Evidence-base - International Diabetes Federation

diabetes population coverage. Evidence of quality checks should be assessed.
Evidence of control of rates of visual loss is more difficult to gather unless the
records of ophthalmological services can be linked to those of diabetes services.
Potential indicator
Indicator Denominator Calculation of indicator
Percentage of people
with type 2 diabetes
having an eye
examination in the past
year.
References
Number of people with
type 2 diabetes seen in
the past year.
Number of people
with type 2 diabetes
having at least one
eye examination
during the past year
as a percentage of the
number of people with
type 2 diabetes seen in
the past year.
1. Chibber R, Chibber S, Kohner EM. 21st century treatment of diabetic
retinopathy. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2007; 2: 623-631.
2. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of
diabetic retinopathy III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when
age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 182: 527-
532.
3. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment
of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Clinical application of DRS findings.
DRS Report No. 8. Ophthalmology 1981; 88: 583-600.
4. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early
photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS Report No. 9.
Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 741-756.
5. Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL 3rd, Klein RE, et al, the Global Diabetic
Retinopathy Project Group. Proposed international clinical diabetic
retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales.
Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 1677-1682.
6. Whited JD. Accuracy and reliability of teleophthalmology for diagnosing
diabetic retinopathy and macular edema: a review of the literature.
Diabetes Technol Ther 2006; 8: 102-122.
7. Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, Stratton IM, et al. United Kingdom Prospective
Diabetes Study 30: diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis of non-insulindependent
diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors. Arch
Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 297-303.
8. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of
diabetic retinopathy IV. Diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 1984;
91: 1464-1474.
9. Younis N, Broadbent DM, Vora JP, et al. Incidence of sight threatening
retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Liverpool Diabetic Eye
Study: a cohort study. Lancet 2003; 361: 195-200.
10. The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Type 2
diabetes: the management of type 2 diabetes. NICE clinical guideline
87. London: Royal College of Physicians; 2009. http://www.nice.org.uk/
nicemedia/pdf/CG87NICEGuideline.pdf.
Data to be collected
for calculation of
indicator
Documentation and
date of the most recent
eye examination.
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