The Analysis of Solar Energetic Particles

dJ22−(σ+2) /(σ−1)∝(E+2Em 0c)dEShock accelerationDiffusive shock acceleration (first-order Fermi acceleration): chargedparticles stream into magnetic perturbationsin the post-shock shock region, reflect, and arescattered back across the shock by the pre-shock Alfvén waves./v, where E and v are energy andvelocity of the particle and v c is velocity ofmagnetic compression.dE/dt ∝ v c /vSpectralform:dJdE∝( E2+2Em c02)−(σ + 2) /( σ −1)