PHYS100-499 Oct 2011+cover - University of Liverpool

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MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title PHYSICS ICEBREAKER PROJECT
2. Module Code PHYS100
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Whole Session
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 0
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
11. Module Moderator
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Seminars/Workshops
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Prof R Herzberg Physics R.Herzberg@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr L Moran Physics Lynn.Moran@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
4
In Week 1
only
27
Project sessions in
Week 1 only
18. Non-contact hours 6
19. TOTAL HOURS 37
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
4x1 hour Lectures during
Week 1
31
9 x 3 hour
Project Sessions
during Week 1
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Physics A Level (or equivalent)
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F300 (1) F303 (1) F352 (1) F350 (1) F3F5 (1) F521 (1) F390 (1)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
Establish an open ended and integrated approach to problem solving
Introduce the whole Physics course
Facilitate integration of the student cohort
Establish a working pattern of full days plus homework
Establish a habit of conscientious attendance
Create a manned mission to Mars
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should:
Become familiar with teamwork & problem driven learning
Become familiar with research methods
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The Icebreaker project will consist of a combination of lectures and problems classes. and will run full time in
Week 1. The main emphasis is on project work, although mathematical foundations and an introduction to the
main e-learning tools are part of the project.
Teams work in teams of five groups each, with each group working on a different aspect of the project.
Students are also expected to complete further problems as exercises on an individual basis using Mastering
Physics online Problems; these are marked and feedback is provided through Mastering Physics. The
intellectual focus will be on becoming familiar with the system.
31. Syllabus
Week 1 Project Mission to Mars
32. Recommended Texts
The overall mission is divided into five aspects:
1. Mission Length and Trajectory
2. Landing Craft and Re-Entry
3. Radiation and Heat Shielding
4. Mass Management and Launch
5. Communications and Life Support
Handbook of space technology. Wilfried Ley, Klaus Wittmann, Willi Hallmann (editors). Wiley, 2009.
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Notes
None Continuous Pass/Fail This module is not
credit bearing

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title NEWTONIAN DYNAMICS
2. Module Code PHYS101
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof R Herzberg Physics R.Herzberg@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr DS Martin Physics David.Martin@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Classes
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr HL Vaughan Central Teaching Laboratory H.L.Vaughan@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
22
= 11 x 2
lectures/week
22
= 11 x 2-hour
workshops
18. Non-contact hours 106
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
1 2hr (double lecture)
slot each week except
Week 1
44
Problem Classes: 1
2hr slot each week
on a later day than
the lectures, in an
appropriate learning
environment
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Physics A Level (or equivalent)
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F300 (1) F303 (1) F352 (1) F350 (1) F3F5 (1) F521 (1) F3F7 (1) F390 (1) F640 (2) F641 (1) F641 (2) F660
(1) F660 (2) F656 (1) F656 (2) F640 (1)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To introduce the fundamental concepts and principles of classical mechanics at an elementary level.
To provide an introduction to the study of fluids.
To introduce the use of elementary vector algebra in the context of mechanics.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should be able to:
demonstrate a basic knowledge of the laws of classical mechanics.
understand physical quantities with magnitudes, directions (where applicable), units and uncertainties.
apply the laws of mechanics to statics, linear motion, motion in a plane, rotational motion, simple
harmonic motion and gravitation.
apply conservation laws for energy and momentum to describe collisions.
apply conservation of energy to find periods of simple harmonic oscillatior systems.
apply mathematical methods, including simple vector algebra, to the study of mechanics.
demonstrate an understanding of some aspects of the behaviour of fluids in static and simple dynamic
situations.
apply basic mechanical concepts to solve the Kepler problem.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The course will consist of a combination of lectures and problems classes. The lectures are designed to present
students withthe main concepts of classical mechanics and illustrate these with reference to simple mechanical
systems as well as showing how mathematical descriptions of mechanical systems can be developed.
The problems classes give the students the opportunity to investigate further the concepts discussed in the
lectures in an environment in which group work is encouraged and expert supervision is available. The
assessment will contain significant elements of peer marking. The intellectual focus is on transfer of knowledge
to new situations and application of physical insights to new problems.
Students are also expected to complete further problems as exercises on an individual basis using Mastering
Physics online Problems; these are marked and feedback is provided through Mastering Physics. The intellectual
focus will be on exercising known material.
31. Syllabus
Overview:
Newton's Laws, Force and Motion, Vectors
Friction, Drag
Work and Kinetic Energy, Power
Potential Energy, Conservation of Energy
Force from Potential, Systems of Particles, Rocket Equation
Momentum, Collisions
Rotation, Moment of Inertia
Parallel Axis theorem, Torque, Rotation
Angular Momentum and its conservation
Rolling
Centre of Percussion, Precession
Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion
Simple Harmonic Motion, damped and forced SHM
Newton's Law of Gravitation
Satellites, Escape Speed

Satellites, Escape Speed
Kepler's Laws
Fluids at Rest
Fluids in Motion
Lec 1&2 Wk 2 What is Physics?
Units
Significant Figures
Measurement
Experimental Science
PC 1 Wk 2 Working with Physical Observables
Designing Experiments as questions to nature
Lec 3&4 Wk 3 Reference Frames
Newton's Laws
Simple Motion with constant Acceleration
Centre of Mass
Friction
PC 2 Wk 3 Demonstration Experiment, Prediction and Writeup
Lec 5&6 Wk 4 Work
Energy
Power
Conservation of Energy
Conservative Forces
PC 3 Wk 4 Applications of Newton's Laws
Lec 7&8 Wk 5 Momentum
Conservation of Momentum
Elastic & Inelastic Collisions
Rockets
PC 4 Wk 5 Create PeerWise Multiple Choice questions
Lec 9&10 Wk 6 Circular Motion
Centrifugal Force
Coriolis Force
Moment of Inertia
PC 5 Wk 6 Collisions
Staged Rockets
Lec 11&12 Wk 7 Angular Momentum
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Rolling
Torque
Newton's Laws for Rotations
PC 6 Wk 7 Open ended Problem & Presentation in Class
Lec 13&14 Wk 8 Simple Harmonic Motion
Simple and Physical Pendulum
Damped Harmonic Oscillator
PC 7 Wk 8 Rotations
Rolling
Moments of Inertia
Lec 15&16 Wk 9 Damped and Forced Harmonic Oscillator
Resonance
PC 8 Wk 9 Demonstration Experiment, Prediction and Writeup
Lec 17&18 Wk 10 Gravitation
Motion under constant acceleration using Calculus
PC 9 Wk 10 Applications of Harmonic Motion
Using Conservation of Energy to derive HO Equation
Lec 19&20 Wk 11 Kepler's Laws
Satellites
Escape Velocity
PC 10 Wk 11 Devising PeerWise Multiple Choice or Exam Style Questions
Lec 21&22 Wk 12 Fluids at Rest
Archimedes Principle
Pascal's Law
Fluids in Motion
Bernoulli Equation
PC 11 Wk 12 Kepler's Laws
Extrasolar Objects, Hyperbolic and Parabolic Orbits
Applications to interplanetary travel
32. Recommended Texts
"University Physics 12e" by Young and Freedman, published by Pearson Addison-Wesley
Access Code for Mastering Physics required
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Written examination 3 hours 1 60 August
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Problems set in
workshops
Mastering Physics
homeworks
5 x 2
hours
10 x 2
hours
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1 30 Subsumed by resit
examination
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
1 10 Summer Vacation As university
policy
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title THE MATERIAL UNIVERSE
2. Module Code PHYS102
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr DE Hutchcroft Physics Dhcroft@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr TG Shears Physics Tara.Shears@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Classes
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr HL Vaughan Central Teaching Laboratory H.L.Vaughan@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
22
= 11 x 2
lectures/week
22
= 11 x 2-hour
workshops
18. Non-contact hours 106
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
1 2hr (double lecture)
slot each week except
Week 1
44
Problem Classes: 1
2hr slot each week
on a later day than
the lectures, in an
appropriate learning
environment
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Physics A Level (or equivalent)
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F300 (1) F303 (1) F352 (1) F350 (1) F3F5 (1) F521 (1) F3F7 (1) F390 (1)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
The module aims to make the student familiar with
MODULE DESCRIPTION
The concepts of Thermal Physics
The zeroth, first and second laws of Thermodynamics
Heat engines
The kinetic theory of gasses
Entropy
The equation of state
Van der Waals equation
States of matter and state changes
The basis of statistical mechanics
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should be able to:
Construct a temperature scale and understand how to calibrate a thermometer with that scale
Calculate the heat flow into and work done by a system and how that is constrained by the first law of
Thermodynamics
Analyses the expected performance of heat engines, heat pumps and refrigerators
Relate the second law of thermodynamics to the operation of heat engines, particularly the Carnot engine
Understand the kinetic theory of gases and calculate properties of gasses including the heat capacity and
mean free path
Explain the expected behaviour of gasses as a function of their mean free path
Use the theory of equipartition to relate the structure of the molecules to the measured heat capacity
Calculate the linear and volume thermal expansions of materials
Understand the basis of entropy and relate this to the second law of thermodynamics
Relate the equation of state for a material to the macroscopic properties of the material
Understand the PV and PT diagrams for materials and the phase transitions that occur when changing the
state variables for materials
Be able to link the microscopic view of a system to its macroscopic state variables
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The course will consist of a combination of lectures and problems classes. The lectures are designed to present
students with the main concepts of thermodynamics and illustrate these with reference to physical systems
including ideal and real gasses, heat engines, analytic thermodynamics and phase equilibriums.
The problems classes give the students the opportunity to investigate further the concepts discussed in the
lectures in an environment in which group work is encouraged and expert supervision is available. The
assessment will contain significant elements of peer marking. The intellectual focus is on transfer of knowledge
to new situations and application of physical insights to new problems.
31. Syllabus
Overview:
Temperature and the zeroth law
Heat and the first law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics, reversibility and Carnot engines
The kinetic theory of gasses, heat capacities, equipartition and the mean free
path
Van der Waals equation
Entropy

Entropy
The equations of state
Maxwell relations
Paramagnets as thermodynamic systems
Stefan's and Wien's Laws
Phase transitions
Third law
Lecture 1 & 2 Wk 2 Introduction to the thermal physics
Reminder of temperature scales
List the methods of heat transport
Heat conduction and heat capacity
Newton's law of cooling
Latent heats of fusion and vaporisation
Thermal expansion
Thermodynamic systems
Zeroth law of thermodynamics and thermal equilibrium
Energy in a system
Problem Class 1 Wk 2 An introduction to problem solving
Use heat loss and themal expansion as examples
Lec 3 & 4 Wk 3 First law of thermodynamics
Work done on a system for different constraints
Heat engines
Second law of thermodynamics: Clausius and Kelvin-Plank
Reversible processes
Carnot Cycle
PC 2 Wk 3 Solve examples of heat engines
Lec 5&6 Wk 4 Absolute temperature scale
Constructing a real temperature scale
Kinetic theory of gasses
Equipartition of energy
Heat capacity of ideal and real gasses
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution (not derived)
Heat conduction
Diffusion
PC 3 Wk 4 Project in groups on a thermal physics topic, with a verbal presentation at the end
of the class
Lec 7&8 Wk 5 Effusion
Viscosity
Examples from kinetic theory
Van der Waal’s equation
Entropy (Macroscopic)
PC 4 Wk 5 Examples for real gasses and rates of effusion
Lec 9&10 Wk 6 Clausius inequality
Principle of increasing entropy
Entropy of an ideal gas
Boltzmann Definition
Maxwell relations and thermodynamic potentials
Internal Energy and heat capacity
PC 5 Wk 6 Review of mathematical relations in partial differentials required to use Maxwell's
relations
Lec 11&12 Wk 7 Enthalpy
Helmholtz free energy
Gibbs free energy
Applications of free energies
Maximum available work
PC 6 Wk 7 Tutorial on free energies and entropy calculations
Lec 13&14 Wk 8 Conditions for equilibriums
Applications to PVT systems
Derive relation between heat capacities and compressibilties
Energy equation
Expansions of gasses: adiabatic
Joule-Kelvin expansion of gas and application to liquefaction
PC 7 Wk 8 Research a topic in themodynamics and present in class
Lec 15&16 Wk 9 Paramagnets
Curie and Curie-Weiss
Paramagnetic equation of state
Magnetic cooling
Entropy of demagnetisation
PC 8 Wk 9 Work through examples of paramagnets
Lec 17&18 Wk 10 Cavity radiation
Radiation as a photon gas
Wien’s law
Stefan’s Law
Entropy of radiation
PC 9 Wk 10 Work through a problem based learning example for submission as a group
project
Lec 19&20 Wk 11 Rubber bands as a thermodynamic system
Phases of matter
PVT diagrams
Equilibrium condition for two phases
PC 10 Wk 11 Tutorial on phases of matter
Lec 21&22 Wk 12 Clausius-Clapeyron equation
First and second order phase transitions
Third law of thermodynamics
Nernst’s statement
PC 11 Wk 12 Review of material covered in the course
Extra a very condensed version of the notes
32. Recommended Texts
"University Physics" by Young and Freedman, published by Pearson Addison-Wesley
Access Code for Mastering Physics required
"Thermal Physics" Second Edition, by C.B.P. Finn, published by CRC Press
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Written examination 3 hours 1 60 August
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes

34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Problems set in
workshops
Mastering Physics
Homework
5 x 2
hours
5 x 2
hours
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1 30 Subsumed by resit
examination
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
1 10 Summer Vacation As University
Policy
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title WAVE PHENOMENA
2. Module Code PHYS103
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr BT King Physics Barryk@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr SD Barrett Physics S.D.Barrett@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Classes
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr HL Vaughan Central Teaching Laboratory H.L.Vaughan@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
24
= 12 x 2
lectures/week
24
= 12 x 2-hour
workshops
18. Non-contact hours 102
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
1 2hr (double lecture)
slot each week except
Week 1
48
Problem Classes: 1
2hr slot each week
on a later day than
the lectures, in an
appropriate learning
environment
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Physics A Level (or equivalent)
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:

25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F656 (1) F300 (1) F303 (1) F352 (1) F350 (1) F3F5 (1) F521 (1) F3F7 (1) F390 (1)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To introduce the fundamental concepts and principles of wave phenomena.
To highlight the many diverse areas of physics in which an understanding of waves is crucial.
To introduce the concepts of interference and diffraction.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should be able to:
Demonstrate an understanding of oscillators.
Understand the fundamental principles underlying wave phenomena.
Apply those principles to diverse phenomena.
Understand wave reflection and transmission, superposition of waves.
Solve problems on the behaviour of electromagnetic waves in vacuo and in dielectric materials.
Understand linear and circular polarisation.
Understand inteference and diffraction effects.
Understand lenses and optical instruments.
Apply Fourier techniques and understand their link to diffraction patterns.
Understand the basic principles of lasers.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The course will consist of a combination of lectures and problems classes. The lectures are designed to present
students with the main concepts of wave phenomena and illustrate these with examples, as well as showing how
mathematical descriptions of such systems can be developed.
The problems classes give the students the opportunity to investigate further the concepts discussed in the
lectures in an environment in which group work is encouraged and expert supervision is available.
31. Syllabus
Lec 1&2 Wk 1 1. Oscillators
Simple Harmonic Motion, Forced Oscillators, Damped Oscillators, Coupled Oscillators.
PC 1 Wk 1 Worked examples of SHM and oscillations. Related problems to be solved.
Lec 3&4 Wk 2 2. Fundamentals
Wave Equation, Phase velocity, wavenumber, wavelength, frequency. Superposition
(same wavelength), Reflection and Transmission at Boundaries, Standing Waves,
Amplitude, Intensity, Energy.
PC 2 Wk 2 Reinforcement of concepts from this weeks lectures. Examples. Problems related to this
weeks lectures.
Lec 5&6 Wk 3 3. Examples of Waves
Longitudinal and Transverse Waves. Waves on strings. Sound Waves, Light waves.
Waves in elastic media. The Doppler Effect. Impedance. Waves in Cables.
PC 3 Wk 3 Worked examples from this weeks lectures. Problems related to this weeks lecture
material.
Lec 7&8 Wk 4 4. Superposition of Waves (different wavelengths)
Beats, wavepackets, Group Velocity, Bandwidth Theorem.
PC 4 Wk 4 Illustrative examples from this week's lectures. Problems related to this week's material.
Lec 9&10 Wk 5 5. Electromagnetic Waves
EM waves in free space. EM waves in dielectrics. Linear and Circular Polarisation.
Quarter and Half waveplates.
PC 5 Wk 5 Additional material for EM waves and polarisation. Problems related thereto.
Lec 11&12 Wk 6 Continuation of electromagnetic waves
Reflection of EM waves. Brewster Angle.
6. Interference Effects
Youngs slits. Thin film interference. Optical coatings. Filters.
PC 6 Wk 6 Reinforcement of reflection of EM waves.
Lec 13&14 Wk 7 7. Diffraction
Students carry out assignment related to Brewster Angle.
Fraunhofer Diffraction. Single slit diffraction. Effect of single slit diffraction on double slit
pattern. Multiple slit diffraction.
PC 7 Wk 7 Reinforcement of single slit diffraction pattern. Students calculate diffraction pattern
arising from a double slit experiment.
Lec 15&16 Wk 8 Continuation of Diffraction
Diffraction at a circular aperture. Rayleigh criterion. Diffraction gratings. Phased Arrays.
Interferometry.
PC 8 Wk 8 Background material for Rayleigh Criterion and illustrative applications. Problems related
to this week's lectures.
Lec 17&18 Wk 9 8. Optical Cavities
Reflection, Refraction, Mirrors, Thin Lenses, Optical Instruments.
PC 9 Wk 9 Reinforcement of this week's lectures. Students do related problems.
Lec 19&20 Wk 10 9. Fourier Methods
Fourier analysis, Fourier series. Examples.
PC 10 Wk 10 Worked examples of the use of Fourier series. Students attack related problems.
Lec 21&22 Wk 11 Continuation of Fourier Methods
Fourier Transforms. Link of FTs to diffraction patterns.
PC 11 Wk 11 Further reinforcement material related to Fourier Transforms. Students attempt related
problems.
Lec 23&24 Wk 12 10. Lasers
Principles and Applications.
PC 12 Wk 12 Students research uses of lasers.
32. Recommended Texts
"University Physics" by Young and Freedman, published by Pearson Addison-Wesley
Access Code for Mastering Physics required
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Written examination 3 hours 2 60 August
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes

34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Problems set in
workshops
Mastering Physics
homework
5 x 2
hours
10 x 2
hours
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 30 Subsumed by resit
examination
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
2 10 Summer Vacation As university
policy
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS104
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr U Klein Physics Uta.Klein@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof JB Dainton Physics Jbd@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Classes
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr HL Vaughan Central Teaching Laboratory H.L.Vaughan@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
24
20
= 12 x 2 = 10 x 2-hour
lectures/week workshops/Problem
Classes/Mastering
Physics
18. Non-contact hours 106
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
1 2hr (double
lecture) slot each
week
44
Problem Classes: 1 2hr
slot each week starting
after lecture 4, in an
appropriate learning
environment
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Physics A Level (or equivalent)
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:

25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F300 (1) F303 (1) F352 (1) F350 (1) F3F5 (1) F521 (1) F3F7 (1) F390 (1) F656 (1)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To introduce the theory of special relativity and its experimental proofs.
To carry out calculations using relativity and visualise them.
To introduce the concepts and the experimental foundations of quantum theory.
To carry out simple calculations related to quantum mechanical problem tasks.
To show the impact of relativity and quantum theory on contemporary science and society.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should be able to demonstrate:
An understanding why classical mechanics must have failed to describe the properties of light, the motion
of objects with speeds close to the speed of light and the properties of microspopic systems.
A basic knowledge on the experimental and theoretical concepts which founded modern physics, i.e. that
either relativity or quantum theory or both are needed to explain certain phenomena.
A knowledge of the postulates of special relativity.
An understanding of the concept of spacetime, of the relativity of length, time and velocity.
An ability to apply the Lorentz transformation and the concept of Lorentz invariance to simple cases.
An ability to apply the equations of relativistic energy, momentum and rest mass.
An understanding of the Doppler effect for light and visualisation of relativistic effects.
An ability to solve problems based on special relativity.
An understanding why quantum theory is the conceptual framework to understand the microscopic
properties of the universe.
An understanding of the quantum theory of light and the ability to apply the energy-momentum
conservation for light, e.g. photo-electric effect, Compton effect.
An understanding of the structure of atoms and its experimental foundations.
An understanding of Bohr's theory of the atom and its application to the H-atom including the concept of
principal quantum numbers.
An understanding of de Broglie waves and their statistical interpretation.
An ability to explain the experimental evidence of de Broglie waves with scattering experiments of
electrons, X-rays and neutrons.
An understanding of the principles of quantum mechanical measurements and Heisenberg's uncertainty
principle.
An understanding of the identity principle of microscopic particles and the basic idea of quantum (Fermi-
Dirac and Bose-Einstein) statistics.
A basic knowledge of contemporary applications of quantum theory and relativity, e.g. nuclear reactor and
nuclear fissions, and the impact on our society.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The course will consist of a combination of lectures and problems classes.
The lectures are designed to show students the foundations of modern physics and why and how classical
mechanics had to be extended. The new theoretical concepts will be developed step by step and if possible, the
formulas will be derived. References to historical and contemporay experiments will be given extensively.
The problems classes give the students the opportunity to investigate further the concepts discussed in the
lectures in an environment in which group work is encouraged and expert supervision is available. The
assessment is individual and may contain elements of peer marking. The intellectual focus is on problem solving
strategies for relativistic and simple quantum mechanical problems, and application of physical insights to new
problems. Students are also expected to complete problems as exercises on an individual basis using Mastering
Physics online Problems; these are marked and feedback is provided through Mastering Physics. The intellectual
focus will be on exercising known material.
31. Syllabus
Lec 1&2 Wk 1 Introduction and historical context : The world according to a 19th century
physicist.
The theoretical concepts based on the two known fundamental forces at the premodern
era, gravitational and electromagentic forces, and their consequences on
the thinking in physics and society.
The key experiments and 19th century discoveries (e.g. discovery of atomic
spectrum of hydrogen, sparks in gases, cathode rays, X-rays, radioactivity, the
electron, and the constancy of speed of light,) and the resulting conflicts and the
trials to explain them.
Lec 3&4 Wk 2 Einstein's solution of the conflict between motion (classical mechanics) and
constancy of speed of light, the postulates of special relativity.
Frames of reference.
The concept of a thought experiment.
Relativity of simultaneity.
The light clock, Lorentz and speed factors, relativity of time and synchronisation
of clocks.
Relativity of length.
PC 1 Wk 3 Concepts of problem solving strategies.
Examples and excercises for time dilation, length contraction and simultaneity
illustrated with links to classical mechanics.
Lec 5&6 Wk 3 Galilean transformation equations.
Derivation of Lorentz (Einstein) transformation equations.
Time dilation and length contraction using Lorentz transformations.
The Twin paradox.
Doppler effect for light.
PC 2 Wk 4 Practise tasks using Lorentz transformations.
Practise tasks for the Doppler effect of light.
Sketch the Twin paradox and its interpretation.
Lec 7&8 Wk 4 Relativity of velocities. Velocity addition.
Transformations between 3 frames of reference.
Spacetime interval and the concept of Lorentz invariance.
Basic concepts of world line, light cone and causality.
PC 3 Wk 5 Practise tasks for velocity addition.
Practise calculations using spacetime interval.
Lec 9&10 Wk 5 A new type of energy (E=mc2).
A new look at energy and momentum.
Relations of relativistic energy and momentum, units.
Energy-mass conservation and applications.
PC 4 Wk 6 Practise calculations using energy-momentum formulas.
Practise calculations of relativistic collisions.
Particle creations.
Lec 11&12 Wk 6 Photons and the need of a quantum theory of light.
Black body radiation.
Planck's quantum.
Einstein's completion of Planck's quantum.
Experimental evidence for energy-momentum conservation for light : Photoelectric
effect, Compton effect.
PC 5 Wk 7 Sketch experiemental set-ups of photo-electric effect.
Practise the derivation of the theoretical explanation of the Compton effect.

