C.4ABC Physical and Chemical Changes and Properties

C.4ABC Physical and ChemicalChanges and PropertiesThe student is expected to differentiate betweenphysical and chemical changes and propertiesAND identify extensive and intensive propertiesAND classify matter as pure substances or mixturesthrough investigation of their properties.

C.5AB The Periodic TableThe student is expected to explain the use of chemical and physicalproperties in the historical development of the Periodic Table ANDuse the Periodic Table to identify and explain the properties ofchemical families, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals,halogens, noble gases, and transition metals.

C.5C Periodic TrendsThe student is expected to use the Periodic Tableto identify and explain periodic trends, including atomicand ionic radii, electronegativity, and ionization energy.

C.6A Atomic TheoryThe student is expected to understand the experimentaldesign and conclusions used in the development ofmodern atomic theory, including Dalton's Postulates,Thomson's discovery of electron properties,Rutherford's nuclear atom, and Bohr's nuclear atom.

C.6BC Atomic EquationsThe student is expected to understand the electromagneticspectrum and the mathematical relationships betweenenergy, frequency, and the wavelength of lightAND calculate the wavelength, frequency, and energy of lightusing Planck's constant and the speed of light.

C.6DE Atomic StructureThe student is expected to use isotopic composition tocalculate average atomic mass of an element AND expressthe arrangement of electrons in atoms through electronconfigurations and Lewis valence electron dot structures.

C.12ABC Nuclear ChemistryThe student is expected to describe the characteristics ofalpha, beta, and gamma radiation AND describe radioactivedecay process in terms of balanced nuclear equations ANDcompare fission and fusion reaction.

C.7AB Chemical FormulasThe student is expected to name ionic compounds containing main groupor transition metal, covalent compounds, acid, and bases, usingInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)nomenclature rules AND write the chemical formulas of commonpolyatomic ions, ionic compounds containing main group or transitionmetals, covalent compounds, acids, and bases AND construct electrondot formulas to illustrate ionic and covalent bonds.

C.7CD Chemical BondingThe student is expected to constructelectron dot formulas to illustrateionic and covalent bonds.

C.7E Molecular StructureThe student is expected to predict molecular structurefor molecules with linear, trigonal planar, ortetrahedral electron pair geometries usingValance Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory.

C.8AB The MoleThe student is expected to define and use theconcept of a mole AND use the mole concept tocalculate the number of atoms, ions, ormolecules in a sample of material.

C.8C Percent CompositionCalculationsThe student is expected to calculatepercent composition and empiricaland molecular formulas.

C.8D Chemical EquationsThe student is expected to use thelaw of conservation of mass to write and balancechemical equations.

C.8E StoichiometryThe student is expected to performstoichiometric calculations, including determination ofmass relationships between reactants and products,calculation of limiting reagents, and percent yield.

C.9AC Gas LawsThe student is expected to describe and calculate therelations between volume, pressure, number of moles, andtemperature for an ideal gas as described by Boyles's law,Charles' law, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure,and the ideal gas law AND describe the postulatesof kinetic molecular theory.

C.9B Gas StoichiometryThe student is expected to performstoichiometric calculations, including determinationof mass and volume relationships between reactants andproducts for reactions involving gases.

C.11AB EnergyThe student is expected to understand energy andits forms, including kinetic, potential, chemical, andthermal energies AND understand the law of conservationof energy and the processes of heat transfer.

C.11CD Thermochemical EquationsThe student is expected to use thermochemical equationsto calculate energy changes that occur in chemical reactionsand classify reactions as exothermic or endothermicAND perform calculations involving heat, mass,temperature change, and specific heat.

C.11E CalorimetryThe student is expected to use calorimetryto calculate the heat of a chemical process.

C.10AB Aqueous SolutionsThe student is expected to describe the unique role of waterin chemical and biological systems AND develop anduse general rules regarding solubility throughinvestigations with aqueous solutions.

C.10CD MolarityThe student is expected to calculate the concentration ofsolutions in units of molarity AND use molarity tocalculate the dilutions of solutions.

C.10EF Solutions and SolubilityThe student is expected to distinguish between types ofsolutions such as electrolytes and nonelectrolytes andunsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated solutions ANDinvestigate factors that influence solubilities and rates ofdissolution such as temperature, agitation, and surface area.

C.10GHIJ Acids and BasesThe student is expected to define acids and bases and distinguishbetween Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry definitions and predict productsin acid base reactions, precipitation reactions, and oxidation-reductionreactions AND understand and differentiate among acid-base reactions,precipitation reactions, and oxidation-reduction reactionsAND define pH and use the hydrogen or hydroxide ions concentrations tocalculate the pH of a solution AND distinguish between degrees ofdissociation for strong and weak acids and bases.