PROFILE 3 (SLW & ULTIMATE).pdf - Emenite Limited

PROFILE 3TECHNICALMANUAL

TECHNICALMANUAL®PROFILE 3 MANUAL01

IndexEmenite ® presentation 4Etex in the world 51. PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 61.1 Description 61.2 Benefits and characteristics 61.3 Products technical data 71.4 End laps 92. COMPLEMENTARY ACCESSORIES 112.1 Profile 3® roofing sheet112.2 Two piece corrugated ridge 122.3 One piece fat wing ridge 122.4 Valley piece 132.5 Flat wing barge board 132.6 One piece fat wing hip ridge2.7 Flat wing gusset14143. SYSTEM COMPONENTS 153.1 Structure 153.2 Fasteners 183.3 Sealants 194. Desdign inForMation4. DESIGN INFORMATION4.1 Parts of the roofs 204.2 Minimum recommended slopes 204.3 Loads 224.4 Maximum recommended overhangs 244.5 Top and side abutments 244.6 Accessibility to the roof for maintenance 25205. INSTALLATION 265.1 Recommended tools 265.2 Connection of Wallplates to Building 275.3 Definition of left and right side of the roof 275.4 Laying pattern – layout (GRIDDED pattern instead of staggered pattern) 285.5 Cutting 2902®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMPANYEMENITE ® limited, sapele is one of Nigeria’s major producers of high quality fibre–cementBuilding products.Established in 1974, the company has undergone signifcant developments, which enable itto offer a wide range of high quality roofing and ceiling sheets/tiles together with a variety ofcomplementary accessories. Of late, the company pioneered the adoption of S uperboard ®, oneof her products, to good effect by introducing modular panels as a building block for modularhomes.EMENITE ® products have received a widespread acceptance in the Nigeria building construction industrybecause of the care and attention given to ensuring a complete customer satisfactions; the technologicalcapability to manufacturing to specific designs; the company’s dynamic product development efforts plusextensive distribution network.The company has won several local awards and is thus acclaimed as “The masters of roofing and ceilingsheets technology”.04®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

®PROFILE 3 MANUAL05

11. PHYSICAL AND MECHANICALPROPERTIESThis Technical Manual is for PROFILE 3 ® corrugated sheets. In context, the name is generic forSUPERLIGHTWEIGHT ®, LITESPAN ®, COOLITE ® and ULTIMATE ® roofing sheets. The properties descibedin this manual apply to them, unless otherwise stated.1.11.1DESCRIPTIONPROFILE 3® sheets are corrugated asbestos–free fibre–cement roofing sheets. They are manufacturedfrom high quality fibre, cellulose and Portland cement blended with water. The roofing sheets derive theirstrengths from the Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) reinforcement fibers which significantly increase the mechanicalproperties of the sheet.The small profile of these products makes them particularly suitable for a wide range of domestic, commercial,agricultural and light industrial buildings.1.21.2 BENEFITS AND CHARACTERISTICSUsers of PROFILE 3® corrugated roofing sheets will derive the following benefits:Impact resistance Thermal insulationNon–deformability Fire resistanceNon–combustibility Water tightnessSound absorbent (acoustic insulation) Resistance to Chemical agents06®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

• ULTIMATE ® sheets come in standard length of 1800mm and with the width of 685mm.Table 1.2PRODUCT TECHNICAL DATA FOR SUPERLIGHTWE IGHT® AND ULTIMATE®SUPERLIGHTWEIGHTULTIMATE®Standard length (mm) 1800 2400 1800Net covering length*(mm) 1650 2250 1650Standard Endlap (mm) 150 150 150Overall Width (mm) 1050 1050 685Net covering Width (mm) 975 975 610Side lap (mm) 75 75 75Nominal thickness (mm) 4 4 3.5Minimum roof slope 15° 15° 15 °Maximum Purlin Distance (mm) 825 825 825Pitch of corrugation (mm) 75 75 75Depth of corrugation (mm) 25 25 252Total sheet Area (m ) 1.89 2.52 1.252Net covering s heet area (m )* 1.61 2.19 1.02App. Weight per sheet (Kg) 13.0 18.0 7.52App. Weight per m roof area 8.0 8.0 7.0App. n° of sheet per tonne 77 56 130fig. 1.1Transverse section: Profle, pitch of corrugation and depth of corrugation of SUPERLIGHTWEIGHT ®25mm1050mm22mm 75mm53mmfig. 1.1Transverse section: Profle, pitch of corrugation and depth of corrugation of ULTIMATE ®685mm325mm 2mm7mm53mm08®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