Lec 13&14 Wk 7 Atoms : brief history.
Atomic spectra.
Thompson's pudding.
Rutherford and the nucleus.
Franck-Hertz experiment.
Stern-Gerlach experiement.
PC 6 Wk 8 Sketch the experimental set-ups of Rutherford, Franck-Hertz and Stern-Gerlach
experiments and their interpretation.
Lec 15&16 Wk 8 Bohr's theory of the atom : successes and short comings.
Hydrogen spectrum, Rydberg constant and principal quantum numbers.
The concept of the Laser.
PC 7 Wk 9 Sketch the idea of Bohr's theory of the atom.
Practise simple calculations of H-spectrum series.
Sketch the Laser principle.
Lec 17&18 Wk 9 De Broglie waves and group velocity.
Experimental evidence of de Broglie waves : scattering experiements of
electrons, of X-rays, and of neutrons.
Bohr's principle of complementarity.
Statistical interpretation of de Broglie waves (and sneak preview to Schroedinger
equations).
PC 8 Wk 10 Explain de Broglie waves and why they need a statistical interpretation.
Sketch the experimental set-up of at least one experiement which proofs the
concept of de Broglie waves.
Lec 19&20 Wk 10 Quantum mechanical measurements and the Feynman perspective.
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
Identity principle of microscopic particles.
Basic concepts of quantum statistics: Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics.
The discovery of anti-matter.
The discovery of Bose-Einstein Condensates.
PC 9 Wk 11 Sketch and explain the Feynman perspective.
Sketch and explain the implications of a quantum mechanical measurement and
the Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
Explain the basic idea behind quantum statistics.
Lec 21&22 Wk 11 Complex atoms and nuclei.
Periodic system of elements.
Nuclear decay, nuclear reactors, nuclear fission.
Selected contemporary applications of quantum and relativistic effects.
Outlook: Particle physics, astrophysics, cosmology and the need of a new theory.
PC 10 Wk 12 Practise exam-style questions.
Lec 23&24 Wk 12 Summarising thoughts.
Revision relativity.
Revision quantum theory.
32. Recommended Texts
"University Physics" by Young and Freedman, published by Pearson Addison-Wesley (mainly Chapters 37 and
38)
Access Code for Mastering Physics required
Additional, selected literature recommendations:
"Dynamics and Relativity" by J.R. Forshaw and A.G. Smith
"Dynamics and Relativity" by J.R. Forshaw and A.G. Smith
"Principles of Quantum Mechanics" by D.J. Blochinzev
"QED the strange theory of light and matter" by R.F. Feynman
"The elegant Universe" by B. Greene
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Written examination 3 hours 2 60 August
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Problems set in
workshops
Mastering Physics
homeworks
10 x 2
hours
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 30 Subsumed by resit
examination
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
2 10 Summer vacation As university
policy
Notes
Notes
This work is partially
not marked
anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title WORKING WITH PHYSICS I
2. Module Code PHYS105
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Whole Session
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr L Moran Physics Lynn.Moran@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr U Klein Physics Uta.Klein@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Classes
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr C Simpson Physics C.Simpson@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr HL Vaughan Central Teaching Laboratory H.L.Vaughan@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
27
= 10 x 1/2
lectures/week
sem 1 + 6 x 2
lectures/week
sem 2
32
= 10 x 2-hour
workshops sem 1
50% of marks + 6 x
2-hour workshops
sem 2 15% of marks
18. Non-contact hours 91
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Physics A Level (or equivalent) A student cannot register for both PHYS105 and PHYS134
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
59
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F3F5 (1) F521 (1)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F300 (1) F303 (1) F352 (1) F3F7 (1)
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To develop skills with spreadsheets
To develop skills in using computers to perform mathematical calculations
To illustrate the insight into physics which can be obtained by exploiting computational software packages
To improve science students' skills in communicating scientific information in appropriate written and oral
formats
To provide students with a broad introduction to astronomy
To describe how telescopes and detectors are used to make observations
To explain how observations support our understanding of stars, galaxies, and the Universe as a whole
To introduce students to the methods by which astronomers measure the brightness and distance of
astronomical objects
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
An ability to use spreadsheets and mathematical packages to calculate and graph mathematical
equations
An ability to apply mathematical software packages to physics problems
An appreciation of how to present results by computer
The ability to communicate more confidently
An understanding of some of the key factors in successful communication
A basic knowledge of the structure and constituents of the Universe ranging in scale from the Solar
System to clusters of galaxies
The ability to outline the methods which astronomers employ to gather and analyse data
An understanding of the techniques of measurement of brightness and distance of astronomical objects
Knowledge of the current cosmological model and the evidence supporting it
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
Students will attend 15 lectures and 10 x 2 hour training sessions on applications of PCs and workshops on
communication skills in Physics in semester 1.
Students will attend 12 lectures and 6 x 2 hour problem classes in semester 2.
Private study time is provided for completion of assignments.
31. Syllabus
Spreadsheet exercises based on physics examples and on error evaluation.
Plotting functions, complex numbers, animations, integration and differentiation.
Important elements of good communication in oral presentations, written reports
(including laboratory reports).
Basic concepts: The Earth in space, the Solar System
Instrumentation: Telescopes, Reflectors versus refractors, types of mount, foci,
image scale, ground versus space
Detectors: Photometers, photography, CCD, introduction to imaging and
spectroscopy
Measurement of brightness and distance: Magnitude system, Hertzprung-Russell
diagram, evolution of stars, types of galaxy, distance ladder.
Issues in Contemporary Astronomy: the Big Bang and the fate of the Universe;
protostars; black holes; the missing mass problem; the search for extra solar
planets; gamma-ray bursters.

32. Recommended Texts
"Universe" by Freedman and Kaufman (Freeman)
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Written examination 90 minutes 2 35 August To pass the module
must pass the
examination and the
continuous
assessment.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Problems set in
workshops
16 x 2
hours
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1+2 65 Exemption applied
for
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously
sem 1: 10 x 2 hr:
50% sem 2: 6 x 2 hr:
15% To pass the
module must pass
the examination and
the continuous
assessment.
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title PRACTICAL PHYSICS I
2. Module Code PHYS106
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Whole Session
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr NK McCauley Physics N.McCauley@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr DS Martin Physics David.Martin@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Laboratory/Practical
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr DT Joss Physics David.Joss@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr KM Hock Physics K.M.Hock@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr JH Vossebeld Physics Vossebel@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr HL Vaughan Central Teaching Laboratory H.L.Vaughan@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
132 132
18. Non-contact hours 18
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Physics A-Level or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
PHYS259
23. Co-requisite modules:
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F303 (1) F352 (1) F3F5 (1) F300 (1) F521 (1) F3F7 (1) BCG0 (1) F350 (1)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To provide a core of essential introductory laboratory methods which overlap and develop from A-Level
To introduce the basis of experimental techniques in physical measurement, the use of computer
techniques in analysis, and to provide experience in doing experiments, keeping records and writing
reports.
To compliment the core physics program with experimental examples of material taught in the lecture
courses.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Experienced the practical nature of physics.
Developed an awareness of the importance of accurate experimentation, particularly observation, record
keeping.
Developed the ability to plan, execute and report on the results of an investigation using appropriate
analysis of the data and associated uncertainties
Developed the practical and technical skill required for physics experimentation and an appreciation of the
importance of a systematic approach to experimental measurement.
Developed problem solving skills of a practical nature
Developed analytical skills in the analysis of the data
Developed communication skills in the presentation of the investigation in a clear and logical manner
Developed investgative skills in performing the experiment and extracting information from various
sources with which to compare the results
Developed the ability to organise their time and meet deadlines
Understand the interaction between theory and experiment, in particular the ties to the material presented
in the lecture courses.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The module is split into 3 parts
1. Introduction to measuring instruments and data analysis
Three sessions are spent introudcing the basic concepts of the laboratory class and introducing basic laboratory
skills and ideas.
2. Foundation Experiments
Eight experiments are spent learning about different experimental techniques and instrumentation.
3. Core Experiments
Eleven experiments are spent investigating core physics concepts that are covered in the lectures from the first
and second year of the core physics program.
31. Syllabus
Introductory Experiments
Introduction to Measurement by mesurement of thermal expansion.
Introduction to Experimental Errors with a simple pendulum and a gieger counter.
Erorr Analysis via selected exercizes
Foundation experiments.
Kirchov's Laws
Capacitors and Inductors
32. Recommended Texts
LCR Circuits
Rectification
Stefans Law and the Properties of a Thermistor
Hookes Law
Geometrical Optics
Liquid Nitrogen Experiment
Core experiments
Young and Friedman: University Physics
A Laboratory Manual is Provided
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Three Introductory
Experiments
Eight Foundation
Experiments
Eleven Core
Experimetns
Rutherford Scattering
Attenuation of Gamma Rays in Different Materials
Principles of Electronics
Milikans Experiment
Diffraction of Light
Speed of Sound
Properties of the Electron
Capacitance and Electrostatics
Electromagnetic Induction
The Ideal Gas Equation
Diffraction and Interference of Microwaves
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
18 hours 1 8 Exemption applied
for
48 hours 1 32 Exemption applied
for
66 hours 2 60 Exemption applied
for
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
As university
policy
As university
policy
Notes
Notes
Anonymous marking
impossible
This work is not
marked anonymously
This work is not
marked anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title MATHEMATICS FOR PHYSICISTS I
2. Module Code PHYS107
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr DT Joss Physics David.Joss@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof TJ Greenshaw Physics Green@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
Mathematical Sciences
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Classes
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Prof AE Faraggi Mathematical Sciences Alon.Faraggi@liverpool.ac.uk
Prof R Herzberg Physics R.Herzberg@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr HL Vaughan Central Teaching Laboratory H.L.Vaughan@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
33
= 11 x 3
lectures/week
22
= 11 x 2-hour
workshops
18. Non-contact hours 95
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
1 2hr (double lecture)
slot each week except
Week 1
55
Problem Classes: 1
2hr slot each week
on a later day than
the lectures, in an
appropriate learning
environment
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Physics A Level (or equivalent)
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F300 (1) F303 (1) F352 (1) F350 (1) F3F5 (1) F521 (1) F3F7 (1) F390 (1) F660 (1) F656 (1) F640 (1) F641
(1)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To provide a foundation for the mathematics required by physical scientists.
To assist students in acquiring the skills necessary to use the mathematics developed in the module.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should be able to demonstrate:
a good working knowledge of differential and integral calculus
familiarity with some of the elementary functions common in applied mathematics and science
an introductory knowledge of functions of several variables
manipulation of complex numbers and use them to solve simple problems involving fractional powers
an introductory knowledge of series
a good rudimentary knowledge of simple problems involving statistics: binomial and Poisson distributions,
mean, standard deviation, standard error of mean
have an introductory knowledge of vector algebra
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The course will consist of a combination of lectures and problems classes. The lectures are designed to present
students withthe main concepts of mathematics and illustrate these with reference to physics applications.
The problems classes give the students the opportunity to investigate further the concepts discussed in the
lectures in an environment in which group work is encouraged and expert supervision is available. The
intellectual focus is on transfer of knowledge to new situations and application of physical insights to new
problems.
Students are also expected to complete further problems as exercises on an individual basis using MyMathLab
online Problems; these are marked and feedback is provided through MyMathLab. The intellectual focus will be
on exercising known material.
31. Syllabus
Lec 1&2 Wk 2 Fundamentals
Introduction to statistics. Binomial and Poisson distributions, mean, standard
deviation, standard error on mean, chi-squared, application to experimental
analysis.
PC 1 Wk 2 Problem set 1 - Statistics.
Lec 3&4 Wk 3 Vectors
Scalar and vector products.
Simple vector equations.
Applications of vectors to solving physics problems.
PC 2 Wk 3 Problem set 2 - Vectors.
Lec 5&6 Wk 4 Differentiation I
Basics of differentiation

The product rule.
PC 3 Wk 4 Problem set 3 - Differentiation I.
Lec 7&8 Wk 5 Differentiation II
The chain rule.
Application of differentiation to solving physical problems.
PC 4 Wk 5 Problem set 4 - Differentiation II.
Lec 9&10 Wk 6 Partial Differentiation.
Applications of partial differentiation to finding solutions to physics problems.
PC 5 Wk 6 Problem set 5 - Partial differentiation.
Lec 11&12 Wk 7 Integration I.
Basics of integration.
Integration of the function of a function.
Definite integrals.
Volumes of rotation.
PC 6 Wk 7 Problem set 6 - Integration I.
Lec 13&14 Wk 8 Integration II.
Integration by substitution.
Trigonometric integration.
Integration by parts.
Integration by partial fractions.
PC 7 Wk 8 Problem set 7 - Integration II
Lec 15&16 Wk 9 Integration III.
Multi-dimensional integration.
PC 8 Wk 9 Problem set 8 - Integration III
Lec 17&18 Wk 10 Introduction to Series.
Arithmetic Series.
Geometric Series.
Taylor and Maclaurin Series.
PC 9 Wk 10 Problem set 9 - Series.
Lec 19&20 Wk 11 Polar coordinate systems.
Spherical polar coordinates.
Cylindrical polar coordinates.
Using polar coordinates to find simple solutions to physical problems.
PC 10 Wk 11 Problem set 10 - Polar coordinate systems.
Lec 21&22 Wk 12 Complex Numbers
PC 11 Wk 12 Problem set 11 - Complex Numbers
32. Recommended Texts
"Calculus: a complete course." by Adam and Essex, published by Pearson Addison-Wesley
Access Code for MyMathLab.com/global required.
Access Code for MyMathLab.com/global required.
"Engineering Mathematics" by K.A. Stroud.
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Written examination 3 hours 1 70 August
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Problems set in
workshops
Mastering Physics
homework
10 x 2
hours
5 x 2
hours
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1 20 Subsumed by resit
examination
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
1 10 Summer Vacation As university
policy
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title MATHEMATICS FOR PHYSICISTS II
2. Module Code PHYS108
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof TJ Greenshaw Physics Green@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr J Kretzschmar Physics Jan.Kretzschmar@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
Mathematical Sciences
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Classes
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr HL Vaughan Central Teaching Laboratory H.L.Vaughan@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
36
= 12 x 3
lectures/week
24
= 12 x 2-hour
workshops
18. Non-contact hours 90
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
One 2 hour (double
lecture) slot each week
One 2 hour Problems
Class each week
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Physics A Level (or equivalent)
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
60
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F300 (1) F303 (1) F352 (1) F350 (1) F3F5 (1) F521 (1) F3F7 (1) F390 (1) F640 (1) F641 (1) F656 (1) F660
(1)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To consolidate and extend the understanding of mathematics required for the physical sciences.
To develop student’s ability to apply the mathematical techniques developed in the module to the
understanding of physical problems.
29. Learning Outcomes
After successfully completing this module, students should:
Be able to manipulate matrices with confidence and use matrix methods to solve simultaneous linear
equations.
Be familiar with methods for solving first and second order differential equations in one variable.
Have a basic knowledge of vector algebra.
Have a basic understanding of Fourier series and transforms.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The course will consist of a combination of lectures and problems classes.
Mathematical techniques will be introduced in the lectures, together with examples of their application in physics
and astrophysics. In the problems classes, students, working in small groups, will be required to use these
techniques to solve a series of graduated questions and problems. The classes will be overseen by the lecturer,
other staff and demonstrators, who will offer assistance as needed. The students work will be handed in and
assessed at the end of the class.
31. Syllabus
Lectures Matrices- addition, multiplication, determinant, inverse, solution of systems of
linear equations.
Differential equations – first and second order Diff. Eqn.s in one variable,
separation of variables, integrating factors, homogenous (and inhomogeneous?)
equations.
Vector calculus – differentiation and integration of vectors, vector and scalar
fields, Grad, Div, Curl and Laplace in Cartesian Co-ord.s.
Mention Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations and different coordinate systems.
Series solutions, Legendre polynomials, mention spherical harmonics and
Schrödinger’s equation.
Fourier series, periodic functions, even and odd expansions.
Fourier integrals and transforms.
32. Recommended Texts
Adams
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Written examination 3 hours 2 70 August
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Problems set in
workshops
10 x 2
hours
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 30 Subsumed by resit
examination
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title WORKING WITH MEDICAL PHYSICS I
2. Module Code PHYS115
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Whole Session
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr L Moran Physics Lynn.Moran@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr U Klein Physics Uta.Klein@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Classes
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr HC Boston Physics H.C.Boston@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr HL Vaughan Central Teaching Laboratory H.L.Vaughan@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
27
= 10 x 1/2
lectures/week
sem 1 + 6 x 2
lectures/week
sem 2
32
= 10 x 2-hour
workshops sem 1
50% of marks + 6 x
2-hour workshops
sem 2 15% of marks
18. Non-contact hours 91
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Physics A Level (or equivalent) A student cannot register for both PHYS115 and PHYS136
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
59
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F350 (1)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F300 (1) F303 (1) F352 (1) F3F7 (1)
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To develop skills with spreadsheets
To develop skills in using computers to perform mathematical calculations
To illustrate the insight into physics which can be obtained by exploiting computational software packages
To improve science students' skills in communicating scientific information in appropriate written and oral
formats
To provide the students with a broad introduction to medical physics
To provide the students with the physics basis for measurement techniques used in medicine
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
An ability to use spreadsheets and mathematical packages to calculate and graph mathematical
equations
An ability to apply mathematical software packages to physics problems
An appreciation of how to present results by computer
The ability to communicate more confidently
An understanding of some of the key factors in successful communication
A basic understanding of the underlying physics properties and ideas that are utilised in medical physics
A basic knowledge of the physics involved in measurement techniques used in medicine
An understanding of the techniques used in measurements in medical applications
The ability to solve simple problems in medical physics
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
Students will attend 15 lectures and 10 x 2 hour training sessions on applications of PCs and workshops on
communication skills in Physics in semester 1.
Students will attend 12 lectures and 6 x 2 hour problem classes in semester 2.
Private study time is provided for completion of assignments.
31. Syllabus
Spreadsheet exercises based on physics examples and on error evaluation.
Plotting functions, complex numbers, animations, integration and differentiation.
Important elements of good communication in oral presentations, written reports
(including laboratory reports).
Physics of the Body
Forces: loading of muscular and skeletal systems
Vision: basic optics of the eye, defects of vision and their correction.
Hearing: the ear as a detection system, sensitivity, frequency response, threshold
of hearing, defects of hearing.
Heart: the heart as an electromechanical pump, electrical signal generation,
measurement of ECGs, defibrillation, blood pressure.
Measurement and Imaging
Electrical signals and their generation and detection. Simple ECG machines and
waveforms.
Ultrasound imaging, generation and detection of ultrasound pulses (piezoelectric
devices), advantages and disadvantages.

