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Cultural dimensions - IMD

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Maznevski et al.: <strong>Cultural</strong> Dimensions at the Individual Level of Analysis 293Schwartz, S.H. (1992) ‘Universals in the Contentand Structure of Values: TheoreticalAdvances and Empirical Tests in 20Countries’, Advances in Experimental SocialPsychology 25: 1–65.Schwartz, S.H. (1994) ‘BeyondIndividualism/Collectivism: New <strong>Cultural</strong>Dimensions of Values’, in U. Kim, H.C.Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.-C. Choi and G.Yoon (eds) Individualism and Collectivism: Theory,Method, and Applications, pp. 85–119. ThousandOaks, CA: Sage Publications.Schwartz, S.H. and Bilsky, W. (1990) ‘Toward aTheory of the Universal Content andStructure of Values: Extensions and CrossculturalReplications’, Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology 58(5): 878–91.Schwartz, S.H. and Sagiv, L. (1995) ‘IdentifyingCulture-specifics in the Content and Structureof Values’, Journal of Cross-<strong>Cultural</strong> Psychology26(1): 92–116.Singh, J. (1995) ‘Measurement Issues in CrossnationalResearch’, Journal of InternationalBusiness Studies 26(3): 597–619.Triandis, H.C. (1972) Analysis of Subjective Culture.New York: Wiley.Triandis, H.C. (1988) ‘Collectivism v.Individualism: A Reconceptualisation of aBasic Concept in Cross-cultural SocialPsychology’, in G.K. Verma and C. Bagley(eds) Cross-cultural Studies of Personality, Attitudes,and Cognition. New York: St Martin’s Press.Triandis, H.C., Chan, D.K.-S., Bhawuk, D.P.S.,Iwao, S. and Sinha, J.B.P. (1995)‘Multimethod Probes of Allocentrism andIdiocentrism’, International Journal of Psychology30(4): 461–80.Trompenaars, F. (1993) Riding the Waves of Culture:Understanding <strong>Cultural</strong> Diversity in Business. Avon:The Bath Press.Yau, O.H.M. (1988) ‘Chinese <strong>Cultural</strong> Values:Their Dimensions and MarketingImplications’, European Journal of Marketing22(5): 44–57.Zurcher, L.A., Meadow, A. and Zurcher, S.(1965) ‘Value Orientation, Role Conflict andAlienation from Work: A Cross-culturalStudy’, American Sociological Review 30: 539–48.Appendix 1CPQ4 Sample ItemsNo. ofScale items Sample itemsRelationshipsIndividualism 7 People tend to think of themselves first, before they think of others.Society works best when each person serves his or her own interests.Collectivism 8 Good team members subordinate their own goals and thoughts to those of theteam.Society works best when people willingly make sacrifices for the good ofeveryone.Hierarchical 7 A hierarchy of authority is the best form of organization.People at lower levels in organizations should carry out the requests of peopleat higher levels without question.EnvironmentSubjugation 7 People should not try to change the paths their lives are destined to take.It’s best to leave problem situations alone to see if they work out on their own.Mastery 7 With enough knowledge and resources, any poor-performing business can beturned around.Good performance comes from taking control of one’s business.Harmony 7 All living things are equal and deserve the same care and consideration.It is our responsibility to conserve the balance of elements in ourenvironment.continues

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