A Search for Rare Decay D0 --> mu+mu - High Energy Physics UPRM

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ContentsList of TablesxviiiList of FiguresxixList of Abbreviationsxxi1 Introduction 11.1 The Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1.1 Fundamental Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Bosons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Fermions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1.2 Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Long and Short Distance Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Feynman Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.2 Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10xii
1.2.1 Conservation of Angular Momentum and Helicity Suppression . . . 111.2.2 Conservation of the electrical charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.2.3 Lepton Number Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.2.4 Baryon Number Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.2.5 Flavor Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.3 Cabibbo Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16a) Cabibbo-Favored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19b) Cabibbo-Suppressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20c) Doubly-Cabibbo-Suppressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.4 GIM Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.5 Rare and Forbidden Decays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24a) Lepton Family Number Violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24b) Lepton Number Violating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24c) Flavour-Changing Neutral-Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.6 Special Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.7 Confidence Intervals and Confidence Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Previous Works 302.1 FCNC Decay Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30xiii
Page 1 and 2: A Search for the Rare Decay D£¥¤
Page 3 and 4: ResumenEste trabajo de tesis presen
Page 5 and 6: AcknowledgmentsThere are so many pe
Page 7 and 8: to work on their experiment. To all
Page 9 and 10: extremos que ésta nos presenta. Y
Page 11: amigos de universidad, Arnulfo Barr
Page 15: 4. Vertex z Positions . . . . . . .
Page 18 and 19: List of Tables2.1 Chronological bra
Page 20 and 21: 2.4 The FOCUS Spectrometer . . . .
Page 22 and 23: M2: Magnet Number 2.: Lorentz Dimuo
Page 24 and 25: 1.1 The Standard Model 2`the branch
Page 26 and 27: families of matter. These are divid
Page 28 and 29: The Standard Model 6Each of the thr
Page 30 and 31: ŽuŽd’ ‘ “”“ “-• —
Page 32 and 33: %1.2 Conservation Laws 10current be
Page 34 and 35: Conservation Laws 12`1.2handed lept
Page 36 and 37: Conservation Laws 14`1.2A §Aº‰
Page 38 and 39: However, these states are +63-1.3 C
Page 40 and 41: ÇÇÇÇÆÈoH ‚ ¿ oH ‚ ¿ ‚
Page 42 and 43: W¦¨ , , and © o ¨ cÏ Î7Ô¦Ca
Page 44 and 45: 1.4 GIM Mechanism 22`1.4 GIM Mechan
Page 46 and 47: 1.5 Rare and Forbidden Decays 24whe
Page 48 and 49: 55 q z4so ¤ pj¥4osoÛ { J zF45 (1
Page 50 and 51: Notice that AA5 q z ¤ q z oiÛ z?
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 2Previous Works2.1 FCNC Dec
Page 54 and 55: ŠŠz‘i2.2 Previous Searches for
Page 56 and 57: ˜¥˜‘2.2 Previous Searches for
Page 58 and 59: ··i2.2 Previous Searches for Rare
Page 60 and 61: i2.3 FOCUS 382.3 FOCUS2.3.1 Introdu
Page 62 and 63:
¥i2.3 FOCUS 40were transmited with
Page 64 and 65:
i2.3 FOCUS 42the experimental targe
Page 66 and 67:
Chapter 3ObjectivesAs a departure p
Page 68 and 69:
Chapter 4ProcedureThis chapter will
Page 70 and 71:
4.2 Reconstruction Process 48Recons
Page 72 and 73:
4.3 Data Selection 50Figure 4.1 sho
Page 74 and 75:
°4.3 Data Selection 52Using inform
Page 76 and 77:
i4.3 Data Selection 54to detect muo
Page 78 and 79:
›4.3 Data Selection 56Information
Page 80 and 81:
kŸnJÑ,ššJBn©kŸnJšz¥{{[“
Page 82 and 83:
4.3 Data Selection 60iReconstructio
Page 84 and 85:
‘°4.3 Data Selection 62iTable 4.
Page 86 and 87:
gJ\·+UpUW†WX†UUX†UUpWWtArs;u
Page 88 and 89:
4.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 66ia spe
Page 90 and 91:
”4.6 Analysis Methodology 68signa
Page 92 and 93:
signal region and determined the co
Page 94 and 95:
sideband was defined as £Í£¥Í
Page 96 and 97:
ƒ”4.7 Background Study 74K†«
Page 98 and 99:
4.7 Background Study 76”Figure 4.
Page 100 and 101:
4.8 Optimization of the Selection C
Page 102 and 103:
ISOS ïþëÿ÷ ¡ ü&ë&÷¢üÕë
Page 104 and 105:
5.2 Background Ratio 82”Figure 5.
Page 106 and 107:
5.3 Skimming Results 84”Figure 5.
Page 108 and 109:
”5.4 Cut Optimization Results 86b
Page 110 and 111:
¥£¨ … D† ƒ ‡ ˆ ‡ Š
Page 112 and 113:
… D† ƒo‡ ˆ ‡ Š ‹ —£
Page 114 and 115:
List of References[1] M. Herrero, T
Page 116 and 117:
æææ”Bibliography 94[19] T. Sj
Page 118 and 119:
æˆææBibliography 96”[37] Ferm
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