32. Recommended Texts
Production of magnetic resonance imaging.
Properties of laser radiation and applications.
X-ray imaging, principles of production and detection, absorption and attenuation
of X-rays. Imaging, contrast enhancement and photographic detection, diffraction
enhanced imaging.
Nuclear imaging, CT, PET and SPECT. The decay process, interaction with
matter, reconstruction of image.
There is no one recommended reference book. Suitable texts include;
1) "Physics in Nuclear Medicine" by Cherry, Sorenson and Phelps : ISBN 072168341X
2) "Nuclear Physics Principles and Applications" by Lilley : ISBN 0471979368
3) "University Physics" by Young and Freedman, published by Pearson Addison-Wesley
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Written examination 90 minutes 2 35 August To pass the module
must pass the
examination and the
continuous
assessment.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Problems set in
workshops
16 x 2
hours
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1+2 65 Exemption applied
for
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously
sem 1: 10 x 2 hr:
50% sem 2: 6 x 2 hr:
15% To pass the
module must pass
the examination and
the continuous
assessment.
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title ASTRONOMY FUNDAMENTALS
2. Module Code PHYS134
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr C Simpson Physics C.Simpson@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr PA James Physics P.James@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lect/Seminar/Grp Work
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
17. Contact 12 12
24
Hours
Problems Classes
18. Non-contact hours 51
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
A-Level or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F390 (2) F350 (2) F352 (2) F300 (2) F303 (2)
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To provide students with a broad introduction to astronomy.
To explain how observations support our undertanding of stars, galaxies, and the Universe as a whole.
To introduce students to the methods by which astronomers measure the brightnesses and distances of
astronomical objects.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
A basic knowledge of the structure and constituents of the Universe ranging in scale from the Solar
System to clusters of galaxies.
The ability to outline the methods which astronomers employ to gather and analyse data.
An understanding of the techniques of measurement of brightness and distance of astronomical objects.
Knowledge of the current cosmological model and the evidence supporting it.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
Students will attend 12 lectures and 6 x 2 hour problem classes in semester 2.
Private study time is provided for completion of assignments.
31. Syllabus
PHYS134 Basic concepts (2 lectures): The Earth in space; The Solar System.
Instrumentation (3 lectures): Telescopes; reflectors versus refractors, types of
mount, foci, image scale, ground versus space etc. Detectors; photometers,
photography, the CCD. Introduction to imaging and spectroscopy.
Measurement of brightness and distance (7 lectures): The magnitude system.
The Hertzprung-Russell diagram. Evolution of stars. Types of galaxy. The
distance ladder.
Issues in Contemporary Astronomy (3 lectures): For example: the Big Bang and
the fate of the Universe; protostars; black holes; the missing mass problem; the
search for extra solar planets; gamma-ray bursters.
32. Recommended Texts
"Universe" by Freedman and Kaufman (Freeman)
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Written Examination 90 minutes 2 70 August
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Problem Classes 6 x 2
hours
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 30 Subsumed by resit
examination
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title WORKING WITH NUCLEAR SCIENCE I
2. Module Code PHYS135
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Whole Session
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr L Moran Physics Lynn.Moran@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr U Klein Physics Uta.Klein@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Classes
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Prof PJ Nolan Physics P.J.Nolan@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr HL Vaughan Central Teaching Laboratory H.L.Vaughan@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
27
= 10 x 1/2
lectures/week
sem 1 + 6 x 2
lectures/week
sem 2
32
= 10 x 2-hour
workshops sem 1
50% of marks + 6 x
2-hour workshops
sem 2 15% of marks
18. Non-contact hours 91
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Physics A Level (or equivalent) A student cannot register for both PHYS135 and PHYS138
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
59

25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F390 (1)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F300 (1) F303 (1) F352 (1) F3F7 (1)
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To develop skills with spreadsheets
To develop skills in using computers to perform mathematical calculations
To illustrate the insight into physics which can be obtained by exploiting computational software packages
To improve science students' skills in communicating scientific information in appropriate written and oral
formats
To provide the students with a broad introduction to nuclear science
To provide the students with the physics basis for measurement techniques used in nuclear science
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
An ability to use spreadsheets and mathematical packages to calculate and graph mathematical
equations
An ability to apply mathematical software packages to physics problems
An appreciation of how to present results by computer
The ability to communicate more confidently
An understanding of some of the key factors in successful communication
A basic understanding of the underlying physics properties and ideas that are utilised in nuclear science
A basic knowledge of the physics involved in measurement techniques used in nuclear science
An understanding of the techniques used in measurements in nuclear applications
The ability to solve simple problems in nuclear science
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
Students will attend 15 lectures and 10 x 2 hour training sessions on applications of PCs and workshops on
communication skills in Physics in semester 1.
Students will attend 12 lectures and 6 x 2 hour problem classes in semester 2.
Private study time is provided for completion of assignments.
31. Syllabus
Spreadsheet exercises based on physics examples and on error evaluation.
Plotting functions, complex numbers, animations, integration and differentiation.
Important elements of good communication in oral presentations, written reports
(including laboratory reports).
Radioactivity, decay modes of unstable nuclei. Naturally occurring and man-made
radionuclides.
Interaction of radiation with materials; radiation dose and units, absorbed dose,
exposure. Range of alphas, betas, gammas and neutrons in materials. Radiation
shielding.
Internal radiation dose, medical uses (therapy and imaging).
Nuclear waste; high, intermediate, low level, options for storage.
Radiation detection and measurement; simple radiation meters, personal
dosimeters and film badges, spectroscopic systems.
Activation analysis using thermal neutrons.
Mass and energy, nuclear reactions.
Fission; induction by thermal neutrons, chain reaction, moderators, control of the
reaction, choice of materials. Safety aspects. Artificial transmutation.
Fusion; nuclear reactions, simple description of fusion reactors (JET, ITER),
applications of fusion reactions to astrophysics.
32. Recommended Texts
There is no one recommended reference book. Suitable texts include;
1) Nuclear Physics Principles and Applications : Lilley : ISBN 0471979368
2) University Physics : Young and Freedman : Pearson Addison-Wesley
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Written examination 90 minutes 2 35 August To pass the module
must pass the
examination and the
continuous
assessment.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Problems set in
workshops
16 x 2
hours
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1+2 65 Exemption applied
for
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously
sem 1: 10 x 2 hr:
50% sem 2: 6 x 2 hr:
15% To pass the
module must pass
the examination and
the continuous
assessment.

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS136
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr HC Boston Physics H.C.Boston@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof PJ Nolan Physics P.J.Nolan@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Classes
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
17. Contact 12 12
24
Hours
Problems Classes
18. Non-contact hours 51
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
A-Level Physics or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F303 (2) F350 (2) F3F5 (2) F3F7 (2) F300 (2) F352 (2) F390 (2) F521 (2)
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To provide the students with a broad introduction to medical physics.
To provide the students with the physics basis for measurement techniques used in medicine.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
A basic understanding of the underlying physics properties and ideas that are utilised in medical
physics.
A basic knowledge of the physics involved in measurement techniques used in medicine.
An understanding of the techniques used in measurements in medical applications.
The ability to solve simple problems in medical physics.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
Students will attend 12 lectures and 6 x 2 hour problem classes in semester 2.
Private study time is provided for completion of assignments.
31. Syllabus
PHYS136 Physics of the body
32. Recommended Texts
Forces: loading of muscular and skeletal systems
Vision: basic optics of the eye, defects of vision and their correction.
Hearing: the ear as a detection system, sensitivity, frequency response, threshold of
hearing, defects of hearing.
Heart: the heart as an electromechanical pump, electrical signal generation,
measurement of ECGs, defibrillation, blood pressure.
Measurement and imaging
Electrical signals and their generation and detection. Simple ECG machines and
waveforms.
Ultrasound imaging, generation and detection of ultrasound pulses (piezoelectric
devices), advantages and disadvantages.
Production of magnetic resonance imaging.
Properties of laser radiation and applications.
X-ray imaging, principles of production and detection, absorption and attenuation of Xrays.
Imaging, contrast enhancement and photographic detection, diffraction enhanced
imaging.
Nuclear imaging, CT, PET and SPECT. The decay process, interaction with matter,
reconstruction of image.
There is no one recommended reference book. Suitable texts include;
1) "Physics in Nuclear Medicine" by Cherry, Sorenson and Phelps : ISBN 072168341X
2) "Nuclear Physics Principles and Applications" by Lilley : ISBN 0471979368

3) "University Physics" by Young and Freedman, published by Pearson Addison-Wesley
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Written Examination 90 minutes 2 70 August
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Problem Classes 6 x 2
hours
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 30 Subsumed by resit
examination
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title VISUAL OPTICS I
2. Module Code PHYS137
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr NK McCauley Physics N.McCauley@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr SD Barrett Physics S.D.Barrett@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
School of Health Sciences
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Practical
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Miss HP Orton School of Health Sciences H.P.Orton@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr HL Vaughan Central Teaching Laboratory H.L.Vaughan@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
12 12 15 39
18. Non-contact hours 36
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
GCSE pass (grade C) in Mathematics
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
PHYS237
23. Co-requisite modules:
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
B520 (1)

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To provide the student with a basic knowledge of optics including the necessary mathematical (with
emphasis on alegebra and trigonometry) and theoretical skills
To provide opportunities to apply the knowledge gained
To provide the student with practical experience of simple optical systems to illustrate and support lecture
material
To provide appropriate preparation for the PHYS237 Visual Optics II module in Year 2
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student will be able to:
Explain the principle of basic geometric optics: reflection and refraction of light and the optical principles of
thin lenses
Explain the operation of the eye as an optical system
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The module will be delivered by way of a series of lectures with problem-solving sessions (tutorials within the
Physics Department and Division of Orthoptics). A laboratory session will also be run to demonstrate the
principles from the lectures in a lab environment. Formative assessments will be offered to students in order to
monitor their own understanding and performance.
31. Syllabus
PHYS137 Mathematical Skills (1 hour)
Algebra and trigonometry
Geometric Optics (8 hours)
Reflection of light
Reflection at a plane surface (plane mirrors)
Reflection at spherical reflecting surfaces (concave and convex mirrors) and
image formation
Calculation of position of images and magnification
Ray tracing of reflection
Refraction of light
Snell's Law of refraction
Refractive index
Total internal reflection
Refraction of light through a prism
Factors affecting refraction through a prism
Notation of prisms - prism dioptre, centrad, apparent deviation and refracting
angle
Calibration of prisms
Prismatic effect of lenses (Prentice rule) with calculations
Application of prisms in orthoptic practice
Decentration of lenses
Refraction of light at a curved surface
Spherical lenses - concave and convex
Cylindrical lenses - toric surfaces and toric lenses and interval of Sturm
Application of cylindrical lenses to Maddox Rod
Dispersion of light
Optical Properties of Thin Lenses
32. Recommended Texts
Ray tracing through a thin lens
Thin lens formula
Dioptric power of lenses - vergence
Magnification formulae (linear and angular)
Spherical lens decentration and prism power
Calculations and ray tracings
The Eye as a Thick Lens and Refraction by the Eye (3 hours)
Thick lens theory - cardinal points and the thick lens in air
Combination of lenses: as a thick lens and ray tracing through a thick lens
Schematic eye
Reduced eye and construction of retinal image
Refractive errors - myopia and hypermetropia, asigmatism and correcting lenses
Catoptric images - Purkinje-Sanson
"Clinical Optics" by A R Elkington and HJ Frank, published by Blackwell Scientific Publishing
"Duke Elder's Practice of Refraction" Revised by D Abrams, published by Churchill Livingstone. Out of Print,
available in the library.
"Physics for Opthalmologists" Edited by D J Coster, published by Churchill Livingstone
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Written Examination 1 hour 1 70 August
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Laboratory Reports 1 30 Summer vacation As university
policy
Notes
Notes

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE
2. Module Code PHYS138
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level One
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof PJ Nolan Physics P.J.Nolan@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr AJ Boston Physics A.J.Boston@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Classes
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
17. Contact 12 12
24
Hours
Problems Classes
18. Non-contact hours 51
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
A-Level Physics or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F350 (2) F303 (2) F352 (2) F300 (2)
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To provide the students with a broad introduction to nuclear science.
To provide the students with the physics basis for measurement techniques used in nuclear science.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
A basic understanding of the underlying physics properties and ideas that are utilised in nuclear
science.
A basic knowledge of the physics involved in measurement techniques used in nuclear science.
An understanding of the techniques used in measurements in nuclear applications.
The ability to solve simple problems in nuclear science.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
Students will attend 12 lectures and 6 x 2 hour problem classes in semester 2.
Private study time is provided for completion of assignments.
31. Syllabus
PHYS138 Radioactivity, decay modes of unstable nuclei. Naturally occurring and man-made
radionuclides.
32. Recommended Texts
Interaction of radiation with materials; radiation dose and units, absorbed dose,
exposure. Range of alphas, betas, gammas and neutrons in materials. Radiation
shielding.
Internal radiation dose, medical uses (therapy and imaging).
Nuclear waste; high, intermediate, low level, options for storage.
Radiation detection and measurement; simple radiation meters, personal dosimeters
and film badges, spectroscopic systems.
Activation analysis using thermal neutrons.
Mass and energy, nuclear reactions.
Fission; induction by thermal neutrons, chain reaction, moderators, control of the
reaction, choice of materials. Safety aspects. Artificial transmutation.
Fusion; nuclear reactions, simple description of fusion reactors (JET, ITER),
applications of fusion reactions to astrophysics.
There is no one recommended reference book. Suitable texts include;
1) Nuclear Physics Principles and Applications : Lilley : ISBN 0471979368
2) University Physics : Young and Freedman : Pearson Addison-Wesley
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Written Examination 90 minutes 2 70 August
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes

34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Problem Classes 6 x 2
hours
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 30 Subsumed by resit
examination
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title VISUAL OPTICS II
2. Module Code PHYS237
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Two
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof TJV Bowcock Physics Themis.Bowcock@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof P Allport Physics Allport@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
School of Health Sciences
14. Board of Studies Physics Board of Studies
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Laboratory
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Miss HP Orton School of Health Sciences H.P.Orton@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr HL Vaughan Central Teaching Laboratory H.L.Vaughan@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
12 6 15 33
18. Non-contact hours 42
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS137
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
"Clinical Visual Optics" and "Vision Science and Opthalmology" modules in Year 3
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
B520 (2)

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To provide the student with a further basic knowledge of optics including the necessary mathematical and
theoretical skills
To provide the student with opportunities to apply knowledge gained
To provide the student with practical experience of physical optics, the eye as a thick lens, lens
aberrations and instrumental optics to illustrate and support lecture material
To provide the student with the appropriate preparation for the Clinical Visual Optics module in Year 3
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module the student should be able to:
Illustrate the fundamental phenomena of physical optics; the properties of light, the interaction of light with
matter, light sources and colour
Illustrate the origin of aberrations and more specifically, spherical and chromatic aberration aberrations
and astigmatism
Interpret the principles of optical imaging systems
Apply the optical principles to instruments used in the ophthalmological assessment of patients
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The module will be delivered by way of a series of lectures with problem-solving sessions (tutorials within the
Physics Department and Division of Orthoptics) and computer-assisted learning opportunities. Formative
assessments will be offered to students in order to monitor their own understanding and performance. Five
laboratory practicals lasting three hours will give the students the opertunity to test the theories being taught in
the lectures and gain practice in making accurate measurements of optical systems and recording the results.
31. Syllabus
1 Introductory Lecture (1 hour)
2-5 Physical Optics (4 hours)
Properties of light
Electromagnetic spectrum - optical radiation, colour
Wave theory of light and consequences - interference, diffraction and polarisation
and orthoptc clinical application of polarisation.
Interaction of light with matter
Refection at irregular surfaces
Absorption, transmission and scattering
Light Sources
Colour
Continuous spectra and spectrum lines
Filters
Lasers
6-8 Lens Aberrations (3 hours)
Aberrations
Spectral sensitivity of the eye and the addition of colours
Monochromatic aberrations and paraxial aberrations
Spherical Aberrations
Sperical Aberrations and correction of spherical aberration in a lens and coma
Aberrations and Astigmatism
Tangential and sagittal planes and reducing astigmatism
Cylindrical and toric lenses
Sturm conoid and astigmatism in the eye
Curvature of field and distortion
Chromatic Aberration
Dispersive index
Laboratory assessment of chromatic aberrations
Achromatic doublet
Chromatic aberration in the eye
Reducing lens aberrations in spectacle lenses
9-12 Instrumental Optics (4 hours)
General imaging systems
Pinholes
Telescopes - resolution, Rayleigh criterion, Galilean (and Rayleigh)
Microscopes - principles of compound
Eyepieces - Huygens (and Ramsden)
Practical considerations for optical instruments - stops, aperture stop, chief ray
and field stop
Optical Systems
Instuments for examining the anterior eye - slit-lamp biomicroscope, operating
microscope, tonometer (keratoscope and keratometer)
Instruments for examining posterior eye - direct opthalmoscope, indirect
opthalmoscope and modification (findus camera)
Instruments for refraction - retinoscope, duochrome test, cross cylinder
Instruments for measuring lenses - focimeter
Lab 1 Measurement of Dispersion using a Spectrometer
Lab 2 Measurement of the transmisson curves of coloured filters
Lab 3 Mixing coloured light and measuring spherical aberations
Lab 4 Measuring chromatic aberations
Lab 5 Building a microscope and telescope from component lenses
32. Recommended Texts
Clinical Optics. Elkington AR, Frank HJ, Greaney MJ (1999). Blackwell Science. Oxford, Third Edition. ISBN:
0632049898
Duke Elder's Practice of Refraction (1978), Revised by David Abrams. Churchill Livingstone, Ninth Edition.
ISBN: 0443014787 (Note: Out of print but available in the library)
Physics for Opthalmologists. Edited by Coster DJ. Churchill Livingstone, First Edition. ISBN: 0443049351
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Written Examination 1.5 hrs Semester
2
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
70 August
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Penalty for late Notes
submission

Laboratory Reports 2 30 Summer vacation As university
policy
This work is not
marked anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title COMMUNICATING SCIENCE
2. Module Code PHYS241
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Two
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr L Moran Physics Lynn.Moran@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr TG Shears Physics Tara.Shears@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Workshops
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
17. Contact
24
24
Hours
Workshop sessions
18. Non-contact hours 51
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Completion of Year 1 Science Programme
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To improve science students' skills in communicating scientific information in a wide range of contexts
To develop students' understanding of some concepts of:
29. Learning Outcomes
Science in general
Their particular area of science
Other areas of science
At the end of the module the student should have:
An ability to communicate more confidently
An understanding of some of the key factors in successful communication
An appreciation of the needs of different audiences
Experience of a variety of written and oral media
A broader appreciation of science and particular areas of science
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The learning and teaching strategy is essentially one of Problem Based Learning in the context of 3
communication situations. In each case the students will have three-hour workshop sessions, including an
introductory talk, exercises, discussion and production of Aims, Objectives and Evaluation Criteria for the
particular situation. The students will then give their presentations in a following session (including written
material) and receive constructive evaluation from each other and the tutor.
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
None
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
The three communication situations will be:-
1. Undergraduate (Level 1) lecture in student's own discipline.
2. Research talk to scientists (based on departmental research).
3. Presentation about science to a non-specialist audience.
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Workshop Sessions 2 100 None:
N/A as
exemption approved assessment is
10/12/2004 timetabled
Notes
Notes
Approx. 50% written
presentations, 50%
oral presentations
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title THE PHYSICS TOOLBOX
2. Module Code PHYS243
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Two
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof RN McGrath Physics R.Mcgrath@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr DT Joss Physics David.Joss@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
Mathematical Sciences
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Classes
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
Dr T Moore Physics T.Moore1@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr TM Mohaupt Mathematical Sciences Thomas.Mohaupt@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
17. Contact 24 36
60
Hours
Problems classes
18. Non-contact hours 90
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
As advised by the Physics department
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F303 (2) F300 (2) F521 (2) F3F5 (2) F352 (2) F350 (2)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To reinforce students' prior knowledge of mathematical techniques.
To introduce new mathematical techniques for physics modules.
To enhance students' problem-solving abilities through structured application of these techniques in
physics.
29. Learning Outcomes
After completing the module, students should
have knowledge of all the mathematical techniques neccessary for physics and astrophysics
programmes
be able to apply these mathematical techniques in a range of physics and astrophysics problems.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The "tool-box" of mathematical techniques, together with many examples of their implementation in physics
and astrophysics situations, will be introduced in the lectures. The weekly problems classes will require the
students to implement these techniques in a series of graduated questions, exercises and problems. These
classes will be overseen by the module teachers and demonstrators, who will offer assistance when required.
The students work will be handed in at the end of each session and marked by one of the module teachers.
31. Syllabus
1 Topic 1: Problem-solving in physics and astrophysics using basic mathematical
techniques
Review of key results in complex numbers, vector algebra, determinants and matrices
(multiplication, inverses, eigenvectors and eigenvalues, simultaneous equations),
differentiation, expansion and approximation, integration, summation and averaging
(including chain rule and integration by parts), trigonometry, Fourier series and
analysis. Application to selected problems in physics and astrophysics.
Topic 2: Scalar and Vector Fields in physics and astrophysics
Differentiation of time dependent vectors. Scalar and vector fields. Spatial
differentiation of a scalar field. Spatial differentiation of a vector field. Line, surface and
volume integrals. Gauss' and Stoke's theorems. Application to selected problems in
physics and astrophysics.
Topic 3: Differential Equations in physics and astrophysics
Formulating and classifying differential equations. Solving first order differential
equations. Solving second order differential equations. Application to selected problems
in physics and astrophysics.
Topic 4: Partial differential equations in physics and astrophysics
Partial differential equations. Solving partial differential equations. Application to
selected problems in physics and astrophysics.
Topic 5: Particle motion in physics and astrophysics
Kinematics of particle motion. Forces and Potentials. Gravity and projectile motion.
Motion of charged particle in a magnetic field. Work and Energy. Central forces.
Inverse square laws of force. Orbits. The two-body problem. Rotating coordinate
systems. Application to selected problems in physics and astrophysics.
32. Recommended Texts
The recommended text is:
Topic 6: Rigid body motion in physics and astrophysics
Relativity and relativistic particle mechanics. Centre of Mass. Angular momentum.
Moments of Inertia. Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems. Euler's equations.
Applications to selected problems in physics and astrophysics.
Further mathematics for the physical sciences, M. Tinker and R. Lambourne (Wiley)
Several texts can be used as reference books:
Engineering Mathematics, K.A. Stroud
Advanced Engineering Mathematics, K.A. Stroud
Advanced Engineering Mathematics, E. Kreysig
Mathematics for engineers and scientists, A. Jeffrey
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
Written Examination 1 1/2
hours
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
1 60 August
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Problem Sheets 1 40 Recovery
opportunity in
Summer
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
Notes
Notes

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title ACCELERATORS AND RADIOISOTOPES IN MEDICINE
2. Module Code PHYS246
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Two
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof RD Page Physics R.D.Page@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr HC Boston Physics H.C.Boston@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
17. Contact 24 4 24
52
Hours
Poster project
18. Non-contact hours 98
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS136 or PHYS122
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
PHYS386
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F350 (2)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To introduce the students to ionising and non ionising radiation including its origins and production.
To introduce the various ways in which radiation interacts with materials.
To introduce the different accelerators and isotopes used in medicine and to give examples of their use.
To develop the students presentational skills through the poster project.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
A basic knowledge of the origins of radiation and its properties.
An understanding of ways in which radiation interacts with materials.
An understanding of how accelerators operate and how isotopes are produced.
Knowledge of applications of the use of accelerators and isotopes in medicine.
Improved presentational skills.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Student Handbook.
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
Origins and properties of radiation:
Types of origins and effects of ionising and non ionising radiation. Atomic
and nuclear energy levels, radiation of atoms and nuclei.
Interaction of radiation with materials:
Photoelectric and Compton effects, pair production. Attenuation and
absorption coefficients. Bethe-Bloch equation for charged particles, linear
energy transfer, stopping power and range, Bragg curve. Interaction of
microwaves and lasers with materials. Effects of radiation on biological
systems. Absorbed, equivalent and effective dose.
Accelerators and isotopes:
Acceleration of charged particles, types of accelerators used: cyclotrons,
linacs and synchrotrons. Beam species and energies used. Production of
radioisotopes, properties of some common medical isotopes. Microwaves,
basic properties and production.
Examples of uses:
Selected examples of uses of accelerators and isotopes in medical
applications, such as PET, SPECT, X-ray imaging, brachytherapy, IMRT
and heavy ion radiotherapy.
Poser presentation:
This will cover a topic from those listed above.
"Nuclear Physics: Principles & Applications" by John Lilley published by Wiley
ASSESSMENT
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of Resit/resubmission Penalty for late Notes