1.4 END LAPS1.4These are the minimum recommended lapping of sheets along their lengths. Sheets are joined by nailingto the purlins through the end laps.fg. 1.3Recommended end lap for 15° sloper and above150mm50mm75mm825 for 1800 length sheets750 for 2400 length sheets1.4.1 Selection of the End Laps for Different Slopes1.4.1Due to the likelihood of back flow resulting from wind–driven rain and the capillary action of water, it islogical to increase end laps as roof slope decreases.fg. 1.4Capillarity150mm30mm90° 45° 15°®PROFILE 3 MANUAL09

Below are the recommended standards for different slopesTable 1.3Degree of slopeRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLOPES AND ENDLAPSSLOPEEND LAP% Slope10º 18 300mm11º 20 200mm14º 25 200mm15º and above 27 150mm10®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

2. COMPLEMENTARY ACCE SSORIES2The following drawing, shows our products and accessories to solve the different parts of theroof. For details, please refer to sub chapters 2.1 to 2.7 and to chapter 4 Design Informationfig. 2.12.5Flat wingbarge boardOne piece atwing ridge2.32.1Profile 3roofing sheet2.7Flat wing gusset2.2Two piececorrugatedridge2.2Two piececorrugated ridgeValley piece2.12.4Profile 3roofingsheetOne piece atwing hip ridge2.6Profile 3roofingsheet2.12.1 PROFILE 3® ROOFING SHEETfig. 2.2Profile 3® roofing sheet2.1This roof parts can be solved with ULTIMATE ® and SUPERLIGHTWEIGHT®PROFILE 3 MANUAL11

2.22.2 TWO PIECE CORRUGAT ED RIDGEfg. 2.3Two piece corrugated ridge - InstallationProfile 3Min. 150mmTwo-Piece CorrugatedRidgeMin. 50mmStandard galvanizednail 62.5mm50 x 75mmPurlinThis accessory comes in pairs (upper and lower) which can be articulated to resolve the ridge line of theroof. its main advantage lies in the fact that the two pieces are adjustable and can be installed over anypossible pitch.2.32.3 ONE PIECE FLAT WING RIDGEfig. 2.4One piece flat wing ridge - InstallationOne Piece Flat Wing RidgeMin. 50mmMin. 150mm50 x 75mm PurlinStandard galvanizednail 62.5mmIt is a fixed piece that is intended to resolve the ridge line of roofs with specifc pitches. The available anglesare 15°; 25° and 30°. Th ey can be used over roofs with pitches with the specifed angles ±2°12®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

2.4 VALLEY PIECE2.4fig. 2.5Valley piece - InstallationMin. 150mmMin. 50mmStandardGalvanizedNail 62.5mmProfile 3Valley Piece50 x 75mmPurlinActs as a channel below the valleys formed by the union of two different roof wings that form a concaveand oblique angle. This piece collects the rain water and disposes it through the drainage system or outof the roof. Its overlapping system allows it to be installed one over the other and to create a watertightchannel along the valley line.2.5 FLAT WING BARGE BOARD2.5fig. 2.6Flat wing barge board - InstallationFlat Wing Barge BoardStandard galvanizednail 62.5mm in 2nd corrugationP3 CorrugatedSheetPurlinRafterExternal lateral wallFascia BoardThis piece is to be installed on the verge of the roof to hide rafters and protect the structure material fromrot or corrosion.®PROFILE 3 MANUAL13

2.62.6 ONE PIECE FLAT WING HIP RIDGEfig. 2.7One piece fat wing hip ridgeProtects the hips from water infltration. It is normally installed along the hip line, and because of its overlappingsystem, it can be mounted one over the other ensuring a watertight solution.2.72.7 FLAT WING GUSSETfig. 2.8Flat wing gussetDifferent from the metal solution, EMENITE ® offers the complete range of accessories to ensure an aestheticand watertight roof. This piece is a perfect solution for the union of two adjacent hips and the ridge line.14®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

