRussiaU. S. A.SwedenFinlandSwedenU. S. A.SwedenAthleticsCyclingAthleticsFootballFencingCyclingShootingWrestlingShootingRowingShootingCyclingAthleticsFencingPentathlon.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Throwing the discus, b.h.; Putting the weight,b. h.Foils.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.b. c. d. e.Light weight.n. o.f. g. i.f. g. h. i. p. q. r.Single Sculls.a. b. c. f. g. h. i. m. q.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.m. flat.Foils, team épée, ind.épée, team sabre, ind.sabre.Modern PentathlonHorse Riding comp. Prize jumping, ind.Prize jumping, ind. &team.FootballCyclingShootingFencingGymnasticsShootingGymnasticsRowingAthleticsShootingFootballCyclingAthleticsModern PentathlonAthleticsWrestlingAthletics922Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.p.d. e.Foils, ind. épée, teamépée, ind. sabre, teamsabre.Team competition III.Team competition III.Eights, outriggers.High jump.o. q.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Marathon race.Throwing the discus, b.h., r. & l. h.; throwingthe hammer.Middle weight B.Cross-country race.m flat; relay racem.m. flat; m. flat;relay race m.

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionLindberg, K.Lindblom, G.Lindblom, G. Th.Lindblom, K.Linde, N.Lindén, E.Lindewald, E. W.Lindfors, A. V.Lindgren, V.Lindh, E.Lindh, E. A.LindholmLindholm, A.Lindholm, E.Lindhlom, G.W.M.Lindholm, I.Lindnér, S. M. A.Lindpaintner, O.Lindqvist, E. J.Lindroos, K.G.L.Lindskog, S. A.Lindstrand, F. G.Lindström, K. H.Lippincott, D. F.Littlejohn, C.W.B.Littlewort, H. C.Ljunggren, G.Lloyd, E. W.Lloyd, L.Lodal, O.Loftes, A. H.Lofthus, H.Logan, B.Lomberg, C.Lommatsch, E.Londen, A. F.Longworth, W.Lord, F.Lorichs, H. L.Lotsy, D. N.Lourasoff, V.Lowe, A. H.FinlandSwedenFinlandRussiaFinlandSwedenGermanySwedenFinlandSwedenU. S. A.Great BritainSwedenGreat BritainDenmarkU. S. A.NorwayGreat BritainSwedenRussiaFinlandAustralasiaGreat BritainSwedenHollandRussiaGreat BritainWrestlingAthleticsFencingAthleticsYacht RacingShootingWrestlingSwimmingYacht RacingMiddle weight B.Hop, step and jump.Foils, team épée, ind.épée.m. flat.Throwing the discus, r.& l. h. throwing thehammer.10-m. class.q. r.Heavy weight.m. breast stroke,m. breast stroke.8-m. class.10-m. class.Athleticsm. flat; team racem.; cross-countryrace.m. fiat; m. flat;in. flat; relay racem.FencingInd. sabre.Athletics Hop, step and jump;Pentathlon.FootballLawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles.(out-of-door courts)Yacht RacingSwimming12-m. class.m. breast stroke;m. breast stroke.Shooting q. r.WrestlingHeavy weight.AthleticsTug-of-War.m. flat; m. flat.RowingEights, outriggers.FootballAthleticsBroad jump.Marathon race.Shooting c.AthleticsMarathon race.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.WrestlingLight weight.RowingFours outriggers.AthleticsBroad jump; Pentathlon;Decathlon.Yacht Racing 8-m. class.Shooting n. p. q.Swimmingm. free style;m. free style.AthleticsMarathon race.FootballYacht RacingLawn Tennis(covered courts)8-m. class.Gentlemen’s Singles;Gentlemen’s Doubles.923

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionLowe, F. G.Loy, F.Luber, H.Luck, Ch. J.Ludinszky, L.von LuetckenLuettich, H. J.Lukeman, F. L.Lukk, K.Lund, C. E.Lund, K. E.Lund, K. Fr.Lund, M.Lund, T.Lundberg, H. T.Lundberg, I.Lundeberg, Å.Lundén, H.Lundgren, K.Lundqvist, C. A.Lundsten, F.Lundström, K.Lundvall, K.H.V.Lunghi, E.Lunzer, G.Lupton, W. T.Luther, C.Lyman, G.Lyons, J. P.Lyshon, W. J.Lüthje, C.Lützow, W.Löffler, W.Löfgren, G. B.Löfman, R.Lönn, K. A.Lönnberg, E.Lönnberg, I.Lövold, A.Great BritainItalyGermanyGreat BritainHungaryGermanyCanadaRussiaSwedenFinlandNorwaySwedenFinlandSwedenItalyHungaryGreat BritainSwedenCanadaU. S. A.GermanyFinlandSwedenFinlandSwedenNorwayLöwenadler, F. SwedenLöwenstein, L. RussiaLawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(covered courts) Gentlemen’s Doubles.Gymnastics Team competition II.SwimmingHigh (plain) diving, plainand variety diving,spring-board diving.GymnasticsTeam competition II.AthleticsHigh jump.Horse Riding comp. Military.Shootingo.AthleticsWrestlingFootballGymnasticsFootballGymnasticsAthleticsShootingYacht RacingSwimmingCyclingWrestlingAthleticsSwimmingAthleticsWrestlingAthleticsShootingSwimmingWrestlingCyclingSwimmingFencingFootballShootingCyclingRowingAthleticsWrestlingSwimmingAthleticsm. flat; hurdle race;broad jump; Pentathlon;Decathlon; relayrace m.; relayrace, m.Walking race.Light weight.Team competition III.Team competition III.Tug-of- War.Marathon race.n. o. p. q. r.10-m. class.m. free style, ladies;m. team race,ladies.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Middle weight A.m. flat; crosscountryrace.m. back stroke.m. flat; m. flat.Throwing the discus, b.h., r. & l. h.Light weight.m. flat; m. flat;relay race m.q. r.High (plain) diving.Feather weight.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.m. breast stroke;m. breast stroke.Foils.g. i. k.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Fours, outriggers.Marathon race.Middle weight B.m. breast stroke.m. flat.924

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionMaartmann, E.Maartmann, R.Mc Aleenan J:r, A.Mc Arthur, K. K.Mc Cleary, W. O.Mc Clure, W.Mc Clure, W.Mc Connell, F. D.NorwayMc Curdy, W. M. U. S. A.Mc Dermott, M.Mc Donald, P.Mc Donell, W. N.Mc Gillivray, P.Mc Grath, M. J.Mc Kune, W.Mc Lean, R. G.Mc Laughlin, J.Mc Mahon, D. F.Mc Villy, C.Mc Whirter, D.Macintosh, H. M.Mackenzie, G.Macmillan, D.Madeira, L. C.Madsen, A. S.Madsen, L. J.Madsen, V. M.Magnusson, E.FootballU. S. A.South AfricaCanadaGreat BritainSwimmingAthleticsRowingShootingHigh (plain) diving;spring-board diving.Marathon race.Eights, outriggers.c. k. m.U. S. A. Athleticsm. flat; m. flat.Canadam. flat; m. flat;relay race m.m. flat; m.flat.Swimmingm. breast stroke;m. breast stroke.AthleticsPutting the weight, b. h.,r. & l. h.ShootingSwimmingb. g. h. i. p.m. free style;m. team race.Great BritainAthleticsGymnasticsThrowing the hammer.Team competition II.U. S. A. Fencing Foils, ind. épée, teamépée.Shooting o.AustralasiaGreat BritainU. S. A.DenmarkSwedenMaguire, H. F. U. S. A.Malfait, G. D. FranceMalisch, P. GermanyMalm, B. T.Malm, K. O. R.Malm, O. F.Malmqvist, V. AMalmsten, G.Malmström, Hj.Mangiante, G.Mangiante, L.Mann, P. E.Manno, M.Mannström, K.Manos, P.Manuel, R.de Mar, C. H.SwedenDenmarkSwedenItalyGreat BritainHungarySwedenGreeceAustriaU. S. A.RowingSingle Sculls.FootballAthletics m. flat; m. flat;relay race m.WrestlingFeather weight.Athletics m. flat; m. flat.m. flat.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(out-of-door courts) Gentlemen’s Doubles.Shooting a. d. e. f. k.Gymnastics Team competition III.Athletics Throwing the discus, b.h., r. & l. h.m. flat.m. flat; m. flat.SwimmingFootballCyclingFootballAthleticsWrestlingGymnasticsAthleticsRowingModern PentathlonFencingSwimmingAthletics925m. breast stroke;m. breast stroke.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Broad jump.Light weight.Team competition II.m. flat.Eights, outriggers.Team épée.Water polo.Marathon race.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionMaranda, A.Marcault, J.Mariani, D.le Marié, H.Marini, V.Marion, A.Mark, O.Mark, P. S.Markoff, W. A.Markow, W. A.Markus, E.Marsh, W. W.Martin, A. R.Martin, E.Martin, W. C.Martin, W. W.Martineau, S.Martinsen, P.Marton, K.Martuscheff, L.Marty, L. C.Maseng, R.de Mas Latrie, J.Massa, M.Mathiæ, H.Mathiesen, P. A.Mathiesen, S. W.Matiason, E.Mattson, P.Mattsson, R.Maunder, A.Mavrogordato, T.M.Mavrommatis, F.Mayer, R.Mayer, V.Mazur, G.NorwayHungaryRussiaFranceNorwayFranceItalyMazzarocchi, S. ItalyMecredy, R. J. R. GreatMeert, M. H.Meesit, A.Megherian, M.Meienreis, W.CanadaFranceItalyFranceItalyFranceSwedenDenmarkRussiaHungaryGreat BritainFranceU. S. A.Great BritainGermanyNorwaySwedenGreat BritainGreeceAustriaHungaryFranceRussiaTurkeyGermanyBritainAthleticsBroad jump; hop, stepand jump.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.FootballShooting o.GymnasticsShootingYacht RacingTeam competition II.b. d. e.6-m. class.GymnasticsFootballYacht RacingWrestlingTeam competition8-m. class.Light weight.I.FencingInd. sabre; team sabre.WrestlingCyclingFootballFencingGymnasticsWrestlingFencingGymnasticsShootingModern PentathlonSwimmingRowingGymnasticsFencingWrestlingRowingAthleticsShootingLawn Tennis(covered courts)ShootingRowingSwimmingCyclingGymnasticsCyclingAthleticsWrestlingAthleticsFencingMiddle weight B.cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Foils, ind. épée, teamépée.Team competition III.Light weight.Ind. épée; team épée.Ind. competition.b. g.m. free style;m. free style;m. free style.Eights, outriggers.Team competition III.Ind. épée; team épée.Light weight.Eights, outriggers.High jump.n. o.Gentlemen’s Singles;Gentlemen’s Doubles;Mixed Doubles.a. b. c. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m.Fours, outriggers.Water Polo.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Team competition II.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.High jump.Feather weight.Throwing the discus, b.h.; Putting the weight,b. h., r. & l. h.; Pentathlon;Decathlon.Ind. épée; team épée;team sabre.926

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionMeignant, A.Meissner, F.Meister, G.Melin, D. E.Mellin, V.de Melnitsky, N.Menaul, J. A.Meny, M.Mercer, E. L.Meredith, J. E.Meredith, L.Merkle, J.Mérillon, D.Merlin, E. A.Merz, R.Messenger, A. W.Mestecky, Z.Meszaros, E.Meszaros, J.Metaxas, A.Meulengracht-Madsen, H.Meyboom, H.MeyerMeyer, A. T.Meyer, G. H.Mezei, F.Michel, A.Michiels, A.Mickler, G.Middelboe, N.Middleton, S. A.Milano, G.Milch, KlaraMiller, J.Mills, E. A.Milne, W.Miloschevitsch,D.Mirambeau, A.Mishima, Y.Miskey, A.FranceU. S. A.FranceSwedenRussiaU. S. A.FranceU. S. A.Great BritainGermanyFranceGreat BritainAustriaGreat BritainBohemiaHungaryGreeceDenmarkBelgiumFranceU. S. A.GermanyHungaryAustriaFranceGermanyDenmarkAustralasiaItalyAustralasiaGreat BritainServiaFranceJapanHungaryRowingCyclingSwimmingAthleticsWrestlingShootingAthleticsLawn Tennis(out-of-door courts)AthleticsCyclingFours, inriggers.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.m. free style; waterpolo.Broad jump.Middle weight A.j. k. l. m. q.Pentathlon.Gentlemen’s Singles;Gentlemen’s Doubles.Broad jump; Pentathlon.m. flat; m. flat;relay race m.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Wrestling Middle weight A.Shooting b. c.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.FootballGymnastics Team competititon II.Athleticsm. flat.FencingInd. sabre; team sabre.RowingSingle Sculls.Shooting m. o.Yacht RacingSwimming6-m. class.m. free style; waterpolo.Horse Riding comp. Military; prize jumping,ind. & team.Athletics m. flat; m. flat.Shooting l. m.Athletics m. flat; m. flat;relay race m.Shooting p. q.CyclingAthleticsFootballRowingFootballSwimmingCyclingAthleticsShooting g. h. i.AthleticsRowingAthleticsWrestlingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.m. flat; team racem.Eights, outriggers.m. free style, ladies,m. team race,ladies.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Tug-of-War.m. flat.Fours, outriggers.m. flat; m. flat;m. flat.Middle weight A.927

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionModig, B.von Moers,Molijn, W. H.Molokanof, B.Monsen, O.Montan, S. M.Montgomerie, R.C. L.SwedenGermanyHollandRussiaNorwaySwedenGreat BritainAthleticsm. flat.Horse Riding comp. Military, Prize-riding.FencingInd. épée.AthleticsThrowing the discus, r.& l. h.High jump.SwimmingHigh (plain) diving.FencingMontgomery, J. C. U. S. A. Horse Riding comp.de Montigny, F. Belgium FencingMoore, B.Moore, J. M.Moore, W. C.Morberger, R.Mordovine, A.Morelli., V.Morén, H. H. S.Great BritainU. S. A.Great BritainAustriaRussiaItalySwedenSwimmingFencingAthleticsSwimmingFencingFootballCyclingMourlon, R. France AthleticsMorville,Moss, C.Mostras, S. D.Motte, A.Mucks, A. M.C. V. DenmarkGreat BritainGreeceFranceU. S. A.Mudin, I.Mugridge, A. R.HungaryGreat BritainMuller, E. J. U. S. A.Munro, A.von Mura, A. T.Murphy, F. D.Murphy, W. E. G.Murray, R. C.Murray, W.Mustonen, R.Müller, AloisMüller, F. A.Müller, I.von Müller, O.Münich, C.Myrberg, H.Myyrä, J.Måhl, H.Månsson, G.Männel, O.Great BritainHungaryU. S. A.CanadaGreat BritainAustralasiaFinlandAustriaChiliHungaryGermanyAustriaSwedenFinlandSwedenGermanyFootballCyclingShootingAthleticsShootingAthleticsFoils, ind. épée, teamépée.Military, Prize riding,Prize jumping, team.Foils, ind. épée, teamépée.m. free style, ladies.Ind. épée, team épée.m. flat, team racem.Water Polo.Foils, team épée, ind.sabre, team sabre.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.m. flat, m. relayrace.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.a. c.Broad jump.Throwing the discus, b.h.,r. & l. h.Putting the weight, b. h.Tug-of-War.Throwing the discus, b.h.,r. & l. h.Tug-of-war.g. i. k. m.Pole jump.Eights, outriggers.f. g. i.Walking race.Feather weight.RowingShootingAthleticsWrestlingFootballAthleticsm. flat.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles.(out-of-door courts)Doubles.FencingInd. sabre.FootballAthleticsThrowing the javelin, b.h.High jump.Yacht Racing 8-m. class.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.928

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionMöbius, E. A. Denmark GymnasticsMöller, C. M. A.RowingMöller, E. Sweden AthleticsMöller, F.Möller, G.Möller, H.Möller, I.Lawn Tennis(covered and outof-door-courts)AthleticsInd. competition.Fours, inriggers.High jump, broad jump.Gentlemen’s Singles.Doubles.m. flat, m. flat,m. flat.Throwing the discus, b.h.m. flat, m. flat,relay race m.Nadi, N. Italy FencingNagel, O. W. D.Nardus, L.Nauman, F. J. T.Naumann, A.Nazarof, D.DenmarkHollandSwedenGermanyRussiaNeklepaieff, N.Nelson, F. F. U. S. A.Nepokoupnoi, B. RussiaNerich, N. T. U. S. A.Neser, J. GermanyNeubauer, L. AustriaNicholson, J. P. U. S. A.Nicol, G. Great BritainNicolsky, M.Nielsen, A. P.Nielsen, F.Nielsen, L. F. C.Nielsen, N. C. O.Nielsen, N. P.Nielsen, S. E.Nielsen, S. P.Nielsen, V. C.Nielsen, V.Nieminen, W.Nikitin, G. M.Niklander, E.Nilsson, C.Nilsson, DagmarNilsson, E.Nilsson, E. H. W.Nilsson, G.Nilsson, I. T.Nilsson, K. O. V.RussiaDenmarkFinlandRussiaFinlandSwedenWrestlingFencingSwimmingFencingAthleticsModern PentathlonSwimmingWrestlingFootballAthleticsShootingGymnasticsFootballShootingCyclingGymnasticsFootballAthleticsSwimmingAthleticsWrestlingAthleticsWrestlingFootballFoils, ind. sabre, teamsabre.Middle weight B.Ind. épée, team épée.Water Polo.Ind. épée.m. flat, m. flat,team race m.Throwing the javelin, b.h.Pole jump.m. free style.Heavy weight.Hurdle race.m. flat, relay racem.m.flat,m.flat.e. k.e. f. g. k.Team competition III.k.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Ind. competition.Throwing the discus, b.h.,r. & l. h., putting theweight, b. h., r. & l. h.Marathon race.High (plain) diving, ladies.Throwing the discus, b.h.,r. & l. h., putting theweight, b. h., r. & l. h.,Pentathlon, Decathlon.Middle weight B.Throwing the discus, b.h.,r. & l. h.Light weight.59 Fifth Olympiad. 929

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionNilsson,Nilsson,M.O.SwedenNilsson, P. E. A.Niska, A. J. Finlanddi Nola, U. ItalyNoll, O. AustriaNorby, H. C. NorwayNordén, G. SwedenNordenström, S.A. M.Nordenswan, A.Nordlander, A.Nordström, H.Nordström, R. H. DenmarkNordvik, H. NorwayNorelius, B. R. SwedenNorling, A.Norling, L. D.Norman, A. C. C. South AfricaNormann, AagotNotaris, S.Nuytens, L.Nyberg, H.Nyberg, H.Nyholm, J. W.Nylén, C. O.NorwayGreeceBelgiumSwedenFinlandSwedenNylund, E. FinlandNylund, S. T. SwedenNyman, A. M. FinlandNyman, G. R.Nyström, J. F. SwedenNyström, T. E.Nys, L. P. BelgiumNyyssönen, A. H. FinlandOberholzer, H. A. Great BritainOberle, E. GermanyOchs, J. BelgiumOdelberg, E. A. SwedenOehler, P. Germanyvon OesterleyOhlsson, B. SwedenOhlsson, E.Ohlsson, Hj.Ohlsson, P.Ohlsson, R.Ohlsson, T.AthleticsPole jump.Throwing the javelin,b. h., r. & l. h.;throwing the discus b. h.Gymnastics Team competition I.FootballFencingFoils, team sabre.FootballFencingTeam épée.Modern PentathlonAthleticsHop, step and jump.FencingInd. sabre, team sabre.Shooting f. g. i.Horse Riding comp. Military.Athleticsm. flat, crosscountry race.Gymnastics Team competition III.Shooting a. b.Gymnastics Team competition I.AthleticsMarathon race,I.I.walkingrace.Swimming m. free style, ladies.FencingFoils, ind. épée, teamépée.RowingFours, outriggers.Yacht Racing 10-m. class.ShootingRowingFours, outriggers.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Doubles,(covered & out-of- Mixed Doubles.door courts)RowingFours, outriggers.SwimmingSpring-board diving.High (plain) diving.Shooting d. e.g. kb. c.SwimmingWater Polo.FootballGymnastics Team competition II.FootballFencingFoils, ind. épée, team épée.Shooting g. i.Wrestling Middle weight B.Horse Riding comp. Prize riding.AthleticsThrowing the javelin, b.h.Shooting b. c.AthleticsHop, step and jump.Broad jump, hop, stepand jump.Throwing the hammer.m. flat, team racem.930

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionOhrling, A.SwedenOhsol-Berné A. RussiaOler, J:r, W. M. U. S. A.Olin, J. F. FinlandOlsen, C. T. NorwayOlsen, E.Olsen, F.Olsen, G.Olsen, H.Olsen, H. C.Olsen, H. G.Olsen, O.Olsen, O.Olsen, O.Olsen, O. A.Olsen, S. L.Olsen, T.Olsson, S.Olstad F.Olstad, O.Ommundsen, H.Onody, J.Opdahl, J.Opdahl, N.Orlando, A.Orosz, D.Osburn, C. T.Osiier, I.Otto, LouiseOuwersky, A.Owen, E.Paaske, C.Pagani, A.Pahner, H.Pajzs, P.Palén, P.Palgen, M.Palma, L. E.Palmer, C.Palmer, W. J.de Panteleymonoff,G.Paoli, R. L.Papazian, V.DenmarkNorwayDenmarkNorwayDenmarkNorwaySwedenNorwayGreat BritainHungaryNorwayItalyHungaryU. S. A.DenmarkGermanyRussiaGreat BritainNorwayItalyGermanyHungarySwedenLuxemburgChiliGreat BritainRussiaFranceTurkeyAthleticsWrestlingCyclingGymnasticsAthleticsFencingCyclingAthleticsShootingGymnasticsFootballGymnasticsWrestlingRowingGymnasticsShootingSwimmingGymnasticsAthleticsWrestlingShootingFencingSwimmingFootballAthleticsModern PentathlonAthleticsGymnasticsFencingShootingGymnasticsAthleticsShootingAthleticsShootingWrestlingAthletics931Throwing the javelin,b. h., r. & l. h.Putting the weight, b. h.High jump.Heavy weight.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Team competition I.I.High jump.Foils, ind. épée, teamépée, team sabre.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Marathon race.d. e.Team competition III.Team competition III.Light weight.Middle weight A.Fours, inriggers.Team competition I.a. b.Water Polo.Team competition III.III.m.flat, m.flat.Light weight.a. b. c. e. f. g. i.Foils, ind. épée, teamépée, team sabre.m. free style, ladies.m. team race, ladies.m. flat, team racem.Hurdle race, high jump,broad jump, Pentathlon,Decathlon.Team competition II,III.Foils, ind. sabre.k. l. m.Team competition II,III.m. flat.n. o.Walking race.k. l. m.Heavy weight.Putting the weight, b. h.m. flat, m. flat.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionSir W. L. Parker,Bt.Parker, T. C.Parnell, E. L.Parton, M.Paseman, R.Paszthy, E.Pataki, M.Patching, G. H.Paternelli, P.Patou, J,Patterson, A.Patterson, N. J.Patterson, R.Patton, J:r G. S.Pauen, C.Paulsen, E.Pautex, L.Payer, Imre.Pawlow, P. W.Pawlowitch, P.Peacock, W.Pedersen, A.Pedersen, C.Pedersen, C. J.Pedersen, H. E.Pedersen, I.Pedersen, J.Pedersen, K.Pedersen, N.Pedersen, O.Pedersen, P.Pedersen, P. L.Pedersen, V.Pédery, A.Peinaud, P.Great BritainAustralasiaGreat BritainGermanyHungarySouth AfricaAustriaBelgiumGreat BritainU. S. A.South AfricaU. S. A.GermanyNorwayFranceHungaryRussiaGreat BritainNorwayDenmarkNorwayDenmarkNorwayDenmarkPekkalainen, A. FinlandPelander, G. U.Pelkonen, A.Pell, T. R. U. S. A.Pelletier, M.Peltonen, U.Penc, V.Pepé, J.Pepper, E. E.HungaryFranceLuxemburgFinlandBohemiaGreat BritainRowingEights, outriggers.Shooting a. b. c.Lawn Tennis Ladies’ Singles,(covered courts) Mixed Doubles.AthleticsBroad jump, pole jump.Gymnastics Team competition II,ind. comp.FootballAthletics m. flat. m. flat,m. flat.Shooting p. q.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Athletics m. flat.m. flat.Shooting a. b, c. d. e.Modern PentathlonGymnasticsAthleticsFootballYacht RacingWrestlingSwimmingAthleticsGymnasticsFootballAthleticsFootballAthleticsGymnasticsTeam competitionMarathon race;I.-m class.Feather weight.Water Polo.m. flat, m. flatTeam competition I.III,ind. comp.Team competition I.m. flat, m. flat,m. flat.Walking race.Team competitionI.I.I.Athletics m. flat, cross-country race.GymnasticsCyclingTeam competition II.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Yacht Racing -m. class.WrestlingHeavy weight.Gymnastics Team competition III.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles.(out-of-door-courts)AthleticsThrowing the discus, b.h.,Putting the weight, b. h.Throwing the javelin,b. h., r. & l. h.m. flat, Marathonrace.Shooting f. g. h. i.Gymnastics Team competition II.932

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionPercy, L. FrancePereira, A. PortugalPerk, A. C. HollandPernaja, I. FinlandPersonne, C. B. SwedenPersson, A. W.Persson, E. P. L.Person, J. GermanyPersson, K. P. SwedenPersson, M.Persson, N.Persson, T.Pertel, B.Pesteriff, S.RussiaPetersen, A. C. DenmarkPetersen, C. E. O.Petersen, C. F.Petersen, H.Petersen, N.Peterson,P. M. NorwayPetroff, E. RussiaPettersen, B. NorwayPettersson, F. G. SwedenPettersson, J. A.Petropoulus, G. GreecePfeiffer, J. BohemiaPhelps, R. E. Great BritainPhilbrook, G. W. U. S. A.Pietrasanta F.ItalyPiggott, R. F. U. S. A.Pihkala, L. FinlandPike, J. R. U. S. A.Pikker, A.Pimm, W. E.Pinchard, G. E.Pipes, F.RussiaGreat BritainAustriaPitman, F. A. H. Great BritainPjetursson, S. IcelandPlaskuda, H. GermanyPlater, P. Great BritainPlaton, H. F. S. NorwayShooting a. b. c. d. e.WrestlingFeather weight.FencingInd. épée, team épée.Gymnastics Team competition III.FencingFoils, ind. sabre, teamsabre.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Feather weight.m. flat, m. flat.WrestlingAthleticsFootballAthleticsYacht RacingAthleticsm. flat, m.flat.-m. class.m. flat, m. flat,relay race m.Shooting 0.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.FootballGymnastics Team competition III.RowingFours, inriggers.Gymnastics Team competition I.III,ind. comp.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles.(out-of-door courts)Doubles.Athletics m. flat.Gymnastics Team competition III.FootballCyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.FencingInd. épée.Shooting l.FencingFoils, ind. épée teamépée team sabre.WrestlingAthleticsFencingAthleticsCyclingLight weight.Throwing the discus, b.h.,Putting the weight, b.h.,Decathlon.Foils, ind. sabre, teamsabre.Marathon race.m. flat.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Wrestling Middle weight B.Shooting f. g. h. i.0.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles,(out-of-door courts)Doubles.RowingEights, outriggers.Wrestling Middle weight B.FencingFoils, ind. épée teamépée team sabre.Shooting b. c.FencingInd. épée team épée933

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionPleckhoff, M.Pletincx, J.Podgornoff, N.Pohlis, J.Poix, G.Pongracz, J.Pontenani, A.Ponurski, W.Porter, C. H. A.RussiaBelgiumRussiaFranceHungaryItalyAustriaGreat Britainvan Post, A. Zo. U. S. A.de Potékine, W.Pott, H. E.Potts, E. W.Potts, R. H.Poulenard, C. A.Poulter, H. O.Poulter, S. H.Povey, R.Powell, K.Praem, J. V. T.Pratneek, J.Preuss, A.Prihoda, S.Pritchard, E. M.Prokopp, A.Prouvost, G.Psycha, P.Puhm, J.Pukkila, T. V.PuschnitskyPutnam, H. N.RussiaGreat BritainFranceGreat BritainAustralasiaSouth AfricaGreat BritainDenmarkRussiaGermanyHungaryU. S. A.HungaryFranceGreeceAustriaFinlandRussiaU. S. A.Horse Riding comp.SwimmingYacht RacingWrestlingRowingWrestlingFencingAthleticsFencingShootingSwimmingGymnasticsAthleticsShootingAthleticsRowingCyclingShootingAthleticsShootingSwimmingFencingWrestlingYacht RacingAthleticsPrize jumping,ind.&team.Water Polo.8-m. class.Middle weight A.Fours, inriggers.Feather weight.Ind. sabre.200 m. flat, 400 m. flat.5,000 m. flat, team race3,000 m.Foils, ind. épée teamépée ind. sabre.g.Spring-board diving.Team competition II.II,ind. comp.200 m. flat, 400 m. flat,800 m. flat, relay race1,600 m.j. k. l.Marathon race.100 m. flat, 200 m. flat.Hurdle race.Fours, outriggers.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.n. o. q. r.a. c. e.Hurdle race.c.Water Polo.100 m. back stroke.Foils, ind. sabre, teamsabre.Light weight.10-m. class.800 m. flat, 1,500 m. flat.Quinn, P.Great BritainPutting the weight, b. h.Rabe, W.Racine, J.Rács, V.GermanyFranceHungaryRadcliffe-Nash,E. Great BritainRadmilovic, P.Radoczy, K.Radvany, Ö.Raita, A. A.Rajala, A.HungaryFinlandCyclingAthleticsCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.100 m. flat, relay race400 m.Horse Riding comp. Military, Prize jumping,ind.Swimming100 m. free style, waterpolo.Athletics800 m. flat.WrestlingLight weight.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Wrestling Middle weight R.934

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionRames, B.Ramme, W.Rammer, R.Rapin, F..Rasmussen, A.Rasmussen, S.Rasso, N.Rath, E.Rathmann, O.Rau, R.Rauch, K.Rauss, H.Rayner, H. M.de Rechke, O.Rechner, V.Reese, H. H.Refsum, T.Regaud, A.Regaud, J.Regnell, ElsaRegnell, LisaReichelt, R.Reichenbach, K.Reid, J.Reidpath, C. D.Reilin, K. H. L.Reilly, J. H.Reimann, E.Reimsfeld, E.Reinholt, H.Reinvald, J. F.Relssner, H.Rémi, K..Renz, E.Réti, J.Retschury, H.Retzer, J:r, G. W.Reuschle, J.Révesz, B.Reynolds, J. J.Reyntiens, G.Rhys, N. R.Rice, R. G.BohemiaGermanyAustriaFranceDenmarkRussiaAustriaGermanyAustriaU. S. A.RussiaBohemiaGermanyNorwayFranceSwedenGermanyGreat BritainU. S. A.FinlandU. S. A.RussiaGermanyNorwayDenmarkAustriaHungaryU. S. A.HungaryAustriaU. S. A.GermanyHungaryU. S. A.BelgiumGreat BritainCyclingSwimmingCyclingAthleticsCyclingAthleticsWrestlingFencingShootingFencingFootballShootingSwimmingRowingGymnasticsShootingAthleticsShootingSwimmingAthleticsRowingFootballCyclingSwimmingAthleticsGymnasticsFootballWrestlingGymnasticsCycling road race roundLake Mälar.100 m. free style.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.100 m. flatWalking race,Cross-country race.Marathon race.cross-country race.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.100 m. flat, 200 in. flat,relay race 400 m.100 m. flat, 200 m. flat,relay race 400 m.Feather weight.Foils, team épée.b. c. e.Foils, ind. épée.b. e.g. k.f.High (plain) diving,ladies.High (plain) diving,ladies.Eights, outriggers.Team competition II,III.a. b.200 m. flat, 400 m. flat,relay race I,600 m.q.100 in. free style,400Marathon race.Eights, outriggers.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Water Polo.Walking race.Team competition II.Feather weight.Team competition II,III.FootballAthleticsMarathon race.Horse Riding comp. Military, Prize jumping.ind.Wrestling Middle weight A.Athletics100 m. flat, 200 m. flat.935

Name Nation Branch of AthleticsCompetitionRichard, A. FranceRichards, A. W. U. S. A.Richardson, L. South AfricaRichardson, W.Richter, E.Richter, K. W.Richter, R.Riddy, C.Rieder, J.Rigal, G.Rillon, R.Great BritainRussiaGermanyBohemiaCanadaGermanyFranceRowingAthleticsShootingCyclingGymnasticsAthleticsRowingCyclingSwimmingCyclingde Rimscha, F.Ripszam J:r, H.RussiaHungaryFootballAthleticsWalking race; Marathonrace.Ritter, M. Germany Swimming100 m. free style; 400m. free style; teamrace 800 m.Robach R.von RochowRode, L. S.Rodier, J.Rodionow, A.Rodzianko, A.Roedder, H.Rolot, G. J. B.NorwayGermanyNorwayFranceRussiaU. S. A.FranceGymnasticsHorse Riding comp.RowingSwimmingYacht RacingHorse Riding comp.ShootingAthleticsTeam competition I.Military; prize riding.Fours, outriggers.Water Polo.10-m. class.Prize jump., ind. & team.k. m.100 m. flat; 200 m. flat;400 m. flat; relay raceRom, F.Romander, N.Romano, G.Roper-Barrett, H.BelgiumSwedenItalyGreat BritainRose, R. W. U. S. A.von Rosen, H.von Rosen, P. R.C.Rosén, S. A. A,Rosenberg, F.Rosenberg, GreteSwedenNorwayGermanyRosenberger,J.M, U. S. A.Rosenblad, C. SwedenRosencrantz, F,Rosenqvist, E. E. FinlandFencingShootingGymnasticsLawn Tennis(covered courts)AthleticsHorse Riding comp.FencingGymnasticsShootingSwimmingAthleticsHorse Riding comp.Shooting936Fours, inriggers.High jump.10,000 m. flat; cross-country race.b. c.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Team competition II;team competition III.Walking race.Eights, outriggers.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.100 m. free style; waterpolo.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.400 m.Foils; team épée; ind.épée.c.Team competition II;ind. comp.Gentlemen’s Singles;Gentlemen’s Doubles;Mixed Doubles.Throwing the discus, b.h; Putting the weight,b. h., r. & 1. h.; throwingthe hammer.Prize jumping, team.Ind. épée; team épée.Team competition I.o.100 m. free style, ladies;team race 400 m.,ladies.400 m. flat.Prize riding.Prize jumping, team.p. q.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionRosenswärd, H.Ross, C. M.Ross, G. J.Ross-Boden, H.van Rossem, G.Rosty, P.Rosvall, T.Roth, H.Rought, C. G.von Roummel, C.Rovsing, L.Rucks, A.Ruff, W.Ruffel, C. H.Ruggero, F.Rumbold, C.Runeborg, G. A. I.Runge, K.Runström, A. W.Rusten, A.Ryan, M. J.Ryberg, I.Rydman, A.Rydström, R. R.Ryrie, J. ARöhr, O.Rönström, G.Röpnack, H.Saarela, U. E. M.Saaristo, J. J.Saastamoinen, E.Sælen, F.Sæther, OleSætherhaug, M.Sæter, OlofSaintongey, R. P.Sakellaropoulos,H. P.Sakiritch, G.Salila, J. K.Salinas, S. R.Salm-Hoogstraeten,L.Salmon, C. J. M.SwedenAustralasiaGreat BritainAustralasiaHollandHungarySwedenGermanyGreat BritainRussiaDenmarkRussiaGreat BritainItalyHungarySwedenGermanySwedenNorwayU. S. A.SwedenFinlandSwedenAustralasiaGermanySwedenGermanyFinlandNorwayFranceGreeceRussiaFinlandChiliAustriaBelgiumYacht Racing 10-m. class.Athletics400 m. flat.Gymnastics Team competition II.RowingEights, outriggers.FencingInd. épée, team épée;ind. sabre, team sabre.Ind. épée.RowingEights, outriggers; fours,inriggers.Gymnastics Team competition II;team competition III.RowingFours, outriggers.Horse Riding comp. Prize jumping, ind.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(out-of-door courts) Gentlemen’s Doubles.Athletics1,500 m. flat.WrestlingLight weight.Athletics 1,500 m. flat; 5,000 m.flat; 10,000 m. flat;cross-country race.Marathon race.FootballSwimmingWater Polo.RowingEights, outriggers.SwimmingHigh (plain) diving,spring-board diving.200 m. breast stroke.AthleticsMarathon race.RowingEights, outriggers.Gymnastics Team competition III.WrestlingLight weight.RowingEights, outriggers,AthleticsHigh jump; Decathlon.Decathlon.FootballWrestlingAthleticsGymnasticsShootingCyclingShootingRowingAthleticsFencingWrestlingAthleticsHeavy weight.Throwing the javelin, b.h., r. & l. h.Team competition III.b. d. e.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.d. e.Fours, outriggers.Marathon race.Ind. sabre, team sabre.Middle weight B.Walking race.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles.(out-of-door courts)FencingFoils, ind. épée, teamépée, team sabre.937

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionSalonen, J. A.Salovaara, A.Salvi, P.Sammallahti, H.Samoilow, W.Sanchez, R. A.Sandberg, A.Sandberg, E.Sandberg, G.Sandberg, H.Sandelin, E.Sandelin, T.Sanders, S. C.Sandon, F.Sandor, J.Sandoz, E.Santesson, S.von Sarbogard,G. M.Sardi, C.de Sarnawsky, W.Sartori, A.Sauer, A. E.Sauerhöfer, L.Saunte, C. H.Savniki, T.Savorini, L.Sayre, R. H.Scalogne, D.Scarlatos, C.Schachlitz, W.von Schaesberg-Thannheim, R.Scharer, F.Schartau, F. A.Schejbal, B.Schenk, F.Schenker, Z.de Schesterikoff,G.Schiele, O.Schirmer, Ö.Schjöth, O.Schlosser, I.Schmal J:r, A.Schnitt, G. A.Schomaker, J.Schomburgk, H.Schrader, H.FinlandItalyFinlandRussiaChiliSwedenFinlandGreat BritainHungaryFranceSwedenHungaryItalyRussiaFranceU. S. A.GermanyDenmarkHungaryItalyU. S. A.HollandGreeceAustriaGermanyAustriaSwedenBohemiaU. S. A.HungaryRussiaGermanyNorwayHungaryAustriaFinlandRussiaGermanyGermanyWrestlingGymnasticsFencingAthleticsWrestlingYacht RacingFootballYacht RacingFootballSwimmingWrestlingShootingAthleticsShootingFootballFencingShootingFencingWrestlingHorse Riding comp.AthleticsGymnasticsShootingFencingShootingSwimmingHorse Riding comp.WrestlingShootingFencingShootingSwimmingGymnasticsRowingFootballShootingYacht RacingLawn Tennis(out-of-door courts)FencingLight weight.Team competition III.Team competition II.Team competition III.Foils.5,000 m. flat; 10,000m. flat.Heavy weight.6-m. class.6-m. class.12-m. class.6-m. class.100 m. back stroke.Light weight.l. m.Pole jump.a. b. c. e.Foils, ind. épée, teamépée,b. c. e.Foils, ind. épée, teamépée, ind. sabre.Light weight.Military; prize riding.1,500 m. flat.Team competition II.k. l. m.Ind. sabre; team sabre.j. k. l. m.Water Polo.Military.Feather weight.m.Team sabre.Ind. épée, team épée,Foils; ind. sabre; teamsabre.j. k. m.100 m. back stroke; 400m. free style; 800 m.team race.Team competition III.Fours, outriggers.k. m.n. o.10-m. class.Gentlemen’s Singles;Gentlemen’s Doubles;Mixed Doubles.Ind. épée.938

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionSchryver, F.Schuh, F.Schultz, H. K.Schultze, E.Schurrer, R.Schutte, C. O.Schwartz, S.Schwarz, A.Schwarz, F.Schwarz, R.Schwedrewitz, N.Schybergson, L.Schäfter, J.Schön, E.Scott, H. L.Scott, H. S. L.Scott, W.,Sears, H. E.Sebek, J.Sebestyén, B.Sedgewick, J.Seebass, A.Seedhouse, C. N.Ségura, L.Seidelin-Nielsen,I. L.SeignerSelenius, G..Seligman, E.Selikhoff, A.Setterberg, C. L..Setterwall, G.Sewell, J.AustralasiaAustriaDenmarkGermanyFranceU. S. A.RussiaGermanyRussiaFinlandAustriaGermanyU. S. A.Great BritainU. S. A.BohemiaHungaryGreat BritainGermanyGreat BritainFranceDenmarkFranceNorwayGreat BritainRussiaSwedenGreat BritainSwimming200 m. breast stroke;400 m. breast stroke.400 m. free style; 1,500m. free style; waterpolo.Shooting a. b. c. e.SwimmingAthleticsCyclingAthleticsFencingAthletics100 m. back stroke.100 m. flat; 200 m. flat;400 m. flat; relay race1,600 m.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Walking race.High jump.Ind. épée, team épée,;ind. sabre, team sabre.100 m. flat.Throwing the javelin,b. h.FootballAthletics Throwing the discus, b.h., r. & l. h.; puttingthe weight, b. h.; Decathlon.FencingFoils, ind. épée, teamépée, team sabre.Athletics 5,000 m. flat; 10,000 m.flat; team race 3,000m.; cross-country race.Horse Riding comp. Military; prize jumping,ind.Athletics10,000 m. flat; cross-country race.Shooting j. k. m.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(out of-door courts) Gentlemen’s Doubles.FootballShooting b. c.Gymnastics Team competition II;team competition III.Athletics200 m. flat; 400 m. flat;relay race 1,600 m.Gymnastics Ind. competition.FootballHorse Riding comp. Military; prize riding;prize jumping, team.Gymnastics Team competition III.FencingFoils, ind. épée, teamépée.Horse Riding comp. Prize jumping, ind. &team.FencingFoils.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(covered & out-of- Gentlemen’s Doubles;door courts) Mixed Doubles.AthleticsTug-of-War.939