(Semester) final
mark
Written Examination 3 hours 2 80 August
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Poster Project
Assessment
% of
final
mark
opportunity submission
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
2 20 Summer vacation As university
policy
Notes
Anonymous marking
impossible
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES IN PHYSICS, ASTROPHYSICS & MEDICAL
PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS247
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Two
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr AJ Boston Physics A.J.Boston@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr JH Vossebeld Physics Vossebel@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Practical
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr P Cole Radiation Protection Pcole@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
6 36 42
18. Non-contact hours 33
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Physics A-Level or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F350 (2)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To develop skills in programming using a OO language
To use programming techniques to solve problems in physics and/or medical applications of physics
To develop skills in modelling the solution to a problem
To give students experience of working in small groups to solve a problem
To give students experience of communicating their results using computer packages
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Knowledge of programming techniques in an OO programming language
The ability to solve simple problems using a computer program
Understanding the need to plan, properly structure and test computer programs
Set up a model to solve a simple problem
Experience of working in a small group
Improved communication skills using computer packages
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduage Handbook
31. Syllabus
PHYS247 Introduction to Java language using a simple program that outputs text and
does simple calculations. This will be used to evaluate simple formulae.
Use of more complex programming methods including parameter lists and
loops; use of these for numerical integration and more complex mathematical
expressions.
Use of arrays, import of arrays into Excel and graph drawing.
Use of random numbers; generation of histograms and gaussians, saving data
to disk.
Application of these techniques to problems through the use of sample
programs.
32. Recommended Texts
None
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Reports on Exercises 2 60 None:
As university
exemption approved policy
10/12/2004
Report on Final
Project
2 40 None:
As university
exemption approved policy
10/12/2004
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONICS
2. Module Code PHYS248
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Two
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr S Burdin Physics S.Burdin@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr CP Welsch Physics C.P.Welsch@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials/Practicals
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr L Moran Physics Lynn.Moran@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr A Wolski Physics A.Wolski@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
22 4 30 56
18. Non-contact hours 94
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS123 or equivalent, MATH186 or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F300 (2) F303 (2) F352 (2)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To show how information from physical processes may be coded in analogue and digital electronic
signals.
To introduce the basic principles of analogue electronic signal processing.
To give an introduction to Boolean algebra and its application to digital signal processing.
To give a brief survey of current practice in signal processing technology.
To develop the student's circuit building and problem solving skills as applied to electronic circuits and
logic problems.
To develop the practical and technical skills required for electronics experimentation and an
appreciation of the importance of a systematic approach to experimental measurement.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Knowledge of some basic methods of generating electrical signals proportional to physical quantities.
The ability to analyse simple circuits involving resistors and capacitors and to determine their response
to sinusoidal and square pulse waveforms.
An understanding of three-terminal semiconductor devices and their application to resistance-coupled
amplifiers.
Knowledge about positive and negative feedback and the effect they have on amplifiers.
An understanding of binary arithmetic and the use of Boolean algebra to analyse the operation of basic
combinatorial and sequential logic circuits.
An awareness of the principles involved in converting analogue form signals to digital form and vice
versa.
The skill to assemble, test and debug simple circuits involving the use of both passive and active
electronic components.
Improved written and oral communication skills.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
Signals and components:- sinusoidal and pulse signals, voltage and current
sources, resistive and reactive components.
Linear circuit analysis:- D.C. circuit analysis, Thevenin’s theorem; Revision of
A.C. analysis using complex numbers; Resistive and reactive networks, analysis
using complex number techniques; Filters, response to sinusoidal and pulse
signals.
Non-linear devices:- Semiconductor properties, p-n junction, use as a diode,
rectification; Electronic control of current, 3-terminal devices, properties of JFET;
Resistance-coupled voltage amplifier.
Operational amplifiers:- Basic concept, negative feedback and virtual earth
principle; Operational amplifier circuits, amplifier and voltage follower; Function
circuits, addition, subtraction, differentiation and integration.
Digital circuits and logic systems:- 3-terminal devices as switches; Logic gates,
practical logic gate circuits; Boolean algebra, logic analysis via truth tables; de
Morgan’s theorem, examples including XOR gate; Binary addition, decoders and
multiplexers; Minimisation of logic expressions, Karnaugh maps.
Sequential logic:- Bistable systems - flip-flops with synchronous and
asynchronous operation; Flip-flops as memory elements - binary counters and
shift registers.
Interfaces:- Digital to analogue (DAC) and analogue to digital (ADC) conversion
- principles; DAC with weighted resistor network; Counter ADC, integrator ADC,
flash ADC.
32. Recommended Texts
Timer circuits:- 555 Timer applications.
Practical Syllabus
There are give experiments which are carried out in the same order by all students:
E1 Filters and rectificaction - sections 2 and 3
E2 FET amplifiers and switching circuits - sections 3 and 5
E3 Operational Amplifiers - section 4
E4 Logic Circuits - sections 5 and 6
E5 Interface circuits - section 7
"Analog and Digital Electronics" by P H Beards, published by Prentice Hall
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Written Examination 3 hours 2 70 August
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Practical Work 2 30 None:
As university
exemption approved policy
10/12/2004
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title INTRODUCTION TO STELLAR ASTROPHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS251
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Two
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr MJ Darnley Physics M.Darnley@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr T Moore Physics T.Moore1@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
30 4 34
18. Non-contact hours 116
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS122 or equivalent and PHYS134
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
23. Co-requisite modules:
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F3F5 (2) F521 (2)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To provide students with an understanding of the physical processes which determine all aspects of the
structure and evolution stars, from their birth to their death.
To enable students to determine the basic physical properties of stars via observation (e.g.
determination of temperatures, masses and radii etc. using continuum fluxes, broad-band colours, line
profiles etc).
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
knowledge of how the basic physical properties of stars can be determined from observation.
an understanding of how stellar structure can be probed using observable quantities and simple physical
principles.
an understanding of the changes in structure and energy sources for stars throughout their lives.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
PHYS251 Introduction & observables
32. Recommended Texts
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Observables: Luminosity, colours, temperature.
Measurement of stellar parameters (mass, radius, luminosity) and interrelations.
Physical state of stars
Hydrostatic equilibrium. The virial theorem and energy sources. Radiative and
convective energy transport mechanisms. The four mechanical equations of stellar
structure. Stellar interiors: Equations of state. Opacity. Nucleosynthesis.
Introduction to stellar atmospheres
Radiative energy, and flow. Equation of Radiative Transport. Line formation at the
atomic level, including excitation and ionization. Line broadening mechanisms.
Stellar evolution
The onset of star formation. Jeans mass and length. Cloud fragmentation. Pre-main
sequence evolution - Hayashi contraction. Convective and radiative stars. Scaling
analysis.
Structure of stars on the Main sequence and their respective lifetimes. Mass loss.
Solar Neutrinos
Post main sequence evolution - Central fuel exhaustion and core contraction/collapse.
Structure of evolving stars and evolutionary tracks on Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
Low mass stars: helium flash, thermal pulsing, nebulae generation and white dwarf
generation. High mass stars: carbon burning, blue loop excursions, supernova
explosions.
"An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution" D Prialnik, CUP, published by CUP.
Background Reading:
"The Physics of Stars" A C Phillips, Wiley & Sons
"Stellar Astrophysics I: Basic Stellar Observation & Data" E Bohm-Vitense, CUP

"Stellar Astrophysics II: Stellar Atmospheres" E Bohm-Vitense, CUP
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written Examination 3 hours 2 80 August resit for
Yr2 students only.
Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Case Study Essay 2 20 Summer vacation As university
policy
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title ASTRONOMICAL TECHNIQUES
2. Module Code PHYS252
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Two
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr MJ Darnley Physics M.Darnley@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr C Simpson Physics C.Simpson@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
Dr SM Percival Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Practical
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
17. Contact 6 36 6
48
Hours
Problem Classes
18. Non-contact hours 102
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS134, PHYS111
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
PHYS394
23. Co-requisite modules:
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:

F3F5 (2) F521 (2)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To develop students' understanding of various techniques of data gathering and analysis in modern
astronomy with particular emphasis on the underlying physics, allied with gaining practical experience
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
knowledge of the methods employed in the detection and analysis of light.
a clear understanding of the methods employed in astronomical photometry.
experience of the acquisition, reduction and analysis of astronomical data.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See the Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
PHYS252 The laboratory-based section of the module will consist of practical experiments in the
general area of detection and analysis of light, for example:
32. Recommended Texts
the resolution of a telescope
characteristics of an astronomical CCD camera
emission lines of atomic hydrogen: The Balmer series
photometry of supernova 1995G
measuring galaxy redshift
The lectrue component will concentrate on positional astronomy and astronomical
photometry covering the following areas: signal to noise calculations, detectors, filer
systems, relative and absolute photometry, atmospheric effects, photometric standards.
These lectures will be followed up by an exercise on the analysis of real photometric
data of clusters, stars, galaxies or variable objects. A written assignment will also be
produced consisting of a case study of an individual astronomical object.
"Astrophysical Techniques" by C R Kitchin, published by Adam Hilger
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Laboratory Practical
2 50 None:
As university
Work
exemption approved policy
10/12/2004
Essay 2 20 Summer vacation As university
policy
Photometry Exercise 2 20 None:
As university
exemption approved policy
10/12/2004
Class Test 2 10 None:
N/A as
exemption approved assessment is
10/12/2004 timetabled
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously
This work is not
marked anonymously
This work is not
marked anonymously
This work is not
marked anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title THERMODYNAMICS
2. Module Code PHYS253
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Two
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr TG Shears Physics Tara.Shears@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr DE Hutchcroft Physics Dhcroft@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
32 4 36
18. Non-contact hours 114
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS124 or equivalent MATH186 or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
PHYS393
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F300 (2) F303 (2) F3F5 (2) F521 (2) F656 (2) F3F7 (3) F352 (2) F350 (2) FG31 (2) F344 (2) F326 (2)
FGH1 (2)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build on material presented in the Year 1 module: Thermal Physics
To introduce the concept of entropy
To introduce thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell's relations and demonstrate their use
To introduce phase changes and phase equilibrium
To introduce statistical mechanics
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Knowledge of the laws of thermodynamics.
Familiarity with entropy and thermodynamic potentials.
Knowledge of Maxwell's relations and their use in solving simple problems.
The ability to distinguish between the properties of ideal and real gases.
The ability to apply thermodynamics to simple situations involving solids.
Knowledge of phase equilibrium and phase changes including the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
Familiarity with Boltmann distribution, Partition Function and Bridge Equation.
The ability to apply statistical mechanics to paramagnets, harmonic oscillators and gases.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
Thermoydnamics:
Review of Year 1 Thermoydnamics
Use of partial differentiation
Entropy
Thermodynamic potentials
Maxwell's relations
Phonons and heat capacity
Compressible materials
Magnetic systems
Cavity radiation
Phase equilibria
Third law of thermodynamics
Statistical Mechanics:
Basic concepts (microstates, macrostates, statistical weight, entropy)
Boltmann distribution
Partial function and Bridge equation
Application to Paramagnet and Harmonic Oscillator
Perfect Classical, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Gases
"Thermal Physics" by C B Finn, published by Stanley Thornes
"Statistical Physics" by A M Guenault, published by Chapman and Hall
ASSESSMENT
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of Resit/resubmission Penalty for late Notes

(Semester) final
mark
opportunity submission
Written Examination 3 hours 1 80 August resit for
Yr2 students only.
Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Class Test or IT
Exercises
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
1 20 None:
N/A as
exemption approved assessment is
10/12/2004 timetabled
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title ELECTROMAGNETISM
2. Module Code PHYS254
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Two
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof CT Touramanis Physics C.Touramanis@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof TJ Greenshaw Physics Green@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
17. Contact 30 4 2
36
Hours
Class test
18. Non-contact hours 114
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS123 or equivalent MATH186 or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
PHYS370
23. Co-requisite modules:
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:

F521 (2) F303 (2) F300 (2) F3F5 (2) F656 (2) F350 (2) F352 (2) F3F7 (2)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To consolidate elementary material from Year 1 and to provide the requisite background for further
more advanced study of electromagnetic waves and electromagnetim.
To introduce differential vector analysis in the context of electromagnetism.
To introduce the formulation of Maxwell's equations in the presence of dielectric and magnetic
materials.
To develop the students ability to apply Maxwell's equations to simple problems involving dielectric and
magnetic materials.
To develop the ideas of field theories in Physics using electromagnetism as an example.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Knowledge of the application of differential analysis to electromagnetism and an understanding of the
practical meaning of Maxwell's equations in differential form.
Simple knowledge and understanding of how the presence of matter affects electrostatics and
magnetostatics and the ability to solve simple problems in these situations.
Knowledge and understanding of how the laws are altered with non static electric and magnetic fields
and an ability to solve simple problems in these situations.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
PHYS254 Introduction and necessary mathematics
Electrostatics
Revision: Coulomb's law and the electric field
Revision: Electric flux and Gauss' law
Revision: Circulation and electric potential
Calculating the field from the potential (gradient)
Gauss law in differential form (divergence)
Circulation law in differential form (curl)
Poisson's and Laplace's equations and their solutions
Magnetostatics
Revision: Definition of magnetic field and calculation of the force
Revision: Calculating the field: the Biot-Savart law
Circulation and Ampere's law in differential form
Magnetic flux and Gauss law in differential form
Magnetic vector potential
Electromagnetism
Faraday's law in differential form
Ampere-Maxwell law in differential form
Maxwell's equations and their solutions
Electrical magnetic fields in materials
Electrostatic fields and conductors (method of images)
Electrostatic fields in dielectrics
Magnetostatic fields in materials
Energy in the electric and magnetic fields
32. Recommended Texts
Electrostatic energy
Energy in the magnetic field
Electromagnetic Waves
Derivation from Maxwell's Equations; speed of light
Energy flow, poynting vector
Special Relativity
Relativistic invariance of charge
Lorentz transformation of electromagnetic fields
EM of moving charges
"Introduction to Electromadynamics" by D. J. Griffiths, 3rd ed. published by Prentice Hall
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written Examination 3 hours 2 80 August resit for
Yr2 students only.
Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Class Test or IT
Exercises
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
2 20 None:
N/A as
exemption approved assessment is
10/12/2004 timetabled
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title QUANTUM AND ATOMIC PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS255
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Two
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr ES Paul Physics E.S.Paul@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof M Klein Physics Max.Klein@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
17. Contact 28 4 12
44
Hours
Project
18. Non-contact hours 106
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS122 or equivalent MATH186 or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
PHYS361
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F300 (2) F303 (2) F352 (2) F350 (2) F3F5 (2) F521 (2) BCG0 (2) FGH1 (2) F344 (2) FG31 (2) F326 (2)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To introduce students to the concepts of quantum theory.
To show how Schrodinger's equation is applied to particle flux and to bound states.
To show how quantum ideas provide an understanding of atomic structure.
To develop both written and oral presentation skills.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
An understanding of the reasons why microscopic systems require quantum description and statistical
interpretation.
Knowledge of the Schrodinger equation and how it is formulated to describe simple physical systems.
Understanding of the basic technique of using Schrodinger's equation and ability to determine solutions
in simple cases.
Understanding of how orbital angular momentum is described in quantum mechanics and why there is
a need for spin.
Understanding how the formalism of quantum mechanics describes the structure of atomic hydrogen
and, schematically, how more complex atoms are described.
Improved written and oral communication skills.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
Introduction to wave mechanics (3)
Summary of breakdown of classical physics and wave nature of matter.
Wavefunctions, wave packet and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
Normalisation and particle in a box.
Schrodinger equation - plane wave solutions (5)
Shcrodinger equation, boundary conditions and plane wave solutions.
Current density and step potential.
Potential barrier and tunnelling.
Transmission over a barrier, Ramsauer effect.
Bound states (8)
Concept of bound states.
Finite potential well.
1-D harmonic oscillator.
Applications of the harmonic oscillator.
Zero point energy.
Operators and eigenvalues.
3-D infinite potential.
Orbital angular momentum and 3-D Schrodinger equation applied to a central
potential.
Atomic structure (8)
Comparison of Bohr with Schrodinger solutions for hydrogen.
Quantum numbers and spectroscopic notation.
Magnetic moments and Zeeman effect.
Stern Gerlach experiment and spin.
Spin-orbit interaction and Lande g-factor.

32. Recommended Texts
Pauli exclusion principle.
Periodic table and Hunds rule.
Transitions and X-rays.
"Introduction to Quantum Mechanics" by A.C. Phillips, published by Wiley.
"Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei & Particles" by Eisberg & Resnick, published by Wiley.
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Written Examination 3 hours 1 80 August
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Science
Communication
Project (Written)
Science
Communication
Project (Oral)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
1 10 Summer vacation As university
policy
1 10 Summer vacation N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
Anonymous marking
impossible
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title NUCLEI, MOLECULES AND SOLIDS
2. Module Code PHYS256
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Two
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr A Mehta Physics Mehta@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr ES Paul Physics E.S.Paul@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
21 4 25
18. Non-contact hours 125
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS255 MATH186
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F350 (2) F300 (2) F3F5 (2) F303 (2) F521 (2) F352 (2)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build on material presented in Year 1 modules and in the year two module PHYS255.
To introduce molecular physics and the band structure of solids.
To introduce nuclear size, mass and decay modes with some applications.
To introduce particle physics including interactions between elementary particles, the standard model
and recent experimental discoveries.
To introduce relativistic 4-vectors for applications to collision problems.
To develop both written and oral presentational skills.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Knowledge of how atoms are built into molecules and solids with some properties of both.
Understanding of the basic principles determining nuclear size, mass and decay modes.
Knowledge of elementary particles and their interactions and how these are understood and
investigated in recent particle physics experiments.
Basic understanding of relativistic 4-vectors.
Improved written and oral communication skills.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
Molecules
Solids
Hydrogen molecule, electronic configurations.
Molecular rotation, spectra, selection rules.
Molecular vibrations, zero point energy, selection rules.
Types of solid.
Crystal structure and Bragg diffraction.
Band theory of solids. Free electron model.
Conductors, insulators, semiconductors.
Elasticity.
Nuclear Physics
Rutherford scattering, electron scattering, nuclear size.
Masses of nuclei, binding energy, semi-empirical mass fomula.
Nuclear instability, decay modes.
Applications of nuclear techniques, including dating, astrophysics and neutrinos.
Particle Physics
Forces and interactions, strong and weak interactions.
Basic ideas of the standard model.
Recent experimental discoveries.
Relativistic Mechanics
Principle of invariance.
Introduction to 4-vectors.
Relativistic collisions.
32. Recommended Texts
"Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei & Particles" by Eisberg & Resnick, published by Wiley
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Written Examination 3 hours 2 80 August
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Science
Communication
Project (Written)
Science
Communication
Project (Oral)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
2 10 Summer vacation As university
policy
2 10 Summer vacation N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
Anonymous marking
impossible

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title WAVES AND RELATED PHENOMENA
2. Module Code PHYS258
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Two
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr SD Barrett Physics S.D.Barrett@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr BT King Physics Barryk@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials/Practicals
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
24 4 30 58
18. Non-contact hours 92
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS126 or equivalent MATH186 or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F300 (2) F303 (2) F352 (2) F3F5 (2) F521 (2) F350 (2) F656 (2)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build on material presented in year one modules.
To introduce the use of waves in a wide range of physics.
To give the student familiarity with interference and diffraction effects in many branches of physics.
To develop the student's practical and technical skills.
To give the student experience in making exact measurements using wave techniques.
To develop the student's ability to present complex information clearly and precisely.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Familarity with waves and their analysis using the complex number notation.
Knowledge of interference and diffraction effects and their use in physical situations.
Understanding of impedance.
Acquired an introduction to the ideas of Fourier techniques.
Acquired an introduction to the basic princples of LASERs.
Improved practical and technical skills required for experimentation.
Improved skill at planning, executing and reporting on the results of an investigation.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook.
31. Syllabus
Wave motion
Review of waves in one dimension - use of complex number notation
The wave equation and its solution - one dimensional and three dimensional
Waves in elastic media, earthquake waves
Electromagnetic waves in free space as an example
Phase velocity, coherence
Concept of impedance
Amplitude Reflection coefficient, Amplitude Transmission coefficient
Energy reflection at changes of impedance
Superposition of waves
Addition of waves, beats, standing waves, wave packets, dispersion and group
velocity
Phased Array Radar
Circular polarisation
Bandwidth and Fourier analysis
Diffraction
Bandwidth theorems, relation to the uncertainty principle
Fourier analysis, pulses of radiation, restricted apertures (diffraction), relation to
bandwidth theorem
Define Fraunhofer condition
Single slit and circular aperture
Effect of aperture size on interference patterns
LASERs and their applications
Basic principles of LASERs

32. Recommended Texts
Examples
Construction and operations of LASERs
Some applications: optical fibres, communications, fusion, measurement,
laboratory work
Throughout there should be examples of where wave phenomena are met in physics.
Some examples include:
Particles as waves - de Broglie waves, scattering experiments (electron,
nuclear)
X-ray/neutron diffraction - use of wave phenomena to study atomic and crystal
sizes
Optical systems - limits due to diffraction and interference, resolution
Electromagnetic waves - long wavelength examples of transmission, Poynting's
vector
Sound/seismic waves - examples of wave equation solutions and polarisation
"The Physics of Vibrations and Waves" by H J Pain, published by Wiley
"Optics" by E Hecht, published by Addison Wesley
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Written Examination 3 hours 1 70 August
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Practical Assignment
1 - MathCad
exercises
Practical Assignment
2 - MathCad
exercises
Practical Assignment
3 - PowerPoint
exercise
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
10 hours 1 10 None:
As university
exemption approved policy
10/12/2004
10 hours 1 10 None:
As university
exemption approved policy
10/12/2004
10 hours 1 10 None:
As university
exemption approved policy
10/12/2004
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title PRACTICAL PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS259
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Two
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof CA Lucas Physics Clucas@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr DS Martin Physics David.Martin@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Practicals
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr L Moran Physics Lynn.Moran@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr CP Welsch Physics C.P.Welsch@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr TG Shears Physics Tara.Shears@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr ES Paul Physics E.S.Paul@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr BT King Physics Barryk@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr VR Dhanak Physics V.R.Dhanak@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
72 72
18. Non-contact hours 3
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS111 or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None