3. SYSTEM COMPONENTS3This chapter provides information about the minimum requirements of all the systems and componentsthat are part of the roof, to ensure a correct planning and installation of a long lastingroof and to extend the durability of our products and accessories.3.1 STRUCTURE3.13.1.1 Wooden Structure3.1.1• Corrugated sheets can be easily installed over timber trusses or wooden structure. Well seasonedwood is recommended to be used in order to avoid deformation and twisting of the structure and toavoid the transmission of stresses to the corrugated sheets.• Moisture content: the recommended moisture content should be lower than 19%.• Recommended species: hardwood such as Danta, Mangrove, and Ekimi are recommended.• Purlins minimum dimensions: the minimum recommendation is 50mm × 75mm placed edgeway ontop of the rafter.Before laying SUPERLIGHTWEIGHT ® and ULTIMATE ® roofing sheets, the roof support structure should beproperly fixed and the members properly spaced.it is normally recommended that dimensions of all structural members must be obtained after properstructural analysis and design have been carried out.®PROFILE 3 MANUAL15

fig. 3.1Recommended purlin spacings for roof pitch 15° and above1800mm150mmFor roof pitch 15º and above,endlap=150mm825mm 825mm2400mm750mm 750mm 750mm150mmfig. 3.2Recommended purlin spacings for roof pitch 11° to 14°1800mm200mmFor roof pitch 11º to 14º,endlap = 200mm800mm 800mm2400mm200mm733mm 733mm 733mm16®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

fig. 3.3Wooden purlinfig. 3.4Steel channel purlin146mm 175 mm321mm146mm 175 mm321mmWooden purlinSteed channel purlinTable 3.1DISTANCE “A” BETWEEN RIDGE PURLINWidth of wooden purlinsAll steel sectionsA [in]A [mm]Degrees 2in (50mm) 2½in (60mm) 3in (75mm) 3½in (90mmA [in] A [mm] A [in] A [mm] A [in] A [mm] A [in] A [mm] A [in] A [mm]15° 6 155 5½ 140 5½ 130 4¼ 110 8¼ 21020° 5¾ 150 5¼ 130 5 120 4 100 7¾ 20025° 5½ 140 5 120 4½ 110 3½ 90 7¼ 18030° 5 120 4½ 110 4 100 3¼ 80 6¾ 19035° 4½ 110 4 100 3½ 90 2¾ 70 6¼ 1603.1.2 Metal structure3.1.2SUPERLIGHTWEIGHT ® and ULTIMATE ® corrugated roofing sheets can also be installed over metal trussesusing hookbolts. Solid steel or pre–engineered cold rolled ultraspan steel trusses are recommended in thiscontext.3.1.3 Underlay (Optional)3.1.3If so desired, tarpaulin or polythene underlay can be spread on roof structures before corrugated sheetsare laid.®PROFILE 3 MANUAL17

3.23.2 FASTENERSFasteners are responsible for keeping corrugated sheets and their accessories in their position under theaction of gravity and wind forces, and to avoid premature failure, corrosion or leakages in a roof.Several factors must be taken into account when selecting the type and kind of fasteners: Structurematerial, purlin dimensions, etc. In all the cases, installation must comply with the recommendations givenby the manufacturers.For SUPERLIGHTWEIGHT ® and ULTIMATE ® roofing sheets, the recommended fastener is the standard62.5mm galvanized roofing nail with bituminous washer fixed when they are installed over wooden structurewhile hook bolts are adopted for steel truss systems as shown below.fig. 3.5NutWasherBituminous feltMetal CapFelt UnderlayAngle purlinThreaded rods bent to shape to t the purlin - HOOKBOLTS62.5mmStandardGalvanized nailin all the cases, the specifier and installer are advised to completely follow the recommendations given inthis technical manual regarding materials, diameters, position and number of fasteners.fig. 3.6Fixing with roofing nails62.5150SLW sheet62.5mm standardgalvanized nailTimber purlin18®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

fig. 3.7Fixing with hookboltsTropicalized studcap150SLW sheetSteel purlinGalvanised hookbolt 4mm Ømin.3.3 SEALANTS3.3In order to ensure the proper water tightness of the roof, it is advised to place a strip of UV elastic sealantslike SILKAFLEX ® 15LM or similar below washers and nuts. This product, polyurethane based, maintains itspermanent elasticity and properties along the time. It is also useful to seal properly flashings and junctionsbetween the roof accessories and other construction elements like masonry walls or translucent corrugatedsheets.®PROFILE 3 MANUAL19

44. DESIGN INFORMATION4.14.1 PARTS OF THE ROOFSfig. 4.1Parts of the roofsRidgesRoof coveringHipsFasciaValleysBarge boards4.24.2 MINIMUM RECOMMENDED SLOPESfig. 4.2Minimum recommended slopesKTAºPBSlope (in %) = KPTP × 100In terms of height of kingspost (KP) and length of tiebeam (TB), this equation translates to,Slope, A = KP½ TB× 100 or A =200 KPTBhence KP =TB × A20020®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

