P D F - Zoological Studies - Academia Sinica

38 Zoological Studies 34(1): 29-40 (1995)Table 2. Summary of modes of asexual reproduction in the corallimorpharians(Order Corallimorpha ria)TaxaFamily CorallimorphidaeCorynactis australisC. californ icaC. parvulaFamily RicordeidaeRicordea floridaR. c.f. yumaFamily DiscosomatidaeDiscosoma (= Paradiscosoma) sanctith imaeD. ( = p") carlgreniD. (= P.) neglectaRhodactis ( = Discosoma) indosinensis;-R. ( = 0. ) howesiiR. ( = D.) bryoidesR. (= Platyzoanthus) mussoidesActinodiscus ( = Discosoma) nummiformisModeLongitudinalLongitudinalPedalPedalPedalPedal, LongitudinalPedalPedalLongitudinal,Inverse budding,Two-mouth fissionLongitudinalLongitud inalLongitudinalPedalReferencesCarlgren (1949)Chadwick & Adams (1991)den Hartog (1980)den Hartog (1980)pers. obser."den Hartog (1980)den Hartog (1980)den Hartog (1980)present studypers. obser"pers. obser.apers. obser ."pers. obser ."apersonal observa tion in the Great Barrier Reefs.raised temperatures was suggested to be the inducingfactor for spawning in the field (Lin et al.1992). In the present study , the three aggregat ionsof R. indosinensis were located each in a bowl-liketidal pool, where environmental factors , e.g., temperatureand tidal exposure , fluctuate seasonally(Figs. 4d, e). Thus, more detailed studies couldbe conducted here to possibly understand therelationship between environmental factors andsexual reproduction in R. indosinensis.Frequency of asexual reproduction which variesmonthly and peaks in one season has been docurnentedin a number of sea anemones (Sebens1982, Bucklin 1987, Lin et al. 1992; for a reviewsee Shick 1991). This temporal variation of a­sexual reproduction has been attributed to abioticfactors that affect the energy budget (Lin et al.1992; for a review see Shick 1991). In R. indosinensis,the highest percentage of asexual reproductionoccurs during times of high water temperatures(Figs. 4c, d). In addition, the peaks ofasexual reproduction in each of the three monitoredaggregations were staggered a month apart fromnear shore to off shore (Fig. 8). These resultssuggest that temperature plays an important rolein the induction of asexual reproduction in R.indosinensis.The sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissimadivides during periods of starvation, and undergoesgametogenesis and spawns during the growthseason (Sebens 1979 1980 1982). In contrast , inA. dixoniana does there is no interruption of gametogenesis by division in the field, but the oocytediamete r is influenced by the division rate underlaboratory cond itions (Lin et al. 1992). In R. indosinensis,oogenesis occurs from August to Mayof following year, with spawning in : 1ay to June ,while asexual reproduc tion peaks in July andremains high during the following two months(Figs. 4c, 7). We postulate that R. indosinensismay allocate energy to sexual reproduction duringthe period of high-water immers ion and moderatetemperatures (24° C to 26°C, Fig. 4e), and asexualreproduction occurs sequentially in periods of lowwaterexposure and higher temperature (28°C to32°C, Fig. 4e). Further study is needed to confirmthis.Acknowledgements: We thank Drs. D. G. Fautin ,J. L. Simon , K. Soong, L. L. Liu, and L. S. Fangfor encouragement and for reviewing the manuscript;Dr. B. L. Willis , Ms. G. Brodie , B. J. Norris,Mr. B. Stobart , K. Martin-Smith, P. Spencer (JamesCook University, Australia) and Dr. N. E. Chadwick­Furman (Israel) for final revisions ; Ms. M. L.Chang-Lai for helping with field collection; andMs. L. Chen for the typing and correct ing themanuscr ipt. Thanks also to Dr. D. G. Fautin forher advice on the species name. This paper isadapted from a thesis submitted to National Sun

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40 Zoological Studies 34(1): 29-40 (1995)台 灣 產 印 支 圓 盤 擬 珊 瑚 ; 每 葵 之 有 性 及 無 性 生 殖陳 昭 倫 1 陳 章 波 2 陳 一 鳴 3從 1988 年 至 !J 1990 年 在 台 灣 南 部 萬 里 桐 低 潮 線 附 近 淺 水 域 研 究 印 支 自 盤 擬 珊 瑚 海 葵 生 殖 學 。 印 支 圓 盤 擬 珊瑚 ; 每 葵 為 群 集 性 生 物 , 在 研 究 地 點 形 成 3 個 大 群 集 。 在 有 性 生 殖 方 面 . 印 支 圓 盤 擬 珊 瑚 海 葵 為 雌 雄 異 體 , 卵 發育 需 要 9 個 月 , 精 子 發 育 需 要 3 個 月 。 成 熟 卵 直 徑 為 850 微 米 。 卵 與 精 子 皆 在 5 月 成 熟 , 而 在 5~6 月 間 釋 放配 子 。本 研 究 記 錄 印 支 圓 盤 擬 珊 瑚 海 葵 三 種 無 性 生 殖 方 式 : 縱 分 裂 、 反 口 出 芽 及 雙 口 裂 。 其 中 後 兩 種 無 性 生 殖 方式 未 曾 在 花 蟲 綱 報 導 遇 。 縱 分 裂 為 印 支 圓 盤 擬 珊 瑚 海 葵 主 要 的 無 性 生 殖 方 式 , 發 生 在 口 盤 直 徑 大 於 50 毫 米 的個 體 , 生 殖 高 峰 在 夏 季 。 反 口 出 芽 為 次 要 的 無 性 生 殖 方 式 , 發 生 在 口 盤 直 徑 大 於 30 毫 米 的 個 體 , 生 殖 高 峰 在冬 、 春 之 際 。 雙 口 裂 只 偶 然 發 生 。 無 性 生 殖 起 始 於 高 潮 位 的 群 集 及 無 性 生 殖 頻 度 高 峰 出 現 在 7.k;. 且 回 昇 時 , 是 以推 測 環 境 因 子 中 水 ; 且 可 能 影 響 無 性 生 殖 的 發 生 。關 鍵 詞 : 生 殖 周 期 , 配 子 發 生 。1 固 立 中 山 大 學 海 洋 生 物 研 究 所2 中 央 研 究 院 動 物 研 究 所3 國 立 中 山 大 學 海 洋 資 源 系