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionSeweroff, A.Sharpe, I. G.Sheff-Sochaczewski,O.Shepherd, J.Sheppard, M. W.Sherman, B. F.von SiengalewiczZ.von Siegel, E.Siikaniemi, W.Silén, J.Silfverskiöld, N.Silfverstolpe, L.Silfverstrand,Simmons, C.Simon, L.C.RussiaGreat BritainAustriaGreat BritainU. S. A.WrestlingFootballSwimmingAthleticsAthleticsMiddle weight A.Water Polo.Tug-of-War.400 m. flat; 800 m. flat;1,500 m. flat; relayrace 1,600 m.Throwing the hammer.AustriaGermanySwimmingAthletics400 m. breast stroke.1,500 m. flat; team race3000 m.Finland Throwing the javelin, b.SwedenGreat BritainLuxemburgSimonsen, A. G. NorwaySimonsen, M. DenmarkSinclair, A.Sint, J.Sirola, H.Sivertsen, S.Sjursen, R.Sjöberg, G. G.Sjöberg, R.Sjöqvist, F. H.Sjöqvist, J. A.Skatteboe, G. G.Skilton, E.Skjerven, H. N.Skog, N. J.Skogen, E. E.Skou, P.de Skrotsky, B.Slavik, F.Sluis, J. van derSmebye, S.Smedberg, S.Smedmark, R.Smiel, H.Smirnoff, L.Smirnoff, M.Smith, A. A.Smith, C. S.Smith, H. J.CanadaHollandFinlandNorwayYacht RacingGymnasticsLawn Tennis(covered courts)GymnasticsAthleticsRowingWrestlingGymnasticsh,, r. & l. h.12-m. class.Team competition I.Gentlemen’s Singles.Team competition I.Team competition II;ind. comp.Team competition II;team competition III.Marathon race.Fours, outriggers; SingleSculls.Eights, outriggers.Middle weight A.Team competition III.Sweden SwimmingAthleticsYacht RacingPlain and variety diving.High jump; pole jump.8-m. class.NorwayGreat BritainNorwaySwedenNorwayRussiaBohemiaHollandNorwayDenmarkSwedenGermanyRussiaSouth AfricaGreat BritainU. S. A.ShootingFootballShootingAthleticsFootballGymnasticsRowingAthleticsCyclingFootballShootingSwimmingAthletics940b. d. e.a. b.c.e.c. e.p. q. r.Marathonrace.Team competition I.Fours, outriggers.100 m. flat, 200 m. flat;high jump.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.a. c. d. e.Water Polo.Marathon race.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionSmith, M. O.Smith, T.Sockalexis, A.Soinio, E. A.Soinio, K. E.Sokoloff, P. P.Solberg, O.DenmarkNorwayU. S. A.FinlandRussiaNorwaySoldatencow, A. RussiaSolymar, K. HungarySomers, J. P. Great BritainSommerfeldt, E. NorwaySomogzi, R. HungarySonne, H. SwedenSorge, E.Sotaaen, H.Soumarokoff-Elston, M.GermanyNorwayRussiaSourek, J. BohemiaSouthern, A. G. Great BritainSoutter, J. T.Sparre, P. L.Speciale, P.Speirs, AnnieSperling, A.Speroni, C.Spies, R. C.Spotts, R. L.Sprout, W. A.Staats, A.Stabell, A.Stahnke, M.Staib, F.Stamper, H.Steer, IreneSwedenItalyGreat BritainGermanyItalyGermanyU. S. A.GermanyNorwayGermanyNorwayGreat BritainStefenson, J. H. SwedenSteffan, M. M.Stein, C.Steinback, E.Steinert, J.Stenborg, K.GermanyAustriaU. S. A.SwedenCyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(out-of-door courts) Gentlemen’s Doubles.AthleticsMarathon race.FootballRowingFencingAthleticsShootingRowingWrestlingAthleticsGymnasticsAthleticsEights, outriggers; fours,in riggers.Ind. épée, team épée.Hurdle race.b. c.Eights, outriggers.Middle weight A.Throwing the javelin,b. h., r. & l. h.Team competition II;team competition III.100 m. flat; 200 m. flat.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(out-of-door courts) Gentlemen’s Doubles.RowingSingle Sculls.Gymnastics Team competition II.Athletics400 m. flat; 800 m. flat;relay race I,600 m.FencingInd. épée, team épée,Foils, team sabre.Swimming100 m. free style, ladies;400 m. team race,ladies.Gymnastics Team competition II;team competition III.AthleticsMarathon race.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(out-of-door courts) Gentlemen’s Doubles.Shooting n. o.a. b. c. e. f. g. h. i.Gymnastics Team competition II;team competition III.Shooting o.RowingSingle Sculls.Yacht Racing 12-m. class.FootballSwimming100 m. free style, ladies;400 m. team race,ladies.High (plain) diving; plainand variety diving.FencingInd. sabre.WrestlingFeather weight.Shooting p. q.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Athletics100 m. flat; 200 m. flat;400 m. flat.941

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionStenbäck, R.Stenroos, A.Stejskal, J.Steputat, W.Stevenson, D. M.Stevenson, J.Stewart, C. E.Stewart, W. A.Stibolt, N.Sticker, L..de Stieglitz, P.Stiemspetz, G. E.Stiemspetz, Y.Stindt, HermineStokes, A. J.Suomela, K. U.Sustera, M.Suttner, A.Swahn, A.Swahn, O. G.Swann, S. E.Swatosh, J.Svendel, A.Svendsen, C. V.Svendsen, H.Svensson, C. E.Svensson, C.O.H.Svensson, G.FinlandAustriaGermanyGreat BritainAustralasiaNorwayAustriaRussiaSwedenGermanyGreat BritainStradi, P. ItalyStranne, J. S. SwedenStrauchRussiaStrid, K. SwedenStridfeldt, P. A.Strobino, G. U. S. A.Stromp, A. PortugalStröm, E. Norwayaf Ström, O. SwedenStudnicka, J. AustriaStyles, W. K. Great BritainStöhr, G. GermanySund, C. J. SwedenSunde, A. T. NorwaySundholm, K. SwedenSundman, G. I.Sundqvist. J.Suni, L. O. FinlandBohemiaAustriaSwedenGreat BritainAustriaSwedenDenmarkSwedenYacht Racing 6-m. class.Athletics10,000 m. flat; team race3,000 m.; cross-countryrace.WrestlingLight weight.Middle weight A.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Shooting j. k. l.Athletics100 m. flat; 200 m. flat.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(out-of-door courts) Gentlemen’s Doubles.Swimming100 m. free style, ladies.Athletics100 m. flat.Shooting k.Gymnastics Team competition I.Swimming100 m. free style, ladies;400 m. team race,ladies.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Gymnastics Team competition II.FencingTeam sabre.Modern PentathlonYacht Racing 10-m. class.AthleticsTug-of-War.Shooting c.AthleticsMarathon race.100 m. flat; 200 m. flat.Gymnastics Team competition III.Horse Riding comp. Prize riding,FootballShooting g. h. i.FencingFoils, ind. sabre.Shooting b.a. b. c. e. g.RowingFours, outriggers.Swimming100 m. back stroke.AthleticsCross-country race.SwimmingHigh (plain) diving: plainand variety diving.Gymnastics Team competition III.AthleticsThrowing the discus, b.h.FencingFoils, ind. épée; teamsabre.Shooting n. o. p. q. r.o. p. q. r.RowingEights, outriggers.FootballRowingEights, outriggers.Gymnastics Team competition III.Swimming100 m. back stroke.Gymnastics Team competition I.FootballWrestlingLight weight.942

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionSvensson, H.Svensson, H.Svensson, I. S.Svensson, K. J.Svorcik, O.Syrjäläinen, M. A.Syson, A. E.Syttine, L.Szalai, P.Szalay, J.Szantho, A.Szebeny, A.Szebeny, G.Szebeny, N.Szebeny, S.Szentgrothy, L.Szerelemhegyi,E.Szobota, F.Szoszki, A.Szury, K.Szüts, F.Sällström, R. H.Sökjer-Petersen,E.Sörensen, A.Sörensen, E. F.Sörensson, J.Sörvik, L.SwedenBohemiaFinlandGreat BritainRussiaHungarySwedenDenmarkSwedenAthleticsFootballGymnasticsFencingFootballFencingShootingAthleticsGymnasticsWrestlingRowingSwimmingAthleticsWrestlingFootballGymnasticsYacht RacingShootingGymnasticsFencingGymnasticsRowingPole jump.Team competition I.Team sabre.Ind. sabre.o.m. flat; broad jump;relay race m.Ind. competition.Light weight.Eights, outriggers.m. back stroke.m. flat; m. flat;m. flat; relay racem.m. flat; relay racem.Feather weight.Team competition II.-m. class.q. r.Team competition I.Ind. épée, team épée.Team competition I.Eights, outriggers.Taber, N. S.Taipale, A. R.Tait, J. L.Tallberg, B.Tallberg, G.Tamm, S.Tamminen, A. F.von Tangen, G.Tanner, L.Tanner, L. A.Tanttu, A. R.Tapscott, L. E.Tartakover, T.Tauson, H. C.Taylor, A. W.Taylor, G. B.Taylor, H.U. S. A.FinlandCanadaFinlandSwedenFinlandNorwayFinlandSouth AfricaAustralasiaDenmarkGreat BritainCanadaGreat BritainAthleticsYacht RacingRowingGymnasticsFencingGymnasticsFootballWrestlingLawn Tennis(out-of-door courts)SwimmingShootingWrestlingRowingSwimmingTekusch, F. Austria Football943m. flat.Throwing the discus, b.h., r. & l. h.m. flat; m. flat;relay race m.-m. class.Eights, outriggers.Ind. competition.Foils, team épée, ind épée,Team competition III.Light weight.Gentlemen’s Singles.m. free style;m. free style.e.Feather weight.Eights, outriggers.m. free style;m. free style; m.team race.

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionTekusch, H.Teppert, K.Terawain, H.Ternström, J.Tery, O.Tewanima, L.Texier, R.Thau, M. H.Thaulow, G.Thayssen, A.AustriaHungaryRussiaSwedenHungaryU. S. A.FranceDenmarkNorwayDenmarkTheander, B. D. SwedenTheiszenberger, I. HungaryTheophilakis, A. GreeceTheophilakis, J.Theophilas, J.Thiel, A. SwedenThiel, O. GermanyThielemann, L. NorwayThomas, R. B. U. S. A.Thomaturge, L. FranceThommes, J. P. LuxemburgThompson, R.Great BritainThomsen, S. B. DenmarkThomson, H. GermanyThomson, J.Thorborg, S. F. DenmarkThorpe, J. U. S. A.Thorstensen, M. NorwayThubé, A. FranceThubé, G.Thubé, J.Thufason, A. M. DenmarkThulin, Vera SwedenThymann, P.Tickell, E. J.Tiiri, W. E.de Tillo, A.Tilkanen, W. O.Timofeew, A.Tintera, V..DenmarkGreat BritainFinlandRussiaFinlandRussiaBohemiaTirkkonen, T. A. FinlandTirkkonen, P. E.Tison, A. FranceFootballCyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.FootballAthleticsCross-country race.Gymnastics Team competition II.Athletics flat; Marathonrace.Shooting n. o.Gymnastics Team competition I.Yacht RacingLawn Tennis(out-of-door courts)SwimmingCyclingShootingYacht RacingFootballShootingAthleticsRowingGymnasticsCyclingYacht RacingFencingGymnasticsAthleticsRowingYacht RacingFootballSwimmingRowingShootingGymnasticsShootingCyclingFencingCyclingWrestlingAthletics-m. class.Gentlemen’s Singles;Gentlemen’s Doubles.m. free style.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.a. b. c. j. k. m.a. b.c. f.g.h.i.j.k.l.m.q.a. b. c. f. g. h. i.m. class.b. c.m. flat.Fours, outriggers.Team competition II;team competition III;ind. comp.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.-m. class.Ind. épée; ind. sabre,Foils.Team competition I.High jump; broad jump;Pentathlon; Decathlon.Fours, outriggers.-m. class.m. free style, ladies;high (plain) diving,ladies.Fours, outriggers.k.Team competition III.a. b. c. d. e.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Ind. sabre; team sabre.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Middle weight A.Light weight.Throwing the discus, b.h.; putting the weight,h. h.944

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionTitt, W.Tjäder, E.Toivonen, N.Tom, L.Tomaschevitsch,D.Tomaselli, A.Tonini, A.Torell, E. K.Torén, C. A. O.Torkilsen, T.Torres, M.Torres, P. J.Great BritainSwedenFinlandBelgiumServiaItalySwedenNorwayFranceChiliGymnasticsSwimmingShootingFencingTeam competition II.Spring-board diving.e. p. q.Team sabre.AthleticsMarathon race.Gymnastics Team competition II.AthleticsHigh jump; broad jump.Gymnastics Team competition I.Horse Riding comp. Prize jumping, ind.Gymnastics Team competition I.Ind. competition.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.Gymnastics Team competition III.Torstensen, G. NorwayTorstensen J:r, T.Toth, P. Hungary Fencing Foils, ind.sabre.Toth, S.Totuschek, A.Townsend, A.Trampler, R.de Trannoy, G.AustriaGreat BritainAustriaBelgiumGreat BritainAustriaTreble, A. L.Trestler, J.Triantaphillacos,D. GreeceTriantaphillacos,T.Tronner, H.Tsiclitiras, C.Tucek, J.Tuiskunen, H. H.Tuli, G.Tunesi, A.Tvedt, N.Tvorsky, W.Tonsager, E.Tonsager, H.Tommarck, C. I.Törnqvist, K.Törnros, G.AustriaGreeceBohemiaFinlandHungaryItalyNorwayBohemiaNorwaySwedenFootballWrestlingAthleticsFencingHorse Riding comp.AthleticsWrestlingAthleticsFencingAthleticsFencingShootingGymnasticsSwimmingFencingRowingShootingFootballAthleticssabre,teamMiddle weight A.Marathon race.Foils, ind. épée, teamsabre.Military, prize riding;prize jumping, team.5,000 m. flat.Middle weight B.100 m. flat.Ind. épée, team épée.Throwing the discus, b.h., r. & l. h.High jump; broad jump.Foils, ind. épée.d. e. q.Team competition II.Team competition II;ind. competition.High (plain) diving.Foils, ind. épée, teamépée.Fours, outriggers.k. m.Marathon race.Uggla, B.Ugi, C.Uhle, H. K.af Uhr, P.Ujlaky, R.Upmal, A.Urvikko, V.Ussing, J. B.GermanySwedenHungaryRussiaFinlandDenmarkFootballAthletics60 Fifth Olympiad. 945WrestlingModern PentathlonPole jump.High jump.Throwing the discus, b.h., r. & l. h.Marathon race.Light weight.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionVadgaard, K. M.Vadon, G.Valentin, G.Valle, M.Vanlaere, G.Varga, B.Varley, F. E.Vasko, K.Vauhkonen, V.Vavra; Z.Veirman, P.Velez, R.Verderber, R.Vernon, K.VersisVetter, M.Victal, J.Victor, J. A.Vietz, G.Vighals, P.Vigurs, C. A.Villemoes, P.Vinne, E.Visser, G.Voeilmeke, A.Vokoun, L.Vos, J.Voss, N.Vygoda, B.Väänänen, T.Wacha, A.Wachtmeister, S.van Waes, E.Wagner, F.Wagner, J.Wagner, J.Wahl, H.Wahlstedt, A. J.Waitzer, J.de Waldaine, P.Walden, H. A.Waley, R. G. K.Walker, J.Walker, J. D.Walker, M.DenmarkHungaryFranceItalyFranceHungaryGreat BritainHungaryFinlandBohemiaBelgiumHungaryAustriaGreat BritainGreeceGermanyPortugalSouth AfricaGermanyNorwayGreat BritainDenmarkNorwayBelgiumU. S. A.BohemiaHollandNorwayBohemiaFinlandAustriaSwedenBelgiumLuxemburgSwitzerlandAustriaFinlandSwedenGermanyRussiaGreat BritainAustralasiaGreat BritainGymnasticsAthleticsCyclingFootballSwimmingWrestlingShootingRowingShootingFencingRowingShootingFencingRowingFencingRowingWrestlingAthleticsShootingGymnasticsAthleticsRowingAthleticsCyclingFootballGymnasticsAthleticsShootingCyclingRowingGymnasticsAthleticsSwimmingYacht RacingShootingAthleticsShootingFootballRowingCyclingRowingCycling946Team competition I.Hop, step and jump.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Water Polo.Middle weight B.b. c.Eights, outriggers.d. e.Foils, ind. épée, teamépée.Single Sculls.a. b. c. e.Foils, ind. épée, teamsabre.Fours, outriggers.Team épée, ind. épée.Eights, outriggers.Middle weight A.m. flat; m. flat.m. flat;m. flat; team racem.; cross-countryrace.b.Team competition II.Team competition I.Hop, step and jump.Fours, outriggers.Walking race.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Team competition III.m. flat.p. q.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Eights, outriggers.Fours, outriggers.Team competition II;team competition III.Pentathlon.Water Polo.-m. class.g. i.Throwing the javelin, b.h.; Pentathlon.a. b. c. d. e.Eights, outriggers.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Eights, outriggers.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionWalker, S. J.Wallach, G. S.Wallenberg, V.Wallenborg, C.Waller, E.Wallerius, E.Wallerius, H.Wallin, B.Walsh, M.Wandolleck, B.Wannag, E.Ward, H. K.Wardener, I.Warsow, G.Wasama, K. J.Wastl, J.Watercampf, C.Watson, G.Webb, E. J.Weber, A.Weber, F.Webster, G. H.Wedholm, J. E.Wegele, K.Wegener, A.Wehrer, A.Weinacht, L.Weinzinger, F.Wells, H. B.Wells, J, A.Welz, E.Wendelin, S.Wendell, J.Wenk, J.Wennergren, C.Great BritainSwedenGreat BritainGermanyRussiaAustralasiaHungaryGermanyFinlandAustriaRussiaCanadaGreat BritainGermanyAustriaGreat BritainSwedenGermanyLuxemburgGermanyAustriaGreat BritainGermanyHungaryU. S. A.HungarySwedenWennerholm, O.Wens, G. BelgiumWenseler, H. GermanyWerkner, L.Werner, A. F. A.HungaryGermanyWerner, H. SwedenWerner, H. GermanyWersäll, C. A.SwedenGymnasticsAthleticsShootingYacht RacingSwimmingCyclingShootingAthleticsRowingAthleticsCyclingGymnasticsSwimmingFencingCyclingAthleticsFootballSwimmingFootballRowingGymnasticsRowingAthleticsRowingAthleticsSwimmingAthleticsSwimmingLawn Tennis(covered & out-ofdoorcourts)GymnasticsAthleticsFencingFootballFencingGymnastics947Team competition II.m. flat; cross-country race.n. o.b. c.-m. class.Water Polo.Cycling road race’ roundLake Mälar.l.Throwing the discus, b.h.;putting the weight, b.h.Eights, outriggers.High jump.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Team competition III.m. breast stroke;m. breast stroke.Ind. sabre.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Walking race.m. back stroke.m. free style;m. free style.Eights, outriggers.Team competition II;team competition III;ind. competition.Eights, outriggers.m. flat; relay racem.Eights, outriggers.m. flat; m. flat.Throwing the discus, b. h.m. back stroke.Hurdle race.m. back stroke;water polo.Gentlemen’s Singles;Gentlemen’s Doubles.Team competition I.m. flat.m. flat; m. flat.Team sabre, ind. sabre.Ind. sabre, team sabre.Team competition II;team competition III.Team competition I.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionWersäll, E. G.Westberg, J.Westerlund, E.Westermark, H.Westermark, N.Westling, K.Wetter, H. M.Wetterstrand, E.Weydahl, C.de Weysse, D.Wetzell, O. W.Whelan, G.Whitaker, G.Whitaker, J.White, I. M.SwedenFinlandSwedenFinlandNorwaySwedenNorwayRussiaFinlandSouth AfricaGreat BritainWhitney, L. A. U. S. A.Wiberg, B. A. R.Wickholm, W.Wicksell, R.Wickström, A. R.Wide, E.FinlandSwedenFinlandSwedenWideröe-Aas, M. NorwayWieslander, H. SwedenWiggins, A. F. R. Great BritainWijnveldt, D. HollandWikke, F. B. DenmarkWiklund, O. FinlandWikoff, G. M. U. S. A.Wikström, O. A. SwedenWikström, V. V. FinlandWilding, A. F. AustralasiaWilhelmsohn, L.Wiljamaa, K. A.Wilkens, W.Wilker, H.Wilkinson, G.Wilkman, O.Willems, G.Willems, V.Willführ, P.Wilson, C. P.Wilson, J.RussiaFinlandSwedenGermanyGreat BritainRussiaBelgiumGermanyU. S. A.Great BritainModern PentathlonAthleticsWrestlingYacht RacingSwimmingRowingShootingSwimmingShootingGymnasticsSwimmingAthleticsFootballAthleticsFootballAthleticsFootballAthleticsRowingFootballAthleticsWrestlingAthleticsShootingWrestlingLawn Tennis(covered courts)AthleticsWrestlingRowingSwimmingModern PentathlonRowingFencingAthleticsCycling948Marathon race.Middle weight A.-m. class.m. free style.Fours, outriggers.c.a. b. c. e.High (plain) diving, plainand variety diving,spring-board diving.c. d. e.n. o.Team competition II;ind. competition.High (plain) diving,ladies.Throwing the discus, b.h.; putting the weight,b. h., r. & l. h.Hurdle race; Decathlon.m. flat; team racem.Pentathlon; Decathlon.Eights, outriggers.Pole jump.Middle weight B.m. flat.e.Feather weight.Gentlemen’s Singles.m. flat.Heavy weight.Eights, outriggers; fours,inriggers.Fours, outriggers.Water Polo.Fours, outriggers.Foils, ind. épée, teamépée.Throwing the javelin, b.h.; throwing the discus,b. h.; putting theweight, b. h.m. flat; m. flat;relay race m.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.

Name Nation Branch of Athletics CompetitionWiman, D. L.Winans, W.Winslow, C.Winther, J. L.Wirtz, F.SwedenU. S. A.South AfricaDenmarkLuxemburgde Wischniakoff,G. RussiaWithol, R.Wlassenko, W.de Wolf, N. HollandWolfhagen, V. DenmarkWollert, C. SwedenWoodward, V. J. Great BritainWooijeward, H. HollandWorm, E. GermanyWoronkoff, N.Worpitzkij, W.Worthington, H.T.de Woyloschnikoff,P.Wright, E. G. D.Wright, M. S.Wyolio, Y. W.Wyuts, J.Wylie, W.Wähämäki, K.Wäre, E. E.Wäre, F. A. J.RussiaGermanyU. S. A.RussiaGreat BritainU. S. A.FinlandBelgiumAustralasiaFinlandGymnastics Team competition I.Shooting k. l. m. p. q. r.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(out-of-door courts) Gentlemen’s Doubles.Gymnastics Team competition I.Team competition II;team competition III.ShootingAthleticsFootballShootingFootballFencingGymnasticsSwimmingFootballAthleticsShootingFootballAthleticsGymnasticsSwimmingGymnasticsWrestlingCyclingb. c.n. o.m. flat.Ind. épée, team sabre.Team competition II;team competition III.m. free style.Broad jump.j. k. l. m.Pole jump.Ind. competition.m. free style.m. free style, ladies.Team competition III.Light weight.Cycling road race roundLake Mälar.Yakowleff, M. W. RussiaYanez, E. ChiliYates, W. G. Great BritainYorke, R. F. C.Young, D. B. U. S. A.Yvon, G. Great BritainFootballHorse Riding comp.AthleticsSwimmingPrize jumping, ind.Walking race.m. flat; m. flat.m. flat; m. flat.High (plain) diving, plainand variety diving.Zabeline, T.Zachar, E.Zacharoff, J.Zagorsky, S.Zahourek, B.Zampori, G.Zander, J.Zannolini, U.Zborzil, A.RussiaHungaryRussiaAustriaItalySwedenItalyAustriaGymnasticsSwimmingAthleticsHorse Riding comp.SwimmingGymnasticsAthleticsGymnasticsLawn Tennis(out-of-door courts)949Ind. competition.Water Polo; m. teamrace.m. flat.Prize jumping, ind.m. free style, ladies;m. team race,ladies.Team competition II;ind. competition.m. flat; team racem.Team competition II.Gentlemen’s Singles;Gentlemen’s Doubles.

NameNationBranch of AthleticsCompetitionvon Zedlitz undLeipeZeilau, T. C.Zeman, J.Zemla, L.Zerling, P.Ziegler, H.Zilker, J.GermanyDenmarkBohemiaSwedenGermanyAustriaZimmerman, R. M. CanadaZouang, J. LuxemburgZorzi, A.Zsigmondy, E.Zuffi, E.Zulawsky, B.Zürner, A.Åberg, A.Åberg, G.Åberg, K. K.Åbrink, R.Åkesson, B. V.Åsbrink, K. G.ItalyHungaryItalyHungaryGermanySwedenFinlandSwedenShooting n. o.Modem PentathlonLawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(out-of-door courts) Gentlemen’s Doubles.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(out-of-door courts) Gentlemen’s Doubles.Athleticsm. flat, relay racem.FencingFoils, ind. épée, teamépée.CyclingCycling road race roundLake Mälar.SwimmingSpring-board diving.GymnasticsTeam competition II;team competition III.Team competition II.Lawn Tennis Gentlemen’s Singles;(out-of-door courts) Gentlemen’s Doubles.FootballFencingFoils, ind sabre.SwimmingHigh (plain) diving, plainand variety diving,spring-board diving.AthleticsThrowing the hammer.Broad jump, hop, stepand jump.Wrestling Middle weight A.Athletics Throwing the javelin, b.h., r. & l. h.WrestlingFeather weight.Modern PentathlonÖberg, A.Öberg, E.Öhman, J.Örtegren, R.Östenson, Ö.Östrup, L. C.FinlandSwedenNorwayDenmarkAthleticsWrestlingFootballShootingFencingm. flat.Feather weight.b. f. g.d. e.Foils, ind. épée, teamépée, team sabre.950

LIST OF THE LEADING ATHLETIC AND OTHERSPORTING ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTEDAT THE GAMES OF STOCKHOLM.NameAddressNationATHLETICS.The Amateur Athletic Union ofAustralasia.New South Wales Amateur AthleticAssociation.Victorian Amateur Athletic Association.New Zealand Amateur AthleticAssociation.Tasmanian Amateur Athletic Association.Österreichischer Leichtathletik Verband.Ligue Belge d’Athlétisme.Ceská Athletická Amatérská Unie.Amateur Athletic Union of Canada.Federation Sportiva Nacional Chile.Dansk Athletik-Forbund.Finlands Gymnastik- och Idrottsförbund.Union des Sociétés Françaises deSports Athlétiques.Deutsche Sportbehörde für Athletik.Amateur Athletic Association.Union de Sociétés Helleniquesd’Athlétisme et de Gymnastique.Nederlandsche Athletiek Unie.Magyar Athletikai Szövetség.Federazione Italiana Degli SportsAthletica.Fédération des Societes Luxembourgeoisesde Sports Athlétiques.Luxemburg.Norges Turn- og Idrætsforbund.Sporting Club Portugal.Russischer Landesverband für leicht-Athletik.Serbischer Leichtathletischer Verband.N. S. Wales Sports Club Australasia.L:td, , Hunter Street,Sydney.Box G. P. O., Sydney,Amateur Sports Club, CollinsStreet, Melbourne, Vic.Christchurch, New Zealand.A. M. P. Society, Hobart,Tasmania., Hardtgasse,Austria.Vienna XIX., Rue Lesbroussart, Belgium.Brussels., Panska Ulice, Prague II. Bohemia.College Street, Toronto, Canada.Ontario., Amunatégui, Santiago. Chili., C. F. Gardes Allé, Denmark.Hellerup., Köpmangatan, Finland.Helsingfors., Rue de Provence, Paris. France., I, Ziegelstrasse, Germany.Berlin N, John Street. Adelphi, Great Britain.London W. C., Rue de l’Université. Greece.Athens.d, Kalfjeslaan,Holland.Amsterdam.Centralstadthaus,Hungary.Buda-Pesth.Rome.Italy.S:t Olavsgate,Christiania.Alameda do Lumiar,Lisbon., Alexandroffsky Prosp.,S:t Petersburg., Rue Svetogorska,Belgrade.951Luxemburg.Norway.Portugal.Russia.Servia.

Name Address NationSouth African Amateur Athletic P. O. Box ,and Cycling Association.Johannesburg.Svenska Idrottsförbundet., Drottninggatan,Gothenburg.Amateur Athletic Union of the United , Warren Street,States.New York.South Africa.Sweden.U. S. A.CYCLING.Österreichischer Radsport-Ausschuss.Comité Sportif de la Ligue VélocipédiqueBelge.Ceská Ustredni Jednota Velocipedistu.Canadian Wheelsmen’s Association.Rennweg, Vienna III., Avenue du Sud,Antwerp.Smichov, Prague., Rusholme Road,Toronto, Ontario., Jagtvejen, Copenhagen.Austria.Belgium.Bohemia.Canada.Denmark.Dansk Cycle Union for Landevejssport.Union Vélocipédique de France. , Boulevard Poissonnière,Paris.France.Deutscher Radfahrer Bund.Nürnbergerstrasse,Berlin.Germany.National Cyclists Union.Lonsdale Chambers, ChanceryGreat Britain.Lane, London E. C.Magyar Kerékpáros Szövetség. /b. sz. Lónyay-u. Hungary.Buda-Pesth IX.Norges Cykleforbund. Nitedal pr. Christiania. Norway.Union Vélocipédique Russe. Sadowaia, Russia.S:t Petersburg.South African Amateur Athletic P. O. Box , South Africa.and Cycling Association. Johannesburg.Svenska Velocipedförbundet. Stockholm. Sweden.National Cycling Union. West nd Street, U. S. A.New York.FENCING.Österreichischer Fechterbund. , Hintere Zollamtstrasse, Austria.Vienna III.Fédération des Cercles d’Escrime , Rue Neuve S:t Pierre, Belgium.de Belgique.Ghent.Cesky Sermirsky Comitét. Prague. Bohemia.Dansk Fœgte Forbund. , Herluf Trollesgade, Denmark.Copenhagen.Deutscher Fechterbund. Offenbach a/M. Germany.Amateur Fencing Association. , Old Square, Lincoln’s Great Britain.Inn, London W. C.Nederlandsche Amateur Scherm- , Jansdam, Utreeht. Holland.bond.Federazione Italiana di Scherma. , Via Marsala, Rome. Italy.Norges Fegteforbund. Stendal pr. Christiania. Norway.952

Name Address NationCentro Nacional de Esgrima. Salao de S. Carlos, Largo Portugal.do Picadeiro, Lisbon.South African Fencing Association. Govt. Laboratories,Johannesburg.South Africa.Svenska Fäktförbundet.Stockholm.Sweden.Amateur Fencers’ League of America., Broadway, New York. U. S. A.FOOTBALL.Österreichischer Fussball Verband.Dansk Boldspil Union.Finska Bollförbundet.Deutscher Fussball Bund.Football Association.Nederlandsche Voetbal Bond.Magyar Labdarugók Szövetség.Federazione Italiano Giuoco delCalcio.Norges Fotballforbund.Union Russe de Football Association.Svenska Fotbollförbundet., Franzensbrückenstr.,Vienna., Reventlowsgade,Copenhagen., Kaserngatan,Helsingfors., Neuer Graben,Dortmund., Russel Square,London W. C., van Boetzelaerlaan,The Hague., Akademia utca,Buda-Pesth., Corso Principe Oddone,Turin.Sofienlund, Sköien, prChristiania., Alexandroffsky Prosp.,S:t Petersburg.Stockholm.Austria.Denmark.Finland.Germany.Great Britain.Holland.Hungary.Italy.Norway.Russia.Sweden.GYMNASTICS.Dansk Gymnastik Forbund.Finlands Gymnastik- och Idrottsförbund.Union des Sociétés de Gymnastiquede France.Amateur Gymnastic Association., Österbrogade, Denmark.Copenhagen., Köpmangatan, Finland.Helsingfors., Rue Reigner, Bordeaux. France.Hopeville», Lebanon Road,E. Croydon.Albrecht ut., Buda-Pesth.Great Britain.Magyarországi Tesdezö EgyesületekHungary.Szövetége.Federazione Ginnastica Nazionale , Via delle Muratte, Rome. Italy.Italiana.Union des Sociétés Luxembour- Roodt. Luxemburg.geoises de Gymnastique.Norges Turn- og Idrætsforbund. , S:t Olavsgate, Norway.Christiania.953

Name Address NationUnion des Sociétés de Gymna- , Newski, S:t Petersburg. Russia.stique.Svenska Gymnastikförbundet. Stockholm. Sweden.LAWN TENNIS.Lawn Tennis Association of Austral- Sydney, N. S. W. Australasia.asia.Österreichischer Lawn Tennis Ver- , Prinzen Allee,Austria.band.ViennaCeská Lawn Tennisová Associace. , Václavské, Prague. Bohemia.Dansk Boldspil Union., Reventlowsgade,Copenhagen.Denmark.Deutscher Lawn Tennis Bund. , Kaiserdamm, Berlin. Germany.Lawn Tennis Association.Queen Victoria Street, Great Britain.Nederlandsche Lawn Tennis Bond.London E. C., Mauritskade, The Hague. Holland.Magyar Országos Lawn Tennis Margitszigeti-Sporttelep, Hungary.Szövetség.Buda-Pesth III.Norges Lawn Tennisforbund. , Oscarsgate,Christiania.Norway.Union Russe de Lawn Tennis. , Alexander Prosp.,S:t Petersburg.Russia.South African Lawn Tennis Union. P. O. Box ,South Africa.Johannesburg.Svenska Lawn Tennisförbundet. Stockholm.Sweden.United States National Lawn Tennis New York, N. Y.U. S. A.Association.ROWING.New South Wales Rowing Association.Sports Club, Hunter Street,Sydney.Victorian Rowing Association. Melbourne, Victoria.Österreichischer Ruderverband. , Annagasse, Vienna I.Fédération Belge des Sociétés , Rue du Magistrat,d’Aviron.Brussels.Cesky Veslarsky Svaz.c/o Zelenka & Zimmer,Hubernská ul., Prague.Canadian Association of AmateurOarsmen.Dansk Forening for Rosport., Melinda Street,Toronto, Ontario., Christian den IX Gade,Copenhagen.Finska Roddförbundet., Kyrkogatan, Helsingfors.Fédération Française des Sociétés , Boulevard Lannes,d’Aviron.Paris.Deutscher Ruder Verband., Dovenhof, Hamburg.Amateur Rowing Association. , Whitehall Court,London S. W.954Australasia.Austria.Belgium.Bohemia.Canada.Denmark.Finland.France.Germany.Great Britain.

Name Address NationMagyar Evezös-egyletek Országos Margitszigeti-Sporttelep,Szövetsége.Buda-Pesth III.Norges Roforbund.c/o Consul Wettre,Christiania.Fédération Russe des Sociétés I , Alexander Prosp.,d’Aviron.S:t Petersburg.Svenska Roddförbundet.Malmö.Hungary.Norway.Russia.Sweden.SHOOTING.Österreichischer Schützenbund.Dominion of Canada Trap ShootingAssociation.Danske Skytters Private ForeningFinska Jaktföreningen.Union des Sociétés de Tir deFrance.Saint Hubert Club de France.National Rifle Association.Clay Bird Shooting Association.Koninklijke Nederlandsche JachtvereenigingNimrod.Det Frivillige Skyttevæsen.Transvaal Rifle Association.Natal Rifle Association.Skytteförbundens Öfverstyrelse.Svenska Jägarförbundet.National Rifle Association of America.United States Revolver Association., Hörlgasse, ViennaOttawa, Ontario.IX.Austria.Canada., Jesper Brockmandsgade, Denmark.Copenhagen., Gengatan, Helsingfors. Finland., Rue de Provence, Paris. France., Rue de Clichy, Paris.Bisley Camp, Brookwood, Great Britain.Surrey., Aldersgate St.,London E. C.Haarlem.Holland., Storgate, Christiania. Norway.Drill Hall, Johannesburg . South Africa.Durban, Natal., Hamngatan, Stockholm. Sweden.Stockholm., Woodward Building, U. S. A.Washington.c/o Dr. Reginald H. Sayre,New York.SWIMMING.New South Wales Amateur SwimmingAssociation.New Zealand Amateur SwimmingAssociation.Verband der ÖsterreichischenSchwimmvereine.Fédération Belge des Sociétés deNatation.Canadian Amateur Swimming Association.Dansk Svømme- & Livrednings-Forbund.Finska Simförbundet.Sydney, N. S. W.Australasia.P. O. Box ,Christchurch, New Zealand., Himmelpfortgasse, Austria.Vienna I., Chaussée de Ninove, Belgium.Brussels.c/o A. Murray Hannah, Canada.Montreal, P. Q., Vester Voldgade, Denmark.Copenhagen., Lilla Robertsgatan, Finland.Helsingfors.955

Name Address NationUnion des Sociétés Françaises deSports Athlétiques.Deutscher Schwimmverband.Amateur Swimming Association.Magyar Uszó Szövetség.Federazione Italiana di Nuoto.Norges Svömmerforbund.South African Swimming Union.Svenska Simförbundet.Amateur Athletic Union., Rue de Provence,Paris., Mühlenstrasse, Berlin., Cautley Avenue, ClaphamCommon, London S. W.Központi Müegyetem,Buda-Pesth I., Via Vittorio Emanuele,Florence.Bergen.P. O. Box , Durban,Natal.Stockholm., Warren Street,New York.France.Germany.Great Britain.Hungary.Italy.Norway.South Africa.Sweden.U. S. A.WRESTLING.Österreichischer Athleten-Union.Cesky Ustredni Svaz Tezkoathleticky.Dansk Athlet Union.Finlands Gymnastik- och Idrottsförbund.Fédération Française de Boxe etde Lutte.Deutscher Reichsverband fürSchwerathletik.National Amateur Wrestling Association.Nederlandsche Krachtsport Bond.Magyar Athletikai Szövetség.Federazione Atletica Italiana.Norges Turn- og Idrætsforbund.Svenska Atletikförbundet.Amateur Athletic Union., Auerspergstrasse,Vienna VIII.Prague.Austria.Bohemia., Rörholmsgade,Denmark.Copenhagen., Köpmangatan, Finland.Helsingfors., Boulevard Poissonnière, France.Paris., Rotebühl, Stuttgart. Germany., Oakley Road, Southgate Great Britain.Road, London N., E Atjehstraat, Holland.Amsterdam.Centralstadthaus, Buda-Pesth. Hungary.Rome.Italy., St. Olavsgate, Norway.Christiania.Malmö.Sweden., Warren Street, U. S. A.New York.956

LIST OF THE FOREIGN OFFICIAL REPRESENTATIVESAND FUNCTIONARIES AT THE OLYMPICGAMES OF STOCKHOLM.AUSTRALASIA.Alexander, W. B.Cnnningham, C. SDeloitte, Q. L.Helsham, C. H.Hill, A. C. W.Horniman, V.Marks, E. S.Middleton, W. J.Thomson, A.Verge, C. A.Watson, Alex.Leader of Athletic Team.Leader of Rowing Team.Member of International Jury for Rowing.Leader of Rowing Team.Secretary of Australasian Olympic Committee.Leader of Swimming Team.President of Australasian Olympic Delegation.Manager of Australasian Teams.Member of International Jury for Swimming.Leader of Rowing Team.Leader of Rowing Team.Medical Attendant.Leader of Swimming Team.AUSTRIA.Abeles, Ignaz, D:rBauer, HenryCount von Colloredo-Mannsfeld, R.Deutsch, RobertElbogen, H.Graf, FelixHecht, Hugo, M. D.Herschmann, Otto, D:rKestler, KarlMarkones, F. X.D:r MayerMeisl, HugoPfeiffer, HansSchönecker, E.Leader of Football Team.Leader of the Athletic and Wrestling Teams.Member of International Olympic Com.Leader of Athletic Team.Leader of Shooting Team.Member of International Jury for Swimming.Leader of Swimming Team.Medical Attendant.President of Austrian Olympic Com.Member of International Juries for Wrestling,Fencing and Modern Pentathlon.Manager of Austrian Teams.Leader of Football Team.Judge in Wrestling Competitions.Leader of Wrestling Team.Leader of Swimming Team.Leader of Football Team.Leader of Athletic Team.Leader of Athletic Team.957

Major H. TennerWels, C. A.Prince Otto zu Windisch-GraetzWraschtil, HermanZiehrer, Wilh.Baron M. ZoisLeader of Fencing Team.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Vice-President of Austrian Olympic Com.Manager of the Austrian Teams.Member of International Olympic Com.Leader of Athletic Team.Leader of Wrestling Team.Leader of Cycling Team.BELGIUM.Annoot, L.Anspach, P.Count E. d’AsscheCount Henry de Baillet-LatourBerré, M.Captain de BlommaertCnoops, C.Cohen, H.Dupuich, A.Feyerick, A.Grégoire, O.Van der Heyden, F.Major JoostensMajor O. LefebureBaron de LaveleyeD:r A. de MarneffeCount J. d’OultrementSarens, A.Member of the Honorary Presidentship for RowingTeam.Leader of Fencing Team.Representative for Lawn Tennis.Member of International Olympic Com.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Leader of Horse Riding Team.Leader of Fencing Team.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Leader of Swimming Team.Member of Belgian Olympic Com.Member of Belgian Olympic Com.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Member of Belgian Olympic Com.Member of Belgian Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Swimming.Member of Intern. Jury for Horse RidingCompetitions.Vice-President of Belgian Olympic Com.Judge in Gymnastic Competitions.President of Belgian Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Football.Leader of Rowing Team.Leader of Athletic Team.Leader of Fencing Team.Judge in Fencing Competitions.BOHEMIA.Balcar, Em.D:r J. BroftFehrer, Fr.de Fuchs, KarelProfessor Jiri GuthHerman, GustavVice-President of Bohemian Olympic Com.Functionary of Bohemian Olympic Com.Leader of Cycling Team.Functionary of Bohemian Olympic Com.President of Bohemian Olympic Com.Member of International Olympic Com.Leader of Rowing Team.958

Just, Jar., Ph. D:rKalva, Jar.Professor G. KarasekD:r P. Kostarde Lobsdorf, Vilém G.Matucka, I.Pavlousek, V.Pfeiffer, J.Richter, R.Roessler-Orovsky, J.Rudl, VàclavSchejbal, J.Schindler, R.Sebek, J. Muc.Sourek, L.Zelenka, Jos.Leader of Lawn Tennis Team.Press Representative of Bohemian Olympic Com.Functionary of -Bohemian Olympic Com.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Leader of Fencing Team.Functionary of Bohemian Olympic Com.Archivist of Bohemian Olympic Com.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Leader of Athletic and Cycling Teams.General Secretary of Bohemian Olympic Com.Member. of Intern. Jury for Modem Pentathlon.Judge in Gymnastic Competitions.Chief Manager of Bohemian Teams.Vice-President of. Bohemian Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Wrestling.Asst. Treasurer, Bohemian Olympic Com.Judge in Wrestling Competitions.Leader of Wrestling Team.Leader of Lawn Tennis Team.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Treasurer, Bohemian Olympic Com.CANADA.Crow, Norton, H.Brigadier-General, Sir JohnHanbury-WilliamsMerrik, James G., B. A.Wright, JosefSecretary, Canadian Olympic Com.Manager of Canadian Teams.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.President of Canadian Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Athletics.Member of Intern. Jury for Rowing.CHILI.Kähni, Don MaximoMaia, Don JorjeLieut.-Col. Don AlfredoSchönmeyrSubercasseaux y Browne,Don FernandoManager of Chilian Teams.Member of Chilian Olympic Com.Official Representative of Chilian Government.President of Chilian Delegation at the Games.Member of Chilian Olympic Com.DENMARK.Albany, WilliamArboe, O.Miss Signe BentsenCaptain H. BondoBrydegaard, JohanRowing Team Functionary.Rowing Team Functionary.Functionary of Gymnastic Display Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Wrestling andModem Pentathlon.Functionary of Gymnastic Display Team.959

Bukh, Niels E.Clod-Hansen, Abr.Mrs EmborgCaptain Torben GrutHansen, A.Lieut-Col. Fritz HansenLieut. Arne HöjmeIlleris, NilsJensen, OlufKnudsen, K. A.Knudsen, K. P.Kristensen, VilhelmKöster, H. S.Larsen, JohsLevison, EjnarD:r L. J. MadsenMadsen, PovlLieut.-Col. O. A. H.MoltkeMouritzenCaptain T. F. H. MölgaardMöller, CarlMöller, H. C. V.Nathansen, J. L.Nielsen, A. R.Lieut. I. NyholmOlesen, K.Miss Kamilla PoulsenMiss PraestgaardRasmussen, MoritzRasmussen, N. H., B. A.D:r E. A. J. SaugmannV. V. J. SchiermerSchmidt, EugenSteenbergSylow, L.Teilman, KåreToepfer, GeorgVind, RasmusVogel-JörgensenÖstrupTeam functionary for Gymnastics.Judge in Gymnastic and Fencing Competitions.Functionary of Gymnastic Display Team.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Functionary of Gymnastic Display Team.President of Danish Olympic Com.Leader of Athletic Team.Functionary of Gymnastic Display Team.Leader of Rowing Team.Leader of Gymnastic Team.Functionary of Gymnastic Display Team.Functionary of Gymnastic Display Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Rowing.Team functionary for Athletics.Leader of Fencing Team.Leader of Shooting Team.Functionary of Gymnastic Display Team.Member of Intern. Jury of Horse RidingCompetitions.Team functionary for Football and Lawn Tennis.Team functionary for Gymnastics.Team functionary for Cycling.Leader of Gymnastic Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Gymnastics.Vice-President of Danish Olympic Com.Judge in Wrestling Competitions.Secretary of Danish Olympic Com.Functionary of Gymnastic Display Team.Functionary of Gymnastic Display Team.Functionary of Gymnastic Display TeamTeam functionary for Athletics.Judge in Gymnastic Competitions.Team functionary for Rowing.Team functionary for Gymnastics.Team functionary for Rowing.Team functionary for Football and Lawn Tennis.Leader of Football and Lawn Tennis Teams.Functionary of Gymnastic Display Team.Leader of Cycling Team.Functionary of Gymnastic Display Team.Team functionary for Football and Tennis.Team functionary for Football and Tennis.EGYPT.Bolanachi A. Ch.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.960

FINLAND.Aro ToivoBjörk, WernerMiss Elli BjörkstenBlomqvist, JohanJohansson, E.Koivistoinen, JanneKoivistoinen, YrjöLiljander, AameLiljefors, AxelLindberg CarlLindstedt, JohanLonden, AxelNylund, EmilPihkala, Lauri, B. A.Schroeder, I. E.Sivén, ElisSoinio, KaarloStenberg, Ragnar, M. B.Vartia Arvo, Ph. Mag.Wasenius, GöstaWesterholm, UnoBaron R. F. von WillebrandWilskman, IvarLeader of Swimming Team.Masseur attending Cycling Team.Leader of Women’s Gymnastic Team.Chief Masseur.Leader of Wrestling Team.Masseur attending Athletic Team.Masseur attending Athletic Team.Masseur attending Wrestling Team.Leader of Wrestling Team.Leader of Cycling Team.Judge in Wrestling Competition.Leader of Wrestling Team.Member of Finnish Olympic Com.Leader of Shooting Team.Leader of Rowing Team.Leader of Athletic Team.Leader of Gymnastic Team.Leader of Athletic Team.Leader of Football Team.Leader of Athletic Team.Leader of Gymnastic Team.Member of Finnish Olympic Com.Manager of Finnish Teams.Member of Finnish Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Swimming.President of Finnish Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Vice-President of Finnish Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Athletics.Manager of Finnish Teams.FRANCE.Count d’ArnaudBallif, AbelCount A. de Bertier deSauvignyBrennusBreton, LéonLieut. BruléCallot, E.Canet, AlbertBaron de CastexCastiglioni61 Fifth Olympiad. 961Member of French Olympic Com.Leader of Cycling Team.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Leader of Athletic Team.Leader of Cycling Team.Member of French Olympic Com.Delegate of French Olympic Com. at the Games.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Leader of Lawn Tennis Team.Leader of Clay Bird Shooting Team.Leader of Gymnastic Team.

