Cambridge Preterm Non-Intensive Ancient Greek language pack

Cambridge Preterm Non-Intensive Ancient Greek language pack 

This language pack has been designed to help you get (and maintain) a good grasp of 

Ancient Greek before coming to Cambridge. It is based on the vocabulary and grammar 

the OCR AS/A Level syllabus. 

You will be assessed on your comprehension of this material when you arrive at 

Cambridge. You will be expected to: 

• identify any Greek word from the AS/A Level vocabulary list included here 

• write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) also included here (you will be 

given a starter form) 

• write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included here 

(you will be given a starter form) 

• translate into English some sentences exhibiting this vocabulary and grammar (you 

will find a checklist of grammatical topics in this pack) 

This assessment is not designed to intimidate and does not count toward any final 

grade: it is merely meant to give you something concrete to work on between now and 

then, and to assist us and your Director of Studies in ensuring that we have got the 

right people in the right groups from the start. 

You may have a qualification different from the OCR exam syllabus, but no matter: in 

order to prepare for this assessment, all the material to be tested is presented here in 

this packet. 

As far as supplementing your studies and preparing yourself for term you will find the 

following resources helpful. 

We strongly recommend that you purchase a proper reference grammar. H. W. 

Smyth’s Greek Grammar (revised by G. M. Messing) (ISBN 0-674-36250-0) is the most 

extensive one-volume grammar in English; it can be found new or used for between £25 

and £30 pounds; try to find a hardcover version as this will last better. Alternatively, W. 

W. Goodwin’s Greek Grammar is easily available new (ISBN 1-85399-522-3) for about £20, 

though second-hand copies can be found for as cheap as £5 on amazon.co.uk and 

bookfinder.com. Again, hardcovers are much less likely to fall apart than the new 

paperback edition. (Avoid the Elementary version of this grammar; you can in fact 

download the entire correct version for free from textkit.com, though printing it will 

be a chore.) 

There are other, perhaps more user-friendly, school grammars out there thay you may 

already own (e.g. Abbot and Mansfield or Morwood), but bear in mind that they are not 

proper reference grammars and simply do not have enough information to help you 

understand Ancient Greek at the level required by your set texts (e.g. you will find very 

little help with advanced syntax or the language of Homer in these).

If you want a nicely laid-out and handy presentation of the word-tables (or paradigms) 

to supplement your grammar (though all the forms will be found in Smyth and 

Goodwin), then we recommend H. J. K. Usher’s Outline of Greek Accidence. You will find a 

variety of supplementary online materials at: 

http://tinyurl.com/languagepacks2012 

In order to deal more ably with the grammatical concepts you will meet in your 

work you will find these volumes helpful: 

• A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar, by Rodney Huddleston (ISBN 0-521-612888) 

• English Grammar for Students of Latin, by Norma Goldman (ISBN-13: 978-0-93-403434-0; 

ISBN-10: 0-93-403434-6) 

As far as dictionaries go, we strongly recommend H. G. Liddell and R. Scott’s Abridged 

Greek Lexicon (ISBN-13: 978-0-19-910205-1; ISBN-10: 0-19-910205-8); the Intermediate 

version of this Lexicon is perhaps better, in that it has longer entries, but it has no 

more entries than the Abridged version and is bulkier and more expensive. The massive, 

£140 Greek-English “LSJ” is a research-standard lexicon and unnecessary for normal 

reading purposes, though you can download it to an iPhone for just over a pound (it’s 

called “Lexiphanes” in the Apple App Store—look also for the Latin dictionary 

“Lexidium”: that’s the research-standard Latin lexicon by Lewis and Short; similar 

resources are available for Android phones as well). 

You will find in this pack: 

• a checklist of grammatical topics 

• a vocabulary list 

• paradigms, etc. 

