By Linda A Smith Samantha Healy Vardaman Melissa A Snow

26Shared Hope InternationalDemand for youth in commercial sex markets is creating large revenue sources for highly violent criminalsand criminal networks. This provides resources and incentive to dangerous criminals, such as a man inPensacola, Florida, who drugged and raped a 17-year-old girl who had accepted a new friend’s invitationto spend the night where the trafficker posed as the friend’s father. He had arranged in advance to sell thegirl for $300,000 to another trafficker. 76Criminal gang activity in the U.S. that has been known primarily for drug trafficking is now expandingto include the lucrative sex trafficking of girls. For example, in Fort Worth, Texas, members of the localVarrio Central gang began befriending young runaway girls and supplying them with drugs. Once thegirls were addicted to the drugs they would beat and gang-rape the girls to prepare them for prostitution.The victims, one just 14 years old, were transported to various low-income apartment complexes in thearea to be sold for sex for fees ranging from $30 to $50. 77 The three teen suspects pled guilty to a reducedcharge of compelling prostitution; unfortunately the charge of human trafficking was dropped missing anopportunity for precedent in Texas. 78 In addition to Fort Worth, Texas, fairly extensive gang involvementhas also been noticed in other locations, such as Boston, Massachusetts, and Oakland, California. Lawenforcement and prosecutors from these cities and others report that rival gangs are induced to formpartnerships for the trafficking of domestic children as the profit margin is so high.Traffickers of foreign-born (international) victims are indiscriminate and will traffic domestic victimsas well. 79 In San Antonio, Timothy Gereb pled guilty to sex trafficking and through a plea bargain wassentenced to 10 years. Gereb had a quota of recruiting 10 girls to sell to a brothel in Louisiana. WhenGereb and his accomplices were only able to traffic two girls from Mexico, he began recruiting local girlsfrom the San Antonio area to fill his quota. 80Evading DetectionTraffickers/pimps communicate with one another and warn each other of places to avoid due to highpolice presence. 81 In an effort to evade law enforcement, traffickers/pimps will often stay in cities for ashort period of time. Specific traveling routes known as “circuits” have been identified. A well-knowncircuit is the Western Circuit, which includes: Seattle, Washington; Portland, Oregon; San Francisco, LosAngeles, and San Diego, California; Hawaii; Phoenix, Arizona; Denver, Colorado; and Salt Lake City,Utah; and extends internationally up to Vancouver, Canada. 82 It is critical to note again, however, that themovement of victims is not necessary to establish a case of domestic minor sex trafficking.76Reid, Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Assessment Report — Clearwater, Florida, pg. 11, citing Klaas Kids Winter 2007Newsletter. http://www.klaaskids.org. Accessed on April 15, 2009.77Stevens, Eve, Smith and Bing, Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Assessment Report — Fort Worth, Texas, pg. 10, citing“Prostitution ring involved 14-year-old girl, police in Fort Worth say.” WFAA Staff Reports. January 7, 2008. http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/city/fortworth/stories/010708dnmetprostitution.1a45dab5.html. Accessed on April 17,2008.78Branch, Alex. “Suspected teen pimps reach plea agreements.” Star-Telegram.com, May 29, 2008.http://www.star-telegram.com/804/story/671766.html. Accessed on April 15, 2009.79Struble, Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Assessment Report — San Antonio, Texas, pg. 63.80Id. at pg. 33.81Remarks by Linda Smith. Shared Hope International National Training Conference on the Sex Trafficking of America’s Youth(Dallas, Texas: September 15-16, 2008). Transcript on file with authors.82Snow, Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Assessment Report — Salt Lake City, Utah, pg. 23.