CazaletChamp, PaulMarquis de Chasseloup-LaubatCaptain Chodron deCourcelChristmann, PaulConordBaron P. De CoubertinMarquis de CréquiMonfortCommander DestremauDezaux, MauriceDornEnderlin, RenéEvelyn, HaroldFaure, MauriceGermot M.GlandazGlamer, AndréIsambert, CharlesD:r LachaudMeiersMérillonMirambeauNoquetRegnierRousseau, PaulRousselotRoy, PierreCaptain F. SéeSevinMember of French Olympic Com.Leader of Gymnastic Team.Treasurer, French Olympic Com.Delegate of French Olympic Com. at the Games.Member of French Olympic Com.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Judge in Horse Riding Competitions.Member of French Olympic Com.Delegate of French Olympic Com. at the Games.Leader of Swimming Team.President of French Olympic Com.Member of French Olympic Com.Leader of Pistol Shooting Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Horse RidingCompetitions.Leader of Athletic Team.Member of French Olympic Com.Leader of Rowing Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Athletics.Leader of Athletic Team.Masseur.Member of French Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Shooting.Leader of Shooting Team.Leader of Lawn Tennis Team.Member of French Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Rowing.Leader of Rowing Team.Chief leader of Athletic Team.Secretary of French Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Gymnastics.Assist. Sec., French Olympic Com.Member of French Olympic Com.Leader of Rowing Team.Assist. Sec., French Olympic Com.Leader of Wrestling Team.Member of French Olympic Com.Leader of Cycling Team.Vice-President, French Olympic Com.Delegate-General of French Olympic Com. at theGames.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Member of French Olympic Com.Leader of Rowing Team.962

GERMANY.Major-General von AltenAuerbach, F. W. K. ChiefDir. of GymnastBachmannBerner, M.Blome, C.Blume, M.Boeckling, Th.Brandt, M.Brustman. M.Büxenstein, Geh. Kom.RatDiem, CarlDrömer, F.Erckrath de BaryForster, P.Major von GieseProfessor W. GoetzeProfessor HeffnerD:r HoffmanBaron J. von HünefeldCaptain H. JürstD:r KappeKiessling, E.D:r KuhrD:r MallwitzMarkus, K.D:r Paul MartinMayer, H.Mess, G.Meyerhof, J. W.D:r Paul MeynenMüller, B.Honorary Member of Committee for Horse RidingCompetitions.Member of Deputation from Leipzig.Team functionary for Athletics.Team functionary for Athletics.Team functionary for Football.Member of German Olympic Com.Leader of Swimming Team.Member of German Olympic Com.Representative for Cycling.Team functionary for Football.Medical Attendant.Representative for Rowing.Member of German Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Athletics.Leader of Athletic Team.Member of German Olympic Com.Leader of Swimming Team.Member of German Olympic Com.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Leader of Fencing Team.Member of German Olympic Com.Leader of Cycling Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Horse Riding Competitions.Representative of Ducal Government of Brunswick.Representative for Football.Leader of Football Team.Treasurer, German Olympic Com.Member of German Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Fencing.Team functionary for Athletics.Member of German Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Wrestling.Leader of Athletic Team.Member of German Olympic Com.Medical Attendant.Team functionary for Athletics.Chief Secretary, German Olympic Com.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Team functionary for Athletics.Member of Delegation from Leipzig.Team functionary for Athletics.963

Müller, Joh. J. P.Natusch, B.Obst, G.Ober-Regierungsrat, U. vonOertzenPetri, A.States-Minister, V. vonPodbielskiPreuss, A.Preuss, R.Rahn, A.Colonel, Count von Rothkirchund TrachRunge, J.D:r O. RupertiSans, W.D:r W. SchomburgkLieut. Col. SeiffertCount A. F. SierstorpffStreigler, B.Baron von VenningenWagener, E.Count C. von WartenslebenWitt, A.Asst. Secretary, German Olympic Com.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Member of German Olympic Com.Representative for Football.Vice-President of German Olympic Com.Judge in Fencing Competitions.President of German Olympic Com.Member of German Olympic Com.Leader of Shooting Team.Member of German Olympic Com.Judge in Wrestling Competitions.Leader of Wrestling Team.Team functionary for Athletics.Leader of Horse Riding Team.Leader of Athletic Team.Member of German Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Rowing.Leader of Rowing Team.Team functionary for Football.Leader of Lawn Tennis Team.Judge in Horse Riding Competitions.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Member of Delegation from Leipzig.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Leader of Athletic Team.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Swimming.Leader of Swimming Team.Witzgall, E. R., Chief Dir.of Gymn.Member of Deputation from Leipzig.GREATBRITAIN.D:r A. AbrahamsBarker, H. R.Baxter, F.Birch, A.Blair, J.Brickett, W.Brommage, W. A.Brown, J. T.Team functionary for Athletics.Leader of Rowing Team.Leader of Swimming Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Swimming.Football Trainer.Member of British Olympic Council.Leader of Cycling Team.Swimming Trainer.Member of Intern. Jury for Athletics.Team functionary for Athletics.Leader of Swimming Team.964

Cook, Theodore A.Cross, W.Rt. Hon. Lord Desboroughof Taplow, K. C.V. O.Ditchman, J. F.Captain W. M. Ellerton,R. N.Fowler-Dixon, J. E.Gold, H. G.Colonel J. HeapHearn, G. W.Henry, Wm.Mrs. HolmesHughes, C. J.Hurd, John C.Mrs. JarvisJohnstone, R.Colonel P. A. Kenna, V.C.Kirby, A. G.Klein, W.Rev. R. S. de CourcyLaffanMajor L. N. Lloyd, D.S. O.Longhourst, PercyMilne, W.Moss, S. G.Musgrove, L. M.Nelson, A.Nicholson, P. W.Lieut.-Col. J. F. Noel-BirchOberholzer, R.Parker, F. W.Parrish, W.Pelling, E. H.Pimm, W. E.D:r H. P. PotterMajor P. W. RichardsonMember of British Olympic Council.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Rowing.Trainer in Athletics.President of British Olympic Council.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Leader of Cycling Team.Member of British Olympic Council.Member of British Olympic Council.Leader of Rowing Team.Leader of Shooting Team.Leader of Swimming Team.Member of British Olympic Council.Swimming Trainer.Leader of Football Team.Member of British Olympic Council.Leader of Swimming Team.Swimming Trainer.Member of British Olympic Council.Leader of Cycling Team.Leader of Horse Riding Team.Member of British Olympic Council.Trainer in Wrestling.Secretary to British Olympic Council.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Manager of British Teams.Leader of Shooting Team.Leader of Wrestling Team.Judge in Wrestling Competitions.Team functionary for Shooting.Team functionary for Athletics.Assist. Sec. to British Olympic Council.Trainer in Athletics.Team functionary for Gymnastics.Member of Intern. Jury for Horse Riding.Leader of Gymnastic Team.Team functionary for Athletics.Trainer in Athletics.Team functionary for Athletics.Team functionary for Shooting.Medical Attendant.Leader of Shooting Team.965

Ridley-Martin, A.Seligman, E.Simmons, G. W.Sykes, J.Captain A. E. SysonThomas, W. G.Thomson, H.Wall, F. J.West, C. J.Whitaker, G.Woolfall, D. B.Captain W. WrightLeader of Fencing Team.Leader of Fencing Team.Team functionary for Football.Cycling Trainer.Judge in Gymnastic Competitions.Trainer in Athletics.Cycling Trainer.Member of British Olympic Council.Leader of Football Team.Member of British Olympic Council.Leader of Gymnastic Team.Team functionary for Shooting.Leader of Football Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Football.Member of British Olympic Council.GREECE.Professor Jean ChryssafisMetaxas, AnastaseMember of Greek Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Shooting.Member of Greek Olympic Com.Member of the Intern. Jury for Athletics.HOLLAND.Blöte, C.Brands, G. A. M.General, Baron Van derCapellede Haan, P. A.Hirschmann, C. A. W.Lieut. A. E. W. deJongde Jong, H.Ploeger, W.Portheine, Th.Reynolds, W.van Rossem, G.Count W. de StirumBaron F. W. de TuyllWarner, J.Willing, H. G.Team functionary for Football.Judge in Wrestling Competitions.Honorary Member of Committee for Horse RidingCompetitions.Team functionary for Football.Leader of Football Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Football.Member of Intern. Jury for Fencing.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Leader of Fencing Team.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Leader of Wrestling Team.Team functionary for Football.Leader of Athletic Team.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Secretary to Dutch Olympic Com.President of Dutch Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Representative for Football.Representative for Football.966

HUNGARY.von Abray, ZoltánCount Géza AndrássyBély, MichelCsanádi, MoritzFarkas, Aladárvon Füzessery, ArpádD:r M. Hajduvon Iszer, KarlKárpáti, BélaKiss, GésaLaubar, Desidervon Muzsa, JuliusD:r Béla NagyStankovits, SzilárdTarján, ElemerD:r Péter TaticsZsigmondy, JenoLeader of Rowing Team.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Judge in Gymnastic Competitions.Member of Intern. Jury for Wrestling.Leader of Shooting Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Swimming.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Leader of Gymnastic Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Gymnastics.Leader of Football Team.Leader of Swimming Team.Secretary to Hungarian Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Modern Pentathlon.President of Hungarian Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Manager of Hungarian Teams.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Leader of Fencing Team.Leader of Athletic Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Athletics.Leader of Cycling Team.Judge in Wrestling Competitions.Leader of Wrestling Team.Leader of Lawn Tennis Team.ITALY.Ballerini, F.Count E. Brunettad’usseauxBrunialti, A., Councillorof StateMarquis Compans deBrichanteauCroci, Em.Diana, D.Marquis M. FerranteProfessor R. GuerraMassini, Titodi Nola, UgoNunes, ItoCaptain F. PietrasantaBaron PontenaniPozzo, V.Speciale, P.Treasurer to Italian Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.President of Italian Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Fencing.Leader of Swimming Team.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Vice-President, Italian Olympic Com.General Secretary to Italian Olympic Com.Leader of Athletic Team.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Leader of Fencing Team.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Leader of Football Team.Judge in Fencing Competitions.967

Professor Cesare TifiD:r F. TonettiValvassori, E.Leader of Gymnastic Team.Judge in Gymnastic Competitions.Leader of Athletic Team.Leader of Football Team.JAPAN.Director Jigoro KanoProfessor Hyozo OmoriCaptain YeshiokaMember of Intern. Olympic Com.Member of Japanese Olympic Com.Member of Japanese Olympic Com.LUXEMBURG.Kayser, AloysPeffer, ValentinPescatore, MauriceSecretary to Luxemburg Olympic Com.Leader of Gymnastic Team.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.MONACO.Count A. Gautier-VignalMember of Intern. Olympic Com.NORWAY.Miss Martha AanensenLieut. Aas, L. Th.Allum, J. F.Captain BaumannBech, Nich.Major L. BentzenBerge, AntonBerthelsen, F.Björnstad, Johs.Björnstad, S.Botolfsen, Bernh.Bye, Oscar W.Captain Johs. Dahl.Lieut. Col. Egeberg-OttesenEger, Jr.Enger, JohanEricksen, Chas. F.Captain R. FabritiusFearnley, J:r, ThosFive, O.Captain FougnerFrisch, A.Lieut. Frölich-Hanssen, C.Glad, Th.Functionary for Gymnastic Display Team.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Judge in Gymnastic Competitions.Representative for Horse Riding.Team functionary for Athletics.Judge in Gymnastic Competitions.Leader of Swimming Team.Judge in Gymnastic Competitions.Rowing Instructor.Team functionary for Swimming.Team functionary for Cycling.Leader of Gymnastic Team.Instructor of Gymnastic Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Horse Riding.Team functionary for Rowing.Team functionary for Shooting.Trainer and Masseur.Instructor of Gymnastic Team.Leader of Lawn Tennis Team.Team functionary for Shooting.Leader of Cycling Team.Leader of Shooting Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Shooting.Secretary to Norwegian Olympic Com.Instructor for Gymnastic Team.Leader of Yachting Competitors.968

Gude-Smith, AxelCaptain GröttumHaanshus, O. A.Hansen, HalvardHeiberg, Chr.Miss Inga HenrichsenJensen, Alfr. K.KarlsenCaptain O. T. KlingenbergKnudsen, OscarLarsen, AlfredMajor-General, H. D.LowzowLund, Alfr. Chr.Lund, TrygveLördahl, M.Martens, Joh.Captain S. W. MathiesenCaptain MicheletMoen, HaakonMoestue, L.Olsen, S.Pedersen, Carl Alfr.Miss Kirsten RavnsborgKosenvinge-Kolderyp, O.Captain C. F. B. SchöyenLieut. Col. SeebergLieut. StyriCaptain Johan Sverrevon TangenThorstensenTorgensenTrogstad, Aug.Consul Einar WettreColonel H. WettreLieut. WettreMajor Wiel-GjeddeTeam functionary for Gymnastics.Representative for Norwegian Central AthleticAssociation.Team functionary for Rowing.Team functionary for Cycling.Team functionary for Rowing.Functionary for Gymnastic Display Team.Leader of Athletic Team.Instructor for Rowing Team.Leadar of Modern Pentathlon Team.Member of International Jury for Modern Pentathlon.Team functionary for Rowing.Leader of Yachting Competitors.Honorary Member of Committee for Horse RidingCompetitions.Leader of Gymnastic Team.Team functionary for Football.Team functionary for Athletics.President of Norwegian Olympic Com.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Leader of Horse Riding Team.Trainer and Masseur.Team Functionary for Rowing.Trainer and Masseur.Team functionary for Athletics.Functionary for Gymnastic Display Team.Team functionary for Athletics.Leader of Football Team.Representative for Shooting.Instructor for Rowing Team.President of Norwegian Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Leader of Fencing Team.Team functionary for Cycling.Team functionary for Football.Team functionary for Cycling.Treasurer to Norwegian Olympic Com.Leader of Rowing Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Rowing Competitions.Honorary Member of Committee for Horse RidingCompetitions.Functionary for Horse Riding.Judge in Horse Riding Competitions.969

PORTUGAL.Correrira, FernandoCount de Penha-GarciaMember of Portuguese Olympic Com.Manager of Portuguese Teams.Honorary President of Portuguese Olympic Com.RUSSIA.Anderson, ErvinBerger, GeorgesCaptain G. BertrenBoutoussoff, PaulProfessor Franjo BucarDuperron, GeorgesCaptain AnatolFulda, RomanFokGrotsky, HugoHenning, ThéodorCount Serge IgnatieffLieut. Boris IwanenkoMajor-General de KhimetzColonel D. KniagewitchLinowall, Paul,Macpherson, ArthurCaptain MartuscheffBaron Th. MeiendorffColonel Alex. MordowineColonel Platon MoskoffMuser, HeinrichH. Ex., E. NobelPrince Léon OrousoffD:r Wl. de Peskowvon Reisner, KarlSabatelli, V.Captain Wl. SarnaffskySchlicht, Karl EugenColonel de SchwederSofronoff, AlexisState-Councillor W. SresneffskyD:r Wl. StasenkoffTrainer.One of Honorary Presidents for Rowing.Judge in Prize Riding Competitions.Leader of Football Team.Representative for Gymnastics.Secretary to Russian Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Modern Pentathlon.Leader of Gymnastic Team.Member of Moscow Olympic Sub-committee.Representative for Football.President of Baltic Olympic local Com.Leader of Athletic Team.Orderly to Official Representative of Russia at theGames.Purser on S. S. “Birma”.Hon. Member of Committee of Horse Riding Competitions.Leader of Épée-Fencing Team.Treasurer to Russian Olympic Com.Member of Russian Olympic Com.Leader, of Lawn Tennis Team.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Hon. President of Russian Olympic Com.Commander of steamer “Birma”.Leader of Fencing Team.Leader of Shooting Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Shooting.Representative for Yacht Racing.Hon. Member of Committee for Horse RidingCompetitions.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Representative for Russian Admiralty.Secretary to Baltic Olympic Sub-com.Bandmaster on board steamer “Birma”.Adjutant-in-Waiting to Official Representative ofRussia at the Games.Representative for Cycling.Leader of Horse Riding Team.Leader of Rowing Team.President of Russian Olympic Com.Medical Attendant.970

de Stieglitz, NicolasCaptain SweguinzeffTeriavainen, IalmerTschaplinsky, LudwigGeneral Vladimir WoiekoffWoronkoff, NicolaiD:r W. WsewolojskoiLieut. Nil ZavalischinMember of Russian Olympic Com.Leader of Cycling Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Horse Riding Competitions.Interpreter.Member of Intern. Jury for Wrestling.Leader of Wrestling Team.Official Representative of Russia at the Games.Leader of Swimming Team.Medical Attendant.Officer of S. S. “Birma”.SERVIA.Captain S. DjonkitchJovitch, A., C. E.Lieut. D. V. VoinovitchDirector of Servian Olympic Com.Leader of Servian Teams.Secretary to Servian Olympic Com.SOUTH AFRICA.Sir Lionel Philliphs, BartCaptain W. WetherellMember of South African Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Shooting.Member of South African Olympic Com.Manager of South African Teams.SWITZERLAND.Baron G. de BlonayProfessor E. RichèmePresident of Swiss Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Member of Swiss Olympic Com.TURKEY.Selim Sirry BeyMember of Intern. Olympic Com.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.Armour, Allison V.Billings, Charles W.Brown, Everett, C.Curtiss, A. H.Farley, T.Colonel F. S. FoltzHalpin, M. P.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Leader of Clay Bird and Running Deer ShootingTeams.Vice-President of U. S. A. Olympic Com.Treasurer to U. S. A. Olympic Com.Member of U. S. A. Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Horse Riding Competitions.Leader of Horse Riding Team.Manager of U. S. A. Teams.Leader of Athletic and Wrestling Teams.971

Hammond, G. M.Lieut. A. S. JonesKirby, Gustavus T.Commander H. LanningLieut. Col. WilliamLibbeyMaccabe, Joseph B.Professor E. O’NeillPost A. van ZoSauer, A. E.D:r R. H. SayreProfessor W. M. SloaneSullivan, James E.Colonel Robert M.ThompsonWahle, OttoWainwright, A. R. W.Weeks, Bartew S.Wendell, Evert J.Member of U. S. A. Olympic Com.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Leader of Fencing Team.Leader of Shooting Team.Vice-President of U. S. A. Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Modern Pentathlon.Leader of Army Rifle Shooting Team.Member of Intern. Jury for Shooting.Member of U. S. A. Olympic Com.Member of U. S. A. Olympic Com.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Judge in Fencing Competitions.Leader of Pistol Shooting Team.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.Official Representative of U. S. A. at the Games.Secretary to U. S. A. Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Athletics.President of U. S. A. Olympic Com.Leader of Swimming Team.Member of U. S. A. Olympic Com.Vice-President of U. S. A. Olympic Com.Member of Intern. Jury for Swimming.Member of Intern. Olympic Com.972

TABLE SHOWING THE TOTAL NUMBER OF FOREIGNOFFICIAL REPRESENTATIVES AND FUNCTIONARIESPRESENT AT THE GAMES OF STOCKHOLM.NationAustralasiaAustriaBelgiumBohemiaCanadaChiliDenmarkEgyptFinlandFranceGermanyGreat BritainGreeceHollandHungaryItalyJapanLuxemburgMonacoNorwayPortugalRussiaServiaSouth AfricaSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited States of AmericaNumberTotal973

LIST OF THE SWEDISH MEMBERS OFCOMMITTEES AND OFFICIALS.Aaris, ArthurAdelswärd, A.Adlerstråhle, M., FruAgardt, ErikAhlberg, A.Ahlsell, F.Ahlström, HarryAnderberg, Aug.Ahnström, A.Ahnström, OttoAlbrechtsson, KnutAlderin, J.Allen, K.Almqvist, A.Almström, K.Almqvist, SuneAminoff, IvarAmundson, K. A. B.Andersson, AdolfAndersson, Alb.Andersson, Alb.Andersson, CarlAndersson, CarlAndersson, ErikAndersson, E.Andersson, HugoAndersson, John B.Andersson, John G.Andersson, KarlAndersson, OlofAndersson, OttoAndersson, R.HälsingborgStockholmÖebroStockholmUmeåGothenburgStockholmKöpingStockholmUppsalaFalunStora FrösundaStockholmVästeråsStockholmMalmöMariefredEskilstunaStockholmEnköpingMariefredStockholmOfficial, Rowing Comp.Horse Riding Comp.Memb. of Lawn Tennis Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.Football Comp.Vice-Pres. of Entertainments Comm.Official, Swimming Comp.Horse Riding Comp.Athletics Comp.Memb. of Athletics Comm.Official, Swimming Comp.Rowing Comp.Andersson, V.KungsörAndersson, Wicke EnköpingAnderson-Edenberg, A. StockholmAppelqvist, HarryAppeltofft, Carl J. Landskrona Rowing974Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Memb. of Tug-of-War Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.Rowing Comp.Lawn Tennis Comp.Football Comp.Athletics Comp.Memb. of Building Comm.Official, Swimming Comp.Yacht Racing Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Memb. of Wrestling Comm.Official, Wrestling Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Football Comp.Asst. Sec. in Yacht Racing Comm.Official, Yacht Racing Comp.Rowing Comp.Memb. of Swimming Comm.Official, Swimming Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Memb. of Rowing Comm.Official, Rowing Comp.Memb. of Football Comm.Official, Cycling Comp.(Control Comm.)Memb. of Press Comm.Official, Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)

Armgardt, G.Arosenius, K.Arp, L.Arp, W.Arpi, SignhildArvidson, CarlArvidsson, P. O.Asp, NilsAsplund, MauritzAsplund, R.Arfvedson, Axelv. Bahr, LouiseBalck, V. G.Bark, A.Beck-Friis, G. J.Beckman, GöstaBehrens, PaulBenedicks, Edv.Bengtsson, StureBennet, Fr.Berg von Linde, A.Bergkvist, A.Bergman, C.Bergström, ArvidBergström, G.Bergström, OttoBergström, R.Bergvall, ErikBergvall, HarryBergvall, Maria, FruBerndtsson, F.Beskow, EinarBielke, TureBildt, ToreBille, FredrikBillman, H.Björk, O.Björkenstam, Fr.Björkgren, A. W.Björkvall JohnBlanche, Th.MalmöEnköpingBålstaStockholmMalmöStockholmGothenburgStockholmÖrebroStockholmGothenburgStockholmHälsingborgStockholmKristianstadStockholmKöpingGäfleGothenburgStockholmEskilstunaStockholmUppsalaStockholmVästeråsStockholmMalmöVästeråsStockholmOfficial, Ahletics Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)(Control Stat.)Gymnastics Comp.Wrestling Comp.Memb. of Shooting Comm.Official, Rowing Comp.SwimmingCyclingSwimmingGymnasticsPres. Swed. Olymp. Comm.Ex. Comm. of Swed. Olymp.Comm.Building Comm.Athletics Comp.Modern Penta.Intern. Jury for Gymn.Official, Wrestling Comp.Horse Rid.SwimmingCycling (Control Stat.)Memb. of Shooting Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.Horse Riding Comp.Gymnastics Comp.Cycling Comp.(Control Comm.]Athletics Comp.Football Comp.Pres. Accom. Comm.Official, Cycling Comp.Pres. Swimming Comm.Memb. ofReception Comm.Modern Penta. Comm.Intern. Jury Swimming.Press Comm.Official, Swimming Comp.Memb. of Swimm. Comm’s Recep.Comm.Official, Lawn Tennis Comp.WrestlingNation-host for Austria.Official, Athletics Comp.Memb. of Comm. Ex. Com.OfficialComp.Cycling (Control Comm.)( Stat.)Memb. of Shooting Comm.Big Game Shooting Comm.Official, Shooting Comp.Memb. of Intern. jury for Shooting.Wrestling Comm.OfficialComp.Memb. of Intern. jury for Wrestling.Official, Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.Yacht Racing Comp.975

Blidberg, CarlBlixen-Finecke, C. vonBlom, SvenBlomberg, D.Blomberg, P.Blomquist, CarlBohnstedt, F.Boivie, Gustaf C.Bonde, C.Bondesson, C.Bonthron, AxelBorg, JamesBergström, W.Bosman, Jac.Boström, W.Bovin, KnutBrambeck, N.von Braun, Chr.Bredberg, E.Broberg, GustafBrolin, ErikBurman, FaleBörjesson, E.Carlberg, E.Carlberg, W.Carlson, SvenCarlsson, BeyronCarlsson, FritzCarlsson, G.Carlsson, GunnarCaullvineCeder, EmilCederlund, Edw., J:rCederström, B.Cederström, Cl.Christiansen, ErnstChryssafis, Michel E.Clarino, BernhardClemens, W.Cleve, M.Cnattingius, B.Croneborg, W.Cronholm, VikingDaevel, AndersGothenburgHelsingborgUppsalaStockholmKarlskronaUppsalaStockholmTjäråsStockholmMalmöLidingönStockholmVästeråsStockholmFalunSaltsjöbadenStockholmEskilstunaHälsingborgSödertäljeStockholmUppsalaStockholmLidingönStockholmMemb. of Swimming Comm.OfficialComp.Official, Horse Riding Comp.Nation-host for France.Sec. of Entertainm. Comm.Official, Yacht Racing Comp.Wrestling Comp.Memb. of Lawn Tennis Comm.Official, Lawn Tennis Comp.Sec. Shooting Comm.Memb. Horse Riding Comm.Official, Swimming Comp.AthleticsMemb. of Wrestling CommOfficial,Comm.CyclingNation-Host for Holland.Memb. of Lawn Tennis Comm.Sec. Yacht Racing Comm.Official Yacht Racing Comp.Memb. of Fencing Comm.Official,Comp.CyclingSwimmingCycling (Control Comm.)Nation-host for Great Britain.Hungary.Official, Cycling Comp.Memb. of Shooting Comm.OfficialComp.Memb. of Modern Penta. Comm.Sec. Gymnastics Comm.Official,Comp.Memb. of Athletics Comm.OfficialComp.Memb. of Entertainm. Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.FootballCycling (Control Comm.)RowingCycling (Control Comm.)Yacht Racing Comp.Horse RidingMemb. ofComm.Official, Rowing Comp.Nation-host for Greece.Official, Yacht Racing Comp.Memb. of Rowing Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.RowingAthleticsSec. Fencing Comm.Memb. of Modern Penta. Comm.Official, Fencing Comp.Horse Riding Comp.Athletics Comp.RowingMemb. of Tug-of-War Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.976

Dahl, EdwardDahl, V.Dahlberg, R.Dahlgren, E. S.Dahlström, Fr.Dahlström, K.Dalman, GöstaDanielsson, AlbinDickson, CharlesDinell, OscarDjurberg, NilsDjurberg, WilhelmDrake, C. G.Drakenberg, StenDuhs, HugoSundbybergStockholmGothenburgStockholmOfficial, Athletics Comp.SwimmingYacht Racing Comp.WrestlingRowingMemb. of Football Comm.Reception Comm.Official, Rowing Comp.Memb. of Swed. Olympic Comm.Finance Comm.BuildingOfficial, Swimming Comp.Memb. of Tug-of-War Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.SwimmingPres. Cycling Comm.Tug-of-War Comm.Official, Athletics Comp,CyclingNation-host for Denmark.Memb. of Intern. Jury Fencing.Official, Yacht Racing Comp.Eckermann, Erik v.Edlund, N. D.Edström, J. S.Ehlert, F.Ekberg, E.Ekberg, P.Ekberg, WillieEkelund, ErikEkenstam, E. afEkhoff, JohnEklund, HermanEklöf, E.Ekman, AxelEkman, J. E.Ekström, S. afEkström, BirgerEkström, W.Ellberg, ErnstElliot, BrorEnell, K.Engelbrektson, CarlEnglund, LeopoldEngström, P. E.Enlund, A. E.Eriksson, ArvidEriksson, E.Eriksson, H.SparreholmMalmslättVästeråsStockholmMalmöJönköpingStockholmInsjönStockholmMalmöStockholmStockholmÖrebroGothenburgFristad HedStockholmEnköpingKungsör62 Fifth Olympiad. 977Memb. of Big Game Shooting Comp.Vice-Pres. Swimming Comm.Pres. Intern. Jury Swimming.Vice-Pres. Swed. Olympic Comm.Memb. of Ex. Comm. of Swed. OlympicComm.Pres. Technical Section.Memb. of Building Comm.Pres. Intern. Jury Athletics.Official, Cycling Comp.RowingAthleticsSwimmingRowingYacht Racing Comp.SwimmingAthleticsRowingMemb. of Shooting Comm.Nation-host for Germany.Memb. of Tug-of-War Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.Memb. of Accom. Comm.Jury for Music Comp.Official, Athletics Comp.FencingSwimmingChief Sec. Athletics Comm.OfficialComp.Memb. of Ex. of Athletics Comm.Official, Fencing Comp.Cycling(Control Comm.)

Eriksson, HenningEssen, C. vonEssen, H. vonFagrell, Folkevon FeilitzenFick, EmilFick, H.Fjästad, PerFjäsad, G.Flygare, E.Fogelberg, Dr.Fornander, JohnForsberg, A. F.Forsell, G.Forshell, O.Francke, G.Fred, C.Fredell, FabianFrestadius, ErikFrestadius, GunnarFriberg, Wilh.Fries, AllanFries, C.Fries, K. A. E.Friman, ThorFrisell, O.Frykman, G.Fäldt, AlfredGanslandt, W.Gartz, AllanGelbord, RubenGiesecke, A.Graf, Vilh.Grahn, EmanGrahn, ErikGranberg, A.Granfelt, S.Granlund, StenGranström, AlexisGrill, CGrut, TorbenKolbäckStockholmArvikaVästeråsEnköpingStockholmGothenburgBålstaStockholmGothenburgStockholmSöderteljeFalunStockholmMalmöKolbäckStockholmSträngnäsStockholmÖrebroEskilstunaStockholmSköfdeStockholmOfficial, Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Horse Riding Comp.Memb. of Fencing Comm.OfficialComp.Memb. of Shooting Comm.Official, Fencing Comp.Pres. of Comm.Memb. of Modern Penta. Comm.Official, Fencing Comp.Memb. of Lawn Tennis Comm.SwimmingRowingOfficialComp.SwimmingCyclingComp. (Control Comm.)Comp.AthleticsHorse Riding Comp.Memb. of Football Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm)Comp.Lawn Tennis Comp.Memb. of Swed. Olympic. Comm.Entertainm.Pres. Reception Comm.Official, Yacht Racing Comp.Memb. of Reception Comm.AthleticsFootballOfficial, Athletics Comp.CyclingSec Accom. Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.SwimmingCyclingMemb of Swimming Comm.Official,Comp.AthleticsFootballMemb. of Tug-of-War Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.RowingCycling Comp. (Control Comm)Athletics Comp.Cycling (Control Comm)Rowing Comp.AthleticsMemb. of Football Comm.Official, Athletics CompCycling Comp. (Control Comm)Memb. of Modern Penta. Comm.Official, Rowing Comp.SwimmingModern Penta. Comp.Memb. of Press Comm.Official, Swimming Comp.Horse Riding Comp.Memb. of Entertainm. Comm.978

Gräslund, A. I.Grönberger, GustafGustafsson, B.Gustafsson, GeorgGyllenhammar, G.Haak, F.Hafström, G.Hagberg, K.Hagman, CarlHagner, G.Hagström, E.Hallberg, K. E.Hallén, AndreasHallman, JohnHallman, M. N.Hamilton, H.Hammar, A.Hammar, JohnHansson, G.Hansson, ThureHartzell, ErikHartzell, NilsHay, EbbaHedberg, GustafHedberg, L.Hedenblad, Hj.Hedenblad, P.Hedendahl, HugoHedenstierna, A.Heidenstam, R. vonHeijl, C. A.Heille, W.Helgesson, CarlHellberg, CarlHellberg, K. S.Hellberg, O.Helling, E.Hellkvist, O.Hellsten, AlbinHellsten, F.Hellström, KristianHellström, SigridHellström, W.Hemberg, OscarHennichs, H.StockholmJärfvaStockholmHälsingborgMariefredStockholmHessleholmGäfleStockholmJönköpingStockholmHälsingborgVäxjöHäsingborgBodenSköfdeStockholmGothenburgStockholmEskilstunaStockholmVästeråsStockholmStockholmEskilstunaStockholmOfficial, Fencing Comp.Swimming Comp.Yacht Racing Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Stat.)AthleticsMemb. of Tug-of-War Comm.Official, Rowing Comp.Yacht Racing Comp.Memb. of Press Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Comp.Swimming Comp.Memb. of Jury for Music Comp.Official, Wrestling Comp.Memb. of Shooting Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.Memb. of Football Comm.Nation-host for Great Britain.Official, Cycling Comp.SwimmingAthleticsMemb. of Lawn Tennis Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.Horse Riding Comp.GymnasticsMemb. of Athletics Comm.Official,Comp.Nation-host for Russia.Official, Horse Riding Comp.Yacht Racing Comp.Nation-host for France.Official, Cycling Comp.Pres. Wrestling Comm.Official, Comp.Pres. Intern. Jury Wrestling Comm.Memb. of Football Comm.Advertis.Adj. member of Cycling Comm.Official, Cycling Comp.Lawn Tennis Comp.ShootingMemb. of Press Comm.Official, Swimming Comp.FencingSec. Swed. Olympic Comm.Memb. of Ex. Comm. of Swed. Olymp.Comm.Sec. Tug-of-War Comm.SwimmingModern Penta.Advertis.AthleticsEx. Comm.Memb. of Entertainm. Comm.Accom. Comm.Official, Gymnastics Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Memb. of Press Comm.Nation-host for Denmark.979

Hermansson, V. R.Hermelin, S. D. A.Hessler, E.Hilding, AxelHjorth, B. A.Hjorth, C.Hjortzberg, OlleHjärne, ErlandHodell, E.Hofstedt, O.Holm, IvarHolmberg, E.Holmberg, EdmundHolmberg, O.Holmerin, H. F.Holmqvist, IvanHolmsten, KarlHoltermann, OscarHuldt, HampusHult, N.Hulthén, F.Hultman, AxelHultman, AxelHusén, ArneHübinette, S.Hydén, SvenHylander, A.Hägglund, CarlHägglund, ThureHöglund, F.Höglund, HugoHöjer, GunnarHöjer, O.Hök, ArvidInsulander, G.Isaksson, C. J. AJacobsson, B.Jansson, ErnstJansson, S. J.Johanson, AntonJohansson, B.Johansson, Edv.StockholmKolbäckStockholmSaltsjöbadenGothenburgÅmålStockholmMalmöStockholmKarlskronaStockholmKolbäckMalmöStockholmUppsalaStockholmNorrköpingKarlskogaStockholmHälsingborgVästeråsStockholmKolbäck980Official, Cycling Comp.Memb. of Swed. Olympic Comm.Accom. Comm.Reception Comm.Pres. Press Comm.Memb. of Athletics Comm.Jury for Music Comp.Official, Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Memb. of Yacht Racing Comm.Official,Comp.Memb. of Fencing Comm.Official,Comp.Memb. of Entertainm. Comm.FootballOfficial,Comp.AthleticsFootballCycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Memb. of Football Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.CyclingSwimmingMemb. of Gymnastics Comm.Official,Comp.SwimmingWrestlingNation-host for U. S. A.Memb. of Swed. Olympic Comm.Pres. Yacht Racing Comm.OfficialComp.Nation-host for Finland.Official, Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)RowingNation-host for Norway.Memb. of Swimming Comm.’s ReceptionComm.Official, Swimming Comp.RowingAthleticsHorse RidingMemb. of Yacht Racing Comm.Official,Fencing Comp.CyclingGymnasticsCyclingRowingAthleticsNation-host for Germany.Comp.(Control Comm.)Official, Rowing Comp.AthleticsFencingSec. Football Comm.Memb. of Swimming Comm.Official, Lawn Tennis Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm).

Johansson, E.Johansson, H.Johansson, HerbertJohansson, HjalmarJohansson, JosefJohansson, KarlJohansson, RagnarJohansson, RybinJohansson, SixtusJohnson, JohnJonsson, AlfredJonsson, JonasJuhlin, ElisJuhlin, HermanJundell, I.Jungbäck, F.Jöhncke, A.Jörgensen, O.Karling, IvarKarlsson, EmanuelKarlsson, HildingKarsten, P.Keiller, James, J:rKellgren, HenryKihlmark, M.Killander, ErnstKindberg, AxelKindberg, A. EKjellberg, C.Kjellén, L. E.Kjellin, J. O.Kjerrulf, H.Klerck, C. G.Klercker, J. afKlinkowström, AxelKlinteberg, Svante afKnafve, BaltzarKnös, C.Kock, FolkeKornerup, C. L.Kraepelin, OKrafft, H.Krautmeyer, A.Krook, N. J:rKroplien, T.Kullberg, A. G.Kumfeldt, TorstenKällander, PaulusKällmanVästeråsKolbäckGothenburgStockholmGothenburgHälsingborgStockholmEnköpingStockholmMalmöStockholmGothenburgNorrköpingÖrebroStockholmVästeråsStockholmEkeröLinköpingStockholmSköfdeFalunStockholmÖrebroSödertälje981Official, Swimming Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm)Wrestling Comp.Memb. of Wrestling Comm.Official,Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Swimming Comp.AthleticsMemb. of Football Comm.Official,Comp.SwimmingCycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Comp.Memb. of Athletics Comm.Ex. Comm.Official,Comp.RowingFencingCyclingRowingAthleticsCycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Horse Riding Comp.Memb. of Lawn Tennis Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.SwimmingVice-Pres. Tug-of-War Comm.Memb. of Football Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.Nation-host for Austria.Official, Cycling Comp.ShootingFencingCycling (Control Comm.)Yacht Racing Comp.Fencing Comp.Memb. of Tug-of-War Comm.ShootingNation-host for U. S. A.Luxemburg.Official, Horse Riding Comp.Memb. of Press Comm.Pres. FootballAdvertis.Memb. of Swimming Reception Comm.Pres. Intern. Jury for Football.Memb. of Cycling Comm.Official,Comp.Horse RidingGymnasticsShootingFencingMemb. of Swimming Comm.Official,Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)

König, Cl.StockholmMemb. of Modern Penta. Comm.Official, Horse Riding Comp.Lagerberg, A. O.Lagerkrantz, F.Lagerlöf, L.Landegren, V.Lander, A.Landqvist, OttoLangborg, GunnarLarka, TorstonLarsson, C.Larsson, DavidLarsson, GustafLarsson, JosefLarsson, S. D.Larsson, Sigurdde Laval, P.Leander, H.Lennholm, N.Lewenhaupt, C. G.Lewenhaupt, ClaesLevander, I.Levin, AstleyLevin, ErnstLevin, HugoLiberg, O.Lieberath, E.Lilja, A.Lindbohm, H. E.Lindeberg, Edv.Lindencrona,Lindewald, E. W.Lindforss, Th.Lindgren, ErnstLindh, HaraldLindh, SamLindhe, E.Lindholm, G. W. MLindman, Alex.Lindman, H.Lindman, Th.Lindmark, G. H.Lindmark, IvarLindqvist, G.KungsörEnköpingStockholmSödertäljeStockholmGothenburgStockholmKatrineholmStockholmGothenburgEskilstunaGothenburgStockholmEskilstunaG, C. A. StockholmHufvudstaStockholmBålstaStockholmStockholmÖrebroMariefredAthletics Comp.Nation-host for Great Britain.Official, Cycling Comp.Nation-host for Servia.Official, Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Comp.RowingCycling(Control Comm.)Comp.SwimmingCyclingMember of Swimming Comm.Official,Comp.Rowing Comp.AthleticsFencingMemb. of Press Comm.Official, Cycling Comp.Memb. of Horse Riding Comm.Modern Penta.Pres. Big Game Shooting Comm.Official, Shooting Comp.Lawn Tennis Comp.Memb. of Swed. Olympic Comm.Pres. Medal & Badge Comm.Memb. of Finance Section.Official, Athletics Comp.CyclingMemb. of Athletics Comm.Official,Comp.FootballCycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Gymnastics Comp.Pres. Entertainm. Comm.Official, Fencing Comp.Cycling (Control Comm.)Rowing Comp.Memb. of Comm.FootballShootingOfficial,GymnasticsSwimmingComp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Fencing Comp.Sec. Building Comm.Memb. of Press Comm.Official, Cycling Comp.FootballCyclingMemb. of Tug-of-War Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.SwimmingCycling Comp. (Control Comm.)982

Lindqvist, HermanLindroth, AdolfLindroth, B.Lindström, E.Lindström, HaraldLinnander, A. H.Linnér, S. N.Lithander, L.Littorin, B. E.Littorin, KonradLjungberg, FritzLjungberg, GottfridLjungberg, KarlLjunggren, AdolfLjunggren, ErikLjunggren, NilsLjunggren, ThureLjungquist, HenricLjungquist, C. G.Lomm, E. E.Lund, A.Lundberg, AnnaLundberg, C. O.Lundberg, EmilLundblad, CarlLundblad, P.Lundell, H.Lundgren, E.Lundgren, NilsLundin, E.Lundin, J. ALundin, L.Lundqvist, NilsLundqvist, VictorLundvik, MartinLåftman, SvenLöfgren, CharlesLöfgren, G.Löfvenius, E.Lönnberg, EinarLönnegren, J. A.Löwenadler, C. O.Löwenadler, FredrikEnskedeStockholmKarlskronaBålstaStockholmÖrebroBrusselsBålstaStockholmJönköpingStockholmKolbäckStockholmJönköpingStockholmMariefredVisbyStockholmBålstaStockholmBålstaUppsalaBålstaStockholmÖrebroStockholmNorrköpingStockholmBerlinSmålands AnnebergHenley-on-Thames983Official, Swimming Comp.Nation-host for Portugal.Official, Shooting Comp.SwimmingWrestlingCycling (Control Comm.)Memb. of Swed. Olympic Comp.Finance Section. Comm.Official, Rowing Comp.Memb. of Gymnastics Comm.Official,Comp.SwimmingMemb. of Comm.Official,Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Memb. of Yacht Racing Comm.Official,Comp.Athletics Comp.RowingPres.Comm.Official,Comp.AthleticsCyclingSec. Finance Section. Comm.Official, Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Gymnastics Comp.Horse RidingMemb. of Swimming Comm.Official,Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Gymnastics Comp.AthleticsCycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Yacht Racing Comp.Sec. Reception Comm.Official, Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Comp.(Control Comm.)Athletics Comp.SwimmingAthleticsMemb. of Comm.Official,Comp.Memb. of Comm. Exec.Official,Comp.Memb. of Gymnastics Comm.Official,Comp.Memb. of Jury for Big Game ShootingComp.Swimming Comm.ReceptionComm.Athletics Comm.Official,Comp.Memb. of Swed. Olympic Comm.Hon. Pres. Rowing Comm.Pres. Intern. Jury for Rowing Comp.