• a list of verb principal parts 

Good luck with your studies and see you soon!

checklist of grammar topics for Non-Intensive Greek students 

On arriving at Cambridge you will be assessed on the following topics. The assessment will fall into four parts (in each part you will be 

given some choice): 

Section A: Vocabulary: you will be expected to know the vocbulary of the AS Level list (supplied here) 

Section B: Accidence: you will be expected to write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) of any word supplied in the 

pack (you will not be tested on Ionic or Homeric forms) 

Section C: Principal Parts: you will be expected write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included in 

this pack (you will be given a starter form and you will not be tested on Ionic or Homeric forms) 

Section D: Syntax: you will be expected to translate from Greek into English a few sentences that exhibit the points of syntax as 

specified below 

The assessment will take form as an hour-long online test. Many elements of the test will be generated 

randomly by computer, so each test will be unique. Some elements will be very simple and some will be 

more challenging. The test will be marked out of 100 points and only you and your Director of Studies will 

be given the results. The test is merely designed as a diagnostic tool and will not count towards any final 

mark or grade at all. 

adjectives and nouns, etc. 

• understanding of gender, case, and number in nouns and adjectives 

• declension and use of the definite article 

• noun and adjective declension of all three patterns of the words that appear in the AS vocabulary list 

• form and use of demonstratives, !"# and !$#, %&'("#, and )&!*# 

• form and use of personal, reflexive, and relative pronouns 

• form and use of comparatives, including irregulars for +,)-*#, .).*#, .)/*#, 01,)#,and 2%/3#, etc. 

• form and use of gerunds and gerundives 

verbs 

• understanding of the formation and function of person, number, tense, voice and mood in verbs 

• understanding of verbal ‘aspect’ 

• conjugation of thematic (-4) verbs (e.g. /34) in all tenses, voices and moods, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) 

• conjugation of contract verbs in in all tenses, voices and moods, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) 

• full conjugation of (50" ‘be’, (60$ ‘shall go’, and %6') ‘know’, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) 

• full conjugation of athematic verbs such as '"'40$, plus infinitives and participles 

• understanding of aorist, perfect, and future tense forms in all moods and voices, including participles and infinitives 

syntax 

• understanding of case usage and prepositions (documents supplied in pack) 

• constructions with comparative expressions 

• form and use of participles, including participles used adverbially (= circumstantially or predicatively) 

• understanding of verbs that take participles, e.g. !7,89:4 

• understanding of verbs that take infinitives , e.g. ;%3/%0)$ 

• understanding of independent mood usage, such as the indicative or optative with or without ) and short (?) marks have been printed over vowels as an aid in distinguishing certain elements.

conspectus of key Ancient Greek paradigms 

substantives 

1. alpha stems (5 paradigms): !"#$%, &'"(), *+,)!!-, $).!%/, $0)$1)/ 

2. omicron stems (5): 2$*(345/, 67(5$, $58/, 9)$58$, $07/ 

3. consonant stems (15): :,41/, ;"(3$, 4(

first or !-stem declension nouns: five paradigms 

! "#$%& (Attic & for '-stem =Reading Greek 1a) ‘craft’ 

sing. dual pl. 

nom. "#$%& "#$%' "#$%() 

voc. "#$%& "#$%' "#$%() 

acc. "#$%&% "#$%' "#$%'* 

gen. "#$%&* "#$%()% "+$%,% 

dat. "#$%- / "#$%&) "#$%()% "#$%()* 

! !.#/' (' stem =RG 1b) ‘day’ (N.B. Ionic shows & for these words: !.#/&) 


nom. !.#/' !.#/' !.#/() 

voc. !.#/' !.#/' !.#/() 

acc. !.#/'% !.#/' !.#/'* 

gen. !.#/'* !.#/()% !.+/,% 

dat. !.#/0 / !.#/() !.#/()% !.#/()* 

! 123(""4 (4 stem =RG 1c) ‘sea’ 


nom. 123(""4 1(32""' 123(""() 

voc. 123(""4 1(32""' 123(""() 

acc. 123(""4% 1(32""' 1(32""'* 

gen. 1(32""&* 1(32""()% 1(3("",% 

dat. 1(32""- / 1(32""&) 1(32""()% 1(32""()* 

5 %(6"&* (Attic & for '-stem masculine =RG 1d) ‘sailor’ 


nom. %(6"&* %(6"' %(7"() 

voc. %(7"4 %(6"' %(7"() 

acc. %(6"&% %(6"' %(6"'* 

gen. %(6"89 %(6"()% %(9",% 

dat. %(6"- / %(6"&) %(6"()% %(6"()* 

5 %+'%:'* ('-stem masculine =RG 1d [sic]) ‘young man’ 


nom. %+'%:'* %+'%:' %+'%:() 

voc. %+'%:' %+'%:' %+'%:() 

acc. %+'%:'v %+'%:' %+'%:'* 

gen. %+'%:89 %+'%:()% %+'%),% 

dat. %+'%:0 / %+'%:() %+'%:()% %+'%:()* 

N.B. '-stem contracts such as ! ;< (< ;+'- ‘earth’), ! .%= (< .%('- ‘mina’), 5 >/./.+'- ‘Hermes’), and 5 ?8//=* 