24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F350 (2) F300 (2) F303 (2) F352 (2)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To develop the student's experimental and practical skills in:-
Setting up and calibrating equipment
Taking reliable and reproducible data
Calculating experimental results and their associated errors
Using Line-Fit, MathCad and other computer software to analyse data
Writing a coherent account of the experimental procedure and conclusions
Understanding physics in depth by performing specific experiments
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Improved practical skills and experience
A detailed understanding of the fundamental physics behind the experiments
Increased confidence in setting up and calibrating equipment
Familiarity with IT packages for calculating, displaying and presenting results
Enhanced ability to plan, execute and report the results of an investigation
An appreciation of the role of mathematical modelling in describing physical phenomena
Awareness of the importance of communicating results and experimental errors
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
None. A laboratory manual is provided.
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Further training in experimental techniques and data analysis.
Making measurements, analysing data and drawing conclusions from a variety
of experiments in physics appropriate to Year 2 of study.
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Practical Work 1 100 None:
As university
exemption approved policy
10/12/2004
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title PHYSICS FOR NEW TECHNOLOGY PROJECT
2. Module Code PHYS360
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Whole Session
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 30
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof CA Lucas Physics Clucas@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr U Klein Physics Uta.Klein@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Practicals
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr SD Barrett Physics S.D.Barrett@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
216 216
18. Non-contact hours 84
19. TOTAL HOURS 300
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS111 or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F352 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
To give the student the following:
MODULE DESCRIPTION
Experience of working independently on an original problem.
An opportunity to conceive, plan, propose and execute a project involving computer control of a system
of transducers.
An opportunity to display the quality of their work.
An opportunity to display qualities such as initiative and ingenuity.
Experience of report writing, displaying high standards of composition and production.
An opportunity to display communication skills.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module,the student should have:
Experience of participation in planning all aspects of the work.
Experience researching literature and other sources of relevant information.
Improved skills and initiative in carrying out investigations.
Improved ability to organise and manage time.
A working knowledge of the hardware and software required to allow computers to communicate with
other pieces of equipment.
An ability to select and use hardware and software to solve a particular problem.
Improved skills in report writing.
Improved skills in preparing and delivering oral presentations
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
To achieve the aims and learning outcomes of the module, the student is provided with detailed instructions
on the programming language to be used and on the operation of the various electronic interface modules
available. While the student is encouraged to use their own initiative in conceiving and planning the project,
close supervision is given throughout to ensure that the desired outcome is achieved.
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
None
Some introductory programming exercises are used to allow the student to become
familiar with the operation of the MicroLink data acquisition system. Some interface
modules (such as analogue-to-digital converters, switches, counters, etc) are used
individually and in combination to demonstrate how control systems can be
constructed.
In the middle of Semester 1, after having gained some experience of the capabilities of
the various modules in the MicroLink system, the student prepares a written proposal
for a project which will occupy the remainder of the year. Details of the project aims
will be handed in at the end of the semester 1.
The student will keep a day by day diary showing the work done on the project and its
progress. This will be handed in with the final report.
The written project report will be handed in before the end of Semester 2. The oral
presentation (or, with the approval of the Module Organiser, a poster presentation) will
be given in one of the scheduled sessions.
ASSESSMENT
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of Resit/resubmission Penalty for late Notes
(Semester) final
mark
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Programming
Exercises
Written Project
Proposal
Written Project
Report
Oral Project
Presentation
% of
final
mark
opportunity submission
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1 20 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
1 25 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
2 45 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
20 mins 2 10 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
As university
policy
As university
policy
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously
Anonymous marking
impossible

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title QUANTUM MECHANICS AND ATOMIC PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS361
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof P Allport Physics Allport@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr A Mehta Physics Mehta@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
32 4 36
18. Non-contact hours 114
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS255 or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
PHYS480
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F300 (3) F303 (3) F3F5 (3) F521 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build on the second year module on Quantum and Atomic Physics
To develop the formalism of quantum mechanics
To develop an understanding that atoms are quantum systems
To enable the student to follow elementary quantum mechanical arguments in the literature and provide
a basis for work in Semester 2 modules
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Understanding of the role of wavefunctions, operators, eigenvalue equations, symmetries,
compatibility/non-compatibility of observables and perturbation theory in quantum mechanical theory.
An ability to solve straightforward problems - different bound states and perturbing interactions.
Developed knowledge and understanding of the quantum mechanical description of atoms - single
particle levels, coupled angular momentum, fine structure, transition selection rules.
Developed a working knowledge of interactions, electron configurations and coupling in atoms.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Student Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
Quantum Mechanics:
Operators, observables, eigenfunctions and eignvalues
Dirac and wavefunction representations
Probability distributions
Time evolution of wavefunctions
Many-particle systems
Bound states
Simple harmonic motion
Angular momentum
Central potential
Free particles
Compatible and incompatible observables
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
Symmetries - inversion, translation, rotation, exchange
Generalisation to J, ladder operators
Spin
Addition of angular momentum
Perturbation theory
Atomic Physics:
"Quantum Mechanics" by F Mandl, published by Wiley
Hydrogen atom, fine structure
Helium atom
Radiative transitions, selection rules
Multi-electron atoms, periodic classification, Hund's rules
Atoms in a magnetic field
ASSESSMENT

33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written Examination 3 hours 1 100 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Notes
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title ADVANCED OBSERVATIONAL ASTRONOMY
2. Module Code PHYS362
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr I Steele Physics Iain.Steele@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr IK Baldry Physics I.K.Baldry@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
32 4 36
18. Non-contact hours 114
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS251 and PHYS252
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F3F5 (3) F521 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To introduce students to the experimental techniques which enable astrophysicists to use the full range
of the electromagnetic spectrum to study the physics of astronomical objects.
To become familiar with the design of telescopes across the electromagnetic spectrum.
To understand the physical basis of light detection across the spectrum.
To understand observing techniques such as photometry, spectroscopy, adaptive optics, interferometry.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should:
Understand and be able to compare and contrast the basic techniques and problems involved in
observing all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum
Understand and be able to use and experimental concepts, as applied to observational astrophysics, of
signal-to-noise ratio, sampling, resolution.
Be able to determine the observing technique most appropriate for a given scientific goal.
Be able to plan observations at a variety of wavelengths
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See the Department of Physics Undergraduate Student Handbook
31. Syllabus
PHYS362
PHYS362 Telescopes and detectors
32. Recommended Texts
Basic design of telescopes across the electromagnetic spectrum.
Detectors from millimeter wavelengths to gamma-rays. Physical principles,
operations.
Spectroscopic techniques
Energy-sensitive detectors. Dispersive techniques based on gratings and/or
etalons.
Observing and data analysis techniques
Sampling, resolution. Signal-to-noise ratio, data quality assessment.
Calibration of raw data.
Photometry and spectroscopy.
Adaptive optics.
Interferometry.
G. Rieke: "Detection of Light. From the Ultraviolet to the Submillimeter", Cambridge University Press,
2003 (2nd edition).
D. J. Schroeder: "Astronomical Optics", Academic Press, 2000
C R Kitchin: "Astrophysical Techniques", Institute of Physics Publishing, 2003 (4th edition)
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Written Examination 3 hours 2 70 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Tutorial Work 4 hours 2 20 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Class Test 1 hour 2 10 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS363
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof CA Lucas Physics Clucas@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof WA Hofer Chemistry Whofer@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
16 2 18
18. Non-contact hours 57
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
None
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F303 (3) F352 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To develop concepts introduced in Year 1 and Year 2 modules which relate to solids.
To consolidate concepts related to crystal structure and to introduce the concept of reciprocal space.
To enable the students to apply these concepts to the description of crystals, lattice dynamics and the
electronic structure of condensed matter.
To illustrate the use of these concepts in scientific research in condensed matter.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Familiarity with the crystalline nature of both perfect and real materials.
An understanding of the fundamental principles of the properties of condensed matter.
An appreciation of the relationship between the real space and the reciprocal space view of the
properties of crystalline matter.
An ability to describe the crystal structure and electronic structure of matter.
An awareness of current physics research in condensed matter
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
Structure I: Crystallography: Crystallographic definitions, Bravais Lattices and Space
groups, Common Crystal Structures, Indexing of crystal planes, Stacking sequences
and crystal defects (4 lectures).
Structure II: Diffraction and the Reciprocal Lattice: Laue diffraction conditions, the
reciprocal lattice and diffraction, the diffracted intensity (4 lectures).
Phonons I: Crystal Vibrations: Vibrations of monatomic lattice, phonons (2 lectures).
Phonons II: Thermal Properties: Density of phonon modes, specific heat capacity -
Einstein and Debye, thermal conductivity (2 lectures).
Electrons I: Free Electron Fermi Model: The free electron gas, density of states (2
lectures)
Electrons II: Nearly Free Electron Model: Basics, Fermi surfaces and densities of
states (2 lectures)
"Introduction to Solid State Physics" by C Kittel published by Wiley
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Written Examination 1 1/2
hours
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1 100 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Penalty for late Notes
submission

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title ADVANCED ELECTROMAGNETISM
2. Module Code PHYS370
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr A Wolski Physics A.Wolski@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof R Herzberg Physics R.Herzberg@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
32 4 36
18. Non-contact hours 114
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS254 and PHYS258 or equivalents MATH283 or equivalent is strongly recommended
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F300 (3) F303 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build on first and second year modules on electricity, magnetism and waves
To study solutions to the wave equation for electromagnetism in free space, in matter and at
boundaries
To study solutions to the wave equation for electromagnetism in transmission lines, wave guides and
cavities
To study propagation through dispersive media
To study electric dipole radiation
To study radiation from simple antenna arrays
To introduce 4-vector represnetation of electromagnetism in special relativity
To further develop the students' problem-solving and analytic skills
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
An understanding of wave like solutions to electromagnetic problems by using plane waves and
boundary conditions
An understanding of the principles governing the guiding of electromagnetic waves
An understanding of the principles governing the emission and absorption at dipole antennae
An understanding of the principles of dispersion
An understanding of retarded potentials
An understanding of electric dipole radiation
An understanding of the transformation properties of E and B
An enhanced ability to apply problem-solving and analytic skills to solve simple problems in each of the
above areas
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
Introduction, Maxwell's equations and underlying physics. Waves in free space,
waves in a conducting medium. Poynting vector. Skin depth and shielding.
Boundary conditions at an interface between two media. Derivation of the
Fresnel equations. Polarisation on reflection, total internal reflection. Reflection
from a conductor.
Waves in a rectangular conducting cavity. Microwave oven. Rectangular
waveguides, TE and TM modes, energy transmission. Practical waveguides.
Dielectric waveguides and optical fibres.
Transmission lines. Solution of basic equations, reflection, attenuation, standing
waves. Applications of transmission lines.
Dispersion. Experimental situation. Dispersion in gases, solids, liquids and
conductors. Propagation in the upper atmosphere.
Scalar and Vector potentials. Gauge Invariance and Charge Conservation.
Retarded potentials.
Dipole radiation. Near and far field approximations. Radiated power. Half wave
antenna, antenna rays. Satellite communications.
Electromagnetism and Special Relativity. Current and potential 4-vectors.
Minkowski representation. Transformation properties of E and B, fields due to
charge in uniform motion.
"Electromagnetism 2nd Edition" by I S Grant & W R Phillips, published by Wiley

33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written Examination 3 hours 2 100 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Notes
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title GALAXIES
2. Module Code PHYS373
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr PA James Physics P.James@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr M Salaris Physics Maurizio.Salaris@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
32 4 36
18. Non-contact hours 114
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS251
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F3F5 (3) F521 (4)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To provide students with a broad overview of these complex yet fundamental systems which interact at
one end with the physics of stars and the interstellar medium and at the other with cosmology and the
nature of large-scale structures in the Universe
To develop in students an understanding of how the various distinct components in galaxies evolve and
interact
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
The ability to describe and discuss the structure and evolution of galaxies and their various components
An understanding of and an ability to explain the detailed interplay between these components
Knowledge of their cumulative effect on the chemical, dynamical and spectral evolution of the galaxy as
a whole
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
The Structure of Galaxies
Size and basic structure of the Milky Way, the galactic centre. Morphological
classification of galaxies. Characteristic light profiles of spirals and ellipticals.
The Content of Galaxies
Ages and distributions of stellar populations. Atomic gas: the 21-cm line, atomic
hydrogen in the Milky Way and other galaxies, interstellar clouds, gas motions in the
ISM. Ionised gas: exciting stars, Hll regions. Abundances of other elements. Interstellar
dust: extinction, reddening, scattering and infrared emission. Size, shape, nature and
quantity of dust.
Dynamics & Stability of Galaxies
Rotation of disc galaxies. Dark matter. The Tully-Fisher relation. Spiral structure.
Velocity dispersion in elliptical galaxies and bulges. Relaxation. Time scales. Overview
of bsic ideas of galaxy formation. Searches for high redshift and primeval galaxies.
Evolutionary Phenomena in Galaxies
Stellar populations and the spectral evolution of galaxies. The origin and evolution of
the chemical elements. Dynamical evolution and interactions of the ISM. Star
formation. The Butcher-Oemler effect and the faint blue population at high redshift.
Interactions and mergers, hot gas in galaxy clusters, fountains, bridges, starbursts and
cooling flows. Morphology - density relations. Galaxy luminosity functions.
Active Galaxies
Quasars, nuclear black holes, Active Galactic Nuclei, and Unified Schemes.
"The Structure and Evolution of Galaxies", S. Phillipps, published by Wiley
"Galactic Astronomy", J Binney & M Merrifield, published by Princeton University Press
"An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics" by B Carroll & D Ostlie, published by Addison-Wesley
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written Examination 3 hours 1 80 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Class Test 1 20 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title RELATIVITY AND COSMOLOGY
2. Module Code PHYS374
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr IK Baldry Physics I.K.Baldry@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr I Steele Physics Iain.Steele@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Prof C Collins Physics
Dr MJ Darnley Physics M.Darnley@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
32 4 36
18. Non-contact hours 114
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
None
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F3F5 (3) F521 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To introduce the ideas of general relativity and demonstrate its relevance to modern astrophysics
To provide students with a full and rounded introduction to modern observational cosmology
To develop the basic theoretical background required to understand and appreciate the significance of
recent results from facilities such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Wilkinson Microwave
Anisotropy Probe
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
The ability to explain the relationship between Newtonian gravity and Einstein's General Relativity (GR)
Understanding of the concept of curved space time and knowledge of metrics
A broad and up-to-date knowledge of the basic ideas, most important discoveries and outstanding
problems in modern cosmology
Knowledge of how simple cosmological models of the universe are constructed
The ability to calculate physical parameters and make observational predictions for a range of such
models.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
Module will be delivered in 32 lectures and accompanied by written handouts, which closely follow the material.
Lecturer will make use of recent observational results in the field to underpin concepts and help explain the
reasoning behind the most popular cosmological models. In addition to the usual tutorials, a few lectures will be
turned into classwork using past exam paper questions.
31. Syllabus
The physical basis of General Relativity (GR)
The need for relativistic ideas and a theory of gravitation. Difficulties with Newtonian
mechanics and the inadequacy of special relativity. Mach's principles, Einstein's principle
of equivalence.
Curved spacetime
Geodesics, curved spaces, the metric tensor and the relationship between curvature and
gravitation. Schwarzschild Metric.
Introduction to Cosmology
The origin and fate of the Universe. From Pythagoras to Herschel. Assumptions
underlying the modern cosmology. Galaxies, clusters and superclusters.
Geometry of the Universe
Euclidean and curved spaces. Robertson-Walker (RW) metric. Expansion and the
Hubble law. Redshift as a consequence of RW metric. Cosmological angular diameterdistance
and luminosity-distance relations.
Dynamical evolution
The dynamical equations. The Friedmann models, open, closed, Einstein-de Sitter
cases. Definition of Qo and Wo. The age of the Universe. Proper luminosity and angular
distances in terms of Ho and z. Minimal angular diameter. Horizon size. Determinations
of cosmological parameters. The distance scale. Limits on qo and Wo.
The Hot Big Bang
Matter and radiation dominated eras. Nucleosynthesis in the early universe. Cosmic

32. Recommended Texts
Background Radiation (CBR). Brief history of the Universe from the Planck time to the
present day.
The New Cosmology
Variations on the Standard Model. Inflation. Grand Unified Theories. The Anthropic
Principle. The Cosmological Constant.
The History of Structure
Density fluctuations at early times. Hot and cold dark matter. Results of numerical
simulations. Matter on large scales. Evidence for dark matter. Clustering seen in various
surveys. Gravitational lensing.
"Introduction to Modern Cosmology", A Liddle, (1999) published by Wiley
Background Reading
"Cosmological Physics", J Peacock (1999) published by CUP
"Cosmology", P Coles & F Lucchin (2001) published by Wiley
"Introduction to Cosmology", J V Narlikar (1993) published by CUP
"Cosmology: A First Course", M Luchieze-Rey (1995) published by CUP
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written Examination 3 hours 2 80 August resit for
PGT students only.
Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written Assignment 2 20 Only in exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title NUCLEAR PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS375
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr M Chartier Physics M.Chartier@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr AJ Boston Physics A.J.Boston@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
16 2 18
18. Non-contact hours 57
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS256 or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
PHYS490
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F303 (3) F3F5 (3) F521 (3) F352 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F350 (3) F300 (3)
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build on the second year module involving Nuclear Physics
To develop an understanding of the modern view of nuclei, how they are modelled and of nuclear decay
processes
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Knowledge of evidence for the shell model of nuclei, its development and the successes and failures of
the model in explaining nuclear properties
Knowledge of the collective vibrational and rotational models of nuclei
Basic knowledge of nuclear decay processes, alpha decay and fission, of gamma-ray transitions and
internal conversion
Knowledge of isospin and its significance for nuclear structure and reactions
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
Bulk properties of nuclei
Nuclear constituents, the nuclear chart
Mass, binding energy, the liquid-drop model
Separation energy, reaction Q-value
Nuclear size, cross section, charge distribution
Nuclear instability
Nuclear energy surface, valley of stability, drip lines
Isobaric disintegrations: beta-decay and electron capture
Alpha-decay and fission
Other decay modes
The nuclear interaction
Strong intensity, short range, the nuclear potential
Isospin, charge independence
Di-nucleon states
Spin dependence
Charge exchange
Isobaric analogue states
Nuclear structure models
The nuclear many-body problem
Single-particle model: the mean field
The spherical nuclear shell-model
Collective structure of nuclei: vibrational and rotational models
Electromagnetic nuclear properties
Electromagnetic nuclear moments
Electromagnetic radiation - gamma-decay
Weisskopf estimates
Internal conversion
32. Recommended Texts
"An Introduction to Nuclear Physics" by W N Cottingham and D A Greenwood, Cambridge Publishers
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
Written Examination 1 1/2
hours
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1 100 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Notes

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title INTRODUCTION TO PARTICLE PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS377
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof M Klein Physics Max.Klein@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof P Allport Physics Allport@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
16 4 20
18. Non-contact hours 55
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS361 or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F521 (3) F3F5 (3) F303 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build on the second year module involving Nuclear and Particle Physics
To develop an understanding of the modern view of particles, of their interactions and the Standard
Model
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Basic understanding of relativistic kinematics (as applied to collisions, decay processes and cross
sections)
Descriptive knowledge of the Standard Model using a non rigorous Feynman diagram approach
Knowledge of the fundamental particles of the Standard Model and the experimental evidence for the
Standard Model
Knowledge of conservation laws and discrete symmetries
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
Introduction (1 Lecture)
Overview of particle physics
Relativistic Kinematics and Cross Sections (2 Lectures)
Energy, momentum four vectors, short-lived particles, laboratory frame, fixed target
experiments, centre-of-momentum frame, colliding beam experiments, luminosity.
Quantum Numbers (1 Lectures)
Charge, Coulour, Baryon, Lepton numbers, spin.
The Standard Model (7 Lectures)
Feyman diagrams, Electromagnetic interactions, electron-positron annihilation, colour
factor, coupling constants, Deep inelastic scattering, Weak interactions, neutrinos,
vector bosons, allowed decays, propagator, forbidden decays, Cabbibo, Tau decays,
neutrino mass, Strong interactions, Gluons, Colour, Quantum Chromodynamics.
Calculations (1 Lecture)
Exercises on calculations from previous lectures
Detectors and Accelerators (2 Lectures)
Tracking, calorimetry, accelerator principles
Outlook and Summary (2 lectures)
Future development of particle physics, open questions and summary of course
"Particle Physics" by B Martin and G Shaw, published by Wiley
ASSESSMENT

33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
Written Examination 1 1/2
hours
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 100 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Notes
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title ADVANCED PRACTICAL PHYSICS (BSC)
2. Module Code PHYS378
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr DS Martin Physics David.Martin@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr NK McCauley Physics N.McCauley@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Practical
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr A Mehta Physics Mehta@liverpool.ac.uk
Prof PJ Nolan Physics P.J.Nolan@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr P Rowlands Physics P.Rowlands@liverpool.ac.uk
Prof R Herzberg Physics R.Herzberg@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr HL Vaughan Central Teaching Laboratory H.L.Vaughan@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
108 108
18. Non-contact hours 42
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS111 or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:

