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With the phenomenal increase inpopulation will develop an evergreater demand for water from analready stressed water utility. TheStudy on Water Supply and SewerageSystem in Karachi prepared bythe Japan International CooperationAgency (JICA) in the year 2008 estimatesthat the water demandwould increase to 1,182 mgd by theyear 2025.At risk – the hub river/damservice areaIf we consider the water supplysources for Karachi City in the contextof a possible drought scenariothan the Hub river/dam source ismost relevant. Completed in 1981,the dam was first filled up in 1984.It was again filled up in 1989, 1992,1994, 1995 and 2003. The last timethe dam was filled up was August2007. During the 8 years from 1995to 2003, the dam was never filledup (reduced rainfall – drought).As aresult, the supply from the dam reducedto almost zero during thefour years from July 1999 till June2003. 18 Five major localities inKarachi inhabited by about 5 millionresidents are dependent on the Hubriver source. Following the droughtperiod (199-2003) when immenseproblems were faced in meeting thewater demands of the affected population,the KW&SB initiated a projectlinking the Indus river supplywith the pumping station at Manghopir(from where water sourcedwater Demend (mgd)1,2001,0008006004002000Fig. 27karachi water Demand2005 2010 2015 2020 2025yearSource: The Study on Water Supply and Sewerage System in Karachi prepared by the Japan InternationalCooperation Agency (JICA), 20081. Lyari Town2. Saddar Town3. Jamshed Town4. gadap town5. Site town6. keman town7. Shah Faisal Town8. Korangi Town9. Landhi Town10. Bin Qasim Town11. Malir Town12. Gulshan TownFig. 28public water Supply(the hub river Source – (100 mgD)Service Area/populAtIoN SErVED – 5 million13. Liaquatabad Town14. North NazimabadTown15. Gulberg Town16 New Karachi Town17. orangi town18. Baldia town19. A. Karachi Contonment20. B. Clifton Contonment21. C. Korangi Creek Contonment22. D. Faisal Contonment23. E. Malir Contonment24. F. Manora Contonment18The Study on Water Supply and Sewerage System in Karachi prepared by the Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA), 200837
Section 2: Understanding the Impactsfrom the Hub dam is supplied to thecity) so that in case of water scarcityat the Hub source, the water supplyfrom the Indus source can be diverted.However,as even the Indussource is under stress and not meetingthe existing demand, this measurecannot be a very viable solutionin the long run when demand is expectedto increase substantially.The socio-economic profile of a majorityof the residents of the servicearea would also place them in a vulnerabilitycontext.kw&SB – utility in stressAs discussed, Karachi already faces ahigh supply demand gap and populationpressures leading to increaseddemand are likely. Rainfallis already limited and the impacts ofa likely drought period could be severe.However the capacity of theservice provider to meet the possibleconsequences may be a greatercause of concern. If one only looksat its financial status than the situationis quite grim. Examination ofthe financial statements of KW&SBfor recent years shows an extremelyworrying trend as regards its shortterm financial positions. Over recentyears, KW&SB has continuouslybeen operating in deficit. The annualdeficit ranges from Rs.2,000 to2,700 million (US$33.3 to 45.0 million).At the end of the fiscal year2004/05, the accumulated deficittotaled to Rs. 10,435 million(US$173.9 million). These deficitshave eventually been subsidized byAmount (Rs. Billion)1210864 2.932.85 2.69 2.542.36200.82 0.822000-012.412001-022.272002-032.452003-042.652004-05Fiscal yearCurrentDeficitAccumulatedDeficitAnnual revenue(Billed)Source: The Study on Water Supply and Sewerage System in Karachi prepared by the Japan InternationalCooperation Agency (JICA), 2008populAtIoNmAxImum wAtEr DEmAND (@ 54 gpcd)mINImum DEmAND (@ 30 - 54 gpcd) [Av: 42 gpcd] 756 mgDAVAIlABlE Supplyvvv(Source: KW&SB)2.035.54INDuS SourCE (KINGER LAKE SURFACE WATER)- greater karachi 280 mgd- gharo 28 mgd- k-II 100 mgd- Additional 40 mgd- k-III 100 mgd- Steel mill 22 mgd- pQA 08 mgdhuB DAm (SurFACE wAtEr)DumlottEE wEllS (grouND wAtEr)wAtEr loSSES (35%)Fig. 29kwSB Financial CrisisFig. 30water Supply at a glance8.08578 mgDtotal :18 mIllIoN972 mgD680 mgD10.44100 mgD2 mgD680 mgD38
Page 3 and 4: 334Antonio A. Arce © UB-TAH Projec
Page 5 and 6: ContentsForEworD 06ACkNowlEDgEmENt
Page 7 and 8: ForewordThe issue of climate change
Page 9 and 10: AcknowledgementThe preparation of t
Page 11 and 12: IntroductionFig. 2the ‘Additional
Page 13 and 14: Introductionregionurban population(
Page 15 and 16: Introductionthe Study - objectives
Page 17: Section 1: Karachi City - Context f
Page 20 and 21: Over the past years cyclones tend t
Page 22 and 23: Temperatures/Precipitation/Wet Days
Page 24 and 25: works, encroachments andgarbage dum
Page 26 and 27: Flooding - possible Impacts• Loss
Page 28 and 29: people - An idea of the scale ofthe
Page 30 and 31: Arabian seak A r A C h IF l o o D Z
Page 32 and 33: lances.An overwhelming 96% of thedo
Page 34 and 35: Fig. 22Vanishing green Spaces1986 2
Page 36 and 37: The focus has been to take either a
Page 40 and 41: federal and provincial governments.
Page 42 and 43: Critical Challenges• It seems eff
Page 44 and 45: urban heat island effectUrban settl
Page 46 and 47: AResolution was passed in a Seminar
Page 48 and 49: While regularly updated data on veh
Page 50 and 51: Increasing energy demandMohammad Ar
Page 52 and 53: Fig. 38- karachi City -Cascading Co
Page 54 and 55: The National Institute of Oceanogra
Page 56 and 57: The Karachi harbor - a critical nat
Page 58 and 59: dence to suggest that as mangrovesa
Page 60 and 61: Storm surge wave• It would start
Page 62 and 63: Over the long term, non-structuralm
Page 64 and 65: managing the ImpactsFlooding Drough
Page 66 and 67: ings us to the fundamental challeng

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