(< ?8/+'-) decline like "#$%&, !.#/', %(6"&*, and %+'%:'* respectively yet show final circumflex in all cases.

second or !-stem declension nouns: five paradigms 

!/" #$%&'()* (=RG 2a) ‘man’, ‘woman’, ‘human being’ 


nom. #$%&'()* +$%&,(' #$%&'()- 

voc. #$%&'(. +$%&,(' #$%&'()- 

acc. #$%&'()$ +$%&,(' +$%&,()/* 

gen. +$%&,()/ +$%&,()-$ +$%&,('$ 

dat. +$%&,(0 / +$%&,('- +$%&,()-$ +$%&,()-* 

12 34&)$ (=RG 2b) ‘gift’ 


nom. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 

voc. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 

acc. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 

gen. 3,&)/ 3,&)-$ 3,&'$ 

dat. 3,&0 / 3,&'- 3,&)-$ 3,&)-* 

! $)6* (contracted from $7)-*) ‘mind’ (8.9. Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms.) 


nom. $)6* (< $7)-*) $, (< $7') $): (< $7)-) 

voc. $)6 (< $7.) $, (< $7') $): (< $7)-) 

acc. $)6$ (< $7)-$) $, (< $7') $)6* ($7)/*) 

gen. $)6 (< $7)/) $):$ (< $7)-$) $4$ (< $7'$) 

dat. $; / $4- (< $7'-) $):$ (< $7)-$) $):* (< $7)-*) 

12

three key stop stems: ‘stops’ are labials (!, ", #), palatals ($, %, &), and dentals (', (, )) 

third or consonant-stem declension nouns 

* +,!-. (+,!/(-) ‘hope’ (=RG 3a * 012) 3 %4560 (%7580'-) ‘old man’ '9 !5:%;< (!5=%;%;%;%;%;

six key semivowel stems 

! "#$% (&#$ϝ-) ‘hero’ & '()*% ('+)*-) ‘city’ (=RG 3e) ,- ./,0 (1/,0-) ‘town’ (=RG 3f) 

sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. 

nom. "#$% "#$2 "#$2% / "#$% '()*% '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3 

voc. "#$% "#$2 "#$2% / "#$% '()* '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3 

acc. "#$4 / "#$ / "#$5 "#$2 "#$4% / "#$% '()*5 '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3 

gen. "#$+% / "#$ &#6+*5 &#6$5 '()2$% (-+% Trag.) '+)7+*5 '()2$5 ./,2$% 1/,7+*5 ./,2$5 

dat. "#$* / "#8 / "#$* &#6+*5 "#$/*(5) '()2* '+)7+*5 '()2/*(5) ./,2* 1/,7+*5 ./,2/*(5) 

! 9:;#

adjectives: 13 key paradigms 

!"#$%& ' %( ‘good’ 

singular dual plural 

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. !"#$%& !"#$' !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+, !"#$#, !"#$* 

voc. !"#$- !"#$' !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+, !"#$#, !"#$* 

acc. !"#$%( !"#$'( !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+.& !"#$*& !"#$* 

gen. !"#$+/ !"#$0& !"#$+/ !"#$+1( !"#$#1( !"#$+1( !"#$2( !"#$2( !"#$2( 

dat. 

!"#$3 / 

!"#$24 

!"#$5 / 

!"#$04 

!"#$3 / 

!"#$24 

!"#$+1( !"#$#1( !"#$+1( !"#$+1& !"#$#1& !"#$+1& 

674+& 8 +( ‘worthy’ 

nom 674+& !7,8 674+( !7,9 !7,8 !7,9 674+4 674#4 674# 

voc. 674: !7,8 674+( !7,9 !7,8 !7,9 674+4 674#4 674# 

acc. 674+( !7,8( 674+( !7,9 !7,8 !7,9 !7,+;& !7,8& 674# 

gen. !7,+; !7,8& !7,+; !7,+4( !7,#4( !7,+4( !7,9( !7,9( !7,9( 

dat. 