25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F3F7 (3) F300 (3) F350 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To give further training in laboratory techniques, in the use of computer packages for modelling and
analysis, and in the use of modern instruments
To develop the students' independent judgement in performing physics experiments
To encourage students to research aspects of physics complementary to material met in lectures and
tutorials
To consolidate the students ability to produce good quality work against realistic deadlines
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Experience of taking physics data with modern equipment
Knowledge of some experimental techniques not met in previous laboratory practice
Developed a personal responsibility for assuring that data taken is of a high quality
Increased skills in data taking and error analysis
Increased skills in reporting experiments and an appreciation of the factors needed to produce clear and
complete reports
Improved skills in the time management and organisation of their experimental procedures to meet
deadlines
Experience working as an individual and in small groups
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
None
Students carry out experiments in three 4-week blocks:
Block A Radiation Detection
Introductory group work on the use of radiation detectors followed by two of four
experiments on samples that have been activated by a source of thermal neutrons
Block B X-Ray Diffraction
Group work on computer modelling to simulat x-ray diffraction from crystals followed by
experiments to determine the crystal structures and lattice constants of two unknown
materials
Block C Quanta and Waves
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Group work on the explanation of quantum phenomena followed by two experiments
selected from a pool of three
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Experimental Reports
(including 15% for
group work)
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1 90 Only in exceptional
circumstances
Laboratory Diary 1 10 Only in exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
As university
policy
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously
This work is not
marked anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title PROJECT (BSC)
2. Module Code PHYS379
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr U Klein Physics Uta.Klein@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof CA Lucas Physics Clucas@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Project
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Prof R Herzberg Physics R.Herzberg@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
108 108
18. Non-contact hours 42
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
None
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F300 (3) F3F5 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To give students experience of working independently on an original problem
To give students an opportunity to display the high quality of their work
To give students an opportunity to display qualities such as initiative and ingenuity
To improve students ability to keep daily records of the work in hand and its outcomes
To give students experience of report writing displaying high standards of composition and production
To give an opportunity for students to display communication skills
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Experience of participation in planning all aspects of the work
Experience researching literature and other sources of relevant information
Improved skills and initiative in carrying out investigations
Improved ability to organise and manage time
Improved skills in making up a diary recording day by day progress of the project
Improved skills in report writing
Improved skills in preparing and delivering oral presentations
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
None
A project outlined in general by a Supervisor will be assigned to the Student by the
Module Organiser. In making his selections the Module Organiser generally attempts to
choose projects which match each student's particular interests but cannot guarantee
to do so.
The student will keep a day by day diary showing the work done on and the progress
of the project. Details of the project aims will be decided in discussions between the
student and the supervisor.
There will be regular scheduled meetings between the student and the supervisor to
assess progress. At the end of the third week of the project, the student will produce a
short written report which will specify the aims of the remainder of the project. This
report must be filed in the Student Office.
The supervisor will advise the student when to finish and devote all remaining time to
writing the Report and preparing the Presentation.
The Presentation will be given in one of the scheduled sessions.
The Report and project diary will be handed in before the end of the twelfth week after
the official start of the project, or at any other time that may be officially announced.
A Risk Assessment must be completed by the supervisor when the use of specialist
equipment, chemicals or radioactive sources are involved. This must be signed by the
student and the supervisor.
ASSESSMENT
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of Resit/resubmission Penalty for late Notes

(Semester) final
mark
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
% of
final
mark
opportunity submission
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Project and Report 2 50 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Report 2 30 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Oral Presentation 15 mins 2 20 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
As university
policy
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously
Anonymous marking
impossible
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title SURFACE PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS381
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr HR Sharma Physics H.R.Sharma@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof P Weightman Physics Peterw@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
16 2 18
18. Non-contact hours 57
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
None
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To explain the physical properties of surfaces
To convey an understanding of the techniques of surface physics
To convey an understanding of the extent to which surface properties can be monitored and controlled
To show how the properties of surfaces are of technological importance
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Knowledge of the experimental facts concerning surface properties
Insight into the principles of the techniques employed in surface physics
An appreciation of the extent to which surface properties can be controlled and their relevance to
technologies
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The course material specified in the syllabus will be covered in lectures.
The tutorial work will provide students with the opportunity to confirm their understanding of the material
covered in the lectures.
31. Syllabus
Introduction
The origin, history and importance of surface physics
Ultra-high vacuum and surface preparation techniques
Vacuum pumps. Design of vacuum systems
Surface crystallography
Low index surfaces, vicinal surfaces, wood's notation, matrix notation,
superlattice, surface reciprocal lattice
Physical Structure of Surfaces
Growth
Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED)
Scanning probes: STM
Structure
Si(100) 2x1 and S(111) 7x7 reconstructed surfaces
Crystal growth, interface growth modes
Growth techniques, MBE, MOCVD
Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED)
Optical monitoring of growth
Aims of III-V growth
Electron spectroscopy and surface analysis
Electron escape depths, X-ray and uv photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS,
UVPS), Auger spectroscopy for elemental analysis (AES), Core level shifts
Case studies: The relevance of surface science to technology
Band gap engineering, III-V semiconductor alloys
Integrating Si and GaAs technologies
32. Recommended Texts
The growth of diamond
"Introduction to Surface Physics" by M Prutton, published by Oxford (1994)
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
Written Examination 1 1/2
hours
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 100 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Notes

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title PHYSICS OF LIFE
2. Module Code PHYS382
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof P Weightman Physics Peterw@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr HR Sharma Physics H.R.Sharma@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
16 2 18
18. Non-contact hours 57
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
None
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To explain the constraints on physical forces which are necessary for life to evolve in the Universe
To describe the characteristics of life on earth
To describe physical techniques used in the study of biological systems
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
An understanding of the framework of physical forces within which life is possible
An understanding of the nature of life on earth
Familiarity with physical techniques used in the study of biological systems
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The course material specified in the syllabus will be covered in lectures.
The tutorial work will provide students with the opportunity to confirm their understanding of the material
covered in the lectures.
31. Syllabus
The Universe
Brief overview of the basic physical forces. Necessary conditions for the evolution of
the Universe into a system in which chemistry and life are possible. The evolution of
atoms. Nuclear stability.
The molecular basis of life
The chemistry of life on earth
The genetic code and the chirality of life.
DNA, RNA amino acids and proteins. Protein folding. Chirality of living systems.
Physical techniques for studying biological systems
X-ray and optical techniques for the determination of the structure and function of
biological systems.
Thermodynamic considerations and self organisation in chemical systems
Brief overview of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The arrow of time.
Chemical processes close toequilibrium, Free energies, crystallisation, Order and
inactivity.
Chemical processes far from equilibrium. Non equilibrium thermodynamics
Energy flows. Instability and self organisation

32. Recommended Texts
The importance of information in biology
Biological evolution.
Summary of the major transitions in evolution
No foresight and no way back.
"Just six numbers" by M Rees (Weiderfield and Nicholson 1999)
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
Written Examination 1 1/2
hours
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 100 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Notes
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title FURTHER STELLAR ASTROPHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS383
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr M Salaris Physics
11. Module Moderator Dr MJ Darnley Physics M.Darnley@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
36 4 40
18. Non-contact hours 110
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS251
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F521 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
F3F5 (3)
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build upon the Level 2 module that introduced the fundamental concepts of modern stellar
astrophysics and provide a more detailed analysis of several important areas
To provide an explanation of the theory of stellar evolution, its relationship to observational data and its
importance to other problems in astrophysics
To describe the evolutionary phenomena of binary star systems
To investigate objects such as white dwarf stars, neutron stars and black holes
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
A firm grasp of the fundamentals of the theory of stellar evolution
A clear idea of how the theory of stellar evolution relates to observational data and its importance to
other areas of astrophysics
The ability to recognise and describe the origin and evolution of the characteristics of different types of
interacting binary systems
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
Pre-main-sequence evolution
Star forming regions; fragmentation and collapse; Hayashi tracks; brown dwarfs. The
main sequence: mass limits; evolution across the sequence; solar and stellar winds.
Post-main-sequence evolution
Evolution of stars of different masses; evolution through the Hertzprung gap; helium
burning and shell burning
Final states of evolution
Thermal pulses and instability; fate of low mass stars; mass loss; planetary nebulae.
Chandrasekhar limit: white dwards. supernovae and supernova remnants; neutron
stars; black holes
Stellar populations
Concept and definitions; simple stellar populations; age and distance determinations
from stellar models and stellar population synthesis
Interacting binaries, mass transfer and outbursts
Roche equipotentials and Roche lobe overflow; detached, semi-detached and contact
binaries; accretion discs/columns and wind accretion; cataclysmic variables: classical,
dwarf and recurrent novae; binary evolution; Type 1 supernovae
"Modern Astrophysics" by B W Carroll & D A Ostlie, published by Addison-Wesley
Background Reading
"The Stars: Their Structure & Evolution" by R J Taylor, published by CUP
"Stellar Structure & Evolution", by R Kippenhahn, published by Springer-Verlag
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written Examination 3 hours 1 80 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Class Test 1 10 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Oral Presentation 20 mins 1 10 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
Anonymous marking
impossible

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title RADIATION THERAPY APPLICATIONS
2. Module Code PHYS384
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr AJ Boston Physics A.J.Boston@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr P Cole Radiation Protection Pcole@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
17. Contact 28 4 20
52
Hours
Project
18. Non-contact hours 98
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS136 or PHYS122
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F350 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To cover the basic physics principles of radiation therapy.
To understand interactions with biological materials.
To understand the need for modelling in radiobiological applications.
To obtain a knowledge of electron transport.
To construct a simple model of a radiation therapy application.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module students will:
have a basic knowledge of radiation transport and the interaction of radiation with biological tissue.
understand the principles of radiotherapy and treatment planning.
be familiar with biological modelling.
have a basic understanding of beam modelling for radiotherapy treatment.
understand the need for Monte Carlo modelling.
have a knowledge of electron transport.
have experience of modelling a simple radiotherapy application.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Student Handbook.
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
None
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Introduction to radiation transport and the Boltzmann equation.
Review of essential interaction physics, review of relevant basic probability
theory, dosimetry in healthcare applications.
Outline of Radiotherapy modelling components, background to Radiotherapy.
Simple radiobiological principles of radiotherapy, concept of treatment planning.
General introduction to biological modelling, fractionation and treatment during
effects, volume effects. Statistical techniques of biological model data fitting,
data fits using real clinical normal tissue data, using model prediction data.
Beam modeling for Radiotherapy treatment planning, lookup table approaches,
convolution/pencil beam approaches.
Monte Carlo Methods, requirements for random numbers, random number
generation, random sampling methods, scoring and tallies, error estimation,
variance reduction techniques.
Electron transport including optimisation.
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written Examination 3 hours 2 80 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Planning and Running
of a Model of a
Radiotherapy
Application
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 20 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title MEDICAL PHYSICS PROJECT
2. Module Code PHYS386
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Whole Session
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 30
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr U Klein Physics Uta.Klein@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof CA Lucas Physics Clucas@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Project
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Prof R Herzberg Physics R.Herzberg@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
1 161 162
18. Non-contact hours 138
19. TOTAL HOURS 300
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
Research based project work
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
None
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F350 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To give students experience of working independently on an original problem related to medical physics
To give students an opportunity to display the high quality of their work
To give students an opportunity to display qualities such as initiative and ingenuity
To improve students ability to keep daily records of the work in hand and its outcomes
To give students experience of report writing displaying high standards of composition and production
To give an opportunity for students to display communication skills
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Experience of participation in planning all aspects of the work
Experience researching literature and other sources of relevant information
Experience in different aspects of modern medical imaging techniques including Monte Carlo
simulations
Improved skills and initiative in carrying out investigations
Improved ability to organise and manage time
Improved skills in making up a diary recording day by day progress of the project
Improved skills iin report writing
Improved skills in preparing and delivering oral presentations
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
A project outlined in general by a Supervisor will be assigned to the Student by the Module Organiser. In
making his selections the Module Organiser generally attempts to choose projects which match each student's
particular interests but cannot guarantee to do so.
The student will keep a day by day diary showing the work done on and the progress of the project. Details of
the project aims will be decided in discussions between the student and the supervisor.
There will be regular scheduled meetings between the student and the supervisor to assess progress. At the
end of the third week of the project, the student will produce a short written report which will specify the aims
of the remainder of the project. This report must be filed in the Student Office.
The supervisor will advise the student when to finish and devote all remaining time to writing the Report and
preparing the Presentation.
The Presentation will be given in one of the scheduled sessions.
The Report and project diary will be handed in before the end of the twelfth week after the official start of the
project, or at any other time that may be officially announced.
A Risk Assessment must be completed by the supervisor when the use of specialist equipment, chemicals or
radioactive sources are involved. This must be signed by the student and the supervisor.
31. Syllabus
The Physics with Medical Applications project will focus on aspects of Medical Imaging
three key areas:
Monte Carlo simulation of a radiation detector system using MCNP
Image reconstruction of PET/SPECT data (FBP/MLEM)
Practical project worth with PET/SPECT sensors
Some example projects for PHYS386:
"PET Imaging with Germanium Detectors"
The project will investigate the prospect of using highly segmented germanium

32. Recommended Texts
None
detector devices as a component of a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanner.
The project will provide training in the experimental techniques required to extract
energy, position and time information from a large volume semiconductor detector. The
use of prototype detectors will provide quantitative experimental data, which will enable
conclusions to be drawn regarding the position sensitivity possible with these new
devices.
"SPECT Imaging with CdZnTe Detectors"
The aim of the project will be to investigate the prospect of using CdZnTe detectors to
detect gamma-ray photons. The project will provide training in the experimental
techniques required to extract energy and position information from such a
semiconductor detector. You will be expected to collect and analyse experimental data
from CdZnTe detectors and produce a report that details the prospects for using
CdZnTe as part of a SPECT camera.
"Image Reconstruction of PET Data"
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
The aim of the project will be to investigate the algorithms that can be used to
reconstruct computed tomography images. You will be expected to analyse
experimental data from Germanium detector systems and produce a report that details
the prospects for different algorithms as part of a Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
camera.
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Project and Report 2 50 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Report 2 30 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Oral Presentation 15 mins 2 20 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
As university
policy
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously
Anonymous marking
impossible
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title MATERIALS PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS387
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr DS Martin Physics David.Martin@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof P Weightman Physics Peterw@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
16 2 18
18. Non-contact hours 57
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS132 or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F352 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To teach the properties and methods of preparation of a range of materials of scientific and
technological importance
To develop an understanding of the experimental techniques of materials characterisation
To introduce materials such as amorphous solids, liquid crystals, and polymers and to develop an
understanding of the relationship between structure and properties for such materials
To illustrate the concepts and principles by reference to examples
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
An understanding of the atomic structure in cyrstalline and amorphous materials
Knowledge of the methods used for preparing single crystals and amorphous materials
Knowledge of the experimental techniques used in materials characterisation
The ability to interpret simple phase diagrams of binary systems
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
Fundamentals of Materials (1 lecture)
States of matter, bonding between atoms, energy band structures of solids
Crystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous solids (2 lectures)
Bonding in crystals, crystal defects, amorphous solids, glasses and the glass
transition, the preparation of amorphous materials
Methods of material characterisation (3 lectures)
X-ray and electron diffraction: experimental methods and interpretation of data.
Transmission electron microscopy. Scanning probe microscopy
Crystal growth (1 lecture)
Mechanisms of crystal growth, scanning probe microscopy studies of crystal growth,
methods for growing single crystals
Liquid crystals (2 lectures)
Thermotropic mesophases, lyotropic mesophases, x-ray diffraction from liquid crystals,
cell membranes, liquid crystal displays
Polymers (2 lectures)
Molecular structures, amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers. Applications: plastics,
elastomers, fibres
Biomaterials (1 lecture)
Surface properties, biological response and biocompatibility, degradation of implants in
biological environments
Semiconductors (2 lectures)
The preparation of pure silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, amorphous
32. Recommended Texts
semiconductors. Epitaxial growth
"Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction" (5th Edition) by W D Callister, published by Wiley
Background Reading
"The Physics of Solids" by R Turton, published by Oxford
"Introduction to Solid State Physics" (7th Edition) by C Kittel, published by Wiley
"Introductionn to Liquid Crystals" by P Collings & M Hird, published by Taylor & Francis
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
Written Examination 1 1/2
hours
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1 100 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Notes

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title PHYSICS OF ENERGY SOURCES
2. Module Code PHYS388
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr J Coleman Physics J.Coleman@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr ES Paul Physics E.S.Paul@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
32 4 36
18. Non-contact hours 114
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS122 (or equivalent)
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
23. Co-requisite modules:
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F352 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To develop an ability which allows educated and well informed opinions to be formed by the next
generation of physicists on a wide range of issues in the context of the future energy needs of man
To describe and understand methods of utilising renewable energy sources such as hydropower, tidal
power, wave power, wind power and solar power.
To give knowledge and understanding of the design and operation of nuclear reactors
To give knowledge and understanding of nuclear fusion as a source of power
To give knowledge and understanding relevant to overall safety in the nuclear power industry
To describe the origin of environmental radioactivity and understand the effects of radiation on humans
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Learned the fundamental physical principles underlying energy production using renewable energy
sources
Learned the fundamental physical principles underlying nuclear fission and fusion reactors
Studied the applications of these principles in the design issues power generation
An appreciation of the role of mathematics in modelling power generation
Learned the fundamental physical principles concerning the origin and consequences of environmental
radioactivity
Developed an awareness of the safety issues involved in exposure to radiation
Developed problem solving skills based on the material presented
Developed an appreciation of the problems of supplying the required future energy needs and the
scope and issues associated with the different possible methods
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
PHYS388 Introduction (1 Lecture)
Summary of global energy trends, energy consumption, global warming and CO2
emission.
Thermodynamic and fluid dynamics background (2 Lectures)
The Greenhouse Effect. The thermal properties of water and steam. Carnot, Rankine
and Brayton thermodynamic cycles. Geothermal power. Bernoulli's equation, Mass
continuity equation, Euler's turbine equation.
Hydropower, Tidal Power and Wave Power (3 Lectures)
Resources. Power output from a dam and flow rate using a weir. Turbines, the
Fourneyron turbine, impulse, efficiency. Tidal Power - Cause of tides estimate of tidal
height, Tidal waves c=(gh)1/2, Power from a tidal barrage, Tidal resonance - Severn
Bore, Economic and environmental effects. Wave Power - Wave energy derivations,
Wave Power devices, Economics and Outlook.
Wind Power (3 Lectures)
Source of Wind Energy and Global Patterns. Modern Wind turbines. Kinetic Energy of
wind. Principles of horizontal axis wind turbine and maximum extraction efficiency.
Blade design. Horizontal Wind Turbine Design and Fatigue. Turbine control and
operation. Wind Characteristics. Power of a Wind Turbine. Wind farms and the
environment. Economics and Outlook.
Solar Energy (3 Lectures)

32. Recommended Texts
Introduction - overall power - comparison. Solar Spectrum. Semiconductor review.
Solar photocells Efficiency. Commercial devices. Light trapping in multi-layers.
Developing technologies. Solar panels. Economics, environmental outlook for
photovoltaic cells. Solar thermal Power plants, Ocean conversion, Stirling engine, Solar
Chimney.
Biomass (1 Lecture)
Basic concepts and examples. Economics and Outlook.
Basics of Nuclear Physics (3 Lectures)
Nuclear binding energy, nuclear reactions, cross sections. Interaction probability.
Attenuation, mean free path. Radioactive decay (various forms), decay chains, secular
equilibrium. Stability curve, neutrons and their interactions, fission - energy release,
mass distribution, neutron emission.
Principles of Nuclear Fission Reactors (3 Lectures)
Chain reactions, reproduction constant, moderation, thermal reactors. Kinematics of
moderators, neutron cycle in infinite reactors, energy production, consumption of 235U.
Fast reactors, breeder reactors, breeder cycle.
Reactor Theory (3 Lectures)
Neutron diffusion theory and the diffusion equation. The reactor equation. Buckling
parameter. Boundary conditions and solutions of the reactor equation. Migration length.
Improvements to the model. Boundary extrapolation.
Reactor Operations (2 Lectures)
Real reactors - layout, thermodynamics, Magnox, AGR, PWR and accelerator driven
fission. Operating characteristics, delayed neutrons, control systems, reactor
kinematics and reactor poisons.
Energy from Fusion (3 Lectures)
Advantages over fission, thermonuclear approach, amplification factor, conditions for
fusion. Energy production in a plasma, energy losses, break even temperature,
Lawson condition. Magnetic confinement, tokomak, pinch effect, heating of plasma,
present status and outlook.
Radiation Issues (4 Lectures)
Interaction of radiation with matter, units, biological effects, radiation weighting factors.
Effects on humans, calculation of doses, monitoring radiation. radiation protection.
Shielding nuclear reactors. Reactor accidents. Radioactive fission products and their
effects. Sources of environmental radiation - decay chains of uranium and thorium -
Radon - 40K - cosmic rays. Recommended limits above the natural level.
Energy and Society (1 Lecture)
Summary future needs, possible contributions from each source, issues associated
with each source.
"Energy Science Principles, technologies and impact" Andrews & Jelly, published by OUP
"Nuclear Physics - Principles and Applications" J Lilley, published by Wiley
Further Reading:
"Physics of the Environment" A W Brinkman, published by Imperial College Press
"The Elements of Nuclear Power" by D J Bennet and J R Thomson, 3rd edition, published by Longman
ASSESSMENT
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of Resit/resubmission Penalty for late Notes
(Semester) final
mark
opportunity submission
Written Examination 3 hours 2 100 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title SEMICONDUCTOR APPLICATIONS
2. Module Code PHYS389
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr AJ Boston Physics A.J.Boston@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof PJ Nolan Physics P.J.Nolan@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
16 2 18
18. Non-contact hours 57
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS132
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F352 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To develop the physics concepts describing semiconductors in sufficient details for the purpose of
understanding the construction and operation of common semiconductor devices
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Knowledge of the basic theory of p-n junctions
Knowledge of the structure and function of a variety of semiconductor devices
An overview of semiconductor device manufacturing processes
Knowledge of the basic processes involved in the interaction of radiation with matter
Understanding the application of semiconductors in Nuclear and Particle physics
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
PHYS389 The band structures of typical semiconductors. Crystal momentum and effective
mass
Transport phenomena. Drift and diffusion
The p-n junction. Depletion layer width and capacitance. Current - voltage
characteristic
Zener and avalanche breakdown in p-n junctions
The physical principles of bipolar transistors
(FET's), MOSFETs and MESFETS
Semiconductor device manufacture
The absorption of light by semiconductors
Nuclear radiation detection
Range of charged particles
Gamma radiation
Silicon and Germanium detectors
32. Recommended Texts
"Semiconductor Devices, Physics and Technology" by S M Sze, published by Wiley
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
Written Examination 1 1/2
hours
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1 100 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Notes