Table 4.1Relationship Between Slope, Kingpost and Rafter Length1 2 3 4 5SLOPERise (KP) perHorizontal distance(TP)Length of RAL atdifferent slope(A°)EndlapDegree of slope(A°)Slope in percentage(%)15 27 0.27 1.04 × TP 150mm16 29 0.29 1.04 × TP 150mm17 31 0.31 1.05 × TP 150mm18 32 0.32 1.05 × TP 150mm19 34 0.34 1.06 × TP 150mm20 36 0.36 1.06 × TP 150mmTable 4.2NOTESCOLUMNDESCRIPTION1 Roof slope in degrees2 Roof slope in percentage3 Kingpost height per half of roof span (½ tie beam)4 Length of rafter (per roof span)5 End laps consistent with the various roof slopesExample:A house measures 10m wide with an overhang at the eaves of 0.6m.Calculate the height of kingpost if the slope of the roof is 15° (27%).Total width of roof = 10m + 0.6 + 0.6m = 11.2mUsing half the length of roof span =Using column 3, KP = 5.6 x 0.27 = 1.5m11.22 = 5.6mCaution on Roof SlopeTo obtain the desired benefits from PROFILE 3® corrugated sheets, the minimum slope of 15° is strongly - recommended. The slope is consistent with good waterproofing and economy. Roof slopes below 15° are not®PROFILE 3 MANUAL21

advisable to avoid backflow through the joints, and advice of the Technical Services Department shouldbe sought.4.34.3 LOADS• Dead loadsAre loads that do not change over the course of normal operations of the building.They are composed by the self weight of the materials and structural elements.Dead loads include the weights of the roof structure itself and only permanent fixture.• Live loadThe live loads on roofs are additional to all roof covering materials and include snow and other incidental loads but exclude wind pressure.• Wind loadit is a dynamic load generated by the wind. Can be suction or compression depending on diverseaspects: Geometry of the construction, direction of the wind, slope, etc.Because of the complexity of analysis, dynamic loads are normally treated using statically equivalentloads for routine design of common structures.4.3.14.3.1 Wind loads• Suction loads and pressure loadsWind can affect a building and its roof in a pattern determined not only by climate and topography, butalso by wind direction, the shape of the building and the pitch of the roof.Wind blowing at 90° to a building is slowed down when it hits the surface of the building, with a consequentbuild up of pressure. At the same time, it is deflected around the end walls and over the roof,creating areas of negative pressure or suction. The stronger the wind the greater the suction.The force of the wind acting on the windward slope is determined by roof pitch. Research has shownthat where the pitch is less than 30°, the windward slope can be subjected to severe suction or negativepressure. A roof with a pitch greater than 35° generally presents suffcient obstruction to the wind to create a positive pressure on the windward face, although, even here, there is an area close to the ridge wheresuction develops. Leeward slopes are always subject to suction.During strong wind, the uplift pressure on the PROFILE 3® caused by the suction load may be in excess22®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

of their dead weight, thereby requiring them to be properly fixed by mechanical fixings (nails, screws orhooks) to prevent them from being lifted from the roof.-When considering the wind loading on the roof covering, designers should consult BS 5534. This provides calculation methods to assess the wind load on each sheet as a uniformly distributed load, and alsotakes into account the porosity of the sheets and effectiveness of the substrate boarding and/or underlayshielding, when calculating wind uplift loads.the standard method in BS 6399–2 “loading for buildings– Code of practice for wind loads” should beused to determine the basic wind speed of the site, which is then used to calculate the effective wind speedand dynamic wind pressure on the roof, by applying a series of factors to account for terrain, topography,building height and length etc.fg. 4.3Wind loadWind+-30º andaboveSuctionzoneWind+-30º andbelowSuctionzonePressure distribution in relation to roof pitchDirections of pressuresgenerated by wind forceLeewardWindward4.3.2 Live loadstrussed rafters and the framed roof must support the dead loads as specified in Bs 6399–1, the wind loadsin BS 6399–3.Loads acting on rafters are dead load (sheet, battens, underlay and rafter self weight), imposed loadsand the wind uplift load. Other dead loads act on the ceiling ties (ceiling, water tanks and the sheet selfweight) and imposed loads (weight of storage) will have to be taken into account by the designer.Table 4.34.3.2SLOPELIVE LOADSlope bigger than 20% 0.35 kN/m 2®PROFILE 3 MANUAL23