Löwenadler, P.Löwenthal, J.Magnusson, J.Magnusson, O.Mally, T.Malmgren, GöstaMalmkvist, E.Malmros, G. J. C.Malmström, HedvigMalmström, KarlMalmström, WilliamMannerhjerta, N.Mannerståhle, K.Maule, J.Mauritzi, C. P.Meissner, HjalmarMelin, A.Melin, E.Meurlin, S.Moberg, C. Ludv.Moberg, G.Modin, B.Molin, EdvinMolin, GustafMorales, OlalloMossberg, G.Munck, B.Murray,Murray,A.WalterMårtenson, H.Möller, SvenNaess, H. Th.Nathorst, A. G.NauckhoffNerman, EinarNicklasson, GustafNilsson, E.Nilsson, Lambert.Norbäck, H. G.Nordberg, A. G.Nordenström, S. A.Nordh, OscarNordvaeger, A.Noring, HugoNuma, H.Nyberg, FelixNyberg, G.Nyberg, KnutNyblæus, G.Nygren, A.Nyqvist EricNyström, GunnarJönköpingStockholmLundGothenburgYstadStockholmGothenburgMalmöLinköpingYstadStockholmLondonStockholmGothenburgStockholmGäfleStockholmHälsingborgStockholmMalmöStockholmSträngnäsStockholmKöpingStockholmMalmöSträngnäsGothenburgStockholmFalunStockholmOfficial, Horse Riding Comp.Memb. of Press Comm.RowingOfficial,Comp.Lawn Tennis Comp.SwimmingCyclingFencingGymnasticsSwimmingWrestlingGymnasticsHorse RidingSwimmingMemb. of Jury for Music Comp.Official, Football Comp.Memb. of Shooting Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.GymnasticsFootballMemb. of Advertis. Comm.Rowing Comm.Jury for Music Comp.Official, Shooting Comp.Horse Riding Comp.Memb. ofComm.Reception Comm.Swed. Olymp. Comm.Finance Section Comm.Official, Yacht Racing Comp.SwimmingRowingMemb. of Jury for Big Game ShootingComp.Official, Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Pres. Gymnastics Comm.Official, Comp.Memb. of Intern. Jury for Gymnastics.Official, Athletics Comp.Cycling (Control Comm.)FencingAthleticsFencingWrestling (Control Comm.)CyclingAthleticsRowingYacht Racing Comp.Cycling Comp.AthleticsPres. Intern. Jury for Horse Rid. Comp.Official, Yacht Racing Comp.Nation-host for Hungary.Official, Athletics Comp.Ohlson, C. G.Uppsala984Horse Riding Comp.

Ohlson, O.Ohlsson, JohnOhlsson, JohnOhrling, G.Olofsson, K.Olsson, HaroldOlsson, JohnOlson, JohnOlsson, MagnusOlsson, MärtaOlsson, SimonOxenstierna, E. C. G.Pallin, E.Palm, ErnstPalm, N.Palmborg, HarryPalmqvist, MariaPalmstierna, N.Paulsson, G.Peil, Ernst, A.Pehrson, S.Personne, C. B.Peterson, ErikPetre, R. F.Pettersson, AlbinPettersson, AxelPettersson, EliPettersson, EmilPettersson, F.Petterson, HenrikPettersson, J.Pettersson, J. W.Pettersson, K. A.Philipson, J.Philipson, O.Piper, C. Fr.von Platen, C.Platen, C. G.Platin, C. F.Poppius, G.Poss, Paul E.Poss, David P:sonProllius, O.Ramel, F.Ramsten, GunnarRamström, C.Ramström, SvenVisbyEskilstunaMalmöStockholmSaltsjöbadenSödertäljeMalmöÖrebroStockholmHallsbergStockholmStockholmMalmöVästeråsStockholmLandskronaMalmöKungsörStockholmKöpingStockholmNorrköpingEksjöMalmöStockholmSödertäljeStockholmFalun985Official, Horse Riding Comp.Athletics Comp.Memb. of Football Comm.Finance Comm.TechnicalWrestlingFootballFinance Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.Memb. of Football Techn. Comm.Official, Cycling Comp.RowingCycling (Control Comm.)Wrestling Comp.SwimmingAthleticsPres. Horse Riding Comm.Sec. Press Comm.Memb. of Cycling Comm.Official,Comp.WrestlingShootingAthleticsGymnasticsMemb. of Horse Riding Comm.Official,Comp.Rowing Comp.Cycling (Control Comm.)Fencing Comp.Memb. of Press Comm.Advertis. Comm.Official, Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Comp.Swimming Comp.Memb. of Cycling Comm.Official,Comp.Yacht Racing Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Comp.AthleticsMemb. of Horse Riding Comm.Official,Comp.Gymnastics Comp.Pres. Intern. Jury for Fencing Comp.Adj. memb. of Cycling Comm.Official, Cycling Comp.Nation-host for Canada.Official, Swimming Comp.AthleticsCycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Memb. of Reception Comm.Finance Section. Comm.Official, Swimming Comp.Memb. of Entertainm. Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.

Regnell, L.Rettig, P.Richter, AugustRingstrand, ArvidRodhe, C.Rosen, Clarence v.Rosen, R. von.Rosengren, Karl Th.Rosin, AxelRudberg, C.Rude, A.Rudenschöld, Th.Rundberg, HermanRuneborg, GunnarRydén, M.Rydstrand, N. F.Rålamb, S.Rönström, W.Salchow, UlrichSalmson, B.Salmson, E.Salmson, WalterSamsioe, C. G.Samuelsson, ErnestSandberg, CarlSandborg, EdvinSandeberg, F. afSandell, G.Sandqvist, DavidSantesson, B.Schantz, RagnarScharnhorst, JuliusScherstén, O.Schidorsky, L.Schnell, C. G.Scholander, TorkelSchubert, HugoSchumacher, W.Schwerin, Ph. vonSchånberg, L. B.Schöntal, A. R.Sederbaum, F.Segebaden, G. vonSeger, Alex.StockholmLundNorrköpingGothenburgStockholmGothenburgStockholmLysekilStockholmYstadStockholmLinköpingGothenburgStockholmJönköpingStockholmEskilstunaStockholmDjursholmStockholmUmeåStockholmEksjöJönköpingStockholmSträngnäsDjursholmStockholm986Official, Swimming Comp.CyclingSwimmingAthleticsMemb. of Swed. Olymp. Comm.Horse RidingIntern. Jury for Horse Rid.Comp.Official, Athletics Comp.Nation-host for Bohemia.Official, Athletics Comp.CyclingHorse Riding Comp.AthleticsSwimmingCyclingHorse RidingMemb. of Shooting Comm.Official,Comp.Yacht Racing Comp.Sec. Rowing Comm.Memb. of Press Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.RowingMemb. of Intern. Jury for Rowing Comp.Official, Horse Riding Comp.Adj. memb. of Cycling Comm.Official, Cycling Comp.AthleticsMemb. of Wrestling Comm.Official,Comp.Memb. of Athletics Comm.Exec.Official, Athletics Comp.Memb. of Football Comm.Pres.Fin. Sect.Memb. of Technic. Comm.Swed. Olymp. Comm.Finance Section.Official, Horse Riding Comp.Wrestling Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Swimming Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Swimming Comp.CyclingHorse Riding Comp.Nation-host for Japan.Official, Yacht Racing Comp.Shooting Comp.AthleticsRowingAthleticsRowingCycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Comp.Swimming Comp.

Seger, MauritzSeldener, HermanSellin, C. E.Setterberg, C.Shannong, MiaSilfverskiöld, P. O .Silfversparre, C.Silfverstolpe, C.Silfverstolpe, L.Silow, C.Sjöberg, ErnstSjöberg, ErnfridSjöberg, F. A.Sjöberg, Th.Sjöblom, P.Sjögren, N.Sjögreen, O.Sjöholm, P. A.Skjöld, NoreSmedmark, SuneSmith, E. A.Sohlman, HaraldSorbon, DavidSparre, A. A:sonSpens, HaraldStaaf, K. G.Stackell, E.Staël von Holstein, C. G.Stamsö, K. K.Stendahl, A. FridlefStendahl, NajmeStierngranat, M. L.Storm, A.Stranne, J. S.Stålhand, Joh.Sund, KarlSundell, Y.Swahn, Alf.Swahn, O. G.Svenson, AlbinSvensson, ArvidSvensson, FilipSvensson, Hj.Swedlund, G.Sydow, K. vonSöderberg, E. A.StockholmOskar FredriksborgStocksundMoscowStockholmStockholmKöpingSandhamnJärfvaStockholmNorrköpingGothenburgMölnboStockholmSödertäljeStockholmUppsalaStockholmÖstersundYstadMalmöParisGäfleStockholmDanderydStockholmKolbäckStockholmRosenhill-TäbyStockholmKöpingGothenburgStockholmGäfleGothenburgSträngnäs987Official, Swimming Comp.Memb. of Press Comm.Official, Cycling Comp.Gymnastics Comp.Nation-host for Russia.Memb. of Building Comm.Official, Cycling Comp.Memb. of Modem Penta. Comp.Reception Comm.Intern. Jury for AthleticsComp.Intern. Jury for ModernPenta. Comm.Official, Modern Penta. Comp.Lawn TennisFencing Comp.Cycling (Control Comm.)Yacht Racing Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Football Comp.CyclingMemb. of Shooting Comm.Official,Comp.WrestlingNation-host for South Africa.Memb. of Athletics Comm.Ex. Comm.Official,Comp.Memb. of Modern Penta. Comm.Official, Yacht Racing Comp.Memb. of Swed. Olymp. Comm.Official, Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Lawn Tennis Comp.Nation-host for Italy.Official, Athletics Comp.Horse Riding Comp.Memb. of Rowing Comm.Official,Comp.SwimmingMemb. of Swimming Reception Comm.Nation-host for U. S. A.Vice-Pres- Cycling Comm.Official,Comp.FencingYacht RacingCycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Fencing Comp.Memb. of Shooting Comm.Official, Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)AthleticsCyclingGymnastics Comp.Horse RidingCycling Comp. (Control Comm.)

Söderberg, E.Söderberg, G.Söderqvist, O. F.Söderström, BrunoSöderström, GustafTaube, C. E.Tauvon, A.Ternström, GustafTham, V.Thisell, NoreThomas, A. V.Thorén, PerThorsell, ErikThorslund, IvarThulin, ArthurThulin, J. G.Thulin, O.Torén, G.Trägårdh, C.Tägtström, I.Törnebladh, CarlTörnequist, JohnTörsleff, A.Törsleff, ThorUggla, AxelUggla, G. G:sonUllén, C. A.Ullén, ErikUlrich, A.Unander, VictorWagner, Fredr.Wahlberg, DavidWahlqvist, O. W.Wahlqvist, W.StockholmEnköpingVästeråsStockholmNorsborgStockholmBålstaStockholmGothenburgVästeråsEnköpingLundGothenburgDjursholmStockholmKarlskronaStockholmSäterStockholmOfficial, Swimming Comp.Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Memb. of Athletics Comm.Ex. Comm.Official,Comp.Pres. Shooting Comm.Vice-pres. Modern Penta. Comm.Official,Comp.Pres. Jury forShooting Comp.Official, Cycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Nation-host for Switzerland.Official, Athletics Comp.Memb. of Swed. Olymp. Comm.Exec.Comm.Accom. Comm.AthleticsEx. Comm.Swimming Reception Comm.Official,Comp.AthleticsSwimmingCycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Fencing Comp.FootballMemb. of Horse Riding Comm.Sec.Memb. of Fencing Comm.Official,Comp.Yacht Racing Comp.Memb. of Press Comm.Official, Lawn Tennis Comp.Nation-host for Belgium.Official, Athletics Comp.Memb. of Swed. Olymp. Comm.Ex.Comm.Press Comm.Vice-pres. Athletics Comm.Pres. Athletics Comm.’s. Exect. Comm.Official, Comp.Memb. of Techn. Section.Modern Penta. Comm.Sec. Cycling Comm.Official, Comp.Pres. Mountain Ascents Comm.Memb. of Swimming Comm.Official,Comp.Nation-host for Greece.Official, Shooting Comp.Yacht Racing Comp.Press Commissioner.Memb. of Accom. Comm.Official, Shooting Comp.988

Wahlstedt, A.Waldenström, FransValentin, OscarWallenberg, Vict.Wallenberg, A.Wallenius, K.Wallsten, GustafWannberg, G.Warelius, StellanWennerholm, A.Wennerholm, J.Wennerström, GunnarWerkmäster, JohnWerner, C.Werner, H.Wersäll, AdolfWestergren, Hj.Westerling, S.Westin, L.Westin, M.Wibom, T.Wiborgh, G. A.Videman, SigurdWiedesheim-Paul, G.Wiggberg, R.Wigh, GustafWijkander, W.Wilton, R.Winroth, ArneWinroth, G.Wirström, A.Wirström, S.Wollgarth, A. Hj.Wrede, Fab. F:sonWretman, G.Wretman, HelmerWåhlander, G.Ydén, SetZetterlund, V.Zetterberg, KurtÅfeldt, SvanteÅhlin, A.Åhman, C. GöstaÅkerblom, SimonÅkerman, J.Åkerstedt, S.Åkesson, R.StockholmUppsalaJönköpingEksjöStockholmFalunStockholmVästeråsStockholmNorrköpingStockholmKungsörStockholmRosersbergStockholmMalmöStockholmBålstaStockholmKarlbergStockholmLidingöStockholmUppsalaSödertäljeVaxholmStockholmYstadEskilstunaGothenburgEskilstunaStockholmTumbaStockholmOfficial, Athletics Comp.CyclingRowingAthleticsShootingPres. Lawn Tennis Comm.Official, Gymnastics Comp.RowingHorse RidingMemb. af Wrestling Comm.Official,Comp.Lawn TennisHorse RidingSwimmingAthleticsYacht RacingFencingAthleticsFootballHorse RidingCycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Athletics Comp.CyclingAthleticsHorse Riding Comp.SwimmingHorse RidingCyclingRowingCycling Comp. (ControlComm.)Yacht Racing Comp.Nation-host for Chili.Official, Gymnastics Comp.RowingMemb. of Tug-of-War Comm.Official, Athletics Comp.Treasurer, Horse Riding Comm.Memb. of Modern Penta. Comm.Swimming Comm.Official,Comp.CyclingComp. (Control Comm.)Memb. of Rowing Comm.Official,Comp.Sec. Lawn Tennis Comm.Official,Comp.AthleticsCycling Comp. (Control Comm.)Athletics Comp.FootballHorse Riding Comp.Memb. of Cycling Comm.Official,Comp.989

Ålund, C. W.Åsbrink, GustafÖfverström, H.Öhngren, A.Östberg, N. F.Östlund, P. A.UppsalaStockholmOfficial Fencing Comp.Memb. of Advertis. Comm.Official, Cycling Comp.AthleticsNation-host for Australasia.Official, Cycling Comp.990

LIST OF FOREIGN JOURNALISTSAT THE GAMES.AUSTRALASIA.Cunningham, C. S.Hill, JamesMelbourne ArgusSidney Morning HeraldMelbourne.Sydney.AUSTRIA.Dregiewicz, T.AbendblattGraf, FelixNeue Freie PresseHack, Karl KörpersportBildim Wort undHänsler, Em.KoetschkeNetreffo, OttoPfeiffer, HansSpaette, W. ErichAllgemeine SportzeitungDie ZeitTelegrafen BureauDie ZeitLinzer PostValentin, A.Wraschtil, H.Sport Korrespondentz BureauLemberg.Vienna.Linz.Vienna.BELGIUM.Boin, VictorGrégoire, FilsBOHEMIA.Kalva, Jar.Kraus, H. A.Paukowski, E.Taussig, RudolfCANADA.Lanctôt, GustaveDENMARK.Aabye, E.Christensen, J.Diemer, Anders, M.Diemer, AsmusGottlieb, J. C.Graucob, P.GulmanHübscher, A.Le Petit Bleu du MatinLa ChroniqueNarodui PolitikaPrager Tageblatt und BohemiaPrager BohemiaPrager TageblattLa Presse MontrealPolitikenIdraettenBerlingske TidendeKöbenhavnKristeligt DagbladVerden og ViNationaltidendeIdraetten991Brussels.Prague.Montreal.Copenhagen.

Högmark, FredJensen, K.Lomberg-Nielsen, N. Mrs.Melchior, H. E.Meyer, A. C.Middlebo, A.Dr. MöllerNielsen, A. R.Nielsen-Nyberg, N. C.Nyblom, C. G.Schmidt, EugenSeedorff, H. H.Voyd-Jörgensen, T.Wannberg, HelgeFINLAND.Blomberg, Aug.Flander, Astrid, Mrs.Flander, W.Halme, J.Krogerus, ValterLinderoos, A.Mosinen, M.Oksanen, J.Pusinen, O.Roilo, J.Soinio, K.Strandberg, S.Valarne, T.Westerholm, UnoWilskman, JarlWoutia, A.FRANCE.Adams-Ray, E.Borgh, Th.Champs, PaulEliason, LéoEliason, M:meEtzel, E.Glarner, A.Guérin, R.Hébertot, J.Heyman, H.de Lafreté, G.Légal, E.Prade, GeorgesPuaux, R.Rousseau, PaulRozet, GeorgesJysk MorgenbladIdraettenUgens TilskuerPolitikenSocial DemokratenAftenbladetSportsbladetRigetSorö AmtstidendeNy Ill. TidendeAalborgs AmtstidendeDansk PressebureauAarhus StiftstidendePolitikenÅbo UnderrättelserDagens TidningDagens TidningUusi SuometarTammerfors NyheterFinskt IdrottsbladKarjalaKaikuSocialistiTyömiesHelsinkin SanomatFurun SanomatAamulethiHufvudstadsbladetVasabladetSuomen UrheilulettiThe Continental Daily MailLe FigaroL’ AutoLe SoleilLe Petit NiçoisLe MatinExcelsiorLe MatinL'AéroL’Echo de ParisPhare de la LoireLe JournalLe TempsLe TempsL’OpinionAarhus.Copenhagen.Slagelse.Copenhagen.Aalborg.Copenhagen.Åbo.Helsingfors.Tammerfors.Helsingfors.Wiborg.Uleåborg.Åbo.Helsingfors.Åbo.Tammerfors.Helsingfors.Wasa.Helsingfors.Paris.Nice.Paris.Nantes.ParisGERMANY.Backman, H.Berna, M.Blomquist, G.Brandt, M.BraunBräuel, PaulDiem, Carl. .................. .................... ................... ..................... ....................... ................. .................... ...... ........ ............ ».. ...... ».. ..................... .............. ...Süddeutsche SportzeitungBerliner LokalanzeigerVossische ZeitungSportliche RundschauFussballSpiel, und SportBerliner Lokalanzeiger992Karlsruhe.Berlin.Munich.Danzig.Berlin.

Dierking, KarlDörr, W.Freitag, R.Friedrich, H.GlückermannGroh, FritzHallama, G.Herold, E.Jaeschke, A.Kilian, O.Köhler, Fr.Lahrsen, PaulLoening, ArthurLoenne, W.Lönnegren, JohnDr. MalwitzMarkus, CarlMartens, WaltherMaschke, Th. Prof.Meynen, PaulMöser, MaxNierich, MaxRieckenRothe, Paulvon SalzgeberSchmülling, Jr, CarlSommerfelt, Th. Prof.Spiller, Carl, DrStempel, R. C.Struckmannvon Vagenheim, Freiherr.Volderauer, Rich.Wagener, EugenWaitzer, JosephWalter, Rud.Scherls Ill. ZeitungenFrankfurter ZeitungDer Deutsche SchwimmerRad und AutoSchlesische ZeitungDeutsche TurnzeitungSchlesische ZeitungMünchener Neueste NachrichtenMünstersche ZeitungKölnische ZeitungGeneral AnzeigerNordlandWestdeutsche PresseBerliner TageblattFussball und LeichtathletikStettiner Neueste NachrichtenSchlesische ZeitungLeipziger Neueste NachrichtenBerliner Zeitung am MittagArbeiter Turn-ZeitungBerliner VolkblattDeutsche WarteDer SportTempelhofer Vorort ZeitungDie HygieneVollblut Zucht und RennenKölnische Volks-ZeitungIllustrierter SportNeue Preussische Kreuz-ZeitungBadische PresseBerliner Zeitung am MittagIllustrierte SportzeitungWolffs BureauBerlin.Frankfurt.Stuttgart.Berlin.Breslau.Leipzig.Breslau.Munich.Münster.Cologne.Dortmund.Eutin i. Holstein.Berlin.Düsseldorf.Berlin.Stettin.Breslau.Leipzig.Berlin.Leipzig.Berlin.Tempelhof.Berlin.Cologne.Berlin.Karlsruhe.Berlin.Munich.Berlin.GREAT BRITAIN.Adam, GeorgeAdam, George, MrsBarnes-Stevani, W.Bernett, MarshallBinks, JoeColvill, R. A.Fair, W. J.Fowler-Dixon, C. D.George, A. B.George, W. G.Henry, WilliamHetcher, J. E.Hodson, B. J.HultonJohnsson, A. E.Nickalls, GuyMonks, S. J.Moss, P. J.Mussabiri, L. A.63 Fifth Olympiad. 993Reuter’s OfficeTruthAuthors ClubSheffield Daily TelegraphNews of the WorldExpress & EchoThe Central News, LtdAthletic News AgencySports News AgencyThe BudgetThe Evening NewsThe Ill. Sporting & DramaticNewsThe Central News, LtdSporting ChronicleThe GraphicThe Morning PostThe Evening NewsThe Daily MirrorThe Daily TelegraphLondon.Sheffield.London.Exeter.London.Manchester.London.

Page, A. H.Parker, W. A.Phillips, P.Robinson H. PerrySamuel, JohnShort, W. P.Sinclair, W. L.Smith, C. StewartThomas, W. BeachWagstaffe-Simmons, G.HOLLAND.Bruna, Jan J.Dietovis, C. A.Hoogesseger, J. T.Humme, A. A.Levie, M. Dr.Nyland, G. J.Phzu, HaryetteVijnberg, A. V.HUNGARY.Antal, AlexanderBalint, A.Barlay, O.Benet, Stephanie, MissBing, E.Biro, D.Dirsztay, Gedeon, BaronFöldessy, F.Gillemot, F.Goldscheider, N.Halper, K. RopiaHerendi, A.Herman, G. Dr.Izolai, I.Izso, L.Kis, G.Kohn, EmerichKondor, AlfredKondor, Alfred, M:meLaszlo, S.Lazar, F.Magyor, KarolyNeuwelt, E.Pasztór, A.Polonyi, D.Speide, Z. Dr.Vida, H.ITALY.Balestriere, ArturoBallerini, F.Benfratello, JohnBoite, A. Prof.Francesco, F.The SportsmanGlasgow NewsThe Daily ExpressThe TimesThe Glasgow HeraldEdinburgh Evening DespatchAthletic NewsHealth & StrengthThe Daily MailThe Sporting LifeDe Nieuwe CourantMaasbodeNieuwe Rotterdamsche CourantNieuwe Rotterdamsche CourantGroningen DagbladetAlgemeen HandelsbladDe TelegraafGroningen DagbladetAz UjsajFügettler MaygodoslagSport VilagPolitisches VolkblattAstes Politisches VolkblattNepozavaSport HirlapMagyar HirlapAz EstA NapNeues Pester JournalAz MisajTesnesvari HirlapMagyar EstilapPesti HirlapBudapesti HirlapNeues Budapester AbendblattUj IdókUj IdókMagyarodozayPesti HirlapMagyar NemzetUj HirckAz EstNemzeti SportSport HirlapBudapester PresseSports Atletici, Gazetta SportAgenzia StefaniCorriere di SiciliaL’IndependenteMessagero994London.Glasgow.London.Glasgow.Edinburgh.Manchester.London.Amsterdam.Rotterdam.Groningen.Amsterdam.Groningen.Buda Pesth.Milan.Rome.Palermo.Rome.Rome.

Guazzini, L.Guerra, RomanoLantieri, F.Scarabelli, P.Speciale, P.Toffaletti, UgoTouetti, F.La NazioneGiornale d’ItaliaSport ItalianoStampa SportivaL’OraIl SecoloCorriere della SeraRome.New York.Turin.Palermo.Milan.JAPAN.Mr. OiMr. OmoriMr. Oki TsuchiyaNORWAY.Bruzelius, Hj.Durban-Hansen, H.Fjeldvig, B.Frich, O. R.FroislandMrs. HembergKlingenberg, CaptainKvale, T.Mo, CarlOttesen, E., MissThorp, G. S.Welhaven, Gerda Mrs.Welle-Strand, Edv.PORTUGAL.Carreo, FernandoVital, JoaquimRUSSIA.de Belocha, M.von Hagen, A.Janowsky-Janschewsky, J.Kallas, Oscar, Dr.Klosnik-Janusjowsky, Z.von KügelgenKühn, AlfredLinemuth, A.Rowrokowsky, Alex.de StieglitzStumburg, ITiraspolskaja, Raisse, M:me.Trum, GeorgeTönson, LeopoldVartasarianz, LeonSOUTH AFRICA.Keartlard, H. B.SPAIN.Juncosa, J. C. y.de Perca, R. EstedezThe Osaka Mainichi Shimbun.MorgenpostenTidens TegnIdraetsfolkÖrebladetAftenpostenMorgenbladetsportTrondhjems AdresseavisNorska SocialdemokratenNy tidNorsk IdraetsbladDagbladetBergens AftenbladO IntransigenteOs SporteZiemstchinaRigasche ZeitungRigas AvisePostimeasWedrowiecSt Petersburg-ZeitungRigasche RundschauRigaer TageblattMetropolis GossipsNovoje WremjaDsimtenes WehtstnesisRetchKraft und GesundheitTallina TeatajaHorisonCape ArgusLa vue de CatalunyaHeraldo de Madrid995Tokio.Osaka.Christiania.Trondhjem.Christiania.Trondhjem.Christiania.Trondhjem.Christiania.Bergen.Lisbon.St. Petersburg.Riga.Dorpat.Swow.St. Petersburg.Riga.Moscow.St. Petersburg.Riga.St. Petersburg.Reval.Tiflis.Cape Town.Barcelona.Madrid.

SWITZERLAND.Gandard, V.Moeschlin, FelixRüegg, JaWagner, JuliusU. S. A.Albertanti, FrankAndersson, Karl G.Armfelt, G., BaronAxelson, J. W.Bonde, Emil, J.Borgström, WilliamCollins R. M.Durkin, Martin T.Ekdahl, SigurdFlorén, J. C.Hallahan, John H.Hyde, Louis B.Irwin, WilliamMitchell, JamesNorberg, ThorRell, E. P.Reynolds, HowardRobertson L.Royd, E.Rushnell, E. R.Shepherd, W. G.Stern, F. E.Svensson, SvenTewson, W. O.Valentine, HowardWhelan, Paul W.Williams, Ch. W.Yarrow, E. A.La Gazette de LausanneBaseler NachrichtenVerlag des “Football”Ill. Zeitschrift für Sport undTouristikNew York Evening MailSvenska-Tribunen NyheterAmerica, The Catholic ReviewChicago Record HeraldSvensk-Amerikanska Familje-JournalenNordstjärnanAssociated PressThe Editorial ReviewThe Milwaukee LeaderLindsborgs PostenThe Boston HeraldThe Detroit Free PressColliers National WeeklyThe New York HeraldSvenska AmerikanarenThe Chicago Daily NewsThe Boston PostEvening WorldThe New York AmericanThe New York TribuneUnited PressSaturday Evening PostVestkustenThe New York TimesThe GlobeThe New York SunThe New York AmericanThe New York IndependentLausanne.Basle.Zürich.New York.Chicago.Evanston, Ill.New York.Milwaukee.Lindsborg.Boston.Detroit.New York.Chicago.Boston.New York.San Francisco.New York.996

NUMBER OF JOURNALISTS AT THEOLYMPIC GAMES.AustralasiaAustriaBelgiumBohemiaCanadaChiliDenmarkEgyptFinlandFranceGermanyGreat BritainGreeceHollandHungaryItalyJapanLuxemburgNorwayPortugalRussiaServiaSouth AfricaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyU. S. A.997

RULES AND REGULATIONSFOR THE COMPETITIONS.

GENERALATHLETICS.REGULATIONS.1. The competitions will be organized by the Olympic Sub-Committee for Athleticsappointed by the Svenska Idrottsförbundet (Swedish Amateur Athletic Association.)2. The competition shall be confined to amateurs in accordance with the followingdefinition:An amateur is one who has never:a) competed for a money prize or a monetary consideration, or in any waydrawn pecuniary gain from the exercise of his sport;b) competed against a professional;c) taught in any branch of athletics for payment;d) sold, pawned, hired out, or exhibited for payment any prize won in a competition.3. Each competitor shall wear a jersey with short sleeves and drawers to theknees, and shall also have on back and front during competiton a distinctivenumber corresponding to the number in the programme assigned to him by ballot.4. A competitor who wilfully jostles, runs across, or obstructs another competitoris disqualified from that competition, and forfeits the right to any prize thathe would otherwise have been entitled to.5. The respective stations of the competitors shall be decided by ballot.In races, the starting position of the competitors is, moreover, decided in thesame way immediately before starting, the lowest number being placed on the farleft.6. No attendant shall accompany any competitor on the arena or during therace; nor shall any competitor be allowed, without the permission of the judges,to receive assistance or refreshment from anyone during the progress of a race.This rule applies also to the Marathon Race.7. Only acting officials and those who are taking part in a competition actuallyin progress may remain in the arena of the Stadium.Running and Walking.I. GENERAL RULES.a) All races shall be started by the report of a pistol.All questions concerning the start shall be decided by the starter.When on the mark, no competitor shall touch the ground in front of the scratchlinewith any part of his body.b) The running track shall be measured 30 cm. from the inside edge.c) The direction of running will be against the sun, left hand inside.II. SPECIAL RULES.100 and 200 metres Flat.The start shall be made on the following words of command: "Intag Edraplatser” (On your marks!); “Färdiga” (Ready!), and then, when all are quite inorder, the pistol shall be fired.In the first round, those coming in first and second in each heat shall be allowedto run in the second round. In the second round, which consists of six heats, thewinners only shall have the right to start in the final.1001

When the signal has been given to begin the competition, and the runners ineach heat are assembled at the start, the orderly (“ordningsman”) shall at oncesee that lots are drawn for the various lanes on the track (special celluloid tubesshall be used for this purpose). Each runner gives the said orderly the numberhe has drawn, and the competitors in each heat shall be so placed that therunner who has drawn the lowest number shall be stationed on that part of thetrack which lies farthest to the left, and so on. Immediately after lots have beendrawn by the competitors in one heat, the orderly shall ask for the return ofthe celluloid tubes, for the purpose of using them again in the drawing of lots forthe next heat.When the pistol has been fired, the heat must not be run a second time unless:1. The starter sees that he fired after one or more of the competitors hadcrossed the line too soon, or2. one competitor purposely hinders another competitor.The track-judge shall decide in each special case whether a runner who hashindered another competitor, has done so intentionally or unintentionally.If a protest is admitted, the heat in question shall be re-run by all the competitorswith the exception of the one that wilfully hindered the other competitor.400 and 800 metres Flat.The first and second men in each preliminary heat are qualified for the semifinal.In the 400 metres race, the winner in each semi-final is entitled to startin the final and in the 800 metres race the three best men in each semi-finalare entitled to start in the final.When the signal has been given to begin the competition and the runners ineach heat are assembled at the start, the orderly (“ordningsman”) shall at oncesee that lots are drawn for the various lanes on the track (special celluloid tubesshall be used for this purpose). Each runner gives the orderly the number hehas drawn, and the runners in each heat shall be so placed that the runner whohas drawn the lowest number shall be stationed on that part of the track whichlies farthest to the left, and so on.Immediately after lots have been drawn by the competitors in one heat, theorderly shall ask for the return of the celluloid tubes, for the purpose of usingthem again in the drawing of lots for the next heat.The orderly, immediately after lots have been drawn, shall order the functionariesat the notice-board to put the number of the heat highest up, and, underthis, the numbers of the runners from left to right, in the order in which theyare to stand in accordance with the lots drawn. The orderly shall also see thatthe numbers are fastened to the right trouser-leg of the competitors.When the pistol has been fired, the heat must not be run a second time unless:1. The starter sees that he fired after one or more of the competitors had crossedthe line too soon, or2. one competitor purposely hinders another.The track-judge shall decide in each special case whether a runner that hashindered another competitor, has done so intentionally or unintentionally.If a protest is admitted, the heat in question shall be re-run by all the competitorswith the exception of the one that wilfully hindered the other competitor.1,500, 5,000 and 10,000 metres Flat.The first and second men in each preliminary heat of the 1,500 metres arequalified for the final. In the 5,000 metres, the first three in each preliminaryheat, and, in the 10,000 metres running and the 10,000 metres walking races, thefirst 5 in the preliminary heats shall be allowed to start in the final.When the signal has been given to begin the competition and the runners ineach heat are assembled at the start, the orderly (“ordningsman”) shall at oncesee that lots are drawn for the various courses on the track (special celluloid tubesshall be used for this purpose). Each runner shall give the orderly the numberhe has drawn, and the competitors in each heat shall be so placed that the runnerwho has drawn the lowest number shall be stationed on that part of the track whichlies farthest to the left, and so on.1002

Immediately after lots have been drawn by the competitors in one heat, theorderly shall ask for the return of the celluloid tubes, for the purpose of usingthem again in the drawing of lots for the next heat.When the pistol has been fired, the heat must not be re-run unless:1. The starter sees that he fired after one or more of the competitors had crossedthe line too soon, or2. one competitor purposely hinders another competitor.The track-judge shall decide in each special case whether a runner that hashindered another competitor has done so intentionally or unintentionally. A competitorwho wilfully hinders another competitor shall be excluded from the competition,so that, if the incident happens in a preliminary heat, the offender shallnot have the right to take part in the final, even if he has otherwise qualified for itand if the incident takes place during the final, the offender shall not be awardedany prize which he would otherwise have gained.Marathon Race.a) The Marathon Race will be run on a high-road, with start and finish in theStadium.b) Each competitor must send with his entry a medical certificate of fitness, andmust further undergo a medical examination, immediately previous to the start, bythe Swedish Olympic Committee’s official doctors, who pass the competitors or advisethem not to start.c) No competitor, either at the start or during the progress of the race, maytake any so-called drugs, on pain of immediate disqualification.Hurdle Race, 110 metres.On every course there shall be 10 hurdles, 1,06 metres high, with a distancebetween each flight of 9,14 metres.The top rail of the hurdles shall be fixed fast to the upright supports.The distance from the scratch mark to the first hurdle shall be 13,72 metres,from the last hurdle to the winning post 14,02 metres.In the first round, the first two in each heat shall be allowed to run in thesecond round. In the final there shall run the 6 competitors who have won thesix intermediate heats.When the signal has been given to begin the competition, and the runners ineach heat are assembled at the start, the orderly (“ordningsman”) shall at oncesee that lots are drawn for the various courses on the track (special celluloid tubesshall be employed for this purpose). Each runner gives the orderly the numberhe has drawn, and the runners in each heat shall be so placed, that the runnerwho has drawn the lowest number shall be stationed on that part of. the trackwhich lies farthest to the left, and so on.When the pistol has been fired, the heat must not be re-run unless:1. The starter sees that he fired after one or more of the competitors hadcrossed the line too soon, or2. one competitor purposely hinders another.The track-judge shall decide in each special case whether a runner who hashindered another competitor has done so intentionally or unintentionally.Walking Race, 10,000 metres.The competitors shall be divided into 2 heats, the best 5 from each heat takingpart in the final.Each judge of the course has the right to decide whether a competitior is walkingfairly or not, and can, without any previous warning, exclude a competitor fromfurther participation in the competition.The rules for correct (fair) walking are:“The tips of the toes of the rear foot shall not be lifted from the ground beforethe instant that the heel of the front foot touches it. The legs shall be extendedat each step taken, and the body shall be carried erect.”1003

In other respects the same regulations shall apply as those in force for long distancerunning.Relay Race, 400 and 1,600 metres.The course shall be divided into four parts, each 100 metres long (in the caseof the 1,600 metres’ race, each part shall be 400 metres long). Unless the batonis carried by the members of the various relays from start to winning-post, the runningof the team in question will not be valid, in addition to which, the baton must bepassed on within a distance of 20 metres, which is marked with chalked lines.In the first round, the winning team is allowed to run in the second round,and the three winning teams in the second round shall take part in the final. Thisrule just stated is for the 400 metres’ relay race. In the case of the 1,600metres’ relay race, the winner in each heat shall be entitled to take part in thefinal. There are only 3 teams in the final. The composition of the team mustnot be changed after a trial heat has been run.When the signal has been given to begin the competition, and the first runnersof each team in each heat are assembled at the start, the orderly (“ordningsman”)shall at once see that lots are drawn for the various courses (special celluloidtubes shall be used for this purpose). Each runner gives the orderly thenumber he has drawn, and the runners in each heat shall be so placed that thefirst runner who has drawn the lowest number shall be stationed on that part ofthe track which is farthest to the left and so on.Immediately after lots have been drawn, the orderly shall ask for the returnof the celluloid tubes, for the purpose of using them again in the drawing of lotsfor the next heat.When the pistol has been fired the heat must not be re-run unless:1. The starter sees that he fired after one or more of the competitors hadcrossed the line too soon, or2. one competitor purposely hinders another.The track-judge shall decide in each case whether a runner who has hinderedanother competitor, has done so intentionally or unintentionally. If it has beendone wilfully, then the entire team to which the offender belongs is disqualified.A team is also disqualified if the baton has been handed over outside of the 20metres’ limit (i. e. a runner must not run to meet the bearer of the baton to agreater distance than to the limit-line which is marked).In the case of the 400 metres’ relay race, separate lanes are marked out bystrings. In the case of the 1,600 metres’ relay there is one track, common to allthe teams competing in the heat.Team Race, 3,000 metres.The competition shall be divided into trial heats and a final race.The start shall be simultaneous.5 men may run in each team, the first 3 men of each team to count. Theteam having the lowest aggregate of points will be declared the winner.In the event of a tie, the total time taken by the scoring three of each teamshall decide.Cross-Country Race.a) The race will be over country of varying character on a course unknownto the competitors, to be marked out with red ribbons immediately before thestart.b) The start and finish will be in the Stadium.c) The start shall be simultaneous.(This does not apply to the Cross-Country Race in the Modern Pentathlon, inwhich the competitors start singly, at intervals of 1 minute.)1004

Jumping.SPECIAL RULES.Running High Jump.The competitors shall be divided into three groups.The competition shall start at a height of 160 centimetres and, at the tries, thebar shall be raised successively in accordance with the following scale.cm.and, after this, by a further 2 cm. at each try. Three jumps are allowed at eachheight, and a failure at the third attempt shall disqualify.A competitor may commence at any height he choses above the minimum height,but having done so, he must jump at every following height until he fails in threejumps and thus forfeits his right to continue.A wooden bar will be used for the cross-piece.Neither a "saltomortal” nor a flying leap over the bar shall be permitted. Bya “saltomortal” is meant a somersault over the bar, and by a flying leap, a jumpover the bar, head and hands first, with the breast towards the bar, so that theupper part of the body comes to the ground first.As soon as a competitor has made a spring upwards in order to jump, this willbe counted as a try. If the competitor passes under the bar without having madea spring, this will not count as a jump, but three runs will be regarded as a full try.All measurements shall be made perpendicularly from the ground to the upperside of the bar where it is lowest.If two or more competitors tie at a jump in the finals, their order shall be decidedby a re-jumping.All employment of weights is forbidden.The final competition, which shall take place the following day, and in whichshall compete all who have cleared 183 cm., or such lower height as the leaderof the competition may specially determine, shall be carried out in accordance withthe same scale, with the exception, however, that the bar can be placed at otherheights if all the competitors so desire. Trial jumps shall not be permitted.The jumpers shall be allowed to mark the take-off at pleasure, but they shall beobliged to remove the take-off mark they have made, immediately after they havejumped.If it is necessary to have re-jumping for the purpose of determining the orderof the prize-winners, the tie shall be determined by means of a fourth, extra jump.If both or all the competitors in question clear the bar, this shall be raised; ifboth knock down the bar, it shall be lowered to the previous height, to be oncemore raised if this height be cleared. If the new height be cleared by all thecompetitors in question, the bar is raised still more, and so on, but only the resultreached in the ordinary competition shall be recorded as the official figure.If a competitor does not come on the field before the competition has begun,he has the right to compete, but he must begin at the height the other competitorswere jumping at, or had just jumped at, when he presented himself.Standing High Jump.The competitors shall, if necessary, be divided into three groups.The competition shall start with the bar at a height of 130 cm. and, after eachtry, the bar shall be raised successively in accordance with the following scale:cm.1005

and thereafter, by a further 2 cm. after each try.Three jumps are allowed at each height, and a failure at the third attempt shalldisqualify.A competitor may commence at any height he choses above the minimum height,but, having done so, he must jump at every following height until he fails in threejumps, and thus forfeits his right to continue.A wooden bar will be used for the cross-piece.Neither a “saltomortal” nor a flying leap over the bar shall be permitted. Bya "saltomortal” is meant a somersault over the bar, and by a flying leap, a jumpover the bar, head and hands first, with the breast towards the bar, so that theupper part of the body comes to the ground first.As soon as a competitor has made a spring upwards in order to jump, this willbe counted as a try.All measurements shall be made perpendicularly from the ground to the upperside of the bar where it is lowest.If two or more competitors tie in the finals, their order shall be determined byre-jumping. All employment of weights is forbidden.As soon as the competitor has made himself ready to spring, the following willbe reckoned as a full try:If the right foot is lifted twice from the ground,If the left foot is lifted twice from the ground,If each foot in succession is lifted once,If the right foot is slid twice along the ground,If the left foot is slid twice along the ground,If each foot in succession is slid once along the ground,If the right foot is lifted once, and the left foot is slid once,If the right foot is slid once, and the left foot is lifted once,If the right foot is lifted once and is slid once,If the left foot is lifted once and is slid once.The finals will be held immediately and, if two or more groups had beenformed, those competitors are now brought together into the final who, at the variouscompeting places, have cleared 150 cm., or a lower height if this shouldprove to be necessary.If it is necessary to have re-jumping for the purpose of determining the orderof the prize-winners, the tie shall be determined by means of a fourth, extra jump.If both or all the competitors in question clear the bar, it shall be raised; ifboth knock down the bar it shall be lowered to the previous height, to be oncemore raised if this height be cleared. If the new height be cleared by all thecompetitors in question, the bar shall be raised still more, and so on, but only theresult reached in the ordinary competition shall be recorded as the official figure.If a competitor does not come on to the field before the competition has begun,he shall have the right to compete, but he must begin at the height the other competitorslast jumped at, or were jumping at, when he presented himself.Running Broad Jump.The competitors shall be divided into groups, each of 15 men.Before the beginning of the competition, the orderly (“ordningsman”) shallcall over the names of all the competitors in every group.The length of the run is unlimited.The competitor shall be allowed three jumps, and the three competitors whohave obtained the best results shall be allowed three more jumps. The best ofeach man’s six jumps shall determine the order of the three competitors.If any competitor crosses the taking-off line and touches the ground in front ofit with any part of his foot, or if he swerves to the side at the taking-off line,this jump shall not be measured, but shall be counted against the competitor asone jump.The jump shall be measured at right angles from the outside edge of the takingoffline to the nearest spot where any part of the competitor’s body has touchedthe ground.1006