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title STATISTICAL AND LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS393
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr KM Hock Physics K.M.Hock@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr S Burdin Physics S.Burdin@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
32 4 36
18. Non-contact hours 114
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS253 and PHYS255
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F303 (3 or 4)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build on material presented in earlier Thermal Physics and Quantum Mechanics courses
To develop the statistical treatment of quantum systems
To use theoretical techniques to predict experimental observeables
To introduce the basic principles governing the behaviour of liquid helium and superconductors in
cooling techniques
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Understanding of the statistical basis of entropy and temperature
Ability to devise expressions for observeables, (heat capacity, magnetisation) from statistical treatment
of quantum systems
Understanding of Maxwell Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac and Bose Einstein gases
Knowledge of cooling techniques
Knowledge and understanding of basic theories of liquid helium behaviour and superconductivity in
cooling techniques
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
Lectures to define the material, tutorials linked to lecture material to reinforce the quantitative aspects of the
topics covered.
31. Syllabus
PHYS393 Basic ideas, macrostate, microstates, averaging, distributions, statistical entropy
Distinguisable particles, statistical definition of temperature
Boltzmann distribution, partition function
Calculation of thermodynamic functions
Spin 1/2 solid, localised harmonic oscillators
Gases
States in boxes, example He gas
Identical particles - fermions and bosons
Microstates for gas - Fermi Dirac, Bose Einstein, Maxwell Boltzmann
distributions
Maxwell Boltzmann gases - speed distribution
Diatomic gases - heat capacity. Heat capacity of H2.
Fermi Dirac gases. Aplication to metals, He3.
Bose Einstein gases. Application to He4, photons, phonons
Cooling techniques - liquefaction of gases, Joule Kelvin effect, Liquefiers. 3He
dilution refrigerator, Adiabatic demagnetisation, Nuclear demagnetisation
Liquid He4 - superfluid he4. Two fluid model theories of He II
Liquid He3. Experiment - ideas
Superconductivity. Normal conductivity, basic properties of superconductors:
Phenomenological models, two fluid model, London theory; Deductions for
experiment. BCS theory; Recent developments - high Tc superconductors
(optional)
32. Recommended Texts
"Statistical Physics", Guenault (optional)
"Statistical Mechanics - A Survival Guide", A. M. Glazer and J. S. Wark, Oxford University Press, 2001
(available as ebook in Liverpool University library)
"Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures," Frank Pobell. Springer, 2nd edition, 2002 [Chapters 1, 5, 7 and 9]
(available as ebook in Liverpool University library)

"Low Temperature Physics", C. Enss and S. Hunklinger, Springer, 2005 [Chapters 1, 6, 7, 8 and 11] (available
as ebook in Liverpool University library) (optional)
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written Examination 3 hours 1 100 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Notes
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY
2. Module Code PHYS394
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr MJ Darnley Physics M.Darnley@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr AM Newsam Physics Anewsam@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Fieldwork
16. Location Off Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
84
12
A combination of supervised Classes to
practical work using the help/aid with the
telescope and related analysis of
equipment, and both astronomical
supervised and un-supervised data following
data analysis work
the field trip
18. Non-contact hours 54
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
Field trip to Izana
Classes to help with
Observatory, Tenerife, Spain, data reduction and
in May/June between Year 2 project reports - Year 3
and Year 3
semester 1
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS251 and PHYS252
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
96

None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F3F5 (3) F521 (3)
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To provide practice in the planning and execution of a programme of astronomical observations
To provide training in the application of astronomical co-ordinate systems
To provide competence in the handling of a large astronomical telescope
To gain experience in making, calibrating and analysing astronomical measurements using a CCD
camera and spectrometer
To gain experience in preparing a written report based on the results of astronomical work
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
The ability to plan and execute a simple programme of astronomical observations and measurements
Familiarity with astronomical coordinate systems and the ability to find astronomical objects in the sky
Skills in pointing and adjusting a large, manually controlled astronomical telescope
The ability to take, reduce and analyse astronomical data to produce physically meaningful information.
Experience of observing at a professional high-altitude observatory
Experience of preparing a written report based on the results of astronomical work
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The module takes the form of a week-long field trip to the Mons 50-cm Telescope at the Izana Observatory in
Tenerife. Students are split into teams of three or four and learn to locate objects in the sky using positional
astronomy. They then learn how to point the telescope by hand and how to anticipate the transit of objects
through the field of view. Students begin by identifying bright stars in the sky to find with the telescope. They
then calibrate the telescope pointing and use this calibration to find objects not visible with the naked eye. A
set of optical transmission filters are calibrated using standard stars and quantitative measurements made,
using a CCD camera, of, e.g. planetary nebulae and star clusters. The latter measurements are used to
construct a Hertzprung-Russell diagram. Observations of variable stars are made to obtain the light curve and
then images and spectra are taken of objects such as faint galaxies. Students keep individual project log
books which are assessed at the end of the week. Participation, teamwork and individual initiative are also
assessed. Following their return, students must produce a written report on an aspect of their work.
31. Syllabus
1 The planning and execution of a programme of astronomical observations
The application of astronomical co-ordinate systems
The handling and pointing of a large astronomical telescope
Making, calibrating and analysing astronomical measurements using a CCD
camera and spectrometer
Keeping an experimental log book
32. Recommended Texts
"Astrophysical Techniques", C.R. Kitchen, Institute of Physics
Further Reading: PHYS252 lecture notes
ASSESSMENT
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Field Work One week 3 (of
second
year)
Lab Books One week 3 (of
second
year)
% of
final
mark
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Notes
60 N/A N/A This work is not
marked
anonymously
10 N/A As university
policy
Project Report 1 30 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
As university
policy
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title APPLIED PHYSICS PROJECT
2. Module Code PHYS395
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof P Weightman Physics Peterw@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr U Klein Physics Uta.Klein@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Project
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
1
The module begins
with a lecture
explaining the structure
of the team project
11
The
session is
an
observed
meeting of
the project
team once
a week
1
Assessment
18. Non-contact hours 137
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Completion of Year 2 of a Physics UG programme
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
13
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F3F5 (3) F300 (3)
The aims of the module are
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To give students an insight into applied research
To help students gain a better understanding of the needs of industry and the opportunities available to
them as physicists
To give students experience in team work and project management
To encourage self-assessment
To improve communication with clients and with research collaborators
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have the ability to
Plan a research project
Work in a team to carryout a research project
Obtain information, evaluate its relevance, write a scientific report and present a poster covering the
relevant material
Collaborate to satisfy a client's requirements
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
By participating in a team project with industrial focus the students will learn the importance of
communication, cooperation and reliability. They will also have an opportunity to develop imaginative solutions
to problems and to test them out on a real problem.
The problem is specified by the external sponsor. The team of students will then discuss their approach to
solving the problem and decide who is going to tackle the various aspects of the problem. The group meets
regularly (weekly) with the academic supervisor, who offers advice and may suggest approaches to tackling
the problem.
At the end of the project the team writes a group report which is assessed by the academic supervisor, a
second supervisor and the external sponsor. An individual's contribution to the project is assessed by the
academic supervisor. The team presents a poster which is assessed by academics and the external sponsor.
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
The project is an exercise in working within a team structure to devise and report on a
solution to a simulated problem. The solution will require the application of physics.
Groups will be of three or four students with an academic observer. Formal meetings
will be held to discuss approaches to the problem, assigning of individual tasks and coordinating
the writing of the report.
ASSESSMENT

33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Project Team Report ~10,000
words
Individual
Contribution to Team
Project
Individual Student
Log
Team Poster
Presentation
% of
final
mark
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 30 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
2 30 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
2 30 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
1 hour 2 10 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously. It is
marked by the
academic supervisor,
a second academic
supervisor and an
external sponsor.
The three marks
count equally. If any
mark differs
substantially from the
other two then a
moderation process
is applied. The same
mark is given to
each student in the
team.
N/A This is not marked
anonymously. This
mark is an
evaluation of the
student's contribution
to the team project
from the team
project report and
from observation of
team meetings by
the academic
supervisor.
N/A This work is not
marked
anonymously. This
mark is from the
individual project log
assessed by the
academic supervisor
and a second
supervisor. If the two
supervisors' marks
differ substantially
then a moderation
process is applied.
This is the last
assessment of the
student.
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
This work is not
marked
anonymously. The
poster is marked by
academics and
external sponsors of
this and other team
projects. The same
mark is given to
each student in the
team.
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title UNDERGRADUATE AMBASSADORS PROJECT
2. Module Code PHYS396
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level Level Three
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr L Moran Physics Lynn.Moran@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof P Weightman Physics Peterw@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Work Place Learning
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
10
Initial training at University led
by module leader + fortnightly
seminar on current progress
30
School Placement
18. Non-contact hours 110
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Completion of Year 2 of a Physics UG programme
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
F300 (3) F3F5 (3)
40

Students must pass an interview with module leader and Ogden Science Officer to be accepted on this
module. Completion of PHYS241 Communicating Science desirable, or student has alternate
training/experience. Criteria for Acceptance: Student displays genuine interest in school environment. Student
can commit to visit school every week, be punctual, appropriately dressed and well prepared.
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To provide undergraduates with key transferable skills.
To provide students with opportunity to learn to communicate physics at different levels.
To provide students with work-place experience.
To provide students with the opportunity to work with staff in a different environment with different
priorities to the University.
To provide teaching experience that encourages undergraduates to consider a career in teaching.
To supply role models for secondary school students.
To provide support and teaching assistance to secondary school teachers.
To encourage a new generation of physicists.
29. Learning Outcomes
By the end of the module the student will be able to
Communicate physics effectively to others
Plan a lesson
Design a worksheet
Evaluate their planning
Assess the effectiveness of a session or worksheet that they have designed
Prioritise their work
Manage small groups of pupils (e.g. to complete an experiment)
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The project is an exercise in working within a work-place environment. The student will work closely with one
or more teachers with whom they will meet regularly to discuss their progress and ideas for lessons. The
student will design sections of (or entire) lessons on which they will receive feedback from the teacher before
and after they have delivered the lesson.
Once accepted at interview, the student will undergo a full day of training at the University prior to attending
the school. This training will cover the structure of the module (including details of assessment), and an
introduction to communication and organisation skills.
The students will spend 1 school day (3-4 hours) per week in school for 8-10 weeks. At the school the
student is expected to progress from observation to assisting in the classroom to delivering in part and full
lessons. A weekly log must be completed.
The student will have a seminar (~1 hour) with their supervisor once per fortnight either individually or in a
group, and be observed in the classroom by their supervisor.
The student will also complete a ‘Special Project’ which can, but is not limited to, be a set of lessons, a set of
worksheets, a website, or other which is implemented and evaluated. Outcomes should be evaluated and
discussed in their presentation and final report.
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
The project is an exercise in working within a work-place environment. The student
will work closely with one or more teachers with whom they will meet regularly to
discuss their progress and ideas for lessons. The student will design sections of (or
entire) lessons on which they will receive feedback from the teacher before and after
they have delivered the lesson.
Their Special Project requires them to develop, implement and evaluate a project with
support from their tutor at the fortnightly meetings and their teacher.
Students will be directed to appropriate research articles
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Reflective Journal
(similar to log book
for projects)
Performance in
School as evidenced
by feedback from
Teacher (moderated
by supervisor)
Oral Presentation:
The content should
indicate where and
how the student has
developed in terms of
the learning
outcomes with
particular reference to
their Special Project.
Written Report: The ~7,500
content should words
indicate where and
how the student has
developed in terms of
the learning
outcomes with
particular reference to
their Special Project.
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 30 Only in
Exceptional
Circumstances
2 10 Only in
Exceptional
Circumstances
2 30 Only in
Exceptional
Circumstances
2 30 Only in
Exceptional
Circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously. This
mark is from the
individual project log
assessed by the
academic supervisor
and a second
supervisor. If the two
supervisors' marks
differ substantially
then a moderation
process is applied.
N/A This work is not
marked
anonymously. The
teacher’s report on
the student’s
progress will be
assessed by the
academic supervisor
with respect to the
learning criteria of
the module (in
particular
development of
transferable skills
and development of
ability to
communicate
physics effectively).
As university
policy
As university
policy
This work is not
marked
anonymously. The
presentation will take
place in front of a
group of academic
staff and other
students.
This work is not
marked
anonymously. It is
marked by the
academic supervisor
and a second
academic supervisor.
The two marks count
equally. This is the
last assessment of
the student.

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title ADVANCED PRACTICAL PHYSICS (MPHYS)
2. Module Code PHYS478
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr DS Martin Physics David.Martin@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof CA Lucas Physics Clucas@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Practical
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr P Rowlands Physics P.Rowlands@liverpool.ac.uk
Prof R Herzberg Physics R.Herzberg@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr A Mehta Physics Mehta@liverpool.ac.uk
Prof PJ Nolan Physics P.J.Nolan@liverpool.ac.uk
Dr HL Vaughan Central Teaching Laboratory H.L.Vaughan@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
108 108
18. Non-contact hours 42
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS111 or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F303 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To give further training in laboratory techniques, in the use of computer packages for modelling and
analysis, and in the use of modern instruments
To develop the students' independent judgement in performing physics experiments
To encourage students to research aspects of physics complementary to material met in lectures and
tutorials
To consolidate the students ability to produce good quality work against realistic deadlines
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Experience of taking physics data with modern equipment
Knowledge of some experimental techniques not met in previous laboratory practice
Improved skills in researching published papers and articles as source materials
Developed a personal responsibility for assuring that data taken is of a high quality
Increased skills in data taking and error analysis
Increased skills in reporting experiments and an appreciation of the factors needed to produce clear and
complete reports
Improved skills in the time management and organisation of their experimental procedures to meet
deadlines
Experience working as an individual and in small groups
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
None
Students carry out experiments in three 4-week blocks:
Block A Radiation Detection
Introductory group work on the use of radiation detectors followed by two of four
experiments on samples that have been activated by a source of thermal neutrons
Block B X-Ray Diffraction
Group work on computer modelling to simulat x-ray diffraction from crystals followed by
experiments to determine the crystal structures and lattice constants of two unknown
materials
Block C Quanta and Waves
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Group work on explanation of quantum phenomena followed by two experiments
selected from a pool of three
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes

34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Experimental reports
(including 15% for
group work)
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1 90 Only in exceptional
circumstances
Laboratory Diary 1 or 2 10 Only in exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
As university
policy
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously
This work is not
marked anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title ADVANCED QUANTUM PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS480
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof PA Butler Physics Peter.Butler@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof M Klein Physics Max.Klein@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials/Practicals
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr JH Vossebeld Physics Vossebel@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
32 4 36
18. Non-contact hours 114
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS361 or equivalent
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
23. Co-requisite modules:
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:

F303 (4)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
F521 (4)
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build on Semester 1 module on Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Physics with the intention of
providing breadth and depth in the understanding of the commonly used aspects of Quantum
mechanics.
To develop an understanding of the ideas of perturbation calculations and of Fermi's Golden Rule.
To develop an understanding of the techniques used to describe the scattering of particles.
To demonstrate creation and annihilation operators using the harmonic oscillator as an example.
To develop skills which enable numerical calculation of real physical quantum problem.
To encourage enquiry into the philosophy of quantum theory including its explanation of classical
mechanics.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Understanding of variational tehcniques.
Understanding of perturbation techniques.
Understanding of transition matrix elements.
Understanding of phase space factors.
Understanding of partial wave techniques.
Ability to compute wave functions and transition probabilities using several software packages.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook.
31. Syllabus
PHYS480 General level of treatment that of Mandl "Quantum Mechanics". problems classes will
be organised to use computer packages to solve quantum problems (modelling wave
functions etc).
32. Recommended Texts
Operator formalism and Direc notation.
Bound state perturbation theory, non-degenerate and degenrate.
Variational methods.
Time dependent Schrodinger equation.
Time dependent perturbation theory, Fermi's Golden Rule.
Emission and absorption of radiation, phase space.
Scattering theory - time dependent approach; potential scattering, Born approximation,
scattering by screened Coulomb potential, electron-atom scattering.
Scattering - time independent approach; scattering amplitude, integral equation,
scattering of identical particles, partial waves, phase shifts.
Harmonic Oscillator solved using creation and annihilation operators.
Discussion of quantum philosophy, quantum mechanics contains classical mechanics.
"Quantum Mechanics" by F Mandl, published by Wiley
ASSESSMENT
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of Resit/resubmission Penalty for late Notes
(Semester) final
mark
opportunity submission
Written Examination 3 hours 1 100 August resit
for PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title ACCELERATOR PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS481
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr CP Welsch Physics C.P.Welsch@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr A Wolski Physics A.Wolski@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
14 2 2 18
18. Non-contact hours 57
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS370 or equivalent.
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F303 (4) F521 (4)
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build on modules on electricity, magnetism and waves;
To study the functional principle of different types of particle accelerators;
To study the generation of ion and electron beams;
To study the layout and the design of simple ion and electron optics;
To study basic concepts in radio frequency engineering and technology.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
An understanding of the description of the motion of charged particles in complex electromagnetic fields;
An understanding of different types of accelerators, in which energy range and for which purposes they
are utilised;
An understanding of the generation and technical exploitation of synchrotron radiation;
An understanding of the concept and the necessity of beam cooling.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
1 1. Introduction, History of Particle Accelerators, Experiments. (1 lecture)
32. Recommended Texts
2. General Concepts, Introduction to the physics of particle sources. Physics of
plasmas, electron sources, ion sources. (2 lectures)
3. Motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields, transverse beam
motion, Hill's equation, representation of different ion optical elements by a matrix
formalism. (2 lectures)
4. Linear Accelerators: Alvarez and Wideroe structures, the radio frequency
quadrupole. (2 lectures)
5. Rf Cavity Design: Important parameters, field distribution in different cavity types,
mode characterization, visualization of fields. (2 lectures)
6. Ring Accelerators: Introduction to the Betatron, Microtron, Cyclotron, and
Synchrotron. (4 lectures)
7. Medical Accelerators: General concepts, benefits, different accelerator concepts.
(2 lectures)
8. Overview of accelerator facilities world-wide. (1 lecture)
1. Grant and Philips, Electrodynamics.
2. A. Sessler und E. Wilson, Engines of Discovery: A Century of Particle Accelerators (Introduction and
History)
3. E. Wilson, An Introduction to Particle Accelerators.
4. S. Y. Lee, Accelerator Physics. World Scientific (1999).
5. H. Wiedemann, Particle Accelerator Physics I & II.
6. CERN Yellow Reports (online resource)
ASSESSMENT

33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
Written Examination 1 1/2
hours
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1 70 August resit
for PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Poster Presentation 1 15 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Assessed Problem
Set
1 15 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
As university
policy
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title ELEMENTS OF STELLAR DYNAMICS
2. Module Code PHYS484
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics external examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr W Maciejewski Physics
11. Module Moderator Prof C Mundell Physics
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
15 3 18
18. Non-contact hours 57
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Completion of Year 2 of a Physics UG programme
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
23. Co-requisite modules:
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:

Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F303 (3) F521 (3) F521 (4) F303 (4)
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To show that there is more to gravity than Newton's law. This will provide the students with a basic
understanding of the dynamics of systems containing millions and billions of point-like gravitating bodies: stars in
stellar clusters and galaxies.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have the ability to
Show how dynamical processes shape the structure of galaxies and stellar clusters
Describe the motion of stars in stellar systems
Apply orbital analysis to stellar systems
Demonstrate an understanding of the implications of the continuity equation
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The course material specified in the syllabus will be covered in lectures.
Problems classes will provide students with the opportunity to confirm their understanding of the material
covered in the lectures.
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
Introduction: collisionless and collisional stellar systems
Relaxation time. Describing motion of 100 billion stars in a galaxy and 100 thousand
stars in a Globular Cluster.
Stellar orbits in gravitational potentials
Newton's law applied to distributed mass. Newton's theorems for spherical systems.
Potential of a disk. Circular velocity. Escape speed. Elements of Lagrangian formalism.
Orbits in spherically symmetric, axisymmetric and elongated potentials. Keplerian
potential. Integrals of the motion.
Continuity equation applied to an ensemble of stars
Phase-space. Distribution function as phase-space density. The collisionless Boltzmann
equation. The Jeans theorem. Isothermal sphere. The Jeans equations. Velocity
ellipsoid. Encounters in collisional systems. Thermodynamics of collisional systems:
negative heat capacity. Evolution of Globular Clusters.
Essential dynamical aspects of elliptical and spiral galaxies.
Tensor virial theorem. Random motions and rotation in elliptical galaxies. Spiral structure
in disc galaxies. Density waves. Stability of discs.
Encounters of galaxies
Dynamical friction. Violent relaxation. Phase mixing.
Recommended: "Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction", L.S. Sparke and J.S. Gallagher, III, 2nd edition,
CUP
Optional: "Galactic Dynamics", J. Binney and S. Tremaine, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written examination 1.5 hour 1 75 August resit for
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Problems set in
Problems Classes
3 x 1
hours
PGT students only.
Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
1 25 August resit for As university
PGT students only. policy
Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title PHYSICS OF THE RADIATIVE UNIVERSE
2. Module Code PHYS485
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics external examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr D Bersier Physics D.Bersier@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr S Kobayashi Physics S.K.Kobayashi@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials/Practicals
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr C Simpson Physics C.Simpson@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
28 4 4 36
18. Non-contact hours 114
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Completion of Year 2 of a Physics UG programme
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
23. Co-requisite modules:
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F521 (4) F303 (4) F521 (3) F303 (3)
MODULE DESCRIPTION
This module will look at some of the many ways that matter and radiation interact, in relativistic and nonrelativistic
physical contexts. The aims of the module are
To see how physical phenomena can be applied and used to explain the appearance and spectra of
celestial objects
To provide an astrophysical context for statistical mechanics
To introduce Einstein's A and B coefficients
To introduce collisional excitation coefficients
To demonstrate how emission line ratios inform on physical properties
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have the ability to
Relate observable quantitites to physical conditions and mechanism(s)
Describe and calculate the emergent flux and spectrum for several mechanisms: Bremsstrahlung,
synchrotron and Compton effect
Apply this knowledge to understand the properties and behaviour of different objects (active galaxies,
neutron stars, gamma-ray bursts, H II regions)
Describe key astrophysical line ratios
Describe the meaning of an ionization parameter
Provide input to and understand the output of the computer code CLOUDY
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
Teaching will be delivered in a manner that encourages participation and critical thinking from students. They
will be expected to have read the material in advance. Lecture time will be used to answer students queries,
expand on important concepts and show worked examples. Tutorials will cover students' attempts at problems.
Part of the assessment is in the form of computer-based exercises using existing software (CLOUDY). This
allows the calculation of a complete spectrum for various types of objects, thereby gaining a much better
understanding of the parameters affecting the spectrum. Analytical calculations will be carried out in lectures or
as exercises.
31. Syllabus
Refresher Radiative transfer equation, blackbody radiation, special relativity,
electrodynamics, statistical mechanics (partition function, Maxwell-Boltzmann
distribution)
Continuum emission Radiation emitted by moving charges; Thomson scattering
Bremsstrahlung radiation; emitted spectrum
Relativistic Doppler effect; aberration; jets in astrophysics
Superluminal motion
Synchrotron radiation; emitted power and spectrum; curvature radiation
Compton scattering and inverse Compton effect
Line emission Einstein A and B coefficients
Collisional excitation and de-excitation
Temperature- and density-sensitive line ratios
Ionisation balance, Saha equation
Stromgren spheres
Detailed analysis of emission line spectra using CLOUDY
32. Recommended Texts
Strongly recommended:
H. Bradt: Astrophysics Processes (CUP)