These values are valid, only if there is an impossibility to submit thestructure to loads bigger than those stated here.4.3.34.3.3 Dead loadsDead loads of SUPERLIGHTWEIGHT ® and ULTIMATE ®:•- 0.10kN/m 2SUPERLIGHTWEIGHT ®- 0.11k N/m 2• ULTIMATE ®:4.44.4 MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED OVERHANGSSufficient overhangs must be allowed at the eaves to ensure that rainwater discharges into the drain.Verges must be overhung by one complete corrugation (75mm) as shown below.fig. 4.4Maximum recommended overhangs4.54.5 TOP AND SIDE ABUTMENTSSide abutments occur where the side edge of the roof slope meets a wall that rises above it, while topabutments occur where the top of a roof slope meets a wall that rises above it. It is best practice to ensurethat rainwater runs away from abutments.24®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

fig. 4.5Side abutmentsPoint of installationApron ashingRoofing sheetPurlinfig. 4.6Top abutmentsPlaster to the wall above flashingTop abutmentRoofing sheetPurlinVertical wallRafter4.6 ACCESSIBILITY TO THE ROOF FOR MAINTENANCE4.6At the design stage it is desirable that consideration should be given for the provision of access to the rooffor maintenance purpose.®PROFILE 3 MANUAL25

55. INSTALLATION5.15.1 RECOMMENDED TOOLSThe correct practices of installation, requires the use of proper tools to ensure a neat and aestheticroof. It is highly advisable that the construction companies and their roofers are providedwith the proper equipment, which must be composed, at least, of the following tools.fig. 5.1Recommended toolsElectric Drilling MachineHack SawHammerHand DrillString or lineMeasuring tapeHand RaspScriberCarpenter’s Saw• Electric drilling Machine – For drilling holes in fibre cement products.• Hand drill – For drilling all fibre cement products using standard metal drills.• Hand rasp – For edge finishing like smoothening of rough edges. It is advisable to always wet thesheets before using the hand rasp.• Hack saw – For cutting fibre cement products.• Carpenter’s saw – For cutting wood and fibre cement products of varying thickness.26®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

• scriber – For mitring corrugated sheets. Also for making longitudinal cuts in corrugated sheets andflat sheets up to 6mm thickness.• Hammer – Used for nailing purpose and also for removing nails where necessary.• String – For ensuring straightness and alignment of roofing sheets.• Measuring tape – For taking measurement of dimensions.5.2 CONNECTION OF WALLPLATES TO BUILDING5.2The connection of wallplates to the building block is a very important aspect of roofing works. If thewallplate is not properly connected, the roof stands the risk of being blown off in the event of heavyrainstorm.Below is the drawing of a typical way of connecting the wallplate of the roof to the blockwall.fig. 5.2Connection of Wallplates to BuildingTimber wall plate6mm steel barembedded inconcrete grout1500mm centres5.3 DEFINITION OF LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE OF THE ROOF5.3The roof trusses should be checked for squareness at the gable end, the eaves and the ridgeline. The layingof sheets should either start from the right to the left or vice versa and this is illustrated in fig. 5.3.®PROFILE 3 MANUAL27

fig. 5.3Defining the left and the right side of a roofLeftRight5.45.4 LAYING PATTERN - LAYOUT(GRIDDED PATTERN INSTEAD OF STAGGERED PATTERN)Most people can accomplish the fixing of a fibre cement roof if they install the sheets from the bottomupward (from the eaves to the ridge), on strips perpendicular to the supporting purlins. The perfection andaesthetics in the sheet installation results from the perpendicularity from the strips to the purlins and therow arrangement. The installation should be performed according to the illustration in the figure below.fig. 5.4Layout3233343531302925262728242322181920211716151112131410984 5 6 7321RidgesPROFILE 3® roofing sheet can be cut using a suitable power saw complete with dust extraction or hacksawor alternatively it can be broken over a straight edge after being deeply inscribed with a scriber. In bothcases the severing must be clean and should be trimmed if necessary by means of a hand rasp. Note thatthe trimming should only be done after wetting the part of the sheets to be trimmed.28®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

5.5 CUTTING5.55.6 MITRING5.6This is the cutting off of the corners of diagonal (inner) sheets that meet at a joint to prevent a thicknessof 4 sheets at that joint. Not all sheets are to be mitred and the number of cuts on a sheet depends on itsposition and sequence of laying. The use of a template makes it easier for marking the cutting line.The sheets and ridges should be cut to avoid having four thicknesses of sheeting in the same plane atthe junctions of sides and end laps as illustrated below in the figure below.fig. 5.6Mitringfig. 5.6MitringSupported sheetGood adjustment of sheetsUnsupported sheetBad adjustment of sheets®PROFILE 3 MANUAL29

