A Search for Rare Decay D0 --> mu+mu - High Energy Physics UPRM

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However, these states are +63-1.3 Cabibbo Theory 16interactions since the flavor-changing neutral-current weak interaction is suppressed by theGIM mechanism. This is explained in detail in Section 1.4.`1.3 Cabibbo TheoryTransitions between quarks of different flavors occur only due to the weakinteraction. For the electromagnetic and color interactions all families behave the same.The only differences between them are their masses.When we talk about quarks ofdifferent flavors, we are referring to mass eigenstates.eigenstates of the total Hamiltonian (which includes the weak interaction) because, if theywere, flavor would be conserved in weak decays.The weak decay process can be described as follows. , a quark is createdin a mass (flavor) eigenstate via an electromagnetic or color interaction. This state canbe written as a linear superposition of weak eigenstates each of which has a well-definedAt-ÅJand different lifetime. It is said that the quark is in a “mixed” state. As time evolves, theweak eigenstate mix changes because of the different lifetime evolutions. At a time- later ,the state has acquired components of other mass eigenstates (other flavors) thus explainingflavor transitions.Only quarks with the same charge can mix. Due to the explicit form of the weakinteraction, it is only necessary to consider mixing of the§ 9B2½ quarks (this inducestransitions involving the¤ B2½ quarks also). The mixing is treated mathematically via theunitary Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) [5, 6] matrix whose elements are
ÇÇÇÇÆÈdÉsÉÊËËËËJ ÌÇÇÇÇÆÈÍÎ7ÏÐÍÎZÑÒÍÓÎ7ÔÍFÕÑ ÍÕ@Ô ÍFÕ@ÏÍ cÏ Í cÑ Í cÔÊËËËËÌÇÇÇÇÆÈCabibbo Theory 17d`1.3sÊËËËË(1.9)ÌbIn the lenguage of Feynman diagrams the charged weak transition occurs at a vertexbÉsuch as that shown in Figure 1.5 where q is a¤ B2½ quark and qÉ is a§ 9B2½ quark.q%'qÉFigure 1.5: Feynman diagram for a weak transition.Mixing is treated mathematically by taking the coupling at that vertex to beproportional toÖÍ×Ø×lÙwhereÖ is the universal weak-coupling strength which is the samefor all three families. Notice the reason for the names of elementsÍ×Ø×Ùthe CKM matrixsince they are associated between¤with the and§coupling quarks. For example, 9B2½ B
Page 1 and 2: A Search for the Rare Decay D£¥¤
Page 3 and 4: ResumenEste trabajo de tesis presen
Page 5 and 6: AcknowledgmentsThere are so many pe
Page 7 and 8: to work on their experiment. To all
Page 9 and 10: extremos que ésta nos presenta. Y
Page 11 and 12: amigos de universidad, Arnulfo Barr
Page 13 and 14: 1.2.1 Conservation of Angular Momen
Page 15: 4. Vertex z Positions . . . . . . .
Page 18 and 19: List of Tables2.1 Chronological bra
Page 20 and 21: 2.4 The FOCUS Spectrometer . . . .
Page 22 and 23: M2: Magnet Number 2.: Lorentz Dimuo
Page 24 and 25: 1.1 The Standard Model 2`the branch
Page 26 and 27: families of matter. These are divid
Page 28 and 29: The Standard Model 6Each of the thr
Page 30 and 31: ŽuŽd’ ‘ “”“ “-• —
Page 32 and 33: %1.2 Conservation Laws 10current be
Page 34 and 35: Conservation Laws 12`1.2handed lept
Page 36 and 37: Conservation Laws 14`1.2A §Aº‰
Page 40 and 41: ÇÇÇÇÆÈoH ‚ ¿ oH ‚ ¿ ‚
Page 42 and 43: W¦¨ , , and © o ¨ cÏ Î7Ô¦Ca
Page 44 and 45: 1.4 GIM Mechanism 22`1.4 GIM Mechan
Page 46 and 47: 1.5 Rare and Forbidden Decays 24whe
Page 48 and 49: 55 q z4so ¤ pj¥4osoÛ { J zF45 (1
Page 50 and 51: Notice that AA5 q z ¤ q z oiÛ z?
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 2Previous Works2.1 FCNC Dec
Page 54 and 55: ŠŠz‘i2.2 Previous Searches for
Page 56 and 57: ˜¥˜‘2.2 Previous Searches for
Page 58 and 59: ··i2.2 Previous Searches for Rare
Page 60 and 61: i2.3 FOCUS 382.3 FOCUS2.3.1 Introdu
Page 62 and 63: ¥i2.3 FOCUS 40were transmited with
Page 64 and 65: i2.3 FOCUS 42the experimental targe
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 3ObjectivesAs a departure p
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 4ProcedureThis chapter will
Page 70 and 71: 4.2 Reconstruction Process 48Recons
Page 72 and 73: 4.3 Data Selection 50Figure 4.1 sho
Page 74 and 75: °4.3 Data Selection 52Using inform
Page 76 and 77: i4.3 Data Selection 54to detect muo
Page 78 and 79: ›4.3 Data Selection 56Information
Page 80 and 81: kŸnJÑ,ššJBn©kŸnJšz¥{{[“
Page 82 and 83: 4.3 Data Selection 60iReconstructio
Page 84 and 85: ‘°4.3 Data Selection 62iTable 4.
Page 86 and 87: gJ\·+UpUW†WX†UUX†UUpWWtArs;u
Page 88 and 89:
4.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 66ia spe
Page 90 and 91:
”4.6 Analysis Methodology 68signa
Page 92 and 93:
signal region and determined the co
Page 94 and 95:
sideband was defined as £Í£¥Í
Page 96 and 97:
ƒ”4.7 Background Study 74K†«
Page 98 and 99:
4.7 Background Study 76”Figure 4.
Page 100 and 101:
4.8 Optimization of the Selection C
Page 102 and 103:
ISOS ïþëÿ÷ ¡ ü&ë&÷¢üÕë
Page 104 and 105:
5.2 Background Ratio 82”Figure 5.
Page 106 and 107:
5.3 Skimming Results 84”Figure 5.
Page 108 and 109:
”5.4 Cut Optimization Results 86b
Page 110 and 111:
¥£¨ … D† ƒ ‡ ˆ ‡ Š
Page 112 and 113:
… D† ƒo‡ ˆ ‡ Š ‹ —£
Page 114 and 115:
List of References[1] M. Herrero, T
Page 116 and 117:
æææ”Bibliography 94[19] T. Sj
Page 118 and 119:
æˆææBibliography 96”[37] Ferm
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