!7,< / 

!7,94 

!7,= / 

!7,#4 

!7,< / 

!7,94 

!7,+4( !7,#4( !7,+4( !7,+4& !7,#4& !7,+4& 

>?:9& 9( ‘propitious’ (‘Attic declension’) 

m.&f. n. m.&f. n. m.&f. n. 

nom. >?:9& >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:< / >?:94 >?:# 

voc. >?:9& >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:< / >?:94 >?:# 

acc. >?:9( >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:9& >?:# 

gen. >?:9 >?:9 >?:?:94( >?:?:94( >?:9( >?:9( 

dat. >?:< / >?:94 >?:< / >?:94 >?:?:94( >?:?:94( >?:?:94& >?:?:94& 

N.B. similar adjectives @2& ‘safe’ (also @2+&) and A?-9& ‘full’; A?-9& has three endings: A?-9& A?-8 A?-9( BC?. 

DEF@+/& 0 +/( ‘golden’ (contract adjectives in –:+& and –++&; Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) 

nom. DEF@+/& DEF@0 DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+1 DEF@#1 DEF@G 

voc. DEF@+/& DEF@0 DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+1 DEF@#1 DEF@G 

acc. DEF@+/( DEF@0( DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+/& DEF@G& DEF@G 

gen. DEF@+/ DEF@0& DEF@+/ DEF@+1( DEF@#1( DEF@+1( DEF@2( DEF@2( DEF@2( 

dat. 

DEF@3 / DEF@5 / DEF@3 / 

DEF@24 DEF@04 DEF@24 

DEF@+1( DEF@#1( DEF@+1( DEF@+1& DEF@#1& DEF@+1& 

N.B. similar adjectives !E".E:+& ‘silver’, @4H'E:+& ‘iron’, :I(++& ‘well disposed’, and JA?%+& ‘simple’. 

!?K$'& -& ‘true’ (sigma stem with intervocalic @ disappearing; Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) 

nom. !?K$'& !?K$-& !?K$:1 (:@-:) !?K$:1& (:@-:&) !?K$0 (:@-#) 

voc. !?K$-& !?K$-& !?K$:1 !?K$:1& !?K$0 

acc. !?K$0 (:@-#) !?K$-& !?K$:1 !?K$:1& !?K$0 

gen. !?K$+/& (:@-+&) !?K$+/& !?K$+1( !?K$2( !?K$2( 

dat. !?K$:1 (:@-4) !?K$:1 !?K$+1( !?K$-@4(() !?K$-@4(() 

:I:?A4& 4 ‘hopeful’ 

nom. :I:?A4& :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H:& :L-?A4H# 

voc. :I:?A4 :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H:& :L-?A4H# 

acc. :I:?A4( :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H#& :L-?A4H# 

gen. :L-?A4H+& :L-?A4H+& :L:?A,H+4( :L:?A,H9( :L:?A,H9( 

dat. :L-?A4H4 :L-?A4H4 :L:?A,H+4( :L-?A4@4(() :L-?A4@4(()

!"#$%&' (' ‘better’ 

nom. !"#$%&' !)#$*(' !"#$%('" !"#$%('"+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& 

voc. !)#$*(' !)#$*(' !"#$%('" !"#$%('"+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& 

acc. !"#$%('- / !"#$%& !)#$*(' !"#$%('" !"#$%('-+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& 

gen. !"#$%('(+ !"#$%('(+ !"#$*.'(*' !"#$*.'&' !"#$*.'&' 

dat. !"#$%('* !"#$%('* !"#$*.'(*' !"#$%(/*(') !"#$%(/*(') 

012+ "34 2 ‘pleasant’ 

nom. 012+ 01"3- 012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"3-* 01)- 

voc. 012 01"3- 012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"3-* 01)- 

acc. 012' 01"3-' 012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"%5+ 01)- 

gen. 01)(+ 01"%5+ 01)(+ 01)(*' 01"%-*' 01)(*' 01)&' 01"*6' 01)&' 

dat. 01"3 

01"%7 / 

01"%-* 

01"3 01)(*' 01"%-*' 01)(*' 01)/*(') 01"%-*+ 01)/*(') 