5.75.7 FASTENING PROCEDUREPROFILE 3® roofing sheets should be drilled when fasteners are to be introduced. The fixing holes shouldbe 2mm larger in diameter than the fixing nail and should be located centrally on the timber purlins; forhook bolts or similar the hole should be located 4mm upslope from the back edge of the purlin. In all casessealant washers and felt should be utilized to ensure adequate weather protection.fig. 5.9aFixing (wrong way)fig. 5.9bFixing (wrong way)never make the holes for the fixing points with hammer and nailfig. 5.9aFixing (right way)Min 50mm30®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

5.8 CORRECT POSITION OF FASTENERS5.8fig. 5.11Fixing. Nails / bolts / screws1 8 14 8 14P3fig. 5.12Fixing. HooksS-type flat hook Special flat hook Flat hookfig. 5.13Fixing. BoltsElastic sealing set.Sheet boring drill 1/2”(13mm)fig. 5.14Fixing. BoltsHexagonalnutSeal elastic washerMetallic washer8mmThreaded hocks8mm60VariableVariableSimple typeL type®PROFILE 3 MANUAL31

66. ESTIMATION OF MATERIALS6.16.1 ESTIMATION OF CORRUGAT ED SHEETSFor proper estimation of the sheets, the following points should be considered:• The slope length• The slope (pitch) of the roof• The length of the sheet to be used – 1800mm, 2400mm etc• The end and side lapsIn all designed projects the roof slope will be specified, however therecommended minimum slope is 15 degrees.fig. 6.1Roof slopeSteps to Take When Estimating1.2.3.4.From the roof plan drawing or from physical measurements, the length and width of the roof areobtained as L Rand W Rrespectively. ( Including the horizontal projection of the eaves).From technical data table of page 17, the rafter length is obtained (R ) ALIn the case of multispan roofs, separate these spans and treat them individually.Choose the length of the sheet to use and hence determine the overlaps and net sheet dimensions.32®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

Calculate as follows• L : Length of roofr• WR : Width of roof• R : Rafter length including eaves = KT or KBAL• N : Number of flesF• N : Number of rowsR• E : Effective length of sheetLS• L: Length of the roof including the eavesR• E : Effective width of sheetsws• N : Number of sheets per spansN R= R AL/E LSN F= L R/E WSN S= N R* N FAdd a 5% of allowance for all sundry shortagesExample:Assume a roof has the following dimensions: 18m length and 12m width with a slope of 15°. Estimatethe number of SUPERLIGHTWEIGHT ® and ULTIMATE ® of 1.8m sheets and accessories required. Asume end andlateral eaves of 0.6m of length.fig. 6.2Roof SUPERLIGHTWEIGHT ® and ULTIMATE ® sheets estimate18m12m®PROFILE 3 MANUAL33

SOLUTION FOR SUPERLIGHTWEIGHT®NR = RAL /ELSWhere RAL = rafter length including eavesRAL = 1.04 × TP (at 15° slope)= 1.04 × (12000mm + 1200mm) /2 = 6900mm (refer to fig 4.2 & table 4.1on pages 20 and 21 respectively)ELS = Effective length of sheet= 1800mm - 150mm = 1650mmNR = RAL /ELS = 6900mm / 1650mm = 4 rowsNF = LR/EWSwhere LR = length of roof including eaves= 18000mm + 1200mm = 19200mmEWS = Effective width of sheets= 1050mm - 75mm = 975mmNF = 19200mm / 975mm = 20 flesNS = NR × NF= 4 rows × 20 files = 80 sheets × 1.05 (5% for all sundry allowances)= 84sheets (for one span)For two spans as we have in the example= 84 sheets × 2 = 168 sheets34®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

SOLUTION FOR ULTIMATE®NR = RAL/ELSWhere RAL = Rafter length including eavesRAL = 1.04 × TP (at 15° slope)= 1.04 × (12000mm + 1200mm)/2 = 6900mm (refer to fig 4.2 & table 6.1)ELS = Effective length of sheet= 1800mm-150mm = 1650mmNR = RAL/ELS = 6900mm / 1650mm = 4 rowsNF = LR/EWSwhere LR = length of roof including eaves= 18 0 00mm + 1200mm = 19200mmEWS = Effective width of sheets= 685mm - 75mm = 610mmNF = 19200mm / 610mm = 32 filesNS = NR × NF= 4 rows × 32 files = 128 sheets × 1.05 (5% for all sundry allowances)= 134 sheets (for one span)For two spans as we have in the example= 134 sheets × 2 = 268 sheets®PROFILE 3 MANUAL35

