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Increasing energy demandMohammad Arshad, Shehri-CBEInformal service provision - Accessing a publicwater supply networkMohammad Arshad, Shehri-CBEa Citizen Report Card (CRC) was conductedat the initiative of theKW&SB with the technical supportof the Water and Sanitation Program(WSP) Pakistan office. Amongother service delivery aspects andconsumer coping mechanisms italso investigated the water consumptiontrends and a clear increasein water consumption (basedon consumer input) was indicatedduring the warmer months of theyear. Capacity constraints at differentlevels of the water utility to dealwith the associated challenges of increaseddemand have already beendiscussed in detail earlier .weakening defencesGreen spaces (parks/farmlands) reducethe urban heat island by reflectingmore of the incoming solarenergy than urban materials, as wellas absorbing energy through photosynthesisand providing coolingthrough evaporativetranspiration.As already discussedearlier in detail the green cover inthe city is decreasing.Fig. 37water usage profile – Annual FluctuationsWidening gap in supply and demandMohammad Arshad, Shehri-CBE100Seasonal water Scarcitywater usageIn extreme heat events, a muchgreater than normal pressure is exertedon the potable water supplysources with increased consumption.As there is no water meteringat the retail level in Karachi, there isno way of accurately assessing thefluctuations or trends in water consumption.However, recently a publicperception survey in the form of806040200JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecmberSource: Water & Sewerage Services in Karachi – Citizen Report Card - Sustainable Service DeliveryImprovements –2010 – KW&SB/WSP49
Section 2: Understanding the ImpactsCritical Challenges• Critical gaps in our ‘understanding’ of urban development trendsoverheating risks and target priority areasm Relation between population density and heat island effectm Contribution of anthropogenic factors in raising urban heat – traffic/air-conditionuse etc.)m Impact on infrastructure (E.g. power, water, transport)m Health impacts• Shrinking green cover in the city• Promote a green roof/rooftop garden program• A transport infrastructure that discourages use of public transportand focuses on promoting use of ‘private automobiles’• Extremely high water and energy loss during transmission and distributionand no promotion of ‘water’ and ‘energy’ conservation measures– lack of focus on alternative and environment friendly ‘energysources’• Critical gaps in the ‘health emergency response systems –health/emergency/trauma facilitiesEnd noteLack of appropriate data and researchagain act as a constrainingfactor in determining the presenceand extent of the relevant climatechange impacts such as the urbanheat island effect. However, possiblecontributing factors can be identifiedand mostly relate with the unplannedand unregulated growththat has now become the norm inKarachi’s development scenario.Options for horizontal growth arenow negligible if not already exhaustedwithin the inner city andvertical growth scenarios are beingconsidered – however, withoutproper consideration for the social,environmental safeguards necessaryfor making them a viable planningand development strategy to accommodateresidential and commercialgrowth pressures.An appalling lack of focus and priorityon providing the city with socially,environmentally andfinancially viable public transportoptions has led to a phenomenalgrowth in the numbers of privatevehicle usage that is now globallybeing discouraged as a sustainablemode of transport in terms of adverseimpacts on the environmentand sustainable growth of urbansettlements. While there is muchtalk of investing in public transportoptions, it is a matter of grave concernthat the present enhancedfocus on specific transport infrastructuresuch as flyovers is gearedto the benefit of the private vehicleuser while at the same time actingas possible physical barriers andconstraints to the development of aviable public transport system.The issue of the ever existing andwidening supply-demand gap inwater supply, related cross cuttingconcerns and the grave institutionalchallenges being faced by the waterutility – the KW&SB - has alreadybeen discussed. Yet again here themajor cause of concern is on theprioritization of actions to tackle thechallenges. Focus is largely on augmentingwater supply. While suchan action can provide benefits inthe short run, it cannot on its ownprovide a viable and lasting solutionto the crisis unless it is linked withmeasures to drastically reducewater loss and actively work to promotewater conservation and wastewater reclamation practices tolessen the pressure on the alreadystressed water supply resources. Anew paradigm in water resourcesmanagement has to be envisionedby working with a basket of optionsfor improved service provisionand institutional reforms.50
Page 3 and 4: 334Antonio A. Arce © UB-TAH Projec
Page 5 and 6: ContentsForEworD 06ACkNowlEDgEmENt
Page 7 and 8: ForewordThe issue of climate change
Page 9 and 10: AcknowledgementThe preparation of t
Page 11 and 12: IntroductionFig. 2the ‘Additional
Page 13 and 14: Introductionregionurban population(
Page 15 and 16: Introductionthe Study - objectives
Page 17: Section 1: Karachi City - Context f
Page 20 and 21: Over the past years cyclones tend t
Page 22 and 23: Temperatures/Precipitation/Wet Days
Page 24 and 25: works, encroachments andgarbage dum
Page 26 and 27: Flooding - possible Impacts• Loss
Page 28 and 29: people - An idea of the scale ofthe
Page 30 and 31: Arabian seak A r A C h IF l o o D Z
Page 32 and 33: lances.An overwhelming 96% of thedo
Page 34 and 35: Fig. 22Vanishing green Spaces1986 2
Page 36 and 37: The focus has been to take either a
Page 38 and 39: With the phenomenal increase inpopu
Page 40 and 41: federal and provincial governments.
Page 42 and 43: Critical Challenges• It seems eff
Page 44 and 45: urban heat island effectUrban settl
Page 46 and 47: AResolution was passed in a Seminar
Page 48 and 49: While regularly updated data on veh
Page 52 and 53: Fig. 38- karachi City -Cascading Co
Page 54 and 55: The National Institute of Oceanogra
Page 56 and 57: The Karachi harbor - a critical nat
Page 58 and 59: dence to suggest that as mangrovesa
Page 60 and 61: Storm surge wave• It would start
Page 62 and 63: Over the long term, non-structuralm
Page 64 and 65: managing the ImpactsFlooding Drough
Page 66 and 67: ings us to the fundamental challeng

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