After the groups have finished their jumps, those three competitors that havegained the best results shall at once go on to the final. If, after the conclusionof the first rounds, two or more competitors tie for the 3:rd place, those who havemade jumps of the same length shall make another jump, and the result of thisextra jump shall decide which of these competitors is to take part in the final. If,in the extra jump as well, some of the competitors should tie, another extra jumpmust be made.Each competitor is allowed one trial jump. This shall be made before any jumpis made in the competition, and the competitors shall, preferably, execute this trial-jump in the order in which they are to compete.The competitors shall have the right to mark the taking-off place by means ofmarks in the run, but these marks must be removed immediately after each competitorhas made his jump. If a competitor is not present when the judge callshis name in that order in which it stands on the programme, the judge shall callhis name once more after a slight pause. If the competitor does not present himselfwhen his name is thus called the second time, he shall lose his right to takepart in that turn.Standing Broad Jump.The competitors shall be divided into groups of 15 men each.As soon as the competitor has made himself ready to spring, the following shallbe reckoned as a full try.If the right foot is lifted twice from the ground,If the left foot is lifted twice from the ground,If each foot in succession is lifted once,If the right foot is slid twice along the ground,If the left foot is slid twice along the ground,If each foot in succession is slid once along the ground,If the right foot is lifted once and the left foot is slid once,If the right is slid once and the left foot is lifted once,If the right foot is lifted once and is slid once,If the left foot is lifted once and slid once.Each competitor shall be allowed three jumps, and the three competitors thathave obtained the best results shall be allowed three more jumps. The best ofeach man’s six jumps shall determine the order of the three competitors.The jump shall be measured at right angles from the outside edge of the taking-off line to the nearest spot where any part of the competitor’s body has touchedthe ground.After the groups have finished their jumps, those three competitors who havegained the best results shall at once go on to the final. If, after the conclusionof the first rounds, two or more competitors tie for the 3:rd place, those whohave made jumps of the same length shall make another jump, and the result ofthis extra jump shall decide which of these competitors is to take part in the final.If some of the competitors should tie in the extra jump as well, another extrajump must be made.Hop, Step and Jump.The competitors shall be divided into groups of 15 men each.Only jumps with alternate feet will be counted.The length of the run is unlimited.If when changing feet, the free foot should happen to touch the ground, thejump will still be reckoned.Each competitor shall be allowed three jumps, and the three competitors whohave gained the best results shall be allowed three more jumps. The best of eachman’s six jumps shall determine the order of the three competitors. Ties in the hop,step and jump of the greatest length shall be decided by a new jump until a decisionis reached. The results of these deciding jumps is only of importance asdeciding the order in which the competitors who had tied are to be placed.If any competitor crosses the taking-off line, and touches the ground in front ofit with any part of his foot, or if he swerves to the side at the taking-off line,1007

this jump shall not be measured, but shall be counted against the competitor asone jump.The jump shall be measured at right angles from the outside edge of the taking-offline to the nearest spot where any part of the competitor’s body has touchedthe ground.After the groups have finished their jumps, those three competitors who havegained the best results shall go on at once to the final. If, after the conclusionof the trial rounds, two or more competitors tie for the 3:rd place, those who havemade jumps of the same length shall make another jump, and the result of thisextra jump shall decide which of these competitors is to take part in the final. Ifsome of the competitors should tie in the extra jump as well, another extra jumpmust be made.Each competitor is allowed one trial jump. This shall be made before anyjump is made in the competition, and the competitors shall, preferably, executethis trial jump in the order in which they are to compete.The competitors shall have the right to fix their leap by means of marks inthe run, but these marks must be removed immediately after each competitor hasmade his jump. If a competitor is not present when the judges calls his name inthe order in which it stands on the programme, the judge shall call his name oncemore after a slight pause. If the competitor does not present himself when hisname is thus called the second time, he shall lose his right to take part in thatturn.Pole Jump.The competition shall begin with the bar at a height of 300 centimetres, and,after each try, the bar shall be raised successively in accordance with the followingscale:cm.and, thereafter, by a further 5 cm. after each try.The competitor is allowed to mark the taking-off place as he likes, but he mustremove the mark he may thus make, immediately after the execution of his jump.All those who clear 365 cm. are entitled to take part in the final.If it is necessary to have re-jumping for the purpose of determining the orderof the prize-winners, the tie shall be determined by means of a fourth extra jump.If both or all the competitors in question clear the bar, this shall be raised; ifboth knock down the bar, it shall be lowered to the previous height, to be oncemore raised if this height be cleared. If the new height be cleared by all thecompetitors in question, the bar is raised still more, and so on, but only the resultsreached in the ordinary competition shall be recorded as the official figure.If a competitor does not come on to the field before the competition has begun,he shall have the right to compete, but he must begin at the height the othercompetitors were jumping at, when he presented himself, or the height next abovethatṪhree jumps are allowed at each height, and a failure at the third attempt shalldisqualify.A competitor may commence at any height he chooses above the minimum height,but, having done so, he must jump at every following height until he fails in threejumps and thus forfeits his right to continue.As soon as a competitor has made a spring upwards in order to jump, this willbe counted as a try. If the competitors makes a run without a spring upwards,this shall not be counted as a jump, but three such runs shall be counted as afull try.A competitor has the right to use a hollow to help him in jumping. Neitherat the moment when a competitor makes the jump, nor after he is in the air, mayhe place the lower hand above the upper one; neither may he shift the upperhand higher up the pole.1008

A competitor has the right to use his own poles. These may have bindingsround them, but no further support for the hands is allowed.A wooden bar shall be used for the cross-piece. All measurements shall bemade perpendicularly from the ground to the upper side of the bar where it islowest.Throwing.I. GENERAL RULES.a) Only implements provided by the Swedish Olympic Committee shall be usedin the throwing competitions.b) Each competitor shall be allowed three throws, and the best three shall throwagain three times (with either hand, according to the class of competition); thefarthest throw of the six throws (with the right and the left hand) shall decidethe order between the three. In the case of a tie, another, deciding throw mustbe made. (In competitions with the right and the left hand, such additional throwsshall be made with both hands.) The result of the additional throwing shall determinethe position only of those who have thrown again.c) A throw is counted as a trial, but without being measured, when the competitortouches the ground outside the outer part of the throwing circle, withany part of his body before the throw has been marked by the proper official,or if the competitor passes over the taking-off limit with any part of his body.(By the taking-off limit is meant the inner edge of the marked scratch-line.)II. SPECIAL RULES.Javelin Throwing.The javelin shall be of wood with a sharp iron point. It shall be 800 grammes(1.6 lbs.) in weight, and 2.6 metres (8.5 feet) in length.About the centre of gravity of the javelin there shall be a binding 16 cm. (6.3inches) broad. No thongs or notches, nor any other hold than the above mentionedbinding shall be permitted on the javelin or the hand, and the javelin shallbe gripped round the binding with the whole hand.The throw shall take place from behind a scratch line consisting of a woodenbar of at least 10 cm. (3,9 inches) in width and c:a 3 cm. (1,18 inch) in thickness,securely fastened to the ground. The run is unlimited in length.The throw must be executed with the hand gripping round the binding, andno other method of holding is permitted.No throw shall be scored from, in which the point of the javelin does notstrike the ground before any part of the shaft does.The throw shall be measured at right angles from the spot at which the point ofthe javelin struck the ground first, to the scratch-line, or to the scratch-line produced.In the competition in throwing the javelin with both right and left hand, theright-hand throw shall be made first.The competitors shall be divided into groups of 15 men each.No trial throw shall be allowed.As “past the line” shall be reckoned when a competitor, touches the groundin front of the scratch line with any part of his body, before the throw has beenmarked; but a fault is also committed if a competitor steps on the outer edge ofthe scratch line, or if, the competitor touches the outer edge of the scratch linewith his fingers or hands, etc., after the cast has been made.As soon as a throw is completed, the orderly (“ordningsman”) shall warn thenext competitor to be ready when the judge calls his name. If the competitor isnot present when the judge calls his name in the order in which it stands on theprogramme, his name shall be once more called by the judge. Should the competitornot present himself at this second call, he has lost his right to take partin that turn.64 Fifth Olympiad. 1009

Throwing the Discus.The discus shall be 2 kilogrammes (4,4 lbs.) in weight, and 22 centimetres(8,7 inches) in diameter; thickness in the middle, 45 mm. (I,77 inches); thickness atthe rounded off edge, 22 mm. (0.86 inch).The discus shall be thrown from a circle of about 2,5 metres (8,2 feet) diameter.All throws, to be valid, must fall within a 90° sector marked on the ground.All throw will be measured from the point at which the discus first strikes theground to the centre of the circle, after which the distance is reckoned from thetaking-off limit.In the competition with both right and left hand, the right-hand throw shall bemade first.The competitors shall be divided into groups of 15 men each.No trial throws shall be permitted in the ring.If the competitor is not present when the judge calls his name in the order inwhich it stands on the programme, his name shall be once more called by thejudge. Should the competitor not present himself at this second call, he has losthis right to take part in that turn.As “past the line” shall be reckoned when a competitor touches the groundin front of the front half of the ring or hoop with any part of his body beforethe throw has been marked, but it is also a fault if the competitor steps on theouter edge of the ring or hoop, either in the front half or, when taking a run,in the back half, or if the competitor steps over the ring when the start is beingmade, or if, after the throw has been made, the competitor touches the outer edgeof the front part of the ring with his fingers or hands, etc. The thrower thushas, the right when he has regained his balance, to leave the ring backwardsimmediately after the throw is completed.Throwing the Hammer.The hammer consists of a massive leaden head provided with a shaft of steel wireand one or two triangular handles. The whole length of the hammer, including thehead, shall be 1,22 metres (4 feet), and its complete weight 7,25 kilogrammes (15,9 lbs.).All throws shall be made from a circle of 2,13 metres (7 feet) diameter.A throw shall not be scored from unless it falls within a 90° sector markedon the ground.The competitors shall be divided into groups of 15 men each.As “past the line” shall be reckoned when a competitor touches the groundin front of the front half of the ring or hoop with any part of his body beforethe throw has been marked, but it is also a fault if the competitor steps on theouter edge of the ring or hoop, either in the front half or, when taking a start, inthe back half, or if the competitor steps beyond the ring or hoop when the startis being made, or if, after the throw has been made, the competitor touches theouter edge of the front part of the ring or hoop with his fingers, or hands, etc.The thrower has thus the right, when he has regained his balance, to leave thering backwards immediately after the throw is completed.Putting the Weight.The weight is massive and of iron; its weight shall be 7,25 kilogrammes.The put shall be made from a circle of 2,13 metres diameter.The weight shall be put from the shoulder with one hand, and must neverbe brought behind the shoulder.A throw shall not be scored from unless it falls within a 90° sector markedon the ground.In the competition with both right and left hand, the right-hand put shall bemade first.The competitors shall be divided into groups of 15 men each.No trial puts shall be permitted in the ring.As “past the line” shall be reckoned when a competitor, touches the groundin front of the front half of the ring or hoop with any part of his body before theput has been marked; but it is also a fault if the competitor steps on the outer1010

edge of the ring or hoop either in the front half or, when taking a start, in theback half, or if the competitor steps over the ring or hoop when the start is beingmade, or if, the competitor touches the outer edge of the front part of the ringwith his fingers or hands, etc. after the put has been made.The thrower has, thus, the right, when he has regained his balance, to leave thering backwards immediately after the put is completed.As soon as a put is completed, the orderly (“ordningsman”) shall warn thenext competitor to be ready when the judges call his name. If the competitor isnot present when the judge calls his name in the order in which it stands on theprogramme, his name shall be once more called by the judge. Should the competitornot present himself at this second call he has lost his right to take part inthat turn.Combined Competitions.Pentathlon.The competition comprises the following events: Running Broad Jump; Throwingthe Javelin (with the javelin held in the middle), best hand; 200 metres FlatThrowing the Discus, best hand, and 1,500 metres Flat. The events, willsucceed each other in the order just given.Three tries are allowed both in jumping and in throwing.In the 200 metres flat race, groups of three men are formed by lot. If thenumber of runners is such that, after the groups have been arranged, one man isleft to run alone, then one man shall be drawn by lot from among the other competitors,to run against him.All compete in the first three events, in each of which the winner shall receive1 point, the second man 2 points, and so on.The total points of the competitors are now counted, and the best twelve, i. e.those with the lowest number of points, shall have the right to compete in theDiscus Throwing. If the counting of the points result in a tie for the twelfthplace, all such may start in the Discus Throwing competition.Points are counted according to the result obtained, and, in the event of a tie,the competitors will not compete in order to decide the tie. Thus, if two or moreobtain the best result, these two each receive the point 1, and the next man isgiven the point 3, and so on.The points of the competitors entitled to compete in the Discus Throwing shallthen be counted again with reference to their relative order in each of the firstthree series, their points being counted as if they alone had competed, and withoutany reference to the placing of the other competitors. The Discus Throwing and1,500 metres Flat are now started, with the points thus awarded.After the Discus Throwing, the best six compete in the 1,500 metres Flat race,in which the start is simultaneous.If more than one tie for the sixth place after the Discus Throwing, all suchmay compete in the 1,500 metres Flat race.In the Flat races, each competitor’s time shall be taken with three watches.The winner shall be the one who, on the completition of the 1,500 metres Flatrace, has obtained the lowest total points in the five competitions.If, at the end of the competition, two or more of the competitors have obtained thesame number of points, their respective positions shall be determined by the valuationof their results in accordance with the Decathlon Table.The broad jump, javelin throwing and discus throwing are arranged accordingto special rules, but in the event of two or more reaching the same figures, thecompetitors will not compete again to decide the tieIn the 200 metres Flat, 3 men shall start in every heat. The time of eachrunner is taken separately. If two or more competitors in different heats havethe same time, they shall be given the same point. If two or more competitorsin the same heat get the same time, but one of them comes in a fractional distancein front of the other(s), the one(s) behind shall receive ½ point more thanthe one who had the same time but passed the tape a little distance ahead. Ifthe third man, too, in the heat has the same time, but is about a decimetre be-1011

hind the winner, he, like the second man, will have as his point ½ point addedto the point given to the winner. If in the final, the second and third men reachthe same number of points, then the “second man” shall be entitled to be placedbefore the “third man”.Decathlon.The competition comprises the following events; 100 metres Flat; Running BroadJump; Putting the Weight, best hand (on the first day); Running High Jump;400 metres Flat; Discus Throwing, best hand; Hurdle Race 110 metres (onthe second day); and Polk Jump; Throwing the Javelin (with the javelin held inthe middle) best hand; and 1,500 metres Flat (on the third day).All the competitions will take place in the order given.Both in the 100 metres and the 400 metres Flat races, as well as in the Hurdlerace, 3—4 competitors will start in each group. In the 1,500 metres Flat race,all the competitors will start at the same time, but the leader of the competitionshall have the right to alter this determination should it be necessary to do so.The composition of the groups shall be determined by lot.The winner shall be the one who, on adding together the points in the severalevents, has reached the highest number of points.For a result similar to the best result obtained at previous Olympic Games,1,000 points will be awarded. Lower results are valued in accordance with aspecial table. If a result exceeds the best “Olympic” result, correspondingly higherpoints will be awarded.1012

TUG-OF-WAR.GENERAL REGULATIONS.1. The competitions will be arranged by the Olympic Sub-Committee for theTug-of-War.2. The competitions shall be confined to amateurs in accordance with the followngdefinition:An amateur is one who has never:a) competed for a money prize or a monetary consideration, or in any waydrawn pecuniary gain from the exercise of his sport;b) competed against a professional;c) taught in any branch of athletics for payment;d) sold, pawned, hired out, or exhibited for payment any prize won in a competition.Special Rules.a) The rope shall be of such a length as to allow of a “pull” (free space inthe middle of the rope extending from the central tape as far as to the outer colouredtapes mentioned below) of 3.5 metres; a “slack” of 3.5 metres at each end,and a space of 1.25 metres for each competitor in the teams. The rope shall beat least 10 centimetres in circumference, and shall have no knots or other holds forthe hands.A coloured tape shall be affixed to the middle of the rope, with two other tapesof another colour fastened, one on each side, at a distance of 1.75 metres from eachside of the central tape. Into the ground there is driven a central peg and, in astraight line with, and on each side of this (i. e., in front of it and behind it), twoother pegs which are to mark the position of the side-lines, which shall be at rightangles to the direction of the pulling and at a distance of 1.75 metres from an imagnaryline drawn through the centre peg. At the start, the rope shall be taut, withthe central tape over the central peg, and all the competitors shall stand behindthe side-lines.Only such ropes shall be used as are provided by the Swedish Olympic Committee.b) The start shall take place on the following words of command:“Fatta linan!” (Take Hold!)“Färdiga!” (Ready!)“Kör!” (Pull!)The first position of two opposing teams shall be decided by lot; for the secondbout the teams shall change places. Should a third pull be necessary, the positionswill again be decided by means of drawing lots.The pull shall be won by that team that succeeds in drawing its opponent’sside-tape over the first-named team’s “side-line”, or in pulling one member of theopposing team past the central mark.No competitor shall wear boots or shoes with sharp, projecting sides or pointsof any kind whatsoever. No kind of spiked shoes or boots shall be used, normay the soles have any kind of projecting additions.Heel-irons are permitted on the shoes or boots, but they shall be so sunk in theheel that the bottom of the heel on the boot or shoe shall be perfectly smooth andhard.All foot-gear (shoes and boots) shall be submitted to the approval of the leaderof the competition before the beginning of the competition.Holes in the ground shall not be made before the start.1013

c) The pulling shall take place with the front side of the body turned towardsthe opposing team and with the rope under the arm; the body shall not be turnedfrom this front position to such a degree that the line of the shoulders passes beyondan imaginary line parallel to the rope. Some exception to this latter rule maybe made for the “anchor”, however.The “anchor” may hold the slack of the rope in any way he pleases, aslong as it is not knotted round his waist.Turning is not permitted.A competitor shall not wilfully touch the ground with any part of his body exceptthe feet.From the moment the final word of command is given, both the feet of a competitormay not leave the ground at the same time.d) No team shall have the right to be captained during the competition by anyleader not forming one of the team.e) There shall be an interval of 5 minutes between the different bouts takingplace in one and the same competition between two teams. A team which has alreadycompeted shall not take part in a fresh competition before the expiration of30 minutes after its last pull.f) The competitions shall take place in such a manner that all the teams shallmeet each other.In each heat, that team shall be the victor which has won two pulls.g) The competitions shall take place on sandy ground.1014

CYCLING.REGULATIONS FOR THE COMPETITION.The competition will be arranged by the Olympic Sub-Committee for Cyclingappointed by the Svenska Velocipedförbundet (Swedish Cyclists’ Union), and willconform to the rules for the Championships of the World laid down in June 1907by the Union Cycliste Internationale.The start will be from Liljeholmsbron in Stockholm on Sunday, July 7th, at 2a. m. (the night between Saturday and Sunday), and all competitors must be presentat the roll call not later than 1 a. m. No competitor may leave the startingplace without special permission.Before starting, each competitor will have to undergo a medical examination bythe doctors officially appointed by the Swedish Olympic Committee.The order of starting will be decided by lot.The competitors will start singly at intervals of three minutes.The competitors, both at start and finish, may be assisted only by persons authorizedby the Committee (so-called attendants).Each competitor shall wear, both on the back and in front, the number assignedto him by lot.Pacing is strictly forbidden during the competition, and no person will be allowedto accompany any competitor. Refreshments must only be given by persons onfoot.Any competitor who has manifestly been paced or has intentionally interferedwith the progress of another competitor, or has not passed the control stations,will be disqualified. Moreover, any offence against these rules involves disqualification.Whilst riding, the competitors shall keep to the left and, by duly sounding theirbell in good time, warn anybody approaching.At the control stations, all of which must be passed, and which are marked(with red rings) on the map on the back of these rules, there will be official controllerswearing blue and yellow arm-badges. The stations are: Södertelje, Läggesta,Strengnäs, Eskilstuna, Kungsör, Köping, Kolbäck, Vesterås, Enköping, Bålsta,and Jerfva.At these control stations, refreshments will be provided gratis to competitors, aswell as the help necessary for cleaning and repairing the machines; any informationrequired will also be given.At some of these control stations, the competitors will have to prove theiridentity by their signatures.If a competitor retires from the competition, he must immediately give noticeto that effect to the nearest control station, and take away his number. If a competitormakes a stop, he must re-start from the same place where the stop was made.On arrival at the finish, which is in the Stadium, one lap of the track shall beridden round to the right. The time will be taken immediately before beginningof the said lap.Only competitors, officials concerned, and attendants will be allowed in the arenaof the Stadium.Notice: Reserve machines, if so desired, can be left at the control stations; insuch a case, the machines must be delivered to the Committee at least 4 days beforethe competition.1015

FENCING.RULES FOR THE COMPETITIONS.General Rules.Every competitor by the fact of his entry agrees to accept the rules in force.Ignorance of these rules and of any later additions will not be accepted as an excusefor any contravention of the rules for the Tournament.Only amateurs are qualified to compete, or to be members of the jury, or to beorganisers of the Tournament.Any one who is an amateur according to the laws of his own country will berecognized as such.The Amateur qualification must be confirmed by a certificate from the AmateurFencing Association or, failing this organisation, by the Olympic Committeeof the competitor’s own country, who shall be responsible for its validity.Any fencer who, within one year after these games, shall be proved tohave infringed the rules for Amateurs, shall be disqualified, and all the prizes thathe has gained must be returned to the Committee, who may award them to anothercompetitor. The disqualification of one member of a team disqualifies the wholeteam.The Swedish Committee will not pay any expenses of the competitors or jurorsin this tournament.There is no entrance fee; all entries must be made in writing (entries by telegramwill not be accepted) before June 6 1912, by the Olympic organisation ofthe respective country on official note-paper and provided with a certificate testifyingthat those who have entered are amateurs.The competitors must observe the following conduct in respect to the jurors:Complaints or observations must be made with due courtesy.The decision of the Jury must be accepted absolutely.The competitors bind themselves on their honour to fight all bouts to a finishunless physically prevented, and to fence in such a manner as to obtain the bestpossible place. Any agreement made by the fencers with the object of alteringthe result of a pool can lead to their disqualification.If a fencer withdraws or is disqualified, or is unable to continue the contest, theresult of all his previous contests shall be deleted from the score-sheet as if theyhad never existed, but, if the fencer had been a Winner, before retiring owing toreasons acceptable to the president of the jury, he will retain his winning points,even if all the subsequent assaults were counted as defeats.No fencer may change his weapon from one hand to another during the actionof an assault, except in case of an accident acknowledged by the Jury, but he isallowed to make different attacks with different hands.As a rule no rest will be allowed during an assault.If a competitor (or a team) appointed to fence in a pool does not make anappearance at the instance of the President, his name will be scratched from thatpart of the Tournament. He shall not be replaced and the other competitors willreap the benefit of his absence.An objection or claim can be made by any competitor in the individual competitions,and by the captains of teams. It must be made in writing by a memberof the National Olympic Committee, not later than one hour after the contest, tothe International Jury of Honour, whose decision shall be final.1016

The Weapons and their employment.The weapons must be of an orthodox known model and satisfy the conditionsmentioned below. All abnormally-made weapons may be refused by the Committeefor Fencing. The weapons may be mounted in the French or Italianstyle or in a similar manner.The foil; blade, 900 mm. max.If the open guard is used, it must be protected with leather so as not to catchthe button of the adversary’s blade;cup-guard, max. diam. 132 mm. (no part of the mounting may extend beyondthe edge of the guard);hilt, including pommel 220 mm. max.:total length of the weapon 1,100 mm. max.;total weight between 400 and 700 gr.The épée: triangular or lozenge blade, 900 mm. max.;guard max. diam. 132 mm. (no part of the mounting may extend beyond theedge of the guard);convexity to 50 mm.;eccentricity 35 mm. max.;total length of the weapon 1,100 mm. max. (not including the pointe d’arrêt).Hilt, including the pommel 220 mm. max.;total weight of the weapon between 470 and 770 grammes.The triple pointe d’arrêt alone is permitted. It must present an effective projectionat 2 mm. max. It shall be arranged by the fencers themselves conformably to theregulation pattern and subject to the approval of the Jury.The sabre: Blade, 900 mm. straight or curved, with an arc not greater than 40mm. Hits can be scored with the point, with the edge which extends along thewhole side of one edge of the blade, and for 20 centimetres from the point alongthe other side.The guard must be sufficiently large to protect the hand and the wrist; max.dimension towards the back and the edge of the blade 150 mm.; and towards theflat of the blade (perpendicular to the edge) 140 mm. It must not have any perforationin which the point of an adversary’s sword can become entangled.Hilt 220 mm. max.;total length of the weapon 1,100 mm. max.;total weight of the weapon; between 470 and 770 grammes;The weapon (foil, épée, sabre) may be attached to the hand, on the conditionthat the system employed presents no obstacle to an opponent’s fencing.The weapon must not be held so as to increase the effective length of the bladeby placing the hand farther off from the guard. The extremity of the thumb whenfully extended must not be more than from 2 to 3 centimetres from the guard, andthe pommel must not be held in the hollow of the hand.Dress.The clothes must be absolutely protective against accidents.The vest and the trousers must be white, or of a very light colour.The thigh piece is de rigeur for the épée and sabre.Any sort of boots may be worn, but they must not have any projections on thesoles.The mask must be strong and well padded for the sabre; without throat-piecefor the foil and, if there is one for the other weapons, this must also be as smallas possible.Any gloves of a very light colour; for épée, without hard arm-shield; for thesabre, well padded.All parts of the body exposed to attack must be properly protected.Each fencer must wear his national colours on his unemployed arm. He willlikewise wear the armlet, indicating his individual number in the pool, which armletwill be handed to him on the occasion.1017

The Ground.All the competitions will take place indoors, and on pistes of linoleum.Each competitor will have 15 m. space behind him, counting from the backfoot, in which to retreat if necessary.The ground gained by an adversary is kept. When a fencer reaches the line3 metres from the limit, he is warned by the President of the jury by the words“Trois metres”. He is warned again at the moment when he arrives at the limitby the word “Limite”. The limit will, in case of necessity, be indicated by alarge white line. If, after this warning, the fencer passes the limit with both feeta hit will be scored against him. The position of each fencer on the ground is decidedby lot before the commencement of each bout, and will be changed aftereach heat.ORGANISATION OF THE CONTESTS.Constitution of the Juries and their functions.The Jury and President on accepting office engage morally to act with courtesyand unquestionable impartiality.There will be an International Jury of Honour and competition juries.The Jury of Honour will be chosen by the Swedish Olympic Committee ofthe Olympic Games of Stockholm, 1912 and can be international. It constitutesthe last court of appeal in all points of dispute which may arise during thetournament. Its decision is final. It will receive, through a member of the FenicngCommittee, the objections or claims made in writing, examine the question and givethe verdict.The competition juries are international.The National Olympic Committees of each competing nation will be requestedto nominate, before the 6 June (with the entries of the competitors) 3 or 4 of theircountrymen whom they deem competent to serve on competition juries, and whoare willing to act as jurors.The Swedish Committee will form a sufficient number of competition juries, eachconsisting of 5 (3) members, one of whom will act as president.Each pool jury will have a Swedish Secretary, not a member of the jury, tokeep the scoring sheet.The composition of the Jury will be uniform for all contests.The juries are responsible for the proper conduct of all the pools which theyare called upon to direct.The President will act as leader of the contest, direct the passes, and has alonethe right to give the warnings of “Trois metres” and of “Limite”; he will observeexactly the different phases in order to be able to analyse them and determine,in case of need, which of the competitors has first been hit; and to this endhe can employ any means of investigation he considers necessary; he can stopany bout in which he considers that the proper character of a contest is endangered.The Jurors will be placed according to the following figure:Jurors and the fencer on the left.Jurors and the fencer on the right.1018

Whenever one of the jury thinks that he sees a hit, he must immediately call out‘Halte’. When ‘Halte’ has been called, the President shall loudly ask both the jurors, Nos.1 and 2 on the left and them only if D, on the right has been hit, and then thoseon the right, 3 and 4, and them only, if G, on the left, has been hit, commencingwith the one who has called “Halte”. This double question must always be putby the president, whatever his own opinion regarding a hit may be. In any case,jurors 1 and 2 on the left will not have the right to voluntarily express an opinionif G, the fencer on the left, has been hit, since they have to watch fencer Don the right; but, very exceptionally, in case of doubt, as, for example, a forwardhit, the President may consult them. The same remarks shall apply to jurors 3and 4 on the right, in reference to the fencer D on the right.The jurors on the left must not forget that, generally, one of them can see thewhole of the left side of the fencer D on the right, while the other sees the wholeof the right side, and that only the front portion of the body can be seen by both.They must be very careful not to refuse a hit noticed by one of them which cannotbe seen by both of them at the same time. If they have not seen anything theymust abstain. The same observations apply to jurors 3 and 4 in regard to the fencerG on the left. To the successive questions by the President, Is D hit? (“D est-iltouché?“) “Is G hit?” (“G est-il touché”), the jurors shall reply loudly ‘Yes’ (Oui),‘No’(Non), or ‘I abstain’ (Je m’abstiens) without any explanations, unless the Presidentputs an additional question.If one of the jurors says Yes (Oui), the other No (Non), the President, whoseduty it is principally to watch the course of the combat as a whole and no fencerin particular, in order to judge clearly the simultaneousness of the hits, may, howeverhave seen the hit made; he will in such a case divide the jury, but he will givehis opinion last. If he does not do so, the fencer will have the benefit of the doubt,and be declared as not hit; but in order that his opponent may not suffer from thisdoubt, if the latter be hit at the same time or later, the last named hit will likewise be cancelled and the combat will recommence.If one of the jurors says ‘yes’ while the other, not having seen the hit, says‘I abstain’ (Je m’abstiens), and if the President cannot pronounce an opinion, thefencer is declared hit. As a rule, if there is a doubt, the fencer has the benefitof it without his opponent suffering. If one of the jurors abstains, the opinion ofthe other shall decide.If jurors 1 and 2 on the left declare the fencer D on the right, hit, and jurors3 and 4 on the right declare the fencer G on the left, hit, the President must immediatelyask if there was any remise, and, if so, which hit was first. He thenshall ask jurors 1 and 2, on the left, to point out the exact spot where the fencerD on the right was hit, by putting their fingers on the spot touched, and to indicatethe slope of the body at the precise moment when the hits were made.(Difference of length of line.) The same questions shall be put to jurors 3 and4, on the right, regarding the fencer G on the left. Then the President will communicateto the 4 jurors the results of their replies regarding the time and lengthof line. Since, on the other hand, though the jurors are directed to watch onlyone fencer, they may have been able to form an exact impression regarding thetime of the hits received and given, the only course for the President will be totake the jurors’ votes, beginning with the youngest. He himself will vote last.He will then ask “Is it a coup double?” and, should he receive a negative reply,“Which one is hit”.The Jury will be invested with plenary powers for the observance of these rules-It will have the right, after giving one warning, to disqualify anyone not conformingto these rules.1019

CONSTITUTION OF THE POOLS.A. In the individual Competitions.The pools are: eliminating;semi-finals;final.Eliminating pools; no pool shall consist of more than 8 fencers and no morethan 4 fencers shall pass out of it into the next round.The exact number of fencers who are to take part in a pool, shall, if necessary,be decided by the Swedish Fencing Committee.In a succeeding round, only those who have done best in the preceding eliminatingpools shall compete.Final pool. The eight best in the semi-finals shall compete in the final.Division of the Competitors in the pools.The fencers will be so arranged in the eliminating- and semi-final pools, that,representatives of each nation shall, as far as possible, fence against those of othernations. This placing will be decided by lot. Each fencer in a pool will bedesignated by a number, drawn by lot, and the order of the bouts will be asfollows:For a pool of four (4):For a pool of five (5);For a pool of six (6):For a pool of seven (7):For a pool of eight (8);For a pool of n1020

For scoring, official scoring sheets of the following appearance n-ill be employedScoring sheet.Individual competition with foils.Eliminating Pool No.épée.Semi-finalsabre.FinalMod. Pentathlon, épée.= defeat; 0 = win= coup double.Nation Name No.Counter No.No.of WinsPlacingPresident.The result of each assault is marked by the signs:( = defeat; 0 = win.)= coup double.Secretary.In the contests in which there are several hits, each hit received is marked bya line as well.Example: Nos. 7 and 8 meet in the foils, where the contest is decided byfive hits. N:o 8 receives three hits from no. 7 and hits him 5 times. See themethod of scoring on the above scoring sheet.A tie will be decided by one hit.The placing is determined by the number of wins, or, should these be equal,by the number of hits received.B. In the Team Competitions.The captain is responsible to the Swedish Olympic Committee and to the Presidentof the Jury for the proper behaviour of his team. He will select the fourfencers to compete in each pool. Only in case of a serious accident acknowledgedby the Jury can a fencer be replaced by another during the same pool.Each team will be designated by a number drawn by lot.The teams will fight in the order laid down for individual contests.In the pool competition with two teams, the members of the team bearing thelowest number, will be numbered from 1 to 4 and the members of the other teamfrom 5 to 8. These numbers will be distributed by the captains. The captainwill hand to the President of the Jury in due time, before each pool, a list of thenames and numbers of his fencers who are to take part in the pool.He alone is authorized to make any necessary claims on behalf of the membersof his team.The order of the assaults will be the following:1021

The Scoring Sheet will be on the following plan:Competition for épée teams.sabreScoring Sheet.= defeat.0 = win.= coup double.Team(Nation) Name No.Counter No.Winsof eachfencerWinsof theteamPlacingPresident.The result of each assault is marked by the signs:= defeat; 0 = win.= coup double.Secretary.In the contests with several hits, each hit received is marked by a line as well.See the scoring sheet, on the preceding page.In each contest between two teams, the winning team shall be the one whichhas the fewest number of hits registered against it. As soon as one team has hadnine points scored against it, it is defeated and the Captain may withdraw if hepleases, but he has the right to complete the series if he desires to do so.In a contest between two teams, when the number of hits is equal they shallfight their series again with the same men, until one team has established itssuperiority.Contests.General Rules.Only the hits made neatly and cleanly will be counted.The thrust must hit with the point.The cut must hit with the edge; a cut which hits the body but which, at thesame time, clearly strikes the guard is not counted.Places where the hits are counted.With the foil; the trunk from the collar-bone to the line of the hips.If a fencer, by adopting an ungainly position, unduly effaces the target in exposingirregularly another portion of the body, or instead of parrying, covers hischest with his arm, hand or head, the hits on these parts will be counted.With the sword and the sabre; the whole body; all the limbs and the head;that is to say everywhere.The competitors will be placed against each other standing straight, the armextended, point to point. They take back guard and will commence on the doublecommand of the President:1) En garde! 2) Allez messieurs!Take guard!Go!On the command “Halte”, the competitors must immediately stop. Any hitsgiven after the command have no value. A hit given to a fallen or disarmed ad-1022

versary has no value if the fencer has had time to recognize that an accident hashappened.The Corps à corps will be stopped by the President.It is a corps à corps when the fencers are in actual bodily contact, or whenone of the fencers ceases to parry only with his weapon and defends himself withany part of his body.The corps à corps must not be confused with the combat rapproché, which isallowable.It is forbidden to hinder the action of an opponent’s weapon with the arm orhand or to make use of the unemployed arm and hand for parrying.Special rules for the contests with foils.The combats shall be carried out according to the fencing rules.The attacker must take cover.The receiver of an attack must first parry.The coup double is the movement which most damages the art of fencing.A fencer who, either by not parrying or not completing the phrase, thereby producesa ‘coup double’, has a hit scored against himself alone.In case of an initial movement of aggression at the same instant, the ‘coupdouble’ is not counted.If, in a case of this kind, one of the simultaneous hits is made on a prohibitedpart of the body, this hit is not counted unless the jury should be firmly persuadedthat the prohibited portion was not deliberately aimed at, or exposed intentionally.The stop-hit (coup d’arrêt) is a counter-attack made upon the opponent’s preparationto attack, or upon a feint. If a player who attemps to make a stop-hit,hits his adversary and is himself untouched, or if he hits his opponent an appreciableinterval of time before he is himself touched, the hit is in his favour. If he ishit simultaneously (coup double), the hit is in favour of his opponent.The time-hit (coup de temps) is a counter-attack made with opposition uponthe opponents’s attack in such a way that it parries the attack on which it is made.A time attack is valid only if the player who attempts it remains absolutely untouched,and in case of simultaneous hits, the hit is against the fencer who delivers thetime hit.The redoublement is the renewal of an attack, immediately after the first, madeeither in the same line or otherwise.Its aim is to profit by the disorder caused by the first attack on an opponentwho has parried without a riposte, or who has avoided a hit by retreating.In the first case the second attack is preceded by a reprise of the backwardguard, in the second case by a forward guard.The Reprise d’attaque is an attack made, without retrieving, after an adverseparade not followed by a riposte.In the case of a riposte directe (à temps perdu) if the reprise d’attaque resultin the coup double, the resulting hits are invalid (simultaneous attacks).The remise is a time hit, made after the development, and without retrieving,on a riposte composée. It is practiced also after an insufficient parade and whichis not followed by a riposte.a) In the case of a riposte composée, if the remise results in the coup double,the riposte alone is valid (time hit).b) If there is a remise on the immediate riposte, only the riposte is valid.When the two fencers are hit simultaneously — three cases can arise:1st. The attacker alone may be declared hit.2nd. The defender3rd. A hit may be counted against neither.That is to say: 1:0 The attacker is at fault and the hit is against him:a) If he runs on the point of his opponent, with his arm naturally extendedagainst him, without having attacked so as to make the blade deviate fromthe line.b) If, on attempting an attack on the blade, he is deceived but continues hisattack.1023

c) If he tries to parry a stop-hit (coup d’arrêt) and does not succeed, butnevertheless continues his attack.d) If in the execution of a feinte he meets his opponent’s blade and, notwithstandinghis opponent’s riposte, continues the attack.e) If he makes a remise on the immediate riposte of his opponent.2:0 The defender is at fault and the hit is against him:a) If he makes a stop-hit on a simple attack.b) If he makes a time hit, but without cover.3:0 Both are at fault and no hit is scored:a) In the event of a simultaneous attack.b) If one of the combatants makes an attack composed of several feints, withoutcovering himself, and the other, after having attempted to parry the first feints,risk a stop-hit.c) If, in the case of a riposte à temps perdu, the reprise occurs simultaneously.Special rules for the Épée and Sabre Competitions.The rules given above, which were drawn up for the foil competitions, are alsoapplicable to the épée and sabre contests as regards the reconstruction of thephrase d’armes, whereby a hit results.This reconstruction of the phrase and of the thrust is not solely to determine,as in the foil assaults, which of the two opponents is right or wrong from a fencingpoint of view, but to permit the determination of the relative successive positionsof the opposing épées at different moments of the decisive phrase of the contests,in order to be able to determine as clearly as possible the following two factors:the difference in time between the hits, and the varying lengths of the lines ofattack.It must then be considered, not only as a purely theoretical dissertation, butalso as a means of study of the sole practical result which the judges may haveto consider; the coup de pointe for the sword, the coup de pointe and de taillefor the sabre.But since experience shows that the coups doubles (simultaneous hits) are relativelyinfrequent in the serious contests, and as, in any case, it is almost impossibleto decide on the simultaneousness of the two hits, this result — a “Coup double” —always forms a doubtful case.For this reason the judges must by every possible means, i. e.;by reconstructing the phrase d’armes;by determining the relative positions of the opposing weapons;by determining the distance;endeavour to establish the difference of time between the two hits.They then vote to determine which fencer has been hit first, or if there is acoup double.In the case of a coup double, each of the fencers is considered hit.1024

FOOTBALL.SPECIAL RULES.1. The competition shall be under the control and management of the Sub-Committee for Football appointed by the Swedish Football Association. The Committee’sdecision on all matters relating to the competition shall be final and withoutappeal. The Committee shall appoint Referees and Linesmen in all matches.2. The competition shall be played according to the rules and regulations ofthe Swedish Football Association, which correspond to the Laws of the Game aspromulgated by the Federation Internationale de Football Association.The competition shall be confined to amateurs in accordance with the followingdefinition.a) An amateur player is one who has never:Competed for a money prize, or received any remuneration or considerationof any sort above his necessary hotel and travelling expenses actually paid in connectionwith football matches;b) Engaged in, assisted in, or taught in any branch of sport as a means ofpecuniary gain;c) Been registered as a professional;d) Sold, pawned, hired out, or exhibited for payment any prize won in a competiton.3. Each National Football Association belonging to a nation recognized as suchby the International Olympic Committee and affiliated to the International FootballFederation (Federation Internationale de Football Association) is entitled to send fourteams.4. The competition shall be conducted in the following manner.The competing teams shall be drawn in couples. These teams shall compete,and the winners shall be drawn again in couples, and so on, until the competitionis completed.5. Each team shall compete in its National Association colours. Where thecolours of the two competing teams are the same, one of the teams shall play insuch colours as may be determined by the Swedish Sub-Committee for Football.6. Players of each team may be changed during the series of matches.7. The duration of a match shall be one hour and a half.8. Should a match result in a draw, an extra half hour shall be played. Shouldthe match result in a draw after it has been played for two hours, it must be replayedas the Committee may determine.9. The dimensions of the field of play shall be: length 115 yards (105 metres,breadth 75 yards ( metres).10. Laws of the Game. The laws to be followed will be those fixed by theFédération Internationale de Football Association for the season 1911/12.65 Fifth Olympiad.1025

GYMNASTICS.GENERAL REGULATIONS.1. The competitions will be arranged by the Olympic Sub-Committee for Gymnasticsappointed by the Svenska Gymnastikförbundet (Swedish Gymnastic Association).2. The competition shall be confined to amateurs according to the followingdefinition: —An amateur is onea) who has never, for pecuniary gain, taken part in an open competition or display;b) who has never taken part in a competition with money prizes;c) who in all other respects is an amateur according to the rules of his owncountry.Gymnastic teachers and leaders, even though they receive payment as such, areregarded as amateurs.3. The judges for Competition I will be appointed by the Sub-Committee forGymnastics. The judges for Competitions II and III and IV will be selected insuch a way that each nation competing in Competitions II or III or entering atleast 5 men in Competition IV, has the right to appoint one judge. The name,title, and address of such judge shall be sent in to the Swedish Olympic Committeebefore May 1st, 1912.In case of sufficient judges not having been selected before the above-mentioneddate, the Sub-Committee for Gymnastics will complete the number.4. All competitors who do not appear at the place of competition at the timefixed in the programme forfeit their right to take part.5. Any gymnast leaving his team without the permission of a judge shall forfeithis right to return to the team.6. No gymnast shall be allowed to replace another during the course of thecompetition.7. The Gymnasts must conform to the directions of the judges.8. Cases of illness, indisposition or injury occurring during the competitionsshall be immediately reported to the judges and confirmed by the official doctors.9. Protest against the admission of any gymnast to the competition shall be madebefore the commencement of the competition, or immediately on an occasion arising.(See paragraph 13 “Olympic Games: General Regulations”.)SPECIAL RULES.I. Team Competition with Exercises according to theSwedish system.1. Exercises.The competing team must execute a complete setmember of the team must execute every movement.of exercises (day-table).Each2. Apparatus.The following apparatus on the Swedish model will be placed at the disposalof the competitors:4 beams (double);20 ribbstalls (stall-bars), available from both sides, thus enabling40 competitors to perform simultaneously ;2 inclined ropes;1026

vertical ropes;horses with adjustable legs;plinths (vaulting-boxes);buck with adjustable legs;benches with balance-bar and movable hooks;beam-saddles.Planks for the run and take-off will be at hand, and may be used if desired.Platforms and Spring-boards may not be used.3. Programme.Each competing team may arrange its own programme as regards the variousmovements.Six type-written copies of the complete programme for the competition must besent in, together with the entry, under registered cover, bearing the followingheading: “Programme de Contours de Gymnastique I”.The programme, which will not be shown to anyone except the respective judges,may be written in Swedish, Norwegian, Danish English, French or German.4. Dress.All the members of a team must be dressed alike.5. Time.The time allowed to each team for the march-in, the execution of the variousexercises and the march-out is, 1 hour.6. Judges.The judges shall be five in number, and each shall award points independently;during the competition they shall not consult with each other about thejudging, and immediately on the conclusion of each competition, shall send intheir protocols, duly signed, to the Sub-Committee for Gymnastics.7. Principles for Judging.Each judge shall award points, from 0 (minimum) — 15 (maximum), for each ofthe groups mentioned below.Each group has a fixed coefficient, which, multiplied by the number of marks,shall decide the points of each group.The points obtained by the groups shall be added together.Groups comprised in the plan of judging.Marks Coefficient Max. pointsIntroductory exercisesArchflexionsHeaving movementsBalance movementsShoulder-blade movementsAbdominal exercisesMarching and runningLateral trunk movementsVaultingConcluding exercisesEvenness and precisionTotalEach judge will keep his own protocol.The average of the totals of the five protocols will decide the result of the teamcompetition.Should the programme include several exercises or movements of the samegroup, except in the introductory and concluding groups, separate marks will beawarded for each exercise.1027