6.26.2 ESTIMATION OF ACCESSORIESTo estimate any of the accessories to be used, the calculation should be:length of the position of application of the accessoryEffective length of the accessory to be usedAll calculations should be factored by 5% for sundry allowancesEXAMPLECalculate the number of SUPERLIGHTWEIGHT® and ULTIMATE ®with dimensions 18m length and 12m width.Ridge =length of the roofNet covering width of the sheet= 18/0.975 = 18.5 × 1.05ridges required for a roofUse 20 SUPERLIGHTWEIGHT ® ridgesEXAMPLECalculate the number of ridges required for a roof with dimensions 18m length and 12mwidth.Ridge =length of the roofNet covering width of the sheet18/0.61 = 29.5 × 1.05 = 30.98Use 31 ULTIMATE ® ridges36®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

6.3 ESTIMATION OF FASTENERS6.3Fasteners (nails and bolts): The quantity of fasteners can be estimated using the following practical method.all estimated quantities should be factored by 1.05 to account for all sundry losses and shortages.Ridges lineUse 2 nails per ridge (1 st & last ridge = 3 nails)Middle (current) Rows or Coursesa. Main purlin: 2 nails per sheet (last sheet = 3)b.Intermediate purlin: 1 nail per sheet (last sheet = 2)Eaves Rows (Courses)a.b.Main purlin: 2 nails per sheet (last sheet = 3)Intermediate purlin: 1 nail per sheet (last sheet = 2)®PROFILE 3 MANUAL37

77. TRANSPORTATIO N HANDLINGAND STORAGESheets with up to 1.52m length can be transported by a single person; above this length, they should becarried by two persons.Never bend the sheets on their width direction whilst transporting.fig. 7.1Sheets transportationLiftingSheets should be hoisted in a manner as to not create stress on the width direction. On sites with up to 2or 3 levels, the sheets can be raised one at a time, with a rope fitted with a flat hook wrapped in a hose orsome form of similar protection, so as to not damage the sheets. See illustration below:fig. 7.2Way to lift sheets38®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

StorageStore the sheets in a location as close as possible to the work site on a rubble free, flat ground. Sheet canbe stacked horizontally up to a maximum of 100 units, as long as they are seating on appropriate shimsor pallets.on no account must sheets of different lengths be mixed for storage.fg. 7.3StorageWhile loading and laying, PROFILE 3® corrugated sheets must be handled with care and prevented from fallingor hitting an obstacle. Sheets should be stacked horizontally on a smooth level foundation on pallets or battens.Where loading and off loading are done by hand, the sheet should be carried by two persons, one at eachend as shown In addition, the following points should be noted when stacking EMENITE ® PROFILE 3® sheet.a.b.c.d.Lift the sheets by the ends only and with care.Stack sheets on level firm ground using pallets or battens.Limit stacking height per pallet/batten to 1meter.Stack smooth face up and close to construction site but away from any vehicular movementUnloadingThe sheets should be unloaded one at a time. Sheets of up to 2.4m length should beunloaded by two persons.®PROFILE 3 MANUAL39

fig. 7.4Unloading sheets40®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

8. SAFETY ON SITE88.1 PRECAUTIONS WHEN LAYINGPROFILE 3 SHEETS8.1Profle 3 roofing sheets, manufactured by EMENITE ® Limited are of high quality and their strength is abovethat required by the relevant standards. However, the roof structure is not to be walked on indiscriminatelybut only along the purlins and rafters. standing or walking on the roofing sheets or accessories and especiallyon their edges must be avoided. It is strongly advised that boards or panels be used to walk on roofs.throwing of heavy objects onto the roof covering or jumping on to them must be avoided. Before laying,the structural elements should be checked for strength and security.8.2 AVOIDING DUST8.2As much as possible, avoid generating inhalable dust. Use hand or slow running tools which produce onlycoarse dust chips. When it is necessary to use abrasive high speed tools, these should be fitted with dustextraction equipment. Any dust falling from fibercement sheets should be thoroughly wet before removalby sweeping.8.3 ACCIDENT PREVENTION8.3Majority of accidents that occur on site can be prevented by taking the necessary precautions. Specifiersshould take notice of all the forces likely to be exerted on a roof or cladding and specify adequate supportstructures to take care of them. Contractors should always keep to specification and ensure thatthe support structure is correctly prepared before sheeting work starts. They should also ensure that onlyexperienced carpenters are allowed onto the roof. Under no circumstances should anyone walk directlyon the sheets. Planks and ladders should be used instead. Sheet fixers and supervisors should ensure thatthese are correctly positioned and adequately supported. On high pitch roofs, safety belts should be used.roofing work should not be done under wet or strong wind conditions.®PROFILE 3 MANUAL41