Optional:
D. Osterbrock & G Ferland: Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei (2nd ed)
F. Shu: The Physics of astrophysics. I. Radiation (University science books)
G. Rybicki & A. Lightman: Radiative processes in Astrophysics (Wiley)
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written examination 3 hours 2 80 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Computer modelling
exercises
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
6 hours 2 20 August resit for
PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously. The
duration is nominally
2 x 2 hours in the
computing laboratory
plus 2 hours of
private study.
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title MODELLING PHYSICAL PHENOMENA
2. Module Code PHYS488
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr JH Vossebeld Physics Vossebel@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr AJ Boston Physics A.J.Boston@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Practical
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr BT King Physics Barryk@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
7 101 108
18. Non-contact hours 42
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
None
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F521 (3) F303 (3)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To give students experience of working independently and in small groups on an original problem.
To give students an opportunity to display the high quality of their work.
To give students an opportunity to display qualities such as initiative and ingenuity.
To introduce students to concepts, methods and applicability of computational modelling of physical
phenomena using the Java language.
To give students experience of report writing displaying high standards of composition and production.
To give an opportunity for students to display communication skills.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Acquired working knowledge of a high level OO programming language.
Experience in researching literature and other sources of relevant information.
Set up model of physical phenomena or situation.
Experience in testing model against data from experiment or literature.
Improved ability to organise and manage time.
Improved skills in report writing.
Improved skills in explaining project under questioning.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook.
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
None
A project outlined in general by a Supervisor will be assigned to the student by the
Module Organiser, who attempts to choose projects which match each student's
particular interests but cannot guarantee to do so.
The student will attend weekly sessions on programming and related matters as
arranged by the Module Organiser.
Details of the project aims will be decided in discussions between the student and the
supervisor.
There will be regular scheduled meetings between the student and the supervisor to
assess progress.
The student will hand in set work as required, which will be marked and used as one
element in assessing students' diligence.
The supervisor will advise the student when to finish and devote all remaining time to
writing the Report and preparing the Presentation.
The Presentation will be given in one of the scheduled sessions, normally in Week 11
of Semester 2.
The Report will normally be handed in before the end of Week 12 of Semester 2.
A project diary must be kept and handed in with reports as part of the assessment.
ASSESSMENT
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Individual Project
Report (2
Supervisors)
Group Project Report
(2 Second
Academics)
% of
final
mark
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 30 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
2 20 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Six Weekly Exercises 2 30 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Oral Presentation 2 20 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
As university
policy
As university
policy
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously
Anonymous marking
impossible

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title ADVANCED NUCLEAR PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS490
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr M Chartier Physics M.Chartier@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof R Herzberg Physics R.Herzberg@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
16 2 18
18. Non-contact hours 57
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS375
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F303 (4) F521 (4)
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build on the year 3 modules on Nuclear Physics
To offer an insight into current ideas about the description of atomic nuclei and nuclear matter
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Knowledge of the basic properties of nuclear forces and the experimental evidence upon which these
are based
Basic knowledge of the factors governing nuclear shapes
Understanding of the origin of pairing forces and the effect of these and rotational forces on nuclear
behaviour
An overview of phenomena observed for exotic nuclei far from the line of nuclear stability
Basic knowledge of astrophysical nucleosynthesis processes
Basic knowledge of phases of nuclear matter
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See the Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
Nuclear Physics:
Nuclear Physics
Nucleon-Nucleon Force: spin and isospin, general properties of force, one pion
exchange potential, the deuteron, range of nuclear force
Nuclear Behaviour: mirror nuclei, independent particle model
Forms of Mean Potential: square well, harmonic oscillator, spin-orbit coupling,
Woods-Saxon, residual interaction, Hartree-Fock
Nuclear Deformation: geometric descriptoins, Nilsson model, large deformations
Hybrid Models: deformed liquid drop, Strutinsky method, fission isomers
Nuclear Excitations: spherical nuclei, vibrations, rotations of a deformed system
Rotating Systems: moment of inertia, cranking model, backbending
Nuclei at Extremes of Spin: high lx bands, high K bands, superdeformation,
shape coexistence
Nuclei at Extremes of Isospin: N=Z nuclei, exotic nuclei, dripline nuclei,
superheavies, halo nuclei
Nuclear Astrophysics: elemental abundances, origin of the elements
Phases of nuclear matter
"Introductory Nuclear Physics" K S Krane, published by John Wiley & Sons
Further Reading:
"Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics" K Heyde, published by IOP
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written Examination 1 1/2 2 100 August resit
Penalty for late
submission
Notes

34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
hours for PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title RESEARCH SKILLS
2. Module Code PHYS491
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr TG Shears Physics Tara.Shears@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof M Klein Physics Max.Klein@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Classes
Prof C Collins Physics
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
17. Contact 12 6 75
93
Hours
Group Project
18. Non-contact hours 57
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
None
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:

26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F303 (4) F521 (4)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To help students acquire or improve some of the skills useful to the professional physicist. Skills covered
include:
Planning research projects, performing literature searches, experimental design
Statistical anlysis of data
Communication with clients and with research collaborators
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Wide knowledge of probability distributions
Skilful use of estimators
Ability to apply statistical tests to hypotheses
Understand least squares techniques for parameter evaluation
Experience of obtaining information, evaluating relevance and writing a scientific case
Experience of collaborative efforts to satisfy a clients requirements
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
By applying statistical methods in realistic problem environments the students become familiar with modern
research methods. They practive the writing of Scientific Reports. Group work teaches them how to function
effectively in a team.
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
Statistical Analysis of Data
(Note that students will cover some or all of the following, depending on background
qualifications)
Key Skills
Project
"Statistics" by R J Barlow, published by Wiley
Describing the data, histograms, moments, variance, covariance
Theoretical distributions, binomial, Poisson, Gaussian, Chi-squared
Errors, accuracy, precision, central limit theorem, systematic errors
Estimation, liklihood functions, consistency, bias, efficiency
Least squares method, straight line fit, parameter evaluation
Hypothesis testing, meaning of probability, confidence, significance, goodness of
fit
Report writing and presentation
The project is an exercise in working within a group structure to devise and report on
a solution to a simulated problem. The solution will require the application of physics
Groups will be of three or four students with an academic observer. Formal meetings
will be held to discuss approaches to the problem, assigning of individual tasks and coordinating
the writing of the report.
The report will be assessed to give the same mark to each student but there will be
individual oral interviews on the project which will produce an additional individual
mark.
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Statistics Examples
Class
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1 20 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Statistics Class Test 1 hour 1 20 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Project Group Report 1 30 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Project Individual
Student Interview
1 30 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
As university
policy
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously
Anonymous marking
impossible

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title ADVANCED PARTICLE PHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS493
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof TJV Bowcock Physics Themis.Bowcock@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof JB Dainton Physics Jbd@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
16 2 18
18. Non-contact hours 57
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
None
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F303 (4) F521 (4)
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build on the Year 3 module PHYS377 Particle Physics
To give the student a deeper understanding of the Standard Model of Particle Physics and the basic
extensions
To review the detectors and accelerator technology available to investigate the questions posed by the
Standard Model and its extensions
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
An understanding of the Standard Model and its extensions. This will be placed in context of the
understanding of the origin of the universe, its properties and its physical laws
An understanding of how present and future detector and accelerator technology will be applied to
investigate the development of the Standard Model
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
PHYS493 Feynman graphs
Spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism
CP violation in the Standard Model
Neutrino Masses Mixing
Supersymmetry
Quantum Gravity and the Brane World
AstroParticle Phenomenology
Introduction to Modern Experimental Techniques
Current and Future detectors
Accelerator Technology
32. Recommended Texts
Particle Physics: Due to the rapidly changing nature of the subject this section will be based around a set of
course notes
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
Written Examination 1 1/2
hours
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 100 August resit
for PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Notes

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title COMPUTATIONAL ASTROPHYSICS
2. Module Code PHYS494
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Second Semester
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr S Kobayashi Physics S.K.Kobayashi@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof C Collins Physics
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Practical
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
17. Contact 11 25 33 2
71
Hours
class test
18. Non-contact hours 79
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
At ARI, LJMU, Birkenhead
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
None
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F521 (4)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To give students an understanding of Programming Basics
To provide students with practical experience of using computational techniques extensively employed by
researchers in the physical sciences
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
The ability to describe and discuss numerical modelings
A familiarity with a programming language used by research astronomers and its application in a research
context
Practical experience of numerical used by scientists in analysis of theoretical problems and experimental
data
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The physical principles of an practical approach to specific problems in astrophysics are explained in lectures,
and then related computational mini-projects are given to the students. A 2hr class test on programming and
application of numerical methods will provide an assessment on an individual basis, balancing the element of
group working inherent in the project elements of the course.
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
A series of lectures describing an astrophysical problem and the numerical techniques
that can be used to address it, followed by a practical session in which students will use
computers to carry out a mini-projects designed to accompany the lectures. Assessment
comprises written reports on the projects, and a class test to assess understanding of
the background astrophysics, and of the computational methods employed.
The elements covered will be drawn from a variety of observational and theoretical
topics and will focus on numerical modelings and analysis.
Example topics include:
N-body simulations of self-gravitating systems
Numerical Hydrodynamics
Key references and hand-out notes will be provided by the lecturer
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Five assignments 2 70 Only in exceptional
circumstances
Class test 2 hours 2 30 Only in exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously
This work is not
marked anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM
2. Module Code PHYS495
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr T Moore Physics T.Moore1@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr D Bersier Physics D.Bersier@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Tutorials/Seminars
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
24 24
18. Non-contact hours 126
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Year 3 MPhys Astrophysics
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F521 (4)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build upon the student's appreciation of the role which the interstellar medium (ISM) plays in topics as
stellar evolution (star-forming regions to supernova remnants) and galaxy evolution
To provide a firm physical framework for this appreciation by investigating in detail the mechanisms which
govern the structure and appearance of the ISM
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
An understanding of the structure and evolution of the ISM and the relationship between its various
components
The ability to list the various types of observable phenomena and relate them to the structure of the
various phases of the ISM and the physical process at work
Knowledge of how observation, specifically spectroscopy, allows astronomers to understand the physical
conditions and chemical content of the ISM and thereby construct models of the interstellar medium and
its relationship to the formation and evolution of stars and galaxies
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The module will be taught by directed reading and problem-solving. Students will be expected to read a section
of a textbook and attempt a set of problems every week. The content and problems will be reviewed at weekly
tutorial sessions. Traditional combination of lectures and tutorials. Practice in problem-solving by problem sheets
and tutorials. A set of assessed problem-solving exercises on the physics of the ISM (to take approximately 15
hours of non-contact study time).
31. Syllabus
Review of Radiation Processes and Spectral Line emission
Spectral line formation. The interaction of a radiation field with matter. Radiative transfer
Physical Conditions in the ISM
The structure and phases of the Galactic interstellar medium. Photoionisation and
recombination in a pure hydrogen cloud (the HII region). The effects of including helium
and heavier elements. Energy balance and thermal equilibrium. Free-free radiation.
Collisionally excited emission lines, permitted and forbidden. Recombination lines.
Continuum emission processes. Molecular emission, lines
Spectral Diagnostics
Determination of electron temperatures and densities from atomic spectral line and
continuum measurements. Determination of elemental abundances. Tracers of dense
molecular gas; mass measurements
Scattering and Polarisation
Introduction to theory and application of scattering of light by small particles. Polarisation
by scattering and dichroic absorption in reflection nebulae
Dust and Molecular Clouds
Formation and destruction of dust. Observable diagnostics. Formation of molecules on
dust grains. Heating and cooling of molecular clouds. Molecular emission lines.
Structure, dynamics, mechanical support and energy balance of molecular clouds.
Magnetic fields, ambipolar diffusion, graviational contraction, star formation.
Introduction to Gas Dynamics
Sound waves and Alfven waves. Adiabatic and radiative shock waves. Expansion of

32. Recommended Texts
ionised regions. Stellar winds. Supernova remnants
"The Physics of the Interstellar Medium" by J E Dyson & D A Williams, published by IOP
Background Reading
"Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium" L Spitzer, Wiley
"Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei" Osterbrock, University Science Books
"The Physics of Astrophysics" vols I & II, F Shu, University Science Books
"The Dusty Universe" A Evans, Ellis Horwood
"Accretion Processes in Star Formation" L Hartmann, CUP
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written Examination 3 hours 1 70 August resit for
PGT students only.
Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Written Assignment 1 30 Only in exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously
MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the end of
the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the module.
1. Module Title COMMUNICATION OF ASTROPHYSICAL IDEAS
2. Module Code PHYS496
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Whole Session
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 15
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof C Mundell Physics
11. Module Moderator Dr S Kobayashi Physics S.K.Kobayashi@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
48 24 72
18. Non-contact hours 78
19. TOTAL HOURS 150
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
Students must attend 5 first-semester
research seminars and all first
semester journal clubs. Note that
seminars are scheduled on
Wednesday afternoon
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
Year 3 MPhys Astrophysics
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25.

25.
Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F521 (4)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To develop the ability of the student to communicate results and ideas in astrophysics at a range of
technical levels, dealing with the objective criticism of existing articles, videos, papers and lecture/semiar
presentations, as well as the creation of new material
To help students bridge the gap between understanding undergraduate texts and dissecting a journal
paper, while at the same time emphasising the importance of being able to communicate ideas concisely
and clearly at a simpler level
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
The ability to criticise objectively and constructively attempt to communicate astrophysical ideas at levels
ranging from a local newspaper to research semiinars and papers
An appreciation of the qualities required to successfully explain astronomical ideas in contexts ranging
from undergraduate teaching to research seminars
Been able to create their own articles, observing-time applications, journal-club discussions, tutorial
exercises, etc., building on the experience gained during the module
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
The module will run throughout the year, so that students can attend the Astrophysics seminar and journal club
series, formally supported by one-hour tutorials every week. In addition to the student-centred elements of the
module, students will be required to attend astrophysics research seminars given by invited speakers from other
universities and take part in journal clubs, including their own leading of a discussion of a recent paper.
31. Syllabus
PHYS496 The module will run throughout the year, formally supported by hour-long tutorials every
week. During this period, in addition to the student-centred elements of the module,
students will be required to attend astrophysics research seminars given by invited
speakers from other universities, take part in journal clubs, including their own leading of
a discussion of a recent paper and observe staff members in an undergraduate teaching
role.
32. Recommended Texts
The syllabus will comprise:
Criticism of the popular and technical communication of astrophysics in: newspaper
reports; articles in New Scientist; Scientific American; Physics Today; telescope time
proposals and grant proposals in general; short television interviews; videos designed for
both public information and education; research seminars and public lectures; a recent
research paper from a refereed journal; writing and production of, for example, newpaper
reports; popular articles; posters; television and radio interviews; telescope proposals;
undergraduate laboratory and tutorial exercises; seminars and lectures
Popular science magazines (e.g. New Scientists, Physics Today, Scientific American), popular astronomy
magazines (e.g. Astronomy Now, Sky & Telescope), newspapers (The Independent, the Liverpool Echo), TV
programmes (e.g. Horizon, Equinox, Open University), research journals (e.g. Nature, Monthly Notices of the
Royal Astronomical Society, The Astrophysical Journal)
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
mark
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Journal Club Notes 1 or 2 15 Only in exceptional
circumstances
Journal Club
Presentation
1 or 2 25 Only in exceptional
circumstances
Seminar Notes 1 or 2 10 Only in exceptional
circumstances
Telescope Time
Allocation Committee
Telescope Time
Proposal
1 or 2 15 Only in exceptional
circumstances
1 or 2 20 Only in exceptional
circumstances
Popular Article 1 or 2 15 Only in exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
As university
policy
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
As university
policy
As university
policy
Notes
This work is not
marked anonymously
Anonymous marking
impossible
This work is not
marked anonymously
Anonymous marking
impossible
This work is not
marked anonymously
This work is not
marked anonymously

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title MAGNETIC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
2. Module Code PHYS497
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof WA Hofer Chemistry Whofer@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr HR Sharma Physics H.R.Sharma@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
16 2 18
18. Non-contact hours 57
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
PHYS363
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
F303 (4) F521 (4)
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To build on the third year modules Condensed Matter Physics
To develop an understanding of the phenomena and fundamental mechanisms of magnetism in
condensed matter
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
A basic understanding of the quantum origin of the magnetism and magnetic moments
An introduction to the Weiss molecular field theory of ferromagnetism
A basic understanding of spin waves in ordered magnets
An introduction to the techniques of neutron scattering and magnetic x-ray scattering
An appreciation of simple magnetic structures and magnetic excitations
An introduction to new magnetic materials
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
"Magnetism - Principles and Applications" by D Craik
33. EXAM Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Written Examination 1 1/2
hours
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing % of
(Semester) final
mark
Atomic structure basis for atomic magnetic moments in solids
Definition of Magnetisation, magnetic susceptibility, diamagnetism,
paramagnetism, Brillouin function
Magnetic moments of Rare Earth ions, Transition metal ions
Crystal field, quenching of orbital angular momentum in transition metal ions,
Jahn-Teller effect
Magnetic ordering, Mean Field Theory, M vs T curve, critical exponents
Mechanisms of magnetic interaction, exchange interaction, direct exchange,
superexchange, RKKY interaction
Magnetic Anisotropy, magnetic structures
Magnetic excitations, magnons
Magnetometry, VSM, SQUID magnetometers
Neutron diffraction, magnetic resonant x-ray diffraction
Mossbauer spectroscopy
New materials - magnetic multilayers
ASSESSMENT
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1 100 August resit
for PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes
Penalty for late Notes
submission

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title PROJECT (MPHYS)
2. Module Code PHYS498
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester Whole Session
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 30
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Prof CA Lucas Physics Clucas@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Dr L Moran Physics Lynn.Moran@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Project
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Dr SD Barrett Physics S.D.Barrett@liverpool.ac.uk
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
1 161 162
18. Non-contact hours 138
19. TOTAL HOURS 300
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
None
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
F303 (4) F521 (4)
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To give students experience of working independently on an original problem
To give students an opportunity to be involved in scientific research
To encourage learning, understanding and application of a particular physics subject
To give students an opportunity to display qualities such as initiative and ingenuity
To improve students ability to keep daily records of the work in hand and its outcomes
To develop students' competence in scientific communication, both in oral and written form
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Experience of participation in planning all aspects of the work
Experience researching literature and other sources of relevant information
Experience of the practical nature of physics
Improved practical and technical skills to carrying out physics investigations
An ability to organise and manage time
An ability to plan, execute and report on the results of an investigation
Improved skills in preparing and delivering oral presentations
An appreciation of a selected are of current physics research
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
None
None.
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Project and Report
(Supervisor)
Project Report
(Second Academic)
Poster Presentation 180
minutes
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
2 50 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
2 30 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
2 20 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
As university
policy
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
Notes
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously
Anonymous marking
impossible

MODULE SPECIFICATION
The information contained in this module specification was correct at the time of publication but may be subject to
change, either during the session because of unforeseen circumstances, or following review of the module at the
end of the session. Queries about the module should be directed to the member of staff with responsibility for the
module.
1. Module Title NANOSCALE PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY
2. Module Code PHYS499
3. Year 201112
4. Originating
Department
Physics
5. Faculty Fac of Science & Engineering
6. Semester First Semester
7. Credit Level M Level
8. Credit Value 7.5
9. External Examiner Physics External Examiner
10. Member of staff with
responsibility for the
module
Dr VR Dhanak Physics V.R.Dhanak@liverpool.ac.uk
11. Module Moderator Prof WA Hofer Chemistry Whofer@liverpool.ac.uk
12. Other Contributing
Departments
13. Other Staff Teaching
on this Module
14. Board of Studies Physics
15. Mode of Delivery Lectures/Tutorials
16. Location Main Liverpool City Campus
17. Contact
Hours
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other TOTAL
14 2 2 18
18. Non-contact hours 57
19. TOTAL HOURS 75
20. Timetable
(if known)
Lectures Seminars Tutorials Lab/Practicals Fieldwork/Placement Other
21. Pre-requisites before taking this module (other modules and/or general educational/academic requirements):
None
22. Modules for which this module is a pre-requisite:
None
23. Co-requisite modules:
None
24. Linked Modules:
25. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a mandatory basis:
26. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on a required basis:
27. Programme(s) (including Year of Study) to which this module is available on an optional basis:
28. Aims
F303 (4) F521 (4)
MODULE DESCRIPTION
To introduce the emerging fields of nanoscale physics and nanotechnology
To describe experimental techniques for probing physical properties of nanostructured materials
To describe the novel size-dependent electronic, optical, magnetic and chemical properties of
nanoscale materials
To describe several `hot topics' in nanoscience research
To develop students' problem-solving, investigative, communication and analytic skills through
appropriate assignments.
29. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the student should have:
Understanding of how and why nanoscale systems form
Understanding of how nanoscale systems may be probed experimentally
Understanding of the physics of nanoscale systems
Understanding of the potential applications of nanoscale systems in nanotechnology
Enhanced problem-solving, investigative, communication and analytic skills developed through
appropriate assignments.
30. Teaching and Learning Strategies
See Department of Physics Undergraduate Handbook
31. Syllabus
32. Recommended Texts
Introduction and formation of nanostructures
Moore's law, Top-down vs bottom-up approaches to building nanostructures
Nanolithography. Self-assembly of nanostructures. Atomic and molecular
manipulation
Techniques for probing nanostructures
STM and AFM, Photoemission, Photoluminescence, magnetic techniques
Novel properties of nanostructures
Electronic properties: quantum dots, quantum wires and quantum wells
Optical properties: plasmon resonances, luminescence
Magnetic properties
`Tuning' of size-selected properties
Some hot topics in nanoscale science, e.g.
Magnetic nanoclusters and spintronics
Carbon-based nanomaterials (fullerenes and nanotubes) and molecular
electronics
Aperiodic nanosystems
None available. References will be given to articles in research journals and popular science magazines.
33. EXAM Duration Timing
(Semester)
ASSESSMENT
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
Penalty for late
submission
Notes

Written Examination 1 1/2
hours
34. CONTINUOUS Duration Timing
(Semester)
Literature Project
Report
Two Semester
Reports
1 70 August resit
for PGT students
only. Yr3 and Yr4
students resit at
the next normal
opportunity.
% of
final
mark
Resit/resubmission
opportunity
1 15 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
1 10 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Oral Presentation 1 5 Only in
exceptional
circumstances
Penalty for late
submission
As university
policy
As university
policy
N/A as
assessment is
timetabled
Notes
This work is not
marked
anonymously
This work is not
marked
anonymously
Anonymous marking
impossible