The average of marks awarded for movements of a similar nature will be multipliedby the coefficient of the group.Deflective exercises will be counted and judged with the movement which theycomplete.The individual competitor’s manner of moving in exercises of translation will becounted and judged with the exercise, in connection with which such movementtakes place.Evenness and precision comprise: uniformity, attention, and correctness of executionby all the members, correct time and rhythm in the different movements,strength and suppleness in the right place.The judges shall assist in calculating the points for the various teams.There is no appeal against the decisions of the judges.II. Team Competition with Exercises according to theconditions stated below.The competing teams shall execute:1. Exercises.a) a series of free exercises in unison, with or without hand apparatus (suchas wands, sticks, dumb-bells, Indian clubs &c.),b) a series of exercises on the horizontal bar,c) parallel bars,d) pommelled horse,e) exercises according to the leader’s selection, with or without apparatus, butnot with those mentioned under b, c, d, however.All the competitors of a team shall perform the same series and must executeall the exercises.Movements on one apparatus shall be completed by the entire team beforemovements on another apparatus are begun.2. Apparatus.The following apparatus will be placed at the disposal of the competitors:4 Horizontal Bars.(Height of bar 240 cm., length 220 cm., thickness 32 mm.; bar of polishedsteel.)4 Parallel Bars.(Parallel bars: height 160 cm., length of bars 3 m., their thickness 45—48mm., and their distance from each other 42—45 cm.)4 Pommelled Horses.(Height of horse 130 cm., length 2 m., height of pommels 12—15 cm., distancefrom each other, 40—45 cm. and their thickness 31—33 mm.)4 Pairs of Rings.(Round rings, height 240 cm.)Hand apparatus (such as wands, sticks, dumb-bells, clubs &c.). Other movableapparatus, not mentioned here, must be supplied by the team.3. Programme.Each team shall arrange its own programme both for the free exercises and theexercises on apparatus.Six type-written copies of the complete programme for the competition must besent in, together with the entry, under registered cover bearing the following heading:“Programme de Contours de Gymnastique II”.The programme, which will not be shown to anyone except the respective judges,may be written in English, French or German.1028

4. Leader.Competing teams shall be under the command of a leader who shall not participatein the competition. He can show the free exercises at the team gymnasticsand shall command the team. During the execution of the exercises onthe apparatus, the leader may keep near the apparatus in order to prevent possibleaccidents, but must not help in the execution of the exercises. The exercises performedby him are not reckoned and do not affect the points of the team.The leader’s name and profession shall be stated in the entry.5. Dress.All the members of a team must be dressed alike. Competitors will not beallowed to modify their dress during the course of a competition.6. Time.The time allowed to each team for the march-in, the execution of various exercisesand the march-out is 1 hour.7. Order of rotation.The order stated in the programme for the divisions a—e must be followed.8. Principles for Judging.The judges shall be at least 5 in number, and shall officiate at all the competitions,unless prevented by illness or other urgent cause.The judges shall devote their entire attention to the competitions, and the judgesmay not undertake any other duties which may cause them to leave the place ofcompetition, or, which place any obstacle in the way of the regular performanceof the work.The judges together form a jury, which shall appoint a president from itsnumber.The requisite number of officials will be placed at the disposal of the jury bythe Sub-Committee for Gymnastics.When judging, the judges shall each award the points independently, and shallnot consult with each other regarding them.Protocol forms will be supplied by the Sub-Committee for Gymnastics.The protocols, duly signed, shall be sent in to the Sub-Committee for Gymnasticsimmediately on the close of the competition. During the competition the judgesmay not divulge the points awarded by them.The points will be awarded as follows:1. for the free exercises in unison:For the carriage of the team: a maximum of 2 points and for execution: 0—10points comprising;points for no executionbadmoderatesatisfactorygoodexcellentThese points will be awarded to the whole team once.2. competition groups b, c, and d:For the carriage of the team:for the manner of approaching the apparatus: max. 1 point.leaving the apparatus: 1These points will be awarded to the whole team for each of the three stipulatedapparatus — or 3 times in all;1029

for the execution: 0 — 10 points comprising:points for no executionbadmoderatesatisfactorygoodexcellentThese points will be awarded to the whole team for each of the 3 stipulatedparatus — thus 3 times.3. for competition group e:for execution 0 — 10 points, comprising :points, for no executionbadmoderatesatisfactorygoodexcellentThese points will be awarded once to the whole team.The intermediate points allowed are: .75, .50 and .25The maximum number of points to be awarded by one judge shall be:1. for free exercises in unison:carriageexecution2. for exercises on the three apparatus prescribedb, c and d:for carriage and for manner of moving to and from the apparatus:points apparatusfor execution :points apparatus3. for exercises under e:for executiontotal maximum: pointsThe judges shall assist in calculating the points for the various teams. Theaverage of the total sums of the protocols shall decide the result of the team competition.There is no appeal against the decisions of the judges.III. Team Competition with free choice of Movementsand Apparatus.1. Exercises.The competing team shall itself select the movements.For details regarding2. Apparatus.the apparatus, see “Special Rules” I. 2 and II. 2.3. Programme.Each team shall arrange its own programme.Six type written copies of the complete programme for the competition must besent in, together with the entry, in a registered envelope, bearing the followingheading “Programme de Contours de Gymnastic III”.The programme, which will not be shown to anyone except the respective judges,may be written in English, French or German.1030

4. Leader.Competing teams shall be under the command of a leader who shall not participatein the competition. He can show the free exercises of the team gymnasticsand shall command the team. During the execution of the exercises onthe apparatus, the leader may keep near the apparatus in order to prevent possibleaccidents, but must not help in the execution of the exercises. The exercises performedby him are not reckoned and do not affect the points of the team.The leader’s name and profession shall be stated in the entry.5 . Dress.All the members of a team must be dressed alike. Competitors will not beallowed to modify their dress during the course of a competition.6. Time.The time allowed to each team for the march in, the execution of variousexercises and the march out, is I hour.7. Principles for judging.The judges shall be at least 5 in number and shall officiate at all the competitionsunless prevented by illness or other urgent cause.The judges shall devote their entire attention to the competitions, and the judgesmay not undertake any other duties which may cause them to leave the place ofcompetition, or which place any obstacle in the way of the regular performanceof the work.The judges together form a jury, which shall appoint a president from itsnumber.The requisite number of officials will be placed at the disposal of the jury bythe Sub-Committee for Gymnastics.When judging, the judges shall each award the points independently, and shallnot consult with each other regarding these.Protocol forms will be supplied by the Sub-Committee for Gymnastics.The protocols, duly signed, shall be sent in to the Sub-Committee for Gymnasticsimmediately on the close of the competition. During the competition the judgesmay not divulge the points awarded by them.Each judge shall award points for the whole team from o (minimum) to 25(maximum).In judging, notice shall be taken of the execution of the movements, the compositionof the programme, and the carriage and attention of the team.IV. Individual Competition.1. Exercises.The competition comprises:Exercises on the horizontal barparallel bars,ringspommelled horse.2. Apparatus.For details regarding the apparatus, see Special Rules II. 2.3. Programme.Each competitor has the right to arrange his own programme.4. Time.Each competitor has 2 minutes at his disposal at each apparatus.1031

5. Division and order of rotation of the competitors.The competitors shall be allotted competition numbers by means of the ballot,by which the order of rotation will be decided.The order determined upon shall be adhered to throughout the competition atall apparatus.The competitors will be divided into squads of not more than 12 men, andwill be led from apparatus to apparatus.6. Other Regulations.Immediately on his name being called, the competitor shall stand at attention,at a distance of 2-3 meters from the apparatus and facing it.At the word of command: “Börja” (Commence), from which moment the timeallowed for execution is taken, the competitor shall approach the apparatus andcarry out his programme.Having performed his turn, the competitor shall again stand at attention at theapparatus and, on the command of the judge, shall retake his place in the team.Competitors are not allowed to change their dress in any way during the competition.7. Principles for Judging.There shall be three judges at each apparatus. Each judge shall award thepoints independently, and shall not consult with his colleagues regarding the points.Immediately after a squad has gone through its programme at an apparatus, thejudges’ protocols, duly signed, shall be sent in to the Sub-Committee for Gymnastics.During the competition the judges may not divulge the points awarded by them.Points will be awarded at each apparatus in the following manner:For the manner of approaching the apparatus: max. I point.For the manner of leaving the apparatus: max. I point.For execution: 0 — 10 points comprising:points for no executionbadmoderate executionsatisfactorygoodexcellentIntermediate points allowed are: .75, .5o and .25Maximum points to be awarded by a judge:for manner of moving to and from apparatus:points apparatus pointsfor execution: points apparatustotal maximum:pointsThe judges shall assist in calculating the points.The points awarded by all the judges shall be added together, and the totalthus obtained shall be decisive.There is no appeal against the decision of the judges.In making their awards the judges shall pay attention to the following points:a) difficulty and quality of the exercises performed;b) combination;c) change of exercises;d) style.Regarding style, attention shall be paid to the following points:a) the carriage of the competitor on approaching and leaving the apparatus;b) decision and precision;c) speed, when so required by the exercise;d) precision in clutching, and on changing the clutch;e) that the competitor avoids touching the apparatus when not so required bythe exercise;1032

f) stiffness in the outstretched limbs; arms and legs shall be fully extended ifthe exercise requires it;g) bearing of the head.A competitor will not be allowed a second attempt in executing an exerciseunless all the officiating judges consider that he had been interfered with at thefirst attempt through no fault of his own.V. Displays.Each nation has the right to be represented by one team of men and one teamof women.Apparatus of Swedish model (see Special Rules, 1, 2) and other models, too,(see Special Rules II, 2) will be at the disposal of the competitors.Teams have the right to bring their own apparatus.1033

HORSE=RIDINGCOMPETITIONS.GENERAL REGULATIONS.1. The Committee of the Horse-Riding Competitions at the Olympiad of Stockholmin 1912 organises, and is responsible for, the Equestrian Games.2. The Games are confined to gentlemen riders exclusively; professionals areexcluded.3. The following will be considered the definition of a “gentleman”:for foreign competitors: the definition given in the regulations of the leadingHorse-Riding Association of their country;for Swedish competitors: the Racing Rules of the Swedish Jockey Club. art 88.4. Maximum number of competitors from each country:in individual competitions: six (three reserves),in team competitions andin combined team and individual competitions: one team of four, the first threeto count (two reserves).5. Competitors are entitled to enter not more than two horses, but are onlyallowed to ride one horse in each competition.6. Foreigners wishing to take part in the competitions shall send in their applicationsthrough the Olympic Committee of their country — if so desired, through theWar Office of their country — to the Swedish Committee of the Horse-RidingCompetitions.7. Entries shall be engrossed or type-written on special forms, provided by theSwedish Committee for the Horse-Riding Competitions. Each form to serve forone competitor and one competition only. In the case of teams the names of thecompetitors should be given together with those of the reserves.8. Entries close on the 1 June, 1912, for competitors and horses and theirreserves.No entries will be accepted unless they are in the hands of the Committeeof the Horse-Riding Competitions before entries close.Entries by telegram will not be accepted.9. The Committee for the Horse-Riding Competitions reserves to itself the rightto refuse the entry of any competitor, without being bound to give any reason forits decision.10. Protests against the amateur status of a competitor must be lodged in writingat the earliest possible moment, and be in the hands of the Swedish Committeefor the Horse-Riding Competitions not later than the I August 1912. Every protestshall be accompanied by a deposit of 20 kronor, which will be forfeited if theprotest has been made on unreasonable grounds.The Committee for the Horse-Riding Competitions shall decide on every protest,after having made the necessary investigations into the matter. The decision ofthe Committee is final.11. The Committee for the Horse-Riding Competitions shall decide on everydispute concerning entries, general regulations, arrangements, etc., for the competitions,and its decisions shall be final.12. The Committee of the Horse-Riding Competitions will appoint a SwedishPresident of the International Jury of the Horse-Riding Competitions. All protestsagainst competitors or judges shall be referred to this Jury, against whose decisionthere is no appeal.Any nation not having appointed a representative of its own on the Jury maybe represented by the representative of another country. The names of the severalrepresentatives shall be given on the close of entries.1034

13. Foreign competitors will be accorded the following privileges:Free transport in Sweden for horses entered for the games, free stabling, forageand veterinary attendance in Stockholm, free board and lodging for one groom.Furthermore, four competitors from each country — in the first instance thoseentered for the Military competition — will have their travelling expenses in Sweden paid, as well as full board and residence in Stockholm while the Horse-RidingCompetitions last (not exceeding 7 days).At the expiration of the time for entries, each country shall, through their severalOlympic Committees, send in the names of those competitors (and their reserves)who are to enjoy the benefit of the above privileges.Application for free stabling shall be made at the close of entries, on theI June, 1912.14. The Committee will not undertake any responsibility for accidents or illnesswhich may befall any horse entered for the competitions.15. The judges will, as a rule, be of Swedish nationality.For judging the Prize-Riding competition, foreign judges will also be appointed.Further regulations will be issued later.16. The Committee for the Horse-Riding Competitions reserves to itself theright to make alterations in, and additions to, the programme and regulations.Propositions.I.Military=Competition.Team competition: One team of not more than four competitors from eachcountry; the first three to count (with not more than two reserves); at the same timeIndividual competition.Special Regulations.The competition is open only to officers on the active list (not more than fourcompetitors from any country), riding either horses belonging to their respectivearmies, or those registered in the army as service horses. Entries to be accompaniedby a certificate from the commanding officer of the regiment (principal ofthe Riding School) to the effect that the horse is a bona fide army horse or registeredas a service horse.Horses belonging to the army and attached to Government Riding Schools (notto individual officers) for purposes of instruction are barred.The competition is divided into five tests and must not be concluded in less thanthree days. The Committee shall have the right to interpose one or more daysof rest between those days on which competitions are held.Each rider may enter not more than two horses, but can only use one of them,and shall be obliged to ride this one in all the tests. No outside help may bereceived during the progress of the competition, except in tests 1 and 2, for thepurpose of shoeing, veterinary and medical treatment.1. Long Distance Ride and during its progress:2. Cross Country Ride.Undress-Uniform without arms.Bitting: curb and snaffle.Saddling optional.Minimum weight: 80 kilos.Distance: 55 kilometres; 50 kilometres on the road and, during the latter partof the ride, 5 kilometres on a cross-country course of 5 kilometres, marked outwith flags.Maximum time: For the whole distance, 4 hours, of which 15 minutes will becounted for the cross-country ride of 5 kilometres; shorter time, whether for thewhole ride or for the cross-country ride, will not be awarded extra points.1035

3. Individual Riding over Steeplechase Course.Undress- Uniform without arms.Bitting and Saddling optional.Minimum weight: 80 kilos.Distance: 3,500 metres with 10 obstacles.Maximum time: 5 minutes 50 seconds; shorter time will not receive extrapoints.4. Prize-Jumping Competition.Undress-Uniform without arms.Bitting: curb and snaffle.Saddling optional.Minimum weight: 80 kilos.Obstacles: 15 high jumps of not more than 1,3 metres (fixed), the long jumpswill not be above 3 metres.Other conditions according to propositions for the prize-jumping competition ofthe Olympic Games (III).5. Prize=Riding Competition.Undress-Uniform without arms.Bitting: curb and snaffle.Saddling optional.Weight: optional.To be performed according to the regulations for the prize-riding competitionof the Olympic Games (II). Figure 8 at a gallop, change of gallop from one legto another, obstacle and obedience-test will not be required.Principles for judging.1. Long Distance Ride. This is to be considered as a test of endurance. Riderswho have covered the distance within the maximum time will receive 10 points.For every minute or fraction of a minute in excess of this time, 1 point will bededucted.2. Cross-Country Riding. Each judge will give points for the part of thecourse under his control, starting from the figure 10, which will be reduced ineach case:for refusing and bolting the first time by points,or again; falling (the horsefalling), and for being thrown (the rider beingunseated): for each time and obstacleFor every period of 5 seconds or fraction thereof in excess of the maximumtime, the number of points will be reduced by 2.Individual Riding over Steeplechase Course. For each obstacle, points willbe allowed starting from the figure 10, which in each case of refusing or bolting,falling (of the horse) and of the rider being unseated (the rider falling off hishorse) will be reduced by 5 points.For every second or fraction of a second in excess of the stipulated maximumtime, 2 points will be deducted.4. Prize-Jumping Competition (see supplement 1 and 4. To be judged accordingto the regulations for the Prize-Jumping Competition of the Olympic Games (III).5. Prize-Riding Competition. To be judged according to the regulations forthe Prize-Riding Competition of the Olympic Games (II).Rules for determining the Placing.After each test the points of each competitor will be added up.In order to give equal importance to the different tests for the final result, thelatter will be determined according to the following principles:1036

The maximum number of points will be worked out for each test and dividedby 10. The number of points of each competitor will then be divided in eachtest by the number thus obtained for the respective test. This will give a quotient,varying between 10 and 0, which will form the number of points of the respectivecompetitors in the respective tests.The total sum of the final points in the five tests will be the final number ofpoints of the competitor, and this number will determine the order in the individualcompetition. The rider obtaining the highest number of points will be placedas No. 1, the one obtaining the next highest number will be placed as No. 2, andso on.In the team competitions, the nation whose best three competitors have obtainedthe highest total number of points will be the winner, the nation obtaining thenext highest number will be second, and so on.II.Prize Riding Competition.Individual competition, not more than six competitors from each country (reservesnot to exceed three).Special Regulations.The competition is open to all horses except those belonging to the army andattached to Government Riding Schools (not to individual officers) for purposes ofinstruction.Every rider may enter not more than two horses, but may only ride one.The prize will be awarded to the rider, not to the owner of the horse.The riding will take place in the Stadium in an open, rectangular court, 40metres by 20, the sides of which are clearly indicated.Dress: Officers to wear uniform without arms, others high hat or hunting dress.Bitting: Curb and snaffle; martingales, or other special reins not allowed.Saddling: optional.Programme.The rider shall enter at a gallop, halt 10 metres in front of, and facing, thejudges — salute.After halting, the horse shall stand still and “at attention” until the signal isgiven, from which moment the rider is allowed 10 minutes for the performance ofthe movements specified below, at a walk, trot and gallop.The horse shall now be walked, trotted and galloped in the order named,each gait in an unbroken succession.All movements shall be exhibited alike from both sides in all the paces.The judges will not take into consideration such movements as Passage, Piaffe,Spanish trot, etc.Holding the reins, optional. When riding and holding the reins principallywith one hand, 1 point extra will, however, be added to the number of pointsgiven for holding the reins, during the walk and trot collectively; for the samein galloping, 2 points will be added.The walk (about minute) shall be free and long-striding.The trot (about minutes) shall be ridden both “collected” and “fast”. From“collected” trot a halt is made, then backing in a straight line (at least 6 metresat a stretch) and an immediate advance at a “collected” trot; turns, volts and facing-about on the hind-quarters without any previous halt.The gallop (about 5 minutes) shall be ridden both “collected” and “fast”, andthe same movements as in the trot shall be displayed, and likewise:breaking into a gallop from a standstill; figure 8 with a diameter of about eightmetres, in which the gallop shall be kept up alternately (left-handed) and changedboth ways; change of gallop from one leg to another in a straight line at leastfour times;fast gallop, facing-about on hind quarters, fast gallop;a halt is made from fast gallop, followed immediately by trot.1037

5 obstacles to be taken at a gallop immediately after the performance of theprogramme.High jumps: one to be 0.8 metres high, two 1.0 metre and one 1.1 metre.Long jump: one to be 3 metres wide.Obedience in the horse and controlling power of the rider will be tested bywalking the horse up to, possibly over or through, the object, which has alarmedhim. There will be no firing of guns, beating of drums etc.Principles for Judging.Each judge shall give points from o to 10 for each of the following items:The horse’s carriage when standing still,walking,trotting,galloping,the rider’s seat in the saddle,handling and management of the reins,the movements and ability of the horse to turn,jumping andthe rider’s management, exhibition and control of the horse.The horse shall, in all paces, move smoothly and be well on the bit with asteady head.In turning, the horse shall be set in the neck and have the trunk bent in thedirection of the turn; when turning in the gallop, it shall be set to the rightwhen riding a right gallop, in the opposite case to the left.When backing, the horse shall be well gathered together.The rider’s seat shall be correct and must show a good, and supple grip of thehorse, in unison with the motion of the horse, and without exaggerated movements.If the rider omit any of the movements stipulated in the programme, 1 pointwill be deducted. Should such omission be repeated, this will be considered alack of training and occasion a deduction of 5 points.The judges are entitled to demand a repetition of any detail of the rider’s performance,and an exhibition of any movements that may possibly have been omitted.In the event of a movement having been omitted, a judge is obliged to pointthis out to the other judges after the programme has been gone through.Rules for determining the Placing.For each performance under the heading of “Principles for judging” (1—9) acertain number of points will be allotted.All these figures will be added together for each competitor in the protocol ofeach of the judges, by which means the total number of points awarded to eachcompetitor will be determined.After all the competitors have ridden, each judge will receive a summary ofhis protocols, in which the competitors are placed according to the total numberof points by the respective judge. The judge awards the first place to the competitorwho has obtained the highest number of points, the second to the next one,and so on.In case of two or more competitors obtaining the same total number of points,the judge will decide their respective places according to his impression of theperformance of the competitors as a whole.The rider whom a majority of the judges have placed as No. 1 will be thewinner. In case of there not being a majority in favour of any one competitor,the result will be obtained by adding the figures given by each judge, in whichcase the lowest figure will be declared the winner, the next lowest, second, and so on.If, in spite of this, the total number of all the points should remain equal fortwo or more competitors, the total of the points awarded by all the judges to therespective competitors will decide the award of the prizes, in which case the highestnumber of points will be No. 1, the next one No. 2, and so on. In the eventof even such a procedure not giving a decision, the competitors with the samenumber of points shall draw lots.1038

Example of the Display Programme.Fig. 1 Fig. 2.Walking.(Fig. 1.)Starting point = X. Follow the square to the right, between Y and D voltback, follow the square to the left, between Z and C volt back, follow the squareto the right, “collected” trot at U.Trotting.(Fig. 2.)Between A and Y one volt, volt back between Y and D, between B and Zone volt, volt back between Z and C halt between Z and B, backing, “collected”trot to Y, about-face, “collected” trot to Z, halt, backing, “collected” trot toY, about-face, fast trot round the square to U, turn right up, at V follow thesquare to the left, at a fast trot, once round the square to V, turn straight up andmake a halt at X.Gallop.(Fig. 3.)At X a “collected” right gallop from standstill,at U follow the square to the right, between A andY one volt, between Y and D volt back with changeof gallop, halt between Y and A, from standstill “collected”left gallop, between B and Z one volt, betweenZ and C volt back with change of gallop, halt between Zand B backing, “collected” right gallop, by Yabout-face, “collected” left gallop to Z, halt, backing,“collected” left gallop to Y, about-face, “collected”right gallop, at V turn straight up to P,after which on figure 8. From figure 8 “collected”right gallop to U, follow the square to the rightfrom U to V at a “collected” gallop, turn straight up,4 changes of gallop on the centre line to U, followthe square to the right at a fast gallop to V, turnstraight up, halt at O, right-about-face on the hindquarters,fast left gallop to V and round the squareto U, turn straight up, at O left-about-face on thehind-quarters, right gallop, halt at P, trot to U, halt,finish. Fig. 3.1039

III.Prize=Jumping Competition.A. Individual Competition. Not more than six competitors from each country,(reserves not to exceed three).B. Team Competition. One team of not more than four competitors from eachcountry, the first three to count (reserves not to exceed two).SpecialRegulations.The competition is open to all horses except those belonging to the army andattached to Government Riding Schools (not to individual officers) for purposes ofinstruction.Each rider may enter not more than two horses, but may only ride one.The prizes will be awarded to the rider, not to the owner of the horse.The prize-jumping competition will take place on an obstacle-course in the Stadium.Dress: Officers to wear undress-uniform, without arms; others high hat or huntingdress.Bitting and saddling optional.Minimum weight: 75 kilos.Number of obstacles 19 (see supplements 1 and 3). Maximum height I.4 metres(fixed). The obstacles will have a solid appearance, but will be so constructedthat essential portions will give way when struck with force. For judging touchesthere will be a loose marking lath.Long jump obstacles not to exceed 4 metres.Riders to cover the obstacle-course at the rate of 400 metres a minute, whichwill be timed; less time will not be awarded additional points.Competitors are not allowed to try the jumps before the competition.Taking part in a previous competition will not be counted as a trial of thejumps.Principles for Judging.Points will be given for each obstacle, starting from the figure 10, which willbe reduced in each case:for refusing and bolting the first time by points,falling (of the horse), refusing or boltingthe second timerefusing or bolting again and fallingoff (the rider being unseated)and furtherin taking the high jumps:for touching with fore legs by point,hindknocking down the fence with the forelegsknocking down the fence with the hindlegsFor touching or knocking down with both fore and hind legs, only the fore legswill be counted.for long jumps:if the horse lands with his hind-legs onthe limit mark on the far side of theditch by point,if the horse lands with his hind-legs insidethe limit-mark, or touches the surfaceof the water with his hind-legs1040

if the horse lands with his fore-legs on thelimit mark on the far side of the ditch by 2 points,if the horse lands with his fore-legs insidethe limit mark, or touches the surfaceof the water with his fore-legs 4In the case of combined obstacles the above regulations apply to each oneseparately.Each period of 5 seconds or fraction thereof in excess of the maximum timewill incur a penalty of 2 points.Any competitor riding the wrong way or not taking the obstacles in their properorder will be disqualified.If any alteration in the equipment of the horse takes place during the courseof the competition, the rider will not, for this reason, be allowed another try overthe obstacles.No outside help may be made use of in the course of the competition.Rules for determining the order.The competitors will be placed in numerical order, according to the number ofpoints obtained, and thus the one who has obtained the highest number of pointswill be placed No. I, the next one, No. 2, and so on.In case of two or more competitors obtaining the same number of points, thecompetition will be continued between them over obstacles 2, 3, 12, 13, 10, and11, which, in the case of the “Military” competition, will not be increased beyond1.3 metres, and, in the case of the prize-jumping competition III A and B, not beyond 1.4metres. In the event of the competitors again reaching the same number of points,the time occupied shall decide who is to be declared the winner. The principlesfor judging given above shall be in force.In team competitions, that nation will be declared the winner whose best threecompetitors have obtained the highest total number of points; the nation that hasobtained the next highest number will be second, and so on.66 Fifth Olympiad. 1041

Obstacles used in the Horse Riding Competitions.Supplement 1.No. I.Hedge.No. 2.Fence.No. 3.Stone-wall.N0. 4.Railway-gates.No. 5.Triple bar.No. 6.Fence in dike.No. 7.Hedge and Top bar.NO. 8. Fence—Dike—-Hedge.1042

Supplement 1.No. 9.Fence.No. 10.Brick-wall.No. 11.Country road.Fence on either sideNo. 12.Earth-wall with bar.No. 13.Stone-wall—Dike—Stone wall.No. 14.Bank—Fence.No. 15.Dike.1043

Supplement 2.The “Military”.Prize=Jumping. 15 obstacles.Supplement 3.III. Prize=Jumping A and B. 19 obstacles.1044

LAWN TENNIS.GENERAL REGULATIONS.1. The competitions shall be confined to amateurs in accordance with the followingdefinition.An amateur is one who has never:a) taken up any branch of sport as a profession;b) competed in Lawn Tennis competitions or exhibitions, or taught Lawn Tennisfor payment or for pecuniary consideration;c) sold, pawned, bartered, hired out or exhibited for payment any prize won ina competition;d) competed in an open competition with or against a Lawn Tennis Player whowas not an Amateur according to these conditions.2. The competitions will be arranged by the Sub-Committee for Lawn Tennisappointed by the Swedish Lawn Tennis Association, and will conform to the rulesand regulations of that Association (which agree with those of the Lawn TennisAssociation of Great Britain).3. The Committee undertakes all arrangements with regard to the judging ofthe competitions, and will appoint the referee, who may nominate a deputy recognizedby the Committee. The referee or his deputy shall have the power to appointumpires. The referee shall decide all disputes concerning the rules of thegame, etc., which are referred to him by the Umpires. The Referee’s decision shallbe final.4. The Umpire shall count in the English language.5. All the matches shall be decided by the best of five sets, with the exceptionof the singles for ladies and of the mixed doubles, which shall be decided by thebest out of three sets.6. The draw shall be made in the following manner. The name of each competitorshall be written on a separate piece of paper. These pieces of paper shallbe put into a bowl or hat, and taken out at random one after the other, after whichthe names shall be written down on a list in the order in which they were drawn.Every competitor or his representative shall have the right to be present at thedraw, which will take place on the first convenient day after entries are closed.7. If a competitor is absent when it is his turn to play, or refuses to play, orhas previously informed the referee or a member of the Committee that he cannotcompete, his opponent shall have a walk over.8. The competitors who have been beaten in the semi-finals shall competeagainst each other for the third prize.9. Slazenger’s balls shall be used.LAWS OF THE GAME.The Single-Handed Game.For the single-handed game, the Court is 27 feet (8.23 m.) in width, and78 feet (23.78 m.) in length. It is divided across the middle by a net, the endsof which are attached to the tops of two posts which stand 3 ft. (0.91 m.) outsidethe Court on each side. The height of the net is 3 ft. 6 in. (1.06 m.) at theposts, and 3 feet (0.91 m.) at the centre. At each end of the Court, parallel withthe net and at a distance of 39 ft. ( 11.89 m.) from it, are drawn the Base-lines,the extremities of which are connected by the Side-lines. Halfway between theside lines, and parallel with them, is drawn the Half-Court-line dividing thespace on each side of the net into two equal parts, called the Right and LeftCourts. On each side of the net, at a distance of 21 ft. (6.4 m;) from it and1045

parallel with it, are drawn the Service-lines. The marking of the Half-court-linebetween the Service-lines and the Base-lines is omitted, with the exception of asmall portion at the centre of each Base-line.2. The balls shall not be less than 2 ‘/% inches (63.5 mm.) nor more than2 g/lg in. (65.1 mm.), in diameter; and not less than I 7/8 oz. (53 gr.) nor morethan 2 oz. (65.1 gr.) in weight.3. In all competitions where an umpire is appointed his decision shall be final,but if a referee is also officiating, the competitors can appeal to him from the decisionof an umpire on a question of law, and in all such cases the decision of theReferee shall be final.4. The choice of sides and the right to be Server or Striker-out during thefirst games shall be decided by toss, provided that, if the winner of the toss choosethe right to be server or striker-out, the other player shall have the choice of sides,and vice versa, and provided that the winner of the toss may, if he prefer it, requirethe other player to make the first choice.5. The players shall stand on opposite sides of the net; the player who firstdelivers the ball shall be called the Server, the other the Stiker-out.6. At the end of the first game the Striker-out shall become Server, and theServer shall become Striker-out, and so on, alternately, in the subsequent games ofthe set.7. The Server shall, before commencing to serve, stand with both feet at reston the ground behind (i. e. further from the net than) the base-line and within thelimits of the imaginary continuation of the half-court and the side-lines, and thereafterthe server shall not run, walk, hop or jump before the service has been delivered,but the server may raise one foot from (and, if desired, replace it on) theground, provided that both feet are kept behind the base-line until the service hasbeen delivered.8. The Service shall be delivered from the right and left courts alternately, beginningfrom the right in every game, even though odds be given or owed, andthe ball served shall drop within the service-line, half-court-line, and side-line, ofthe Court which is diagonally opposite to that from which it was served, or uponany such line.9. It is a fault if the Server commit any breach of Law 7, or if the servicebe delivered from the wrong Court, or if the ball served drop in the net or beyondthe service-line, or if it drop out of Court or in the wrong Court. If the Serverin attempting to serve, miss the ball altogether, it does not count a fault; but ifthe ball be touched, no matter how slightly, by the racket, a service is thereby delivered,and the laws governing the service at once apply.10. A fault may not be taken.11. After a fault, the Server shall serve again from the same Court from whichhe served that fault, unless it was a fault because served from the wrong Court.12. A fault may not be claimed after the next service has been delivered.13. The service may not be volleyed, i. e., taken before it touches the ground,even though the ball be clearly outside the Service Court.14. The Server shall not serve until the Striker-out is ready. If the latter attemptto return the service, but fail, he loses the stroke. If, however, the Strikeroutsignify that he is not ready after the service has been delivered, but before theball touch the ground, he may not claim a fault because the ball ultimately dropsoutside the Service Court.15. A ball is in play from the moment at which it is delivered in service(unless a fault) until it:a) has been volleyed by the Striker-out in his first stroke;b) has dropped in the net or out of Court;c) has touched either of the players or anything that he wears or carries excepthis racket in the act of striking;d) has been struck by either of the players with his racket more than once consecutively;e) has been volleyed before it has passed over the net;f) has failed to pass over the net before its first bound (except as provided in Law 17);g) has touched the ground twice consecutively on either side of the net, thoughthe second time may be out of Court.1046

16. It is a let if the ball served touch the net, provided the service be otherwisegood, or if a service or fault be delivered when the Striker-out is not ready.In case a player is obstructed by any accident not within his control, the ball shallbe considered a let; but where a permanent fixture of the Court is the cause ofthe accident, the point shall be counted. The benches and chairs placed aroundthe Court and their occupants, and the umpire and linesmen shall be consideredpermanent fixtures. If, however, a ball in play strike a permanent fixture of theCourt (other than the net or post) before it touches the ground, the point is lost;if after it has touched the ground, the point shall be counted. In case of a let,the service or stroke counts for nothing, and the server shall serve again. A letdoes not annul a previous fault.17. It is a good return:a) if a ball touch the net or post, provided that it pass over either and dropsinto the Court;b) if a ball, served or returned, drop into the proper Court and screw or beblown back over the net, and the player whose turn it is to strike reach overthe net and play the ball, provided that neither he nor any part of his clothes orracket touch the net, and that the stroke be otherwise good;c) if a ball be returned outside the post, either above or below the level ofthe top of the net, even though it touch the post, and provided that it drop intothe proper Court;d) if the player’s racket pass over the net after he has returned the ball, providedthe ball pass over the net before being played and be properly returned;e) if a player succeed in returning a ball, served or in play, which strikes aball lying in the Court.18. The Server wins a stroke:a) if the Striker-out volley the service, or fail to return the service or the ballin play (except in the case of a let);b) if he return the service or ball in play so that it drop outside any of thelines which bound his opponent’s Court;c) if he otherwise lose a stroke, as provided by Law 20.19. The Striker-out wins a stroke:a) if the Server serve two consecutive faults;b) if the Server fail to return the ball in play (except in the case of a let);c) if the Server return the ball in play so that it drops outside any of the lineswhich bound his opponent’s Court;d) if the Server otherwise lose a stroke, as provided by Law 20.20. Either player loses a stroke:a) if the ball in play touch him or anything that he wears or carries, excepthis racket in the act of striking, or if he volley the ball (unless he thereby makesa good return), no matter whether he is standing within the precints of the Courtor outside them;b) if he touch or strike the ball in-play with his racket more than once consecutively;c) if he or his racket, in his hand or otherwise, touch the net or any of itssupports while the ball is in play;d) if he volley the ball before it has passed the net.21. On either player winning his first stroke, the score is called 15 for thatplayer; on either player winning his second stroke, the score is called 30 for thatplayer; on either player winning his third stroke, the score is called 40 for thatplayer; and the fourth stroke won by either player is scored game for that player;except as below:If both players have won three strokes, the score is called deuce; and the nextstroke won by either player is scored advantage for that player. If the sameplayer win the next stroke, he wins the game; if he lose the next stroke, the scoreis again called deuce; and so on until either player win the two strokes immediatelyfollowing the score at deuce, when the game is scored for that player.22. The player who first wins six games wins a set; except as below:If both players wins five games, the score is called games-all; and the next gamewon by either player is scored advantage game for that player. If the same playerwin the next game, he wins the set; if he lose the next game, the score is again1047

called games-all; and so on until either player win the two games immediatelyfollowing the score of games-all, when he wins the set.Note. Players may agree not to play advantage-sets, but to decide the set byone game after arriving at the score of games-all.23. The players shall change sides at the end of the first, third and everysubsequent alternate game of each set, and at the end of each set unless the numberof games in such set be even.It shall, however, be open to the players, by mutual consent and notification tothe umpire before the opening of the second game of the match, to change sidesinstead at the end of every set, until the odd and concluding set, in which theyshall change sides at the end of the first, third, and every subsequent alternategame of such set.24. When a series of sets is played, the player who was Server in the lastgame of one set shall be Striker-out in the first game of the next.The Four=Handed Game.25. The above laws shall apply to the four-handed games, except as below.26. For the four-handed game the Court is 36 ft. (10.97 m.) in width. Withinthe sidelines, at a distance of 4 ‘/, ft. (1.37 m.) from them, and parallel withthem, are drawn the service-side-lines. In other respects the Court is similar tothat which is described in Law I.27. In the four-handed game, the pair who have the right to serve in the firstgame may decide which partner shall do so, and the opposing pair may decidesimilarly for the second game. The partner of the player who served in the firstgame shall serve in the third; and the partner of the player who served in thesecond game shall serve in the fourth, and so on in the same order in all the subsequentgames of a set.28. The players shall take the service alternately throughout each game; noplayer shall receive or return a service delivered to his partner; and the order ofservice and of striking out, once arranged, shall not be altered, nor shall the Strikeroutchange Courts to receive the service before the end of the set.29. The ball served must drop within the service line, half-court-line, and service-side-lineof the Court, which is diagonally opposite to that from which it wasserved, or upon any such line.30. It is a fault if the ball do not drop as provided in Law 29, or if it touchthe Server’s partner, or anything that he wears or carries. If, however, the ballin Service strike either the Striker-out or his partner, the server wins the stroke.31. If a player serve out of his turn, the Umpire, as soon as the mistake isdiscovered by himself or by one of the players, shall direct the player to serve whoought to have served; but all strokes scored, and any fault served before such discovery,shall be reckoned. If a game shall have been completed before such discovery,then the service in the next alternate game shall be delivered by the partnerof the player who served out of his turn; and so on in regular rotation.1048

MODERN PENTATHLON.The competitions will be arranged by the Olympic Sub-Committee for the ModernPentathlon, consisting of representatives from the Sub-Committees for the differentbranches of sport comprised in the Modem Pentathlon.SPECIAL RULES.I. Duel=Shooting. Distance 25 metres.1) Any revolver or pistol with open fore- and backsight.Hair-trigger is not permitted. Ammunition with metal cartridgecase.2) Number of shots: 20 shots in 4 series of 5 shots each;2 sighters.3) Target: Whole-figure (in zones), I.7 metres high (see fig.).4) Starting position: Arm stretched downwards, the muzzleturned towards the ground.5) Firing: A shot is to be fired on the command word:“Eld” (fire). The figure vanishes after three seconds.After a series of 5 shots, there will be an interval formarking. Between the shots in the series, there will be aninterval of IO seconds. A shot not fired will be counted asa miss.6) Counting: In the event of an equal number of hits, thepoints will be counted by the zones. The inner edge of theshot-hole will determine its value.(See, moreover, the special rules and regulations for shooting.)II. Swimming 300 metres, free style.The special rules and regulations for Swimming, apply,with, however, the exception that the competition will bedivided into different heats without a final race. The timetaken (not the order) will determine the result.III. Fencing. Weapon : Épée.The victory, in each case, will be assigned to the one who first makes threehits.See, also, the special rules and regulations for Fencing.IV. Riding.Riding singly over a special, marked course, not exceeding 5,000 metres.The course will be shown on Monday, 8 July, but it must not then be riddenover by the competitors, to whom will be then shown only its approximate featuresand not the actual obstacles. On this occasion each competitor will receive a mapof the course.At the same time, lots will be drawn, when such competitors for whom horseshave been provided by the Competitors have the right of trying their mounts. Afterthis, the horses will not be at the disposal of the competitors until the day of thecompetition (July 11).All obstacles (natural or artificial) will be indicated by flags, between which theriding shall take place.Competitors start singly, at intervals of at least 5 minutes.Maximum time allowed for riding the course: I5 minutes.1049

No help may be rendered by any other person during the course of the competition.Each rider will receive 100 points to begin with, from which will be deducted:for refusing and bolting, the first timerefusing or bolting again, each timehorse fallingrider falling off completely (whether at or betweenthe obstacles)each period of 5 seconds or fraction thereof, inexcess of the maximum timeThe deductions are for each occasion and each obstacle. (As obstacles arereckoned only such as are marked by two flags, between which the rider has to pass.)In the case of two or more competitors having the same number of final points,the time occupied shall decide the event.V. Cross=Country Race, c:a 4,000 metres.The Cross-Country Race will take place over diversified country, and on acourse unknown to the competitors, which will be marked out immediately beforethe start with white and red ribbons.Competitors start singly, at intervals of one minute.Both start and finish will be in the Stadium.See, also, the special rules and regulations for Athletics.Judging the Competition.The competition will be decided by a calculation of points based on the placenumbersin the 5 sub-events, in which the first man in each event receives I point,the second, 2, and so on. The victor will be the one with the lowest number ofpoints.In the event of two or more competitors obtaining the same number of points,and the same number of best relative places, the competition shall be decided bythe result of the last event.In order to obtain a prize, a competitor must take part in, and complete,every one of the 5 events.If any competitor leaves the competition, this will not alter the point-figures forthe remaining competitors.In the event of dead-heats in running, swimming and riding, there will be nosecond trial. If, thus, two competitors reach the best result in these events, eachof these will receive the point-mark I, the next man 3, and so on. On the otherhand, equal best points in fencing will be decided by another bout (I hit), and inshooting, the entire series must be re-fired, until the placing is decided.If, in shooting, no decisive result has been reached after the series mentioned,the placing of the competitors in the shooting event shall be decided by the bestrelative results.1050

ROWING.GENERAL REGULATIONS.1. The Regatta shall be held under the management of the Olympic Sub-Comitteefor Rowing appointed by the Svenska Röddförbundet (Swedish Rowing Association).2. Only amateurs according to the following definition are qualified to compete.An amateur is one who has never:a) received payment as a trainer;b) competed for a money prize;c) competed or given a display for payment;d) competed or given a display against a professional;e) drawn any pecuniary gain from athletic exercises by selling, exchanging, pawning,or hiring out any prize won in a competition.Note: An amateur shall be allowed, when taking part in races or displays,to receive his travelling and hotel expenses from the club to whichhe belongs or, with the consent of the said club, from the club arrangingthe competition or display, without forfeiting his amateur status. Paymentfor such a journey, however, may be made only by the club which he representsin the said competition. No competitor shall be allowed to makeany pecuniary gain or profit from such payment.A professional shall not be allowed to take part in any competitions ordisplays for amateurs, neither may he officiate therein as judges or in anyother capacity.A professional is one who as a seaman, fisherman or in any other capacityhas in any way, in the exercise of his calling, engaged in rowing withintwo years before the date of competition.3. The Regatta shall be held in Stockholm on July I8 and 19, 1912.4. Entries close May 18, 1912, and a statement as to the definite compositionof the crews must be in the hands of the Swedish Olympic Committee at the latest byJuly I, 1912. Each entry shall state weights and ages. Reserves of, at most,half the number of a crew can be entered. No person may be substituted foranother who has already rowed or steered in a heat.5. Maximum number of entries from each nation in each event: 2 boats.6. Length of course in all events: 2,000 metres.7. The following types of boats shall be used:a) Eights, outriggers (best boats), with coxswain.b) Fours, » » » » »c) inriggers, sliding seats,(see special definition).d) Single Sculls (best boats).SPECIAL RULES.8. Stations shall be drawn by lot. Each competing crew may have a representativeat the draw.9. If several crews enter for the same race, trial heats will be arranged. Insuch trials two boats will start simultaneously. The races will be decided by heatsuntil only two crews remain for the final.10. All boats shall start with the bow level with the starting post, and will beconsidered to have finished the race as soon as the bow passes the winning-post.1051

11. A boat not at the start at the specified time shall be considered to havescratched, and is disqualified.The starter has, the power however, to make an exception in the case of areasonable explanation being given.12. The start shall be made by the report of a pistol as soon as the starter issatisfied that the competitors are ready.Should a competing boat be interfered with by any outside boat or person, theumpire shall have power, if he thinks fit, to order a new start.13. If the starter considers the start false, he shall at once recall the boats byreport of a pistol. A boat which refuses to obey such command, or a boat whichstarts too soon, shall be liable to disqualification.14. The minimum weight of a coxswain shall be 50 kilogrammes. Deficienciesmust be made up by dead weight.15. At the request of any person concerned, the coxswain shall be weighedbefore the start.16. Each competitor shall keep his course throughout the whole competition.A boat’s course is that which, at the start and finish, as well as during the race,is parallel with the centre of the course. Deviations from the course shall rendera boat liable to disqualification. A course of at least 12 metres in width will beallowed for each boat.17. If, in the event of a dead heat, either of the crews refuse to start again,such crew shall be considered as having retired. If a competitor causes a foulby leaving his course, the umpire shall immediately disqualify him, without waitingfor an appeal to be made. Should a competitor be compelled by unforeseen obstaclesto leave his course, the umpire may order a new start, whether a foulhas taken place or not. The competitor causing such an interruption shall not bedisqualified.18. A foul must be reported to the umpire by the stroke of the crew immediatelyafter it has happened, and shall be considered to have taken place when,after the start for a race, a competitor has, with his oar, boat or body, collidedwith the oar, boat or body of another competitor, and shall be given if the umpireconsiders the foul to have influenced the result of the race.19. The umpire alone shall be the sole judge of the proper course of a boat.20. During a race, the umpire may caution any competitor who is in dangerof causing a foul.21. The jurisdiction of the umpire extends over the whole course, and his decisionin each case shall be final. All officials shall be subordinate to theumpire.22. Swedes only will officiate in the competitions.23. All crews entered will be furnished with particulars as to the names andweights of their opponents.24. No consideration whatever will be paid to any accident to material orcrew during the race.Definition of a Four=oared Inrigger.An inrigger gig shall be clinker-built and shall comply with the followingmeasurements and weights: —Length maximum metresWidth at the widest placeminimumDepthWidth at water-lineWeightkilosNumber of boards on either sideThe width of the boards must not vary more than 2 centimetres in any partof the cross-sections of the boat.For the purpose of measuring the width at the water line, an apparatus of thefollowing construction will be used:A bar, about I metre in length, placed on edge and supplied with twovertical, movable arms, 12 1/g centimetres high, one at each end. In the middleof the bar a notch is made, large enough to fit over the keel of the boat.1052

Drawing of a Four-oared Inrigger.