99. CARE AND MAINTENANCEThe following recommendations are given to extend the service life of our products and toensure their optimal performance.9.19.1 PAINTING RECOMMENDATIONSColoured versions of these products are available on request.EMENITE applies specifically tested paints to the sheets under properly defined conditions.NOTE: EXCLUSIVE CLAUSEEMENITE ® shall not accept liability for products defect resulting fromthe painting of EMENITE ® products by purchasers of company unpaintedEMENITE ® products supplied in standard grey colours.9.29.2 ROOF REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCEEMENITE ® Limited offers complete roof repairs and maintenance service which includes the following:1.2.3.4.Determination of the ageing of the existing roof structural components for eventual replacement orservicing.Determination of the state of the roof covering for the replacement of damaged sheets/tiles andaccessories.Face–lifting the roof covering by cleaning organic growth with fungicides and treating with appropriatesurface biocides.Recoating of EMENITE ® coloured roofs after the pre–requisite steps have been taken as listed in (1) – (3)above.42®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

9.3 IMPORTANT GUIDELINES FOR ROOF MAINTENANCE9.31.2.3.4.5.6.Before proceeding to remove dust and fungi found on the roof, the state of the roof must be verifed bya qualified roofer. The tightness (imperviousness) of the roof covering, the finishings, the chimney, theskylight and the cornice must be examined as applicable.All water–sensitive goods and equipment in occupied premises must be covered with polythene sheeting. the sheeting should be regularly inspected for water ingress.Random tiles are to be removed from ceilings to enable ingress to be identified and dealt withaccordingly.All identified damaged roofing sheets and accessories and roof support members– should be replacedor repaired as necessary.All roof gutters and valleys should be thoroughly inspected, cleaned and repaired or replaced asnecessary.all bolt protrusions are to be properly cropped, tightened and sealed.9.4 PRECAUTIONS9.4The following guidelines must be strictly followed while executing maintenance or installation of EMENITE ®fibre–cement roofing products.• Roof ladders and duck boards must always be used when walking on or gaining access to fibrecement roofs. Under no circumstances should any worker, walk directly on fibre cement roofs. The roofshould be scaffolded round and fitted with edge protection.• The roof structure must be stable and strong enough to accommodate both live loads (human traffic)and dead loads (weight of the roof components)• Sheeters must wear appropriate clothings and boots or shoes. Loose and flappy clothings must not beworn.• No sheeter should go on the roof without wearing a safety helmet, which must be firmly fastened tothe head.• Adequate consideration must be given to weather conditions. Care must be taken to avoid working on®PROFILE 3 MANUAL43

oofs when it is wet or windy.• Sheeters must be alert and physically fit before attempting to work on roofs.• Under no condition must any sheeter work on the roof while under the influence of alcohol or otherdrugs that may impair alertness.• Provision should be made for protection of surrounding areas from dust, water and noise vibration,as may be considered necessary by the client’s representative. Barriers and warning sign must bemounted to prevent members of the public from entering the working area.• Collection and disposal of waste arising from the cleaning operation must comply with Local HealthRegulations.44®PROFILE 3 MANUAL

10. TERMS AND CONDITIONS1010.1 IMPORTANT REMARKS10.1All clauses of this technical brochure are valid as at the date of this brochure and thus supercede all stipulationsof previous issues.The directions for installation mentioned in these clauses represent a code of practice for the most current applications. Some exceptional conditions and some unusual applications may require special andmore strict precautions.In such situations, the designer as well as the installer must take into account such specifc circumstances during the installation of the product.®PROFILE 3 MANUAL45

1111.ENVIRONMENTAL PROTSUSTAINABILITYECTION ANDThe issue of global warming, climatic change and their effects on our environment are so important inthe manufacturing and construction industries. It behoves on standard organizations to impress it on theircustomers and suppliers to put environmental best practices at the top of their agenda.The United Nations Commission on the Environment and Development indicated that sustainability isthat which meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations tomeet their own needs.At EMENITE ® we strive to ensure that we turn sustainability into an everyday part of our workingactivities.This we ensure by doing the following:• Reduce wastes generated as much as possible, (our target is zero waste).• Energy conservation (i.e gas, electricity, oil and water consumption).• Reducing pollution by ensuring that there is no direct risk of pollution to either the air or water. Thestable and inert wastes generated therefrom are treated, re–cycled or used as bulk material for landscapingetc.• Abiding by the company’s sustainability commitment by meeting our customer requirements withregards to the quality of our products and services, whilst recognizing the impact that our businessactivities have on the environment.It is in recognition of these that we were among the first in the industry to receive the NIS ISO 14001certification, the internationally recognized environmental management standard award.46®PROFILE 3 MANUAL