When a boat is to be measured, it shall be laid bottom upwards, with theapparatus placed over the middle rib. The vertical arm is then pushed so faralong the bar as to touch the sides of the boat, at the water-line. The distanceis measured on the bar between the vertical arms, and if, for example, this distancefor a four-oared boat is at least 0.78 metre, the boat holds the measurement; ifthe distance is less, it is not up to the standard.Apparatus for measuring a Four-oared Inrigger.The length shall be measured in a straight line between the extreme ends ofof the stem and the stern.The depth shall be measured inwards, from the deepest point of the keel to thedeepest part of the boat, and perpendicularly up to a line through the upper edgesof the uppermost boards.The width shall be measured between the outer edges of the uppermost boardson the widest part of the boat.The width at the water-line shall be measured outwards on the middle rib andat a height of 12 11/a /2 centimetres above the lowest board.The boat shall have an outward keel which, in every cross-section, shall reach atleast 1 centimetre below the lowest edge of the lowest board.The weight of the boat is reckoned exclusive of the oars, but inclusive of allother equipment of the boat.The position of the rowlocks or the axle of the movable rowlock may not bemore than 3 centimetres outside the outer edge of the upper board, and the measurementshall be made straight out from the place where the rowlock is fixed.1054

SHOOTING.GENERAL REGULATIONS.1. The competitions will be held under the management of the Olympic Sub-Committee for Shooting.The Committee itself will appoint judges and officials etc., and its decisionin all matters concerning the competition shall be final.2. The competitions are exclusively confined to amateurs according to the followingdefinition.An amateur is one who has never: —a) shot in public, or been specially occupied with instruction in shooting withthe intention of thereby earning his living;b) taken part in an open competition for professional shooters;c) sold, pawned, hired but, or exhibited for payment any prize won in a competition;d) been engaged at a gunsmith’s and there been specially occupied with sightingand adjusting weapons.3. Shooters can be disqualified on the ground of insufficient knowledge of, or oftransgression against, the conditions of the programme, or on account of late arrival.4. In Team Shooting, after the shooting has begun, reserves shall not be permittedto replace those competing.SPECIAL RULES.I. Shooting with Army Rifle.The national military arm of any country according to adopted model withoutany alteration or addition. Before the competition, the captain of the shootingcontingent of each country shall certify that this condition is observed.Rifles of private manufacture may be used, but they must be of officially prescribedmilitary pattern; in the case of the rifles of countries having an officialview mark, the rifle used must bear such mark.The fore- and back-sights must be regulation, and not telescopic or magnifying.No other colour than black may be employed for sighting.Ordinary spectacles may be worn, if desired.Ammunition of any kind may be used, but it must not be of a dangerously explosivecharacter. In all cases of accident arising from defective ammunition, theuser only shall be held responsible.The pull of the trigger must under no circumstances be under 4 pounds (1.8kg.); the triggers will be tested immediately before firing at each distance.Rifle-slings may be used as a support for one arm, but in such a case theyshall be of regulation military pattern.The centre of the shot-hole will determine the value of the shot.A ricochet will be counted as a miss.a) Team Shooting. (The International.)1. Open to one team from each nation. Each team to consist of six men, withmaximum 3 reserves.2. The distances are 200, 400, 500, and 600 metres.3. All targets ares coloured white with black bull’s-eyes (see fig. I and 2).4. Any position may be taken, but without artifical rest.1055

5. Each competitor shall shoot two sighters and 15 shots at each distance.6. Two targets shall be allotted to each team.The order of shooting in each team shall be decided by its captain.The order of team shooting shall be decided by ballot.7. No protection against light or wind may be employed.8. The marking shall be challenged before another shot has been fired atthe same target.Figure I. Target for 200 metres.9. The competition shall occupy one day only.The time is limited to one hour and thirty minutes at each distance.The time limit is exclusive of successful challenges.No allowance will be made for a defective cartridge, except in the case of amiss-fire.10. The leader of the competition shall have the power to suspend the shootingon any day should the atmospheric conditions render that step necessary, and tofix another day for the resumption of the competition.11. No two competitors detailed to fire at the same time may shoot with thesame rifle; nor may a competitor change his rifle or any part thereof during hisfiring at any single distance of the competition, unless his first rifle shall becomeunserviceable through an accident which must be verified by an umpire.1056

12. No rifle may be cleaned or wiped out between the shots fired with it atany single distance of the competition.13. In case of a dispute, the umpire’s decision shall in every case be final.14. The highest aggregate of the scores at all the distances shall determine thewinning team.In the event of a tie in the final totals, each member shall fire one sighter andseven shots at 600 metres. If there is still a tie, each member of the team shallfire one shot more, and so on, till a distinction can be made.Figure 2.Target for 400, 500, and 600 metres.b) Individual Competition. Distance 600 metres.1. The competition is limited to 12 individual entries from each nation.2. The targets to be the same as in competition a (see figure 2).3. Any position without artificial aid will be permitted.4. Each competitor shall fire 20 shots. 5 sighters are permitted.5 Any ties must be shot off on the spot.c) Individual Competition. Distance 300 metres.1. The competition is limited to 12 individual entries from each nation.2. Target: stationary and half figure (see figs. 3 and 4). A hit in the figurewill be counted as five points.3. Time, positions, and number of shots. Each competitor shall shoot 2 seriesof 10 shots in every series.One series shall first be shot at the stationary target, and then, as soon as themarking is finished, one series at the half-figure.67 Fifth Olympiad. 1057

The series at the target shall consist of 4 shots lying down, 4 shots kneeling,and 2 shots standing, during a total period of max. 3 minutes, inclusive of thetime taken for loading and position.The half-figure series shall consist of 5 shots in a lying, and 5 shots in a kneelingposition; the time allowed shall be not more than 3 minutes, inclusive of loadingand taking position.The start of each series will be made from a standing position, with the buttof the rifle resting on the ground and open at the breech.The time shall be counted from the word of command “Eld” (‘Fire’), and ceaseat a signal from a whistle.Figure 3.Stationary (“Precision”) Target.If any shots are fired after the signal has been given by the whistle, the besthit or hits will be deducted to a corresponding number.The points for both series shall be reckoned together.In the event of a tie, the result will be decided by the greatest number of pointsin the half-figure section. Should the result still be a tie, one shot more shall befired, and so on, till a result is arrived at.II. Shooting with any Rifle.Rifles and ammunition of any kind may be used.Fore- and back-sight shall be open.The Target is coloured white, one metre in diameter, with a black round bull’seye,60 centimetres in diameter. The whole target to be divided into 10 zonescounting from 1 to 10 points (see fig. 5).Position.Standing. On both feet, without any other support.1058

Kneeling. A cushion is allowed underneath the leg, but the knee and footmust touch the ground.Lying. The competitor can place himself either in the direct line of fire oracross it, on the ground or on a mat or waterproof sheet, but the body must besupported on the elbows, and the fore-arms must not rest on the ground ormattress.The centre of the shot-hole will determine the value of the shot.Ricochets will be counted as misses.Figure 4.Half-figure. Width = 50 cm.; height = 90 cm.d) Team Competition. Distance 300 metres.1. The competition will be open to one team from each nation. Each team toconsist of 6 men, with maximum 3 reserves.2. The number of targets allotted to each team shall be at least three; theorder of shooting shall be decided by lot on the morning of the competition-day,before the shooting begins.3. Each competitor shall fire 120 shots, (40 standing, 40 kneeling and 40 lyingdown.)4. 10 sighters are allowed for each of the three positions.5. The winning team will be that which has the highest aggregate number ofpoints.Ties will be decided: —(1) By the greatest number of hits on the targets.(2) By the greatest number of centres.(3) 10’s, 9’s, 8’s, etc.1059

e) Individual Competition. Distance 300 metres.1. The competition is limited to 12 individual entries from each nation;2. Each competitor shall fire 120 shots, (40 standing, 40 kneeling, and 40 lyingdown.)3. 10 sighters are allowed for each of the three positions.4. The winner will be the one who has the highest aggregate number of points.Ties will be decided:(1)(2)(3)By the greatest number of hits on the target.centres.Figure 5.Target for 300 metres (Comps. d. and e.).III. Miniature Rifle Shooting.Rifle. Any breech-loading rifle with calibre not exceeding 6 mm., using miniatureammunition intended for competition. Any back- and fore-sight, except magnifyingor telescopic.Ammunition. The weight of the bullet must not exceed 10 grammes, and theobserved initial velocity must not exceed 450 metres.Position. Any, without artificial rest.f) Team Competition. Distance 50 metres.Open to one team from each nation. Each team to consist of 4 men, with amaximum of 2 reserves.1. Target, white with black centre (see fig. 6).2. Number of shots. 40 shots in 4 series, with 10 shots in each series. 4sighters.3. The centre of the shot-hole will determine the value of the shot.1060

g) Individual Competition. Distance 50 metres.The competition is limited to 12 individual entries from each nation. The samerules as for f.h) Team Competition. Distance 25 metres.Open to one team from each nation. Each team to consist of 4 men, with amaximum of 2 reserves.1. Target (disappearing): reduced whole-figure, in zones (see fig. 7).The figure, 12 cm. high, will appear 25 times, each time for 3 seconds, withintervals of 5 seconds between each appearance. After each series of 5 shots, apause will be made for the change of figures.Figure 6.Target for 50 metres (Comps f. and g.).2. Number of shots. 25 shots in 5 series, with 5 shots in each series. 2sighters.3. Scoring. In the event of a tie, the zones will be used to decide.4. The edge of the shot-hole will determine the value of the shot.i) Individual Competitions. Distance 25 metres.The competition is limited to 12 individual entries from each nation. The samerules as for h.IV. Revolver and Pistol Shooting.Any revolver or pistol with open fore- and back-sights. Ammunition with metalcartridge case. Hair-triggers will not be permitted.1061

j) Team Competition. Distance 50 metres.Open to one team from each nation. Each team to consist of 4 men, with amaximum of 2 reserves.1. Number of shots: 60 shots in 10 series, with 6 shots in each series. 2sighters.2. Time: 4 minutes for a series of 6 shots.3. Target: white, 50 cm. in diameter. The target is divided into 10 zones,2 1/2 cm. between each zone. Centre, black, 20 cm. in diameter (see fig. 8).Position: standing, right or left hand, with arm extended. The centre of theshot-hole will determine the value of the shot.k) Individual Competition. Distance 50 metres.The competition is limited to 12 individual entriesfrom each nation.The same rules as for j.l) Team Competition in Duel Shooting.Distance 30 metres.Open to one team from each nation. Each team toconsist of 4 men, with a maximum of 2 reserves.1. Number of shots: 30 shots in 6 series, with 5shots in each series. 2 sighters.2. Target: whole-figure (in zones), 1.7 metres high(see fig. 7).3. Starting position: arm stretched downwards, themuzzle turned towards the ground.4. Firing. A shot shall be fired on the word ofcommand “Eld” (Fire).The figure will disappear after three seconds.After each series of 5 shots there will be an intervalfor marking. Between the shots in the series there willbe 10 seconds interval.A shot not fired will be counted as a miss.5. Counting. In the event of a tie, the zones are used.The edge of the shot-hole will determine the valueof the shot.m) Individual Competition in Duel Shooting.Distance 30 metres.Figure. 7. Whole-figure The competition is limited to 12 individual entriesfor competitions h. i. l. from each nation.and m. The same rules as for I.V. Clay Bird Shooting.1. Three traps throwing in different directions will be set up, concealed by ascreen, before each mark.2. 5 marks will be arranged at a distance of 5 metres between each, and numbered1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Numbering begins from the left.The marks will be placed at a line 15 metres distant from the traps.3. Guns of greater calibre than 12 may not be used.4. Cartridge cylinders, powder and shot of any sort may be used, but a chargeof shot may not exceed 35.5 grammes, and the shot may not be coarser than No. 6English sort (2.5 mm.)The leader of the competitions reserves the right of instructing the control officialto take out two cartridges from the stock of cartridges of each competitor, toexamine them with regard to their proper loading.5. The gun shall be open at the breech till the control official has assured himselfthat the competitors have taken up their places, and until he has given the order“Linjen klar” (‘line ready’).1062

6. Two shots may be fired at each clay pigeon.7. The competitor must not shoulder his gun and take sight, or rest the buttagainst his shoulder, before the clay pigeon thrown up has appeared in sight. Thebutt of the gun is to be held between the hips and the arm-pits, but may on noaccount rest against the shoulder.8. The leader of the competitions must see that the traps are in due orderand adjusted, and that all precautions are taken to avoid accidents during theshooting. The leader shall decide all differences of opinion that may arise, andshall judge the results. His decision is final.9. As “no bird” are counted the following:If the marksman discharges both shots practically at once and hits his clay pigeon,it is counted as “no bird”, but if he misses, a miss is noted.The marksman has the right to refuse a clay pigeon if it leaves the machinein a broken condition, but he is bound by the result, if he fires at a part of theclay pigeon.Figure 8.Target for 50 metres (Comps. j. and k.).If one or more clay pigeons are, by accident, thrown up at the same time as thepigeon which is to be shot at, the competitor has the right to consider this as “nobird”.If the gun, duly loaded and cocked, misses fire for some reason beyond thecontrol of the marksman, the pigeon shall be counted as “no bird”. If the gunmisses fire with the first barrel and the marksman fires the second shot and hits,it shall be judged as a “hit”, but if he fires the second shot and misses, it shallhe counted as a “miss.” If the second shot is not fired, the pigeon shall becounted as “no bird”. If the second shot misses, a fresh bird is thrown up forthe marksman, but in such case the first barrel shall be charged with only apowder-filled cylinder, which shall be fired after the trap has been set in motion.The result of the second shot will be counted. If the marksman uses a gun whichnecessitates a fully-loaded cartridge to be discharged in order that the mechanismmay work at the second shot, or if the first cartridge or a part thereof sticks orprevents firing, the marksman can claim two more cartridges, the first of which,after the trap has been set in motion, shall be discharged into the air, and thesecond at the clay pigeon. The result of the second shot will be counted. Shouldthe first shot hit the pigeon, a miss shall be counted.The defective cartridge shall be submitted to the leader, who will examine whereinthe fault lies, and decide if, in conformity with the above rules, another shotmay be fired.10. In order to be entered as a hit, the pigeon must break before touching theground. The leader’s decision as to whether a pigeon is hit or not is final. A1063

marksman not bowing to his decision will be disqualified. The pigeons mustnot, under any circumstances, be picked up for the purpose of examination.11. Continuous firing.6 marksmen are ranged for the 5 marks. 5 guns occupy the marks, and No. 6takes his place behind No. 1 and there awaits his turn. Gun No. 1 shoots firstfrom mark No. 1, gun No. 2 from mark 2, and so on. At, or during, the closingof the series, number 1 shall stand at mark number 2, and number 6 at markNo. 1, No. 2 at mark No. 3, and so on; so that No. 5 is the shot who waits atthe back of mark No. 1. Competitors must not leave their marks before the seriesis concluded.When the marksmen have taken their marks, the person who is regulating thethrowing from the different machines calls out, “N:o 1 klar” (‘ready’), whereuponthe competitor who is standing at mark No. 1 answers “Gå” (‘go’). The remainingcompetitors answer “Gå” when the number of their mark and “Klar” are called out.12. Firing out of turn.If a marksman fires out of his turn, a miss will be reckoned to him. The marksmanwhose turn it was to shoot, has a fresh bird thrown up.13. Unknown angles.The marksman shall be unaware which of the traps, behind each screen, willbe discharged.14. Single shots from unknown traps.All the machines will be filled before the shooting commences, and the competitorswill be kept in ignorance of the group of traps and the trap from which the pigeonswill be thrown.15. One marksman on the line.The marksman is to stand at mark No. 3 and shoot at the fixed number ofpigeons before leaving his mark.16. Two marksman on the line.One stands at mark No. 2 and shoots at the required number of pigeons thrownup from sets of traps Nos. 1, 2 and 3; the second stands at mark No. 4 andshoots at the required number thrown up from the groups of traps Nos. 3, 4 and 5.n) Team Competition.1. The competition is open to one team from each nation. Each team to consistof 6 men, with a maximum of 3 reserves, of whom the team-captain may formone. 2. The order of shooting between the teams will be decided by lot.3. The shooting will be divided into three rounds. Each round will be concluded,if possible, in one day.First stage.20 clay pigeons per man, thrown up at unknown angles from known traps, willbe shot at under continuous firing in 2 series of 10 birds each. Two or three teamsshoot together. Each marksman, from the different teams alternately, shall in histurn shoot off a series of 10 shots. The first stage will thus constitute a successionof competitions. A tie shall be decided by each marksman shooting at 10 pigeonson the continuous firing system.Second stage.A maximum of 50% of the teams competing in the first stage who have obtaineda lower number of points shall retire. The order of shooting among thedifferent teams will be the same as in round 1.30 clay pigeons per man, thrown up at unknown angles from known traps,will be shot at without an interval in two series of 15 birds each. A tie will be decidedby each competitor re-shooting at 10 pigeons on the continuous firing system.Third stage.A maximum of 50% of the teams competing in the second stage, who have obtaineda total lower number of points in the first and second rounds, shall retire.The order of shooting will be the same as in stage No. 1.40 pigeons per man are shot at, on the continuous firing system, in 2 series of20 birds each, and thrown up from known sets of traps at unknown angles on thegroup system. In addition, from firing- point No. 3, single shots at 10 pigeons1064

per man, thrown at unknown angles from unknown traps. Ties shall be shot offwith 10 birds by each marksman on the single shot system, i. e. from mark 3.The winner will be the team which has obtained the highest total number ofhits in all three stages.o) Individual Competition.1. The competition is limited to 12 individual entries from each nation.2. The order of shooting will be decided by lot.3. The shooting will be divided into three stages. Each stage will be concludedin one day if possible.First stage.20 clay pigeons per man, thrown up at unknown angles from known traps, willbe shot at on the continuous fire system in 2 series of 10 birds each. In the eventof a tie, 10 pigeons are to be shot at by each competitor on the continuous firesystem.Second stage.A maximum of 50% of the competitors competing in the first round who haveobtained a lower number of points will retire. The order of shooting among themarksmen will be the same as in stage No. 1.30 clay pigeons per man, thrown up at unknown angles from known sets oftraps, in two series of 15 birds each, will be shot at on the continuous firingsystem. In the event of a tie, there will be re-shooting at 10 pigeons per manwith continuous firing.Third stage.50%, at most, of the competitors in the second round who in the first and secondstage obtained a total lower number shall retire. The order of shooting amongthe marksmen is the same as in stage 1. 40 clay pigeons per man will be shotat, with continuous firing, in 2 series of 20 pigeons each, thrown up at unknownangles from known sets of traps, and also at 10 pigeons per man in two seriesof 5 pigeons each, with continuous firing, thrown up at unknown angles fromunknown sets of traps. The marksman will stand at mark No. 2, for 5 pigeonsthrown up from set of traps Nos. 1, 2 or 3, and at mark No. 4, for 5 pigeonsthrown from traps Nos. 3, 4 or 5. A tie will be decided by shooting off, on thecontinuous firing system, at 10 pigeons per man, thrown up at unknown anglesfrom known sets of traps.4. The marksman who has obtained the highest total number of hits in allthree stages will be declared the winner.VI. Running Deer Shooting.The target shall consist of the figure of a deer, life size (see fig. 9).General Regulations:1. Rifles of any construction and calibre may be used. The pull of the trigger,which must be tested before the beginning of the competition, shall be four pounds1.8 kg.). Only open fore- and backsights, without any lateral adjustment, will bepermitted. The centres of both sights must be fixed over the centre of the barrel.Only one platinum or other line will be permitted on the back-sight.Spirit levels are allowed.Arms may not be exchanged during the competition without a valid reason approvedof by the umpire.2. Any sort of bullets may be used except cartridges loaded with explosivebullets.3. Any position may be taken.4. The distance from the mark to the target is 100 metres. The open partof the run is 23 metres in width, and the target will appear for about 4 seconds.5. The breech of the rifle shall be kept open till the umpire has given theorder “Linjen klar” (“Line clear”).6. The points shall be reckoned 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 and o. Five and four points areallowed for hits within the centre of a circle measuring, respectively, 15 cm. for 51065

(bull’s eye), and 30 cm. for 4; three points for a hit between the outer circle andthe nearest perpendicular lines; two points for a hit on a space, 10 cm. wide,behind the centre surface, or for a hit between the centre circle’s outwardboundary line and the head; one point for a hit between the two-point limit anda line drawn perpendicularly, which hits the groin mark; and no point for a hit onthe head, hind-quarters and legs. The divisions on the deer are not visible fromthe firing point.7. The hits shall be marked on the deer set up over both the masked buttsby means of a round disc, 20 cm. in diameter, which is placed over the middleof the bullet hole.The colour of the disc shows the points:redpointsred and whiteblueblue and whitewhiteblackFigure 9.Running Deer.A miss is shown by a black swinging disc.8. The leader has the right, to see, himself or by means of a controller, that therules in § 1. are observed.9. The leader of the competition shall see that all precautionary measures areobserved for the avoidance of accidents during the shooting.The leader shall decide any differences of opinion which may arise; he judges theresult, and his decision is final.10. The rifle must not be raised to the shoulder before the target appears.The shot must not be discharged if part of the target is hidden by either of theposts.11. “Linjen klar” (“Line clear”).When the leader has assured himself that the marksman is ready to fire, heshall give the order to the butts to set the target in motion. The first run forevery series will be from the right butt, either if it is a sighter or a shot fired incompetition.The marksman shall at once get ready for the next run, which begins as soonas the shots have been marked and the target has been patched and turned.1066

12. If the rifle, after being duly loaded and cocked, misses fire, from a causebeyond the control of the marksman, the target for the re-shoot shall be set inmotion from the same butt.The defective cartridge shall be handed over to the leader, who will decidewherein the fault lies, and decide if a re-shoot shall take place.13. If in a double-shot competition a rifle, properly loaded and cocked, missesfire at the first shot from causes beyond the control of the marksman, the secondshot shall not be fired, but the target shall be run again from the same butt. Ifthe second shot is fired, two misses shall be counted. If the second shot missesfire, the first shot shall be counted as no shot, and the target again run from thesame butt.p) Team Competition.1. The competition is open to one team from each nation. Each team to consistof 4 men, with a maximum of 2 reserves, of whom the team-leader may be one.2. The order of shooting will be determined by lot.3. Two sighters will be allowed.4. Each man will have 10 shots in succession. One shot is fired in each run.5. Ties are shot off by 5 shots in succession per man. One shot will be firedin each run.6. The team that has obtained the highest number of points will be declaredthe winner.q) Individual Competition. Single shot.1. The competition is limited to 12 individual entries from each nation.2. The order of shooting will be decided by lot.3. Two sighters shall be permitted.4. The shooting will consist of 10 shots in succession per man; one shot willbe fired in each run.5. Ties are decided by shooting off with 5 shots in succession per man.One shot shall be fired in every run.6. The marksman with the highest number of points will be declared thewinner.r) Individual Competition. Double shot.I. The competition is limited to 12 individual entries from each nation.2. The order of shooting will be decided by lot.3. Two sighters are permitted.4. The shooting will consist of 20 shots in succession, per man; two shotswill be fired in each run.5. Ties are decided by shooting off with 6 shots in succession per man. TWOshots are fired in every run.6. The marksman with the highest number of points will be declared the winner.1067

SWIMMING.GENERAL REGULATIONS.1. The competitions will be arranged by the Olympic Sub-Committee for Swimmingappointed by the Svenska Simförbundet (Swedish Amateur Swimming Association),and will conform to the rules and regulations of the International SwimmingAssociation (Fédération Internationale de Natation Amateur).2. The competition shall be confined to amateurs in accordance with the followingdefinition:An amateur is one who has nevera) competed for a money price, declared wager, or staked bet, in swimming orany other athletic Sport;b) taught, pursued or assisted in the practice of swimming, or any other athleticexercise, as a means of pecuniary gain;c) knowingly and without protest taken part in any competition or exhibitionwith anyone who was not an Amateur (except whilst in the Military orNaval Services, and then only in Military or Naval Competitions).A professional in any sport shall be considered a professional in swimming.The exceptions laid down by the Federation Internationale de Natation Amateurshall apply.3. The competitions will take place in the open, and in absolutely still andfresh water, and in an enclosed course 100 metres long, 20 metres wide and atleast metres deep.4. The Swimming Committee will make all arrangements with regard to thecompetitions, and will appoint judges as well as all other officials. The refereeshall decide all questions referred to him by the judges.5. The competitors shall wear the regulation swimming costume. The startershall see that the competitors conform to these rules, and no one shall be permittedto start if his costume is not in accordance with the regulation. The costumesmust be in accordance with the following regulations:a) The colour of the costume shall be black or dark blue.b) Cloth drawers, at least 6 centimetres high at the sides, must be worn underthe costume.c) The sleeves must not be cut lower than centimetres from the armpit.d) The costume must not be cut lower in the neck than 5 centimetres crosswisefrom the shoulders.e) Ladies’ costumes shall be cut straight round the neck, and shall be providedwith shaped arms of at least centimetres length.f) As identification marks, competitors shall wear caps of different colours,which will be supplied by the Swimming Committee. In Water Polo, the capsfor one team shall be white, for the other dark blue, with red bands for the goalkeepers.6. The relative order of starting of the competitors, as well as of the heats,shall be decided by ballot.In all races, the positions of the competitors, counting from right to left, shallbe decided in the same way immediately before the start.Swimming Races.I. GENERAL REGULATIONS.a) All races shall be started by the report of a pistol.The start for all races (with the exception of back stroke) shall be froma board placed 30 centimetres above the surface of the water. All questions1068

egarding the start shall be decided by the starter. A competitor startingtoo soon will be disqualified, unless he returns to his position and startsafresh.b) Every race will be divided into heats and a final, with a sufficient numberof intermediate heats in proportion to the number of competitors. If in anyheat not more than 3 competitors line up, the starter shall let them join thenext following incomplete heat.c) The first and second in each heat, and also the fastest third, shall be qualifiedto swim in the next round or final.d) In all contests, dead-heaters in preliminary heats shall be qualified to competein the next round or final. If a dead heat ensue in a final, the competitorswho tie shall again compete at such time as the judges may direct.e) A competitor who wilfully obstructs another competitor shall be disqualifiedfrom that competition, and forfeits his right to any prize which he mightotherwise be entitled to.Should such a foul endanger the chance of success of a competitor, thejudge shall have power to allow him to compete in the next round, or, shouldthe foul occur in a final, they may order it to be re-swum.f) When turning, swimmers must touch the end of the bath or course with oneor both hands. For Breast-Stroke, there are special rules in this respect.g) Standing on the bottom during a race shall not disqualify a competitor, buthe must not walk.h) A competitor “swimming over” must cover the whole distance to qualify asthe winner.II. SPECIAL RULES.Breast Stroke.a) Both hands must be pushed forward together and brought backwards simultaneously.b) The body must be kept perfectly on the breast, and both shoulders inline with the surface of the water.c) When touching at the turn, or on finishing a race, the touch shall be madewith both hands simultaneously.d) Any competitor introducing a side-stroke movement shall be disqualified.Back Stroke.a) Competitors shall line up in the water, facing the starting end, with both handson the end or rail of the bath. A push-off at the start is permitted.b) At the signal for starting the competitors shall push off and swim upontheir backs throughout the race.Team Races.The team races shall be conducted as follows: The first member of each teamshall start together at the starting signal, and shall then be succeeded by the othercompetitors as soon as they have finished, and so on.The team whose fourth member finishes first shall be declared the winner.If any one of the competitors starts before the preceding swimmer has finished,his team shall be disqualified unless he returns and starts again according to theregulations.A start controller will be appointed for each team.Diving Competitions.I. GENERAL REGULATIONS.a) The depth of the water under the platforms shall be at least 5 metres.b) Entries must be accompanied by a statement as to which voluntary dives thecompetitor wishes to make.1069

c) All variety dives must be made by the competitor alone, without assistancefrom any other person, and in conformity with the following conditions.d) For each competition 5 judges will be appointed, who will estimate the valueof the dive in conformity with the regulations, and each shall judge for himself,without having the right to consult with another.e) For each dive each judge shall award points according to the following scale:a) Unsuccessful attempt points.b) Bad divec) Good dived) Very good divee) ExcellentIntermediate points and half-points may be awarded, but the highest possible numberof points shall be 10.f) The judges shall take into consideration: firstly — the execution of the dive(correct bearing, confidence and form); secondly — the force and speed of thedive; thirdly — the entry into the water, and, fourthly — the execution of the runor take-off. The bearing is excellent when it is easy, supple and graceful, withthe head erect, well closed and straight legs, outstretched instep, easy movementof the arms, and the fingers together.In a plain dive, the bearing in the air shall be easy, supple and elegant, eitherwith the head, body and limbs in an even and unbroken line, or with the armsstretched out during the dive at right angles to the body, head erect and chestforward.In the standing dive, the take-off must be bold, confident and elegant, with thebody thrown upwards and outwards.In judging an armstand dive, the judge shall note carefully that the competitorkeeps his balance before the dive is made.The drop into the water is excellent when a good bearing is observed and thebody cuts the water smoothly with the arms extended over the head and held closetogether, fingers together, and legs and feet straight together and in line withthe body. The incline of the body towards the water must not exceed the verticalposition.The take-off shall be easy, supple and bold.g) To determine the number of points for the voluntary dive, the points allowedfor each dive by each judge shall be multiplied, each dive separately, by the degreeof difficulty stated in tables A. and B.For plain and compulsory dives, there is no special degree of difficulty.h) After the points allowed for each voluntary dive by each judge have beenmultiplied (see above), the sums thereby obtained from each judge shall be addedto the points for the compulsory dives, and the total number of points thus obtainedshall decide the competitors’ place-numbers with each judge. The total place-numbers awarded by the judges shall decide in the first place.In the event of a tie, the total number of points awarded shall decide. If, ina judge’s protocol, two or more competitors obtain the same number of points, theyshall receive the same place-numbers, but those following shall be placed in theorder which they otherwise would have taken.The final number of points for each competitor shall be determined by thetotal number of points awarded by each judge, after which the total sum will bedivided by the number of judges.II. SPECIAL RULES.High Diving.a) The competition in plain diving, and plain and variety diving combined,from a fixed take-off, will take place from a platform at least 5 metres in lengthand not less than 2 metres in width.The running-board, which is fixed, will be covered with cocoa-nut matting andsurrounded on 3 sides by a rail.Each running-board will project at least 1 metre over the running-board or stagebeneath.1070

The heights shall be two: 5—6 and 10—11 metres, measured from the surfaceof the water.b) The competition in plain diving (for men as well as for ladies) shall comprise5 dives, namely:1) standing dive2) runningfrom a height of 5—6 metres;2) standing4) running from a height of IO—II metres.5) runningc) The competition in plain and variety diving combined shall comprise, partly,the following compulsory dives:1) running plain dive2) backward somersaultfrom a height of 5—6 metres;3) standing plain dive4) runningfrom a height of 10—11 metres;partly 3 voluntary variety dives from a height of 10-11 metres. No dive, however,may be made more than once.The dives must be selected from table A.Table A.Degrees of difficulty for voluntary variety dives from a fixedtake-off at a height of 10—11 metres.Name of Dive.Degree ofdifficulty.I. Dives with face towards the platform.Backward headerBackward somersaultBackward spring outwards, turn inwards with headerDo. with somersaultDo. with one and a half somersaultII. Armstand Dives.Armstand with headerArmstand with overbackArmstand with somersaultIII. Running Dives.One somersault forwardsFlying somersault forwards (first well pointed header, thensomersault)One and a half somersault forwardsIsander’s dive (spring outwards, turning inwards and header)Mollberg’s dive (spring outwards, turning inwards andsomersault)Spring=board Diving.a) The competition in plain and variety dives from a spring-board will takeplace from a board at least 4 metres in length and 1/2 metre in width.The running board, the spring of which shall be good and even, is coveredwith a cocoa-nut matting. It shall have an incline not exceeding 5°.The heights are two: 1 and 3 metres above the surface of the water, measuredfrom the outer edge of the spring-board.1071

) The competition shall comprise, partly the following compulsory dives;1) running plain dive from a height2) running forward somersault of 1 metres;3) standing plain dive from a height4) running plain dive of 3 metres;and partly, 3 voluntary variety dives from a height of 3 metres. No dive, however,may be made more than once.The dives must be selected from table B.Table B.Degrees of difficulty for voluntary variety dives from a spring-boardof 3 metres height.Name of Dive.Run-ning.Standing.Degree ofdifficulty.Dives with face towards the water.Falling dive forwards (arms stretched by the sides)Ordinary header forwards (arms by the sides)Screw dive forwards with half turnonePike dive forwards(arms by the sides)Forward somersault (arms stretched by the sides)Flying somersault forwards (first well pointed header,then somersault)One and a half somersault(arms stretched by the sidesIsander’s diveMollberg’s dive (arms by the sides)Dives with face towards the spring-board.Falling dive backwards (arms stretched by the sides)Ordinary header backwardsPike dive with backward spring and turning inwardsBackward somersault (arms by sides)Pike dive with backward spring, turning inwards andsomersault (arms by the sides)Pike dive with backward spring, turning inwards andone and a half somersaultNote. For an even or divided spring, equal points will be awarded. Dives 7—10 and 16—18can be made either with the body erect, or with bending at the hips and knee joints, but theentry into the water shall be made with the body and legs straight.Water Polo.RULES FOR THE DRAW.The competition will be arranged on the elimination system. The competingteams will be drawn in couples for the first round, after which, the order of playfor the following rounds will be determined in such a way that the order up tothe final is decided before the commencement of the competition. The necessarynumber of extra matches will take place between teams qualifying for the secondand third prizes.1072

Rules of the Game.1. Field of Play. The distance between the goals shall not exceed 30yards nor be less than 19 yards (27 met.—17 m.); the width shall not be morethan 20 yards (18 m.), and shall be of even width throughout the field of play.The two yard and four yard (met.) penalty lines and the half-distance, shall be clearlymarked on both sides of the field of play.2. Depth. The water shall not be shallower than 3 feet (I*/% m.).3. Goals. Goal posts shall be fixed at each end of the field of play. Thesemust be at least I foot (30 cm.) from the end of the bath or from any obstruction.The width between the posts to be 10 feet (3 m.), and the cross bar to be 3 feet(go cm.) above the surface, when the water is 5 feet (i I/, m.) or more in depth;when the water is less than 5 feet in depth, the cross bar to be 8 feet (2.44 m.)from the bottom. Nets must be attached to the goal-posts in such a way as toenclose the whole goal area, and hang below the surface of the water. The backof the net must be at least 1 foot (30 cm.) behind the goal line and hung from theheight of the cross bar.4. The Ball. The ball, which will be provided by the Swimming Committee,shall be leather-covered and must be round and fully inflated, and shall measurenot less than 27 inches and not more than 28 inches (711 mm.—686 mm.) incircumference. It shall be waterproof, with no strapped seams outside, and nogrease or other objectionable substance on the surface.5. Flags. The necessary flags, etc., for officials will be supplied by the SwimmingCommittee.6. Officials. The officials shall consist of a referee, a timekeeper and twogoal scorers.7. Referee. The duties of the referee shall be:a) to start the game,b) to stop all unfair play,c) to decide all cases of dispute,d) to declare fouls and, generally, see that the rules are observed,e) to decide upon all goals, corner throws and goal throws, whether signifiedby the goal scorer or not.f) Goals, fouls, and other stoppages of the game shall be signified by whistle.The referee’s decision on questions of fact is final, and must be unconditionallycarried out during the game.Note. A referee may alter his decision, providing such alteration be notifiedbefore the ball is again in play. A referee has power to stop play atany period of the game if, in his opinion, the behaviour of the playersor spectators, or other exceptional circumstances, prevent the match fromcoming to a proper conclusion.8. Goal Scorers. The goal scorers, having tossed for choice of ends, shallstand at the side and in a line with the front of each goal, and when they considerthat the entire ball has passed through the goal posts, or over the goal line,at their respective ends only, they shall signify the same to the referee, a redflag denoting a corner; a white flag denoting a goal throw; and both flags todenote a goal. The goal scorers shall not change ends, and shall keep the scoreof goals of each team at their respective ends.9. Timekeeeper. The timekeeper must be provided with an ordinary stop watchand a whistle, which will be provided by the Swimming Committee. He shallnotify half-time and time by a whistle, and the signal shall take immediate effect.10. Time. The duration of a match shall be not more than 14 minutes; 7 minuteseach way. 3 minutes shall be allowed at half-time for change of ends. When the ballcrosses the goal line, whether it be a goal, comer throw or goal throw, it shallbe dead until the restart of the game, or until it leaves the hand of the playertaking the throw, and all such time shall be deducted. Time occupied by disputesor fouls, or when the ball is thrown from the field of play, or lodges on an obstruction,as per Rule 21, shall not be reckoned as in the time of play.11. Teams. Each side shall consist of 7 players, who shall wear drawers,or costumes, with drawers underneath the costumes. No oil or grease or otherobjectionable substance may be rubbed on the body.68 Fifth Olympiad1073

12. Captains. The captains shall be playing members of the teams they represent,they shall agree upon all preliminaries, and shall toss for choice of ends;the loser of the toss shall have choice of colours. If they are unable to agreeupon any point, the referee shall decide it for them.13. Starting. The players shall enter the water simultaneously and placethemselves in a line with their respective goals. The referee shall stand in a linewith the centre of the course, and, having ascertained that the captains are ready,shall give the word “Go”, and immediately throw or release the ball into the waterat the centre of the field of play. From the start or restart a goal cannot bescored until the ball has been handled, viz., played with the hand below the wrist,either by two members of one team — in which case the scorer shall be within halfdistance of the goal attacked — or by a player of each team. An attempt on thepart of the goalkeeper to stop the ball when it has been handled by the playersof one team only, and shot from over half distance shall not constitute handling,and should the ball cross the goal-line, a goal throw shall be awarded.14. Scoring. A goal shall be scored by the entire ball passing beyond the goalposts, and under the cross-bar. If, on the notification of half-time or time, the ballbe not fully through the goal posts, no goal shall be allowed.A goal may be scored by the head or feet, providing the ball has been previouslyhandled by two players, as provided by Rules 13 and 17.15. Ordinary Fouls. It shall be a foul:a) to touch the ball with both hands at the same time;b) to hold the goal posts, rail, or side, during any part of the game;c) to walk about the bath;d) to stand on or touch the bottom during any part of the game; unless for thepurpose of resting;e) to interfere with an opponent or impede him in any way, unless he is holdingthe ball;f) to hold the ball under water when tackled;g) to jump from the bottom or push from the side — except at starting orrestarting — in order to play the ball or duck an opponent;h) to hold, pull back, or push off from an opponent;i) to turn on the back and kick at an opponent;j) to assist a player at the start or restart of the game, or for any player to pushoff from any part of the goal posts;k) for the goalkeeper to go more than 4 yards (met.) from his own goal line,or to take a goal throw improperly (Rule 20);l) in a free throw, to throw the ball at the goalkeeper or to an attacking playerwithin two yards (met.) of goal (Rule 20);m) not to play the ball in accordance with the directions of the referee aftera free throw or a throw in.n.) to touch the ball before it has reached the water, when thrown in by theReferee. (See Rules 17 and 21.)Note. — Clause e). — Dribbling or striking the ball is not “holding”, butlifting, carrying, pressing under water, or placing the hand under orover the ball when actually touching, is holding. Dribbling the ball upand through the posts is permissible.16. Wilful Fouls. If, in the opinion of the referee, a player commits anordinary foul — Rule 15 — wilfully, or one of the following specified offences,the referee shall at once order him out of the water until a goal has been scored.It shall be considered a wilful foul:a). to start before the word “Go”;b) to deliberately waste time;c) for a player to take up a position within two yards (met.) of his opponent’sgoal-line;d) to deliberately change position after the Referee has blown the whistle tostop the game and until the ball is again in play;e) to deliberately splash in the face of an opponent;f) to strike at the ball with the clenched fist.1074

Any player ordered out of the water for misconduct or for a wilful foul, shallnot re-enter until a goal has been scored, notwithstanding that half-time may intervene,or extra time be played, and then only with the consent of the referee.Note. — In the event of a referee ordering a player out of the water and suchplayer refusing to obey, the game shall be stopped, and the match awardedto the other side.17. Free Throws. The penalty for each foul shall be a free throw to theopposing side from the place where the foul occurred. The referee shall declarea foul by blowing a whistle and exhibiting the colour of the side to which thefree throw is awarded. The player nearest to where the foul occurred shall takethe throw. The other players shall remain in their respective positions from theblowing of the whistle until the ball has left the hand of the player taking thethrow. A free throw shall be such as, in the opinion of the referee, allows allplayers to see when the ball leaves the hand of the thrower. In the event ofillness or an accident, or of one or more players from each team committing a foul sonearly at the same moment as to make it impossible for the referee to distinguishwho offended first, he shall have the ball out of the water and throw it in asnearly as possible at the place where the foul occurred, in such a manner thatone member of each team may have an equal chance of playing the ball. In suchcases the ball must be allowed to touch the water before it is handled. In allcases where a free throw is allowed under this Rule, and under Rules I5, I6, 1920 and 21, the ball must be handled, i. e., played with the hand below the wrist,by more than one player before a goal can be scored.18. Penalty Throw. A player wilfully fouled when within four yards (metres)of his opponent’s goal line, shall be awarded a penalty throw, and the player whocommits the offence must be ordered out of the water until a goal has been scored.The player to whom a penalty throw is awarded shall proceed to any pointon the four yard (met.) line and await the signal of the referee by whistle.In the case of a penalty throw, it shall not be necessary for the ball to behandled by any other player before a goal can be scored, but any player withinthe four yard (met.) line may intercept a penalty throw.19. Goalkeeper. The goalkeeper may stand to defend his goal, but he mustnot throw the ball beyond half distance: the penalty for so doing shall be a freethrow to the opposing side from half distance at either side of the field of play. Thegoalkeeper must keep within 4 yards (met.) of his own goal line, or concede a free throwfrom the 4 yard (met.) line to his nearest opponent. The goalkeeper is exempt fromClauses a, c, d and g, in Rule 15, and Clause f in Rule 16, but he may be treatedas any other player when in possession of the ball. Except when injury or illnesscompels him to leave the water — when Rule 22 shall apply — the goalkeepercan only be changed at half-time. In the event of a goalkeeper being orderedout of the water, his side cannot appoint another goalkeeper except at half-time, asdefined above, and any player defending the goal in his place shall not enjoy thespecial limitations and exceptions attached to a goalkeeper.20. Goal and Corner Throws. A player throwing the ball over his owngoal line shall concede a free comer throw to his opponents, and such free comerthrow shall be taken from the two yard (met.) line at the side of the bath, by the playeron the opposing side nearest the point where the ball leaves the field of play. Ifthe attacking side throw the ball over, it shall be a free goal throw to their opponents’goalkeeper, who must pass the ball to another player or beyond the twoyard (met.) line. The whistle must be blown immediately the ball crosses the goalline, and from that time until the ball leaves the hand of the player taking thefree throw, all players must remain in their respective positions.Note. — If a goalkeeper puts the ball in play by a free throw, and, beforeany other player has handled, regains possession, and carries it backright through his goal, a comer throw shall be awarded to the opposingside.21. Out of Play. Should a player send the ball out of the field of play at eitherside, it shall be thrown in any direction from the spot where it went out by one ofthe opposing side, and shall be considered a free throw. The player nearest the1075

point where the ball leaves the field of play must take the throw. Should theball strike or lodge on an overhead obstruction, it shall be considered out of play,and the referee shall then stop the game and throw the ball into the water underthe said obstruction. The ball must be allowed to touch the water before it ishandled, and must be handled by more than one player before a goal can bescored.22. Leaving the Water. A player leaving the water, or sitting or standingon the steps or sitting on the side of the bath in which the match is being played,during the progress of the game, except in case of illness or accident or by permissionof the referee, shall not re-enter the water until a goal has been scored,or until half-time. Any player having left the water must have the permission of thereferee before re-entering, and he may only re-enter at his own goal line. A playerleaving the water during the progress of the game, without the permission of thereferee, or refusing to re-enter the water at the request of the referee, shall bedeemed guilty of misconduct, and be disqualified from all competitions during theOlympic Games.1076

High Dive.Plain Header1077

High Dive.1. Backward Header. 2. Backward somersault.1078

High Dive.3. Backward spring outwards and turninginwards with header.1079

High Dive.4. Backward spring outwards and turninginwards with somersault.5. Backward spring outwardsand turning inwards withsomersault.1080

High Dive.6.Armstand with header.1081

High Dive.7. Armstand with overback.1082

High Dive.8.Armstand with somersault.1083

High Dive.9. One somersault forwards.1084

High Dive.10.Flying somersault forwards.1085

High Dive.11.One and a half somersault forwards.1086

High Dive.12. Islander’s dive.1087

High Dive.13. Mollberg’s dive.1088

Spring Board Dive.Plain Header.I. Falling Dive forwards.2. Ordinary header forwards,(arms by sides).3. Screw Dive forwardswith half turn.69 Fifth Olympiad 1089

Spring Board Dive4. Screw Dive forwardswith one turn.5. Pike Dive forwards.6. Pike Dive, (arms bysides).7. Forward somersault.1090

Spring Board Dive.8. Flying somersault forwards.9. One and a half somersault.10. One and a half somersault,(arms stretched by sides).1091

Spring Board Dive.11. Isander’s dive.12. Mollberg’s dive.13. Falling dive backwards. 14. Ordinary headerbackwards.1092

Spring Board Dive.15. Pike dive with backward springand turning inwards.16. Backward somersault.17. Pike dive with backward spring,turning inwards and somersault.18. Pike dive with backward spring,turning inwards andsomersault.1093

WRESTLING.General Regulations.The competitions will be arranged by the Olympic Sub-Committee for Wrestlingappointed by the Svenska Atletikförbundet (Swedish Athletic Union).The competition shall be confined to amateurs according to the following definition:An amateur is one who has nevera) competed for a money prize or for monetary consideration, or in any waydrawn pecuniary gain from the exercise of his sport;b) competed against a professional;c) taught in any branch of sport for payment;d) sold, pawned, hired out or exhibited for payment any prize won in a competition.Special Rules.1. In all competitions the ring shall not be less than 5 metres square, and shallbe sufficiently soft.2. Competitors must have their finger nails trimmed short, and must not wearrings on their fingers or have any metal substance, such as buckles, in their beltsor on their clothes. The wrestling costume shall cover the body from the shouldersto half of the thigh. Tight-fitting swimming drawers, suspensors, etc., are to beworn under the costume.3. The wrestlers are divided into the following weight classes:Feather weight up to kilos (c:a lbs.)Light weight ( )Middle weight, A ( )Middle weight, B ( )Heavy weight over ( )Weighing, without wrestling costume, takes place on the first day of competitionin the respective classes. A competitor will be allowed to compete in a heavierweight class than that to which he belongs, but in one class only, however. Shoulda competitor be found too heavy for the class in which he has entered, he will havethe right to compete in a heavier weight class on making immediate application.4. At the beginning of the competition, the opponents approach each other,shake each other’s right hand, then leave each other in the direction from whichthey started, whereupon the wrestling begins.5. Wrestlers are forbidden to take hold of each other below the hips, and nopart of an opponent’s body, with exception of the hands and arms, may be seizedexcept with the flat hand. Furthermore, it is forbidden (when done with the soleintention of incommoding an opponent) to touch his face from the eyebrows downto the lower part of the chin, to seize by the throat, belt, or to hold the mat; totrip, strike, kick, tear, pinch etc. Twisting of the arms or the so-called back-hammer-lock,and all painful and dangerous holds in general are also barred. At abackward grasp of the body, head down, the attacker must go on his knee, andmust not dash his opponent’s head on the carpet.6. There shall be three judges, one of whom is to be referee and has todecide in case the other judges disagree. The officials are to intervene when dangerousgrips are used, and have the power to disqualify any one who deliberatelyemploys prohibited or dangerous holds.7. A competitor who touches the carpet with both shoulders at the same timeis defeated. Rolling falls are not counted. If during a rolling fall, a competitorhas rolled from one shoulder to the other without having bridged, and afterwards,in the same way, has been forced back on to the first shoulder, this shall be1094

counted as a fall. Falls with only the shoulders and head on the carpet and therest of the body outside are counted if the judges consider that the competitor wasnot prevented by the fall outside from defending or attacking.In the event of a fall outside the carpet, dragging or carrying an opponent onto the carpet and there completing the fall is permitted, but, on the other hand,fresh holds must not be taken outside the carpet, unless an opponent is defendinghimself by getting off the carpet.If the judges deem that, by falling outside the carpet, a competitor was not ina position to defend himself, the above conditions do not apply.A competitor who intentionally gets off the carpet in order to avoid a fall shallbe cautioned and, on repeating the offence, is liable to be disqualified.One judge must not of his own accord stop a wrestling bout as decided, beforehe is assured that at least one of the other judges agrees with him. This can beconveniently arranged by the judge who considers it to be a fall raising his handor uttering the word “Fall“, whereupon the wrestling is immediately stopped asdecided, if two judges agree.8. The maximum limit for each bout is generally 60 minutes. If there hasbeen no fall within the first 30 minutes, the judges can, nevertheless, declare thebout decided if one of the competitors has been continuously attacking, while theother has been almost entirely on the defence. This decision of the judges must,however, be unanimous, otherwise the bout is to be continued. If a further 30minutes elapse without a fall, the bout is awarded to the one who has shown thebest wrestling, i. e., who has made the most real attacks during the latter period.In order to decide this, the referee shall note the number of attacks which thecompetitors have made ‘on each other during the latter period of 30 minutes. Theattacks are reckoned by points: I point for a good attack, 2 for an attack by whichan opponent is almost made to fall.The referee calls out loudly and distinctly every time he notes an attack. Ifan attack is not accepted by both the other judges, it is not to be reckoned.Should this system not lead to any definite result, the wrestling is to be continuedfor a further 30 minutes under the same conditions, and so on. If neitherof the competitors has made any real attack during the first 30 minutes, or in thefollowing bouts, the judges can declare both to be defeated; this decision of thejudges must be unanimous.If, at the end of a period, either of the competitors has such a hold on his opponentthat a fall can be expected immediately, the wrestling shall not be stopped atonce, but shall continue till some change takes place.Rules for the Draws.Principle: 2 defeats debar.Opponents are drawn by lot.Example : I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; 10, 11, etc.Thus, in the first round the following wrestle:1 — 23 — 45 — 67 — 89 — 10and 11 has a bye.The next round will be:11 — 12 — 34 — 56 — 78 — 9, and finally10 — 11.All have now wrestled twice, and those who have been defeated twice retire,whereupon the remainder continue according to the order fixed, until so many havesuffered two defeats that only three competitors remain. These three wrestle for theprizes without regard to the preceding results, according to the following conditions:1095

Example I:A beats B, B beats C:A I, B II, C III prize.Example II:A beats B, C beats B,A beats C:A I, C II, B IIIExample III:A beats B, C beats B,C beats A:C I, A II, B IIIThis wrestling for the prizes shall be decided by actual falls. The above-mentionedalphabetical designation is distributed after the wrestling of the first pair isdecided; the winner is designated by A, the loser by B, and the competitor witha bye is designated by C. Opponents of the same nation are not to meet as longas it is avoidable. However, even if by so doing two opponents of the same nationalitycannot avoid meeting, all must take part in every round, and odd numbersthat occur, participate as first competitors in the following round.If, in the preceding example, 1 and 2 have been of the same nationality, I and3 meet instead, or the following competitors of different nationalities, 2 and 4, etc.The protocol shall be drawn up according to the following plan, in which anexample is given.A win is indicated by +; a defeat by —The time taken by each pair shall be recorded.In the following plan the different pairs are indicated by running numbers toshow the order in which they are to compete.The different nations represented are indicated by A, B, C, etc.Plan :Thus, numbers 3, 6 and 10 survive to wrestle for the prizes, both the first-named with I defeat each, the last without any defeat.All the others have retired with 2 defeats.1096

YACHT RACING.GENERAL REGULATIONS.1. At the request of the Swedish Olympic Committee, the Olympic Yacht Raceswill be organized by the Royal Swedish Yacht Club. The management willbe in the hands of the Sailing Committee of the Club.2. The helmsman and every member of the crew of a yacht competing in theOlympic yacht races, must be an amateur.3. Every member of a recognized sailing club is an amateur, who has nevercarried on yacht sailing as a profession, nor, during the last five years, hasfollowed other sailing as a trade.4. Yachts and crews competing in the Olympic Yacht Races must be selectedand entered by such National Authority as defined in the rules of the InternationalYacht Racing Union, or, where no such authority exists, by the OlympicCommittee of that nation.5. The amateur status of every competitor must be guaranteed by the NationalAuthority, or, where no such authority exists, by the Olympic Committee ofthat nation.6.7.Only two (2) yachts from every nation can be entered for each class.A “nation” in the Olympic sense, is any country having such National Authorityas defined in the rules of the International Yacht Racing Union, or havingseparate representation on the International Olympic Committee, or, where nosuch representation exists, any country recognized as a “nation” at the lastOlympic Games, and, further, any sovereign state, not forming part of astates-union, as well as any states-union under one and the same sovereignjurisdiction.Natural-born or naturalized subjects of a “nation” or of a sovereign state,of which a “nation” forms part, are alone eligible to represent that “nation”at the Olympic Yacht Races.8. In each class there will be 2 ordinary races, with the following method of scoring:9.10.11.12.1:st place2:nd place3:rd placepointspointspointShould two or more yachts in any class tie under these conditions, they shallre-sail, as stated in the accompanying table.The Olympic yacht races are arranged for the 6-, 8-, 10- and 12-Metreinternational R. classes.The Olympic yacht races will be sailed under the racing rules of the InternationalYacht Racing Union, with the additions made in this notice.The following prizes will be awarded in each class:I:st prize: Gold Olympic Medal to the helmsman, and silver-gilt OlympicMedal to every member of the crew.2:nd prize: Silver Olympic Medal to the helmsman and every member ofthe crew.3:rd prize: Bronze Olympic Medal to the helmsman and every memberof the crew.In addition to this, the Commemorative Plaque of the Royal Swedish YachtClub will be presented to the owner of every prize-winning yacht.In the 12-metre class, a Gold Olympic Medal will be presented to the mateor leading hand of the winning yacht, instead of the silver-gilt Olympic Medal,and, in the 6-metre class, the Challenge Cup of the French Governmentwill be awarded to the owner of the winning yacht.1097

13. The number of persons allowed on board during the Olympic Yacht Races,in conformity with the rules of the International Yacht Racing Union is:in the 12-Metre classPersons in excess of the regulated number may be entered, but must bespecially indicated as substitutes.Note: According to regulation 2, every person on board must be anamateur.14. There will be no entrance fee.15. The prescribed fee to be lodged on entering a protest is Kr. 50 (45/-).16. The Olympic Yacht Races will be sailed over courses at Nynishämn (inthe vicinity of Stockholm).17. Entry of a yacht and of every member of the crew, as well as of substitutes,should be made in writing, on special forms, to the Kungl. Sveska SegelSällskapet, Stockholm, which, on application, will supply the entry forms andwill give every information desired. Entry of a yacht must be accompaniedby a certificate of rating in original or confirmed copy, stating the immersionof the yacht in fresh water.18. The Sailing Committee will hold a survey of the competing yachts to seewhether the prescribed salt- and fresh-water marks and the spar marks, ifany, have been attached, and that the maximum immersion of the yacht isas indicated by the fresh-water marks; and for this survey a competing yachtmust report her presence in Nynäshamn to the office of the Royal SwedishYacht Club there not later than noon, Friday July 19, 1912.19. Entries for the Olympic Yacht Races close at 8 p. m., Thursday, 20 June1912. Notice of entry given by telegram, sent before noon, 20 June 1912,will be accepted, if confirmed by post, by a written entry enclosing theprescribed documents.20. Starting programme, sailing instructions and numbers will be supplied between16—18 July at the office of the “Kungl. Svenska Segelsgllskapet”, Kastellholmen,Stockholm, and between 19—22 July at the office of the Club at Nynäshamn.Tablegiving all possible results of the two ordinary races.In each of the two ordinary races 7 points will be given for a first place,3 for a second and I for a third.Highest numberof pointsNumber of pointsfor a yacht for other yachtsafter the twoplaced, after theordinarytwo ordinaryraces.races.R e - s a i l i n g:No re-sailing.Yachts with 1 point re-sail for the 3:rd prize.Yachts with 4 points re-sail for the 2:ndand 3:rd prizes.No re-sailing.Yachts with 3 points re-sail for the e:nd and3:rd prizes.Yachts with 10 points re-sail for the 1:st and2:nd prizes.Yachts with 10 points re-sail for the 1:st and2:nd prizes, and yachts with I point re-sailfor the 3:rd prize.1098

Highest numberof pointsNumber of pointsfor other yachtsfor a yachtplaced, after theafter the twotwo ordinaryordinaryraces.races.R e - sailing:No re-sailing.Yachts with 8 points re-sail for the 1:st and2:nd prizes.Yachts with 8 points re-sail for the 1:st and2:nd prizes, and yachts with 3 points forthe 3:rd prizes.No re-sailing.Yachts with 3 points re-sail for the 3:rd prize.Yachts with 7 points re-sail for the 1:st and2:nd prizes.Yachts with 7 points re-sail for the 1:st and2:nd prizes, and yachts with 4 points forthe 3:rd prize.Yachts with 7 points re-sail for the 1:st and2:nd prizes.Yachts with 7 points re-sail for the 1:st and2:nd prizes, and yachts with 3 points forthe 3:rd prize.1099

AFTERMATH.

AFTERMATH.he aftermath of the Fifth Olympiad has been rich almostbeyond expectation. Addresses of thanks have flowed infrom far and near, and everywhere in the world the newspaperspublished lengthy descriptions of the Games. Largenumbers of letters and telegrams have been sent bycorporations and private persons, and the Swedish OlympicCommittee has received much other evidence that its work forthe organization of the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912, wasappreciated both within and beyond the borders of Sweden. Itwould require volumes to give anything like a complete summary ofwhat has been said of the Olympic Games of Stockholm and theirorganization, but a more suitable conclusion to this Report cannotbe found than the publication of the official communications in thisrespect received from the International Olympic Committee, the NationalOlympic Committees, and other similar bodies.Letter addressed, after the close of theGames, by Baron Pierre de Coubertin,President of the International OlympicCommittee, to H. M. King Gustaf V.Sire.Au nom du Comité International Olympique, je viens présenter á Votre Majestéainsi qu’á Sa Mkjesté la Reine le tribut de notre très respectueuse gratitude.Par l’assiduité de son auguste présence aux Jeux, par la création de la Médaillecommémorative, par tant de marques précieuses d’une persévérante bienveillance.Votre Majesté a pris une part considérable au succés de cette magnifique Olympiade.1103

Grâce à la nation Suédoise dont l’effort unanime fut guidé par celui de son plusnoble fils, l’Olympisme renaissant remporte une victoire décisive. Il nous estagréable de penser que l’Olympisme à son tour a procuré à la Suede un surcroîtd’intelligente sympathie de la part des peuples divers qui furent représentés auxJeux par l’élite de leurs forces juvéniles.Je prie Votre Majesté ainsi que Sa Majesté la Reine de daigner accepter ausoir de ces fêtes inoubliables, avec l’expression de notre fidèle reconnaissancel’hommage de notre plus profond respect.PIERRE DE COUBERTIN.H. M. The King's reply to BaronPierre de Coubertin.Monsier le Baron,S. M le Roi me charge de vous présenter les vifs sentiments de reconnaissancede sa part de même que de la part de Sa Majesté la Reine pour les motsaimables que vous venez d’adresser à LL. MM.Ainsi qu’il est dit dans le discours du Roi au moment de l’inauguration, SaMajesté tient à vous répéter qu’Il considère comme un grand honneur pour sonpays d’avoir reçu dans sa capitale tous les délégués des differentes nations représentantl’élite des fils de chaque pays.Ayant l’espoir que les Jeux Olympiques de Stockholm demeureront un bon souvenirpour tous les participants, Leurs Majestés vous adressent à vous, Monsieurle Baron, ainsi qu’à tous les membres du Comité International, leurs complimentspour la belle oeuvre que vous venez de terminer.Par ordre du Roi:Le maréchal de la Cour,DE P EYRON.Letter sent by Baron Pierre de Coubertinto the Swedish Olympic Committee.22 Juillet, 1912.Monsieur le Président, Messieurs et chers collégues.Au nom du Comité International Olympique je viens vous exprimer notre gratitudeet en méme temps notre admiration sincere pour la celebration de cette V:èmeOlympiade à laquelle vous avez su donner un éclat incomparable.Nous vous prions d’accepter avec l’expression de ces sentiments le souhait quenous formons tous pour la consolidation des liens de bonne amitie qui se sontnoués entre nous tous au tours de ces journées inoubliables.Le Comité qui a realise de pareille façon une oeuvre si considérable est deceux dont la collaboration est entre toutes précieuse et désirable pour le développementet le progrés de l’institution Olympique.Nous y comptons, n’est-ce pas? et saisissons cette occasion de vous remettre cijointl’invitation à prendre part au grand congrés de Paris en 1914.Veuillez, Monsieur le President, Messieurs les Membres du Comite Suédois,trouver ici l’assurance de nos sentiments les plus affectionnés et les plus dévoués.PIERRE COUBERTIN.1104

Excellency,Letter from Colonel Charles Graves,U. S. A. Minister in Stockholm.Legation of theUnited States of America.Stockholm, September 24th 1912.I have the honor, by direction of the Department of State, to beg you toconvey to His Majesty the King of Sweden, to the War Department of Sweden andto the Authorities of the Olympic Games, an expression of the sincere appreciationby the Honorable H. L. Stimson, Secretary of War of the United States, of thehonors and courtesies shown to the representatives of the United States War Departmentat the Fifth Olympiad at Stockholm.I take this opportunity to renew to Your Excellency the assurance of my mostdistinguished consideration.His ExcellencyCount Albert Ehrensvärd,Minister for Foreign Affairs.Your Royal Highness,CHARLES GRAVES.Letter sent by Colonel Robert M.Thompson, President of the U. S. A.Olympic Committee, to H. R. H. CrownPrince Gustaf Adolf.On board S. Y. Catania, Stockholm, July 19, 1912.For the American Olympic Games Committee and the Americanathletes I thank you, and, through you, the Swedish Committees, for the hospitalityextended to us and our athletes. I wish also to express my appreciation of theperfection of detail and management of the Games, which will make the FifthOlympiad ever remembered as the model of what such Games should be.I am, with great respect,Your obedient servant,ROBERT M. THOMPSON.President American Olympic Games Committee.My dear Colonel Balck,Letter from Colonel Robert M. Thompson.On board S. Y. Catania, Stockholm, July 19, 1912.For myself and for the American athletes I thank you, and,through you, all the members of your several Committees, for the constant kindnessand hospitality with which you have received and treated us since our arrival inSweden.We return home in love with your land, its brave men and its beautiful women,and we will long remember the Fifth Olympiad as the model of what OlympicGames should be.Believe me,Very cordially yours,ROBERT M. THOMPSONPresident American Olympic Games Committee.70 Fifth Olympiad. 1105

Letter from James E. Sullivan, Esq.Secretary to the U. S. A. Olympic Committee.September 18th, 11.Col. Victor G. Balck, President,Kristian Hellström, Secretary,Swedish Olympic Committee,Stockholm, Sweden.My dear Sirs,I beg to acknowledge receipt of yours of the 4:th inst. and I thank youvery much indeed for the kind expressions contained therein. It was a pleasure to havesupported you in your work. During my many years’ connection with athletics, Ihave never worked with a Committee that gave the entire satisfaction that theSwedish Olympic Committee did. In all our dealings with you, you were promptand courteous, and when we asked favours, they were cheerfully granted. So, onthe whole, it was a pleasure to have worked for Sweden, and I hope when theGames travel around from country to country, we will all be alive and that theywill again be held in your beautiful city and we can again enjoy your kind hospitality.The Games ended with good feeling all around, and all the Americanswere happy and satisfied. I feel sure the hundreds of Americans in our party willagree with me in these expressions.Yours very truly,JAMES E. SULLIVANSecretary American Committee.Dear Mr. Hellström,Letter from Professor W:m M. Sloane,Member of the International OlympicCommittee.Hotel Rose, Wiesbaden, Sept. 15, 1912.When you look at the token of American respect and good will you will rememberthat, without exception, every American present at Stockholm, whether as participant oronlooker, carried away the most pleasant memories of their own kind treatment —and something far more; a profound respect for the Olympic Institution itself andgratitude to those who raised it to the height of its full importance by prudence,forethought, capacity and hospitality. Among these you were not the least.Ever sincerelyW:M M. SLOANE.Letter from Mr. J. W. Hill, Leader ofthe Australasian Swimming Contingent.8, Bayley Street, London, W. C., 9th August 1912.Kristian Hellström, Esq.,Olympiska Spelen,Stockholm.Dear Sir,I have to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 2:nd instant, and to thankyou for the sentiments expressed therein. I can assure you both personally andon behalf of the small Australian team, that our memories of Stockholm are all1106

pleasant ones, and that our stay there will always be a green spot in our livesto look back upon. The small swimming team, which, with myself, arrived as thefirst of the foreign competitors to reach Sweden, are especially indebted to you,your Committee, and the good people of Sweden for their exceedingly enjoyablesojourn in your city. I have already acknowledged our indebtedness to the Presidentof the Swimming Committee, and now take this opportunity of thanking youand congratulating you on the brilliant success of the Fifth Olympiad, due mainlyto your own self-sacrificing and unselfish work of organisation. Perhaps it may besome recompense to you to think that your labours are appreciated by the smallcontingent from far-off Australia, to whom not the least pleasing feature of theOlympic Games of 1912 is that the country which received them in such a hospitablemanner, has the honour of heading the list of the competing nations.VerehrlichesYours very faithfully,J. W. HILL.Australian Olympic team 1912.Letter from the Austrian SwimmingAssociation.Wien, den 5. April 1913.Organisationskomitee derOlympischen Spiele in Stockholm,Stockholm.In höflicher Beantwortung Ihrer sehr geehrten Zuschrift vom 2. d. M. dankenwir Ihnen herzlichst für das schöne Erinnerungszeichen in Form des Diplomes.Es hätte aber wahrlich keines Diplomes bedurft, um uns Schwimmern Ihreliebe Heimatsstadt dauernd in Erinnerung zu bringen.Die sonnigen Tage, die Ausflüge nach Saltsjöbaden und Sandhamn und last butnot least die Liebenswürdigkeit der schwedischen Damen und Herren, die uns denAufenthalt so angenehm als möglich machten, wird dem schönen nordischen Venedigein dauerndes Andenken in unseren Herzen bewahren.Hoffentlich ist uns in absehbarer Zeit die Gelegenheit gegeben, Ihnen bei demgleichen Anlass in Wien die edle Gastfreundschaft, die Sie uns gewährten, zuerwidern.Genehmigen Sie die herzlichsten schwimmsportlichen Grüsse und den verbindlichstenDank für die schöne Erinnerung von Ihrem erg.Verband der Österreichischen Schwimmvereine.FRANZ SCHUH.Letter from Baron de Laveleye, Presidentof the Belgian Olympic Committee.Jette St. Pierre 5 / 8 1912.Monsieur Kr. Hellström,Secrétaire du Comité des Jeux Olympiques,Stockholm.Cher Monsieur,Je viens de rentrer en Belgique et reçois votre aimable lettre du 31 Juillet.Je suis très heureux, en réponse, de pouvoir vous exprimer la très vive recon-1107

naissance éprouvée par toute notre délégation pour l‘accueil véritablement excellentque nous avons reçu de votre comité dans la superbe ville de Stockholm.Il y a un ou deux choses dans un don : le don lui-même et la manière de ledonner;J e puis vous assurer que votre Comité a réussi à joindre de manière parfaite laréception de ses hôtes la plus brilliante et la plus hospitalière à l‘offre du spectaclesportif le plus complet et le mieux organisé qu‘il nous a été donné d‘admirerjusqu‘ici.Je vous prie d‘être auprès de votre président et votre comité l‘interprète de ladélégation belge tout entière et de croire personnellement à mes meilleurs senti -ments de très sincère et de très vive cordialité.Le Président du C. B. J. O.Baron DE LAVELEYE.Monsieur le Président,Letterfrom Mr. E. Henrion, Secretaryto the Belgian Olympic Committee.Etterbeek-Bruxelles, le 5Très flatté de votre très honorée lettre du 5 Septembre 1912 m‘exprimant lesremerciements de votre Comité pour les quelques services que j‘ai rendu aux JeuxOlympiques, je m‘empresse de vous exprimer toute la satisfaction que j‘ai eue detravailler pour une aussi noble cause et l‘agrément que j‘ai éprouvé a correspondreavec un comité exécutif aussi parfait que le vôtre.Je suis heureux de remercier toutparticulièrement Monsieur le Secrétaire Généralde l‘empressement et de la grande amabilité qu‘il a toujours mise dans nos rapports.Veuillez agréer, Monsieur, l‘expression de ma haute consideration.A Monsieur le Président du Comitéd‘Organisation des Jeux Olympiques,Stockholm.Le Comité d‘Organisation des Jeux Olympiques 1912,Le Secrétariat, à Stockholm.Messieurs,Letter fro m theCommittee.E. HENRION.Prague le 26 juillet 1912.Le Comité Olympique Tchèque se permet, à l‘occassion de la clôture de lacinquième Olympiade, de Vous exprimerses félicitations très sincères de la splendideréussite des Jeux Olympiques à Stockholm. Grâce à Votre effort l‘oeuvre de 1réorganisation des Jeux Olympiques a atteint une hauteur inattendue, mais dignede la grande idée de son initiateur Mr. le Baron Pierre de Coubertin.Ensuite le Comité Olympique Tchèque Vous remercie très chaleureusement detant de gracieuse hospitalité dont les Tchèques avaient été l‘objet pendant tout leurséjour à Stockholm.Nous n ‘oublierons jamais, avec laquelle bienveillance le Comité d‘organisationsuédois avait accueilli, au cours de nos travauxmutuels, tous nos voeuxet nos désirs.1108Octobre 1912.Bo hemianOlympic

Veuillez agréer, Messieurs, l’expression de nos sentiments meilieurs et les plusreconnaissants.Le Comité Olympique de la BohêmeLe Président: Le Secrétaire Général :Dr. JIRI GUTH.I. ROESSLER-OROVSKY.Telegram sent by Dr. ]iri Guth, Presidentof the Bohemian Olympic Committee,to H. R. H. the Crown PrinceGustaf Adolf.Son Altesse Royale Prince Royal de Suéde, Stockholm.Comité Olympique Tchèque Prague à l’occasion de clôture de cinquième Olympiadefélicite Comité Suédois de splendide organisation des Jeux et remercie VotreAltesse Royale de tant de grâces envers les Tchèques en présentant ses hommagesles plus respectueux.Dr. JIRI GUTH,Président.Dear Sir,Letter from the British Olympic Council.London, S. W., 21st August, 1912.Owing to the serious illness of Mrs. Laffan I am dealing with correspondenceon behalf of Mr. Laffan.At the meeting of the British Olympic Council held on and August, the Secretarywas instructed to convey to the Swedish Olympic Committee, on behalf ofthe British Olympic Council, their very high sense of gratitude for the kindnessand hospitality which had been received by the representatives of Great Britainduring the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912, and at the same time to thankand congratulate the Swedish Olympic Committee on the stimulus afforded to theOlympic movement by their successful conduct of the Games.To The Secretary,Swedish Olympic Committee.I am, Dear Sir,Your obedient servant,F. W. JONES.Hon. Treas.Letter from the English Amateur AthleticAssociation.London, August 2nd, 1912.Kristian Hellstrom, Esq.,Olympiska Spelen, Stockholm.Dear Ur. Hellstrom,I am writing on behalf of the members of the English AthleticTeam to thank you for your courtesy and kindness during our stay in Sweden for theOlympic Games of Stockholm. Although we did not do so well in the athletic eventsas we had hoped and expected, we have, I trust, taken our defeat as true sportsmenshould. All our men are loud in their praises of the Swedes and all thoroughlyenjoyed their visit to your beautiful country. May I take the opportunity of offer-1109

ing our congratulations on Sweden’s success in heading the list of nations.It was a splendid performance of your countryWith apologies for troubling you at such length and with many thanks for allyour kindnesses.Believe me,Yours sincerely,S. G. Moss,Assistant Secretary.(Translation.)To the Swedish Olympic Committee.Letter from Mr. M Kähni, TechnicalLeader of the Chilian Contingentat the Games.Stockholm, 31 July, 1912.As the moment is approaching whenI shall be obliged to leave Sweden and begin the return journey to my distantnative land, Chili, I wish, before leaving, to address a few words of gratitude tothe Organization that has directed the Olympic Games of Stockholm.I and my fellow-countrymen who came here to take part in the Games haveenjoyed the friendship and hospitality of Swedish athletes in such full measure,that we feel we owe you an eternal debt of thanks, and I have been honouredby the commission to hereby convey to the Swedish Olympic Committee, thedeep-felt gratitude of the Chilians for the memorable weeks we have spent inSweden.As technical leader of the Chilian Delegation to the Olympic Games, may I bepermitted to express my sincere admiration of the work you have carried out forthe promotion of international athletics during the course of these Games, whichwill long remain an example for all nations of the manner in which such internationalcompetitions can, and ought to be organized.What we have learned at the Olympic Games of 1912 will, without doubt,tend most powerfully to the promotion of athletics in Chili, and it will be an honourand a duty for me to show the leading sportsmen in my native country that Swedishathletics, its votaries and protectors, are our best teachers.Yours most respectfullyM. KÄHNITechnical Leader of the Chilian Delegation to theOlympic Games of Stockholm 1912.(Translation.)Letter from the Danish OlympicCommittee.Copenhagen, 17 August, 1912.To the Swedish Olympic Committee, Stockholm,The Danish Olympic Committeebegs herewith to send its hearty thanks for all the hospitality and good will experiencedby the Danish athletes during their stay at the Olympic Games of Stockholm.1110

The Danish Committee seizes the opportunity to express its admiration of theexcellent manner in which the Olympic Games of Stockholm were organized anddirected.Yours faithfullyFRITZ HANSEN,President of the Committee.(Translation.)The Olympic Games, Stockholm.NATHANSENVice-President and Acting-Secretary.Telegram from the Icelandic Athletes.Icelandic athletes send Swedish Olympic Committeebest thanks for all kindness shown during the Games.Yours faithfullyPJETURSSON.Letter from Baron F. W de Tuyllde Serooskerken, President of the DutchOlympic Committee.Au Comité d’organisation des Jeux Olympiques à Stockholm.Avant de quitter votre qelle ville de Stockholm le soussigné, Président ducomité Olympique en Hollande, prend la liberté de vous offrir les plus sincéresremerciements pour la façon si aimable et si courtoise dont Vous avez accueilliles participants aux jeux olympiques. Votre organisation était si parfaite, Votreacceuil si chaleureux, Votre dévouement à la cause si profond que tout en Vous félicitantde tout coeur pour le splendide résultat obtenu, nous Vous donnons l’assuranceque le souvenir de la V:éme Olympiade restera à jamais gravé dans notre mémoire.Veuillez agréer, Messieurs, mes sentiments les plus reconnaissants et trés dévoués.F. W. DE TUYLL DE SEROOSKERKEN.Stockholm le 17 juillet 1912.(Translation.)Letter from the Finnish Olympic Committee.To the Swedish Olympic Committee,Stockholm,The Finnish Olympic Committee assembled for the first time after the OlympicGames of Stockholm unite, in their own names and on the part of all the Finlanderswho took part in the Games, to express, first, their unfeigned admiration of the brilliantmanner in which the Swedish Olympic Committee carried out its trying task, andthen their warm thanks for the hospitality, good will and sympathy that the representativesof Finland had the pleasure of experiencing in every quarter during thememorable weeks in Stockholm.The unexpected great success of the Finnish athletes during the Games would,of itself, be calculated to make the Fifth Olympiad one of the dearest and mostlasting memories that can ever find a place in their hearts and in those of theirfellow countrymen. The joy we experience at our success would not be so unmixed,however, if we had not also experienced how the ancient bonds of friendshipuniting Swedish and Finnish athletes had been retained and strengthened bytheir meetings during the summer of 1912.The firm hope of the long continuance of this good understanding which, based1111

as it is on mutual respect, friendship and confidence, is of such value for the athleticlife of our country, increases the gratitude with which we shall always retainthe memory of the glorious, sunshine-filled Olympiad of 1912 — the greatest,most important, most brilliant and best- organized athletic festival the world hasever seen.Helsingfors, August 1912.For the Finnish Olympic Committee:R. F. v. WILLEBRAND.IVAR WILSKMAN. AD. FR. LONDEN. AUGUST LUNDQVIST.GÖSTA WASENIUS. UNO WESTERHOLM. ERNST KROGIUS.(Translation.)Telegram from Finnish athletesThe Swedish Olympic Committee, Stockholm.Being about to return to our nativecountry after unforgettable, sunny Olympic weeks in Stockholm, Finland’s athletessend, from the depths of their hearts, their warm and respectful thanks to theSwedish Olympic Committee, to the leaders and officials of the competitions, tofellow competitors, to the City of Stockholm, and to the people of Sweden.Letter from Paul Rousseau. Vice-Presidentof the French Cycling Association.24, Boulevard Poissonnière, Paris, le 7 Août 1912.Monsieur Kristian Heliström,Secrétaire du Comité des Jeux Olympiques,Hamngatan I A,Stockholm, Suède.Monsieur le Secrétaire.J‘ai bien reçu, à mon retour de Stockholm, votre lettre du 31 Juillet. Je vousen suis très reconnaissant. J‘avais eu, du reste, l‘honneur de vous rendre visiteavant mon départ et je vous avais laissé ma carte, mais je n‘ai pas eu le plaisirde vous rencontrer.Les Jeux Olympiques sont, en effet, terminés mais, nous en aurons retenu, commevous, de profitables enseignements, et je suis persuadé, qu‘un jour, nous nous rencontreronsencore dans quelque réunion sportive pour arriver, à donner, si possible,à toutes les épreuves de sport une organisation meilleure et obtenir de la part detous les pays, des manifestations de plus en plus nombreuses et de plus en plusprofitables pour les sports.En vous remerciant encore et en vous disant combien le me félicite de monvoyage en Suède, je vous prie d‘agréer, Monsieur le Secrétaire, l‘expression demes sentiments les meilleurs et les plus distingués.Le Vice-Président de l‘U. V. F.PAUL ROUSSEAU.Letter from the German OlympicCommittee.Berlin, den 12. Oktober 1912.Hochgeehrter Herr Oberst!Im Namen des Deutschen Reichs-Ausschusses für Olympische Spiele sage ichIhnen hiermit für die liebenswürdige Aufnahme und umfassende Gastfreundschaft,1112

welche wir alle während unseres Aufenthalts in Stockholm fanden, unseren verbindlichsten Dank.Während der unvergleichlich schönen Tage der V. Olympiade haben vieleunserer jungen Sportsleute mit den schwedischen Kameraden enge Freundschaftgeschlossen und ich gebe der Zuversicht Ausdruck, dass diese Freundschaft einedauernde und der Ursprungimmer festerer Beziehungen zwischen den beiden stammverwandten Nationen sein wird.Möge es uns vergönnt sein, Sie und die schwedischen Sportsleute im Jahre 1916hier in Berlin recht zahlreich zu begrüssen, um unsere Dankbarkeit beweisen undzu einem Teil abtragen zu können.Mit dem Ausdruck meiner besonderen Hochachtung verbleibe ich, Herr Oberst,Ihr sehr ergebenerVON PODBIELSKI,StaatsministerPräsident des Deutschen Reichausschussesfür Olympische Spiele.An das Schwedische Organisationskomiteeder V. OlympiadeZ. H. des Herrn Oberst Balck,Stockholm.Letter fro mCommittee.the Hungarian OlympicBudapest, am 9.-ten September 1912.Hochlöbliches Schwedisches Olympisches Organisationscomité,Stockholm.Das Präsidium des Ungarischen Olympischen Comités, von Stockholm zurückgekehrt,erachtet es als seine angenehmePflicht so dem SchwedischenOlympischenComités, wie auch allen jenen, die an dem Arrangement der Stockholmer Olympiademitgearbeitet haben, seinen aufrichtigsten und innigsten Dank auszusprechen.Sämtlichen Ungarischen Teilnehmern, werden so der grossartigen Empfang, wieauch die gastfreundliche Aufnahme, ewig unvergesslich bleiben. Es ist uns dieMöglichkeit geboten wurden die Schwedenkennen und lieben zu lernen, und habenwir Ihre grossartige Kultur bewundert.Als Sporttreibende haben wir mit Bewunderungdas exacte und unerreichbarcorrecte Arrangement bestaunt.Das vollkommen precise und sportlich correcte Arrangement bezeugtedie mustergiftigeArbeit unserer Schwedischen Sportfreunde, dieses Arrangement kan einerjeden nachfolgenden Olympiad nur als leuchtendenBeispiel dienen.Wir sind dessen fest überzeugt, dass die allgemeine Anerkennung, welche voneinen jeden Kulturstaate Ihnen zuteil wurde, das für diegeleistete übermenschlicheArbeit, der schönste Preis ist.Indem wir noch die herzlichste Gratulation Ihnen darbringen zu jenen grossartigenund gutverdienten Erfolgen, welche die Schwedische Nation im grossenTurnier der Völker erreicht hat, ersuchen wir Sie, dass Sie unsere Nation inangenehmer Erinnerung halten mögen.Uns bestens empfehlend verbleiben mit ganz besonder Hochachtung.MAGYAR OLYMPIAI BIZOTTSAG,Comité Olympique Hongrois.LAUBER, DE GERENDAY, JULES VON MUZSA,Secretär. Vicepräsident. Präsident.1113

(Translation.)The Swedish Olympic Committee, Stockholm.Letter from the Norwegian OlympicCommittee.Gardermoen, 7 August, 1912.On behalf of the Norwegian OlympicCommittee I beg to send the Swedish Olympic Committee the heartiest and mostrespectful thanks for all that it has done during the Fifth Olympiad in Stockholm,which has just ended.Just as this Olympiad will always remain a brilliant event in the history ofSweden, so it will be an example to be followed‘ by us all. We admired theclear planning; we have watched its execution with the same admiration, and wehave brought home with us to our nation a sum of useful and fundamental experience.On the part of all the Norwegian competitors and officials who shared in theFifth Olympiad I beg to remain.(Translation.)Yours most respectfullyJOHAN SVERRE,President.Letter from Dr. Jayme MauperrinSantos, President of the PortugueseOlympic Committee.Lisbon, 21 August, 1912.At an ordinary meeting held under my presidency, the Portuguese OlympicCommittee unanimously resolved to write to you to express the deep sense of recognitionand gratitude for your unwearied care and protection of the Portuguesecompetitors during the whole of their stay in Stockholm, as well as for the tokensof deep sympathy you evinced on the lamentable occasion of the death of ourfellow — countryman, Francisco Lazaro. The only return the Portuguese OlympicCommittee can make for all this exceeding kindness is this expression of its indeliblesense of gratitude.WithDr. JAYMEfraternal greetings,MAUPERRIN SANTOS,President.Letter fromto the RussianG. Duperron, SecretaryOlympic Committee.Le 2 Septembre 1912.Monsieur Kristian Hellström,Stockholm.De retour à Stockholm après une tournée à l‘étranger j‘ai trouvé votre aimablelettre.Je ne puis qu‘approuverle regret de ne pas avoir pu vous connaître davantageet je vous prie d‘accepter tout mon estime pour la grande oeuvre que vous avezsi personnellementaccomplie.Mon travail dans le ComitéRusse me permet de considérer tout spécialementI ‘enorme effort que vous avez dû fournir pour la réussite des Jeux Olympiques.1114

Veuillez agréer encore mes remerciments personnels pour toute l‘amabilité quej‘ai vu de votre part aux occasions des courtes entrevues que nous avons eues.G. DUPERRON.Letter from the Servian OlympicComrnittee.Belgrade 10—IX—1912Mon Colonel,Le Comité Olympique Serbe a l‘honneur de vous remercierdu charmantaccueilque vous avez bien voulu réserver à ses représentants à la V Olympiade à Stockholm,et vous prie de croire à sa sincère reconnaissance.Veuillez accepter, mon Colonel, pour vous-même les expressions de mes sentimentsles plus dévoués.Président du Comité Olympique Serbe, GénéralChairman, Olympic Committee.Telegram from Captain E. Wetherell,Manager of the South African Contingent.On our departure from Sweden we would thankyou and your Committees for the excellent arrangements made for the Games andalso for our personal comfort. The kindness we have received on all hands hasbeen very great. We are leaving your country with great regret.Captain WETHERELL,and members of South African Olympic Team.Letter from J. Menkin, Esq., Secretaryof the South African OlympicCommittee.Johannesburg 21st October 1912.The Secretary,The Swedish Olympic Committee,I A, Hamngatan,Stockholm.Dear Sir,I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your favour of the 4th September, conveyingthe thanks of your Committee, which was laid before my Committee, andI can assure you the flattering remarks therein contained were greatly appreciated.Whatever slight support and co-operation my Committee has been able to render youhas been a pleasure and a benefit to them, as the results of the recent Games testify.In return, will you kindly convey to your Committee the warmest thanks of myCommittee, not only for your kind help and support in obtaining quarters and accommodationfor the South African team, and for general assistance throughout, butalso for your every effort to do honour where honour was due.Believe me, dear Sir,Yours sincerely,J. MENKIN,Secretary.1115NIK. STEFANOVITCH.

Letter from Sidney H. Farrar, Esq.,President of the south African OlympicCommittee.4, London Wall Buildings, London, E. C. 8th October 1912.The Secretary,Swedish Olympic Committee,Stockholm.Dear Sir,On behalf of the South African Olympic Committee who have now had anopportunity of seeing their athletes on their return to South Africa, I beg to tenderto you and your Committee their sincere thanks for your great kindness and courtesyto the South African Team, which, I can assure you, has been very muchappreciated throughout South Africa.Personally, I should like to add my sincere thanks to you for your promptcourtesy in all matters on which I have had occasion to refer to you.Monsieur,Monsieur Kristian Hellström,Stockholm.I am, dear Sir,Yours very truly,SIDNEY H. FARRAR,Chairman, London Committee, South African Olympic Team.Letter-from Godefroy de Blonay, Memberof the Swiss Olympic Committee.On me retourne aujourd‘hui la lettre que vous m‘avez l‘honneur de m‘adresserle 31 Juillett; je vous en remercie tout spécialement Soyez persuadéque l‘immensetâche que vous avez menée à bien avec une compétencesans pareille vous vautla reconnaissance de tous et que chacun de seul qui ont été en rapports avecvouseut désiré pouvoir collaborer dans une plus large mesure à votre travail. J‘espèreavoir le plaisir de vous rencontrer encore avant mon départ, si cela ne devait pasêtre le cas je vous prie d‘accepter, Monsieur, avec l‘assurance de mes meilleurssentiments tous mes voeux pour le bonheur qui vous attend prochainement.Grand Hôtel de Saltsjöbadenle 8 Août 1912.GODEFROYDE BLONAY.11161116

CORRECTIONS.Page 70, line 20 from bottom: for ‘Katrina’ read ‘Catania’.‘, while’ ‘and’.top: ‘this’ ‘thus’.‘officals’ ‘officials*.‘order’ ‘Placing’.Plate 83 dele ‘Road’.‘Harbour’.for ‘Sèvre’ read ‘Sèvres’.‘Barret’ ‘Barrett’.1117