8)#5+ -*'4 -' ‘black’ 

nom. 8)#5+ 8)#-*'- 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'"+ 8)#-*'-* 8)#-'- 

voc. 8)#-' 8)#-*'- 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'"+ 8)#-*'-* 8)#-'- 

acc. 8)#-'- 8)#-*'-' 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'-+ 8"#-%'5+ 8)#-'- 

gen. 8)#-'(+ 8"#-%'9+ 8)#-'(+ 8"#:'(*' 8"#-%'-*' 8"#:'(*' 8"#:'&' 8"#-*'6' 8"#:'&' 

dat. 8)#-'* 

8"#-%'; / 

8"#-%'9* 

8)#-'* 8"#:'(*' 8"#-%'-*' 8"#:'(*' 8)#-/*(') 8"#-%'-*+ 8)#-/*(') 

N.B. adjectives in -9', -"*'4, -"' decline similarly (e.g. $)----------------

comparative adjectives 

regular comparative forms: 

positive comparative superlative 

e.g. -!" -#$%!" -#&#!" 

important irregular comparative forms: 

'(&)*" good '+$,-.- /%01#!" aptitude or worth 

2$3#,.- 243#01#!" virtue 

5%$,11.- 5%6#01#!" superiority 

378.- (Att. 39.-) 3:1#!" desirability 

(3.;#$%!" poet.) 

5&5*" bad 5&5,.- 56501#!" cowardice 

3,(!" little (>3$,?.- rare) >3,(01#!" 

>30(7#$%!" (late) 

B!3C" much B3$,.- B3$A1#!" 

also B34.- 

DEF0!" easy DE.- DG1#!" 

#&

participles: 8 key paradigms 

!"#$, !"%&'(, !)%$: present active participle of !"# 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. !"#$ !"%&'* !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+,. !"%&'*/ !"%$+* 

voc. !"#$ !"%&'* !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+,. !"%&'*/ !"%$+* 

acc. !"%$+* !"%&'*$ !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+*. !&%"'*. !"%$+* 

gen. !"%$+%. !&%"'0. !"%$+%. !&1$+%/$ !&%"'*/$ !&1$+%/$ !&1$+#$ !&%&'2$ !&1$+#$ 

dat. !"%$+/ 

!&%"'3 / 

!&%"'0/ 

!"%$+/ !&1$+%/$ !&%"'*/$ !&1$+%/$ !"%&'/($) !&%"'*/. !"%&'/($) 

!"'*., !"'*'(, !)'*$: aorist active participle of !"# 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. !"'*. !"'*'* !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+,. !"'*'*/ !"'*$+* 

voc. !"'*. !"'*'* !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+,. !"'*'*/ !"'*$+* 

acc. !"'*$+* !"'*'*$ !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+*. !&'4'*. !"'*$+* 

gen. !"'*$+%. !&'4'0. !"'*$+%. !&'4$+%/$ !&'4'*/$ !&'4$+%/$ !&'4$+#$ !&'*'2$ !&'4$+#$ 

dat. 

!"'*$+/ 

!&'4'3 / 

!&'4'0/ 

!"'*$+/ !&'4$+%/$ !&'4'*/$ !&'4$+%/$ !"'*'/($) !&'4'*/. !"'*'/($) 

!&5,6., !&5,7'(, !&58$: aorist passive participle of !"# (so +/5,6., pres. act. ptcp. of +6509/) 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. !&5,6. !&5,7'* !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+,. !&5,7'*/ !&58$+* 

voc. !&5,6. !&5,7'* !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+,. !&5,7'*/ !&58$+* 

acc. !&58$+* !&5,7'*$ !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+*. !&5,6'*. !&58$+* 

gen. !&58$+%. !&5,6'0. !&58$+%. !&58$+%/$ !&5,6'*/$ !&58$+%/$ !&58$+#$ !&5,/'2$ !&58$+#$ 

dat. 

!&58$+/ 

!&5,6'3 / 

!&5,6'0/ 

!&58$+/ !&58$+%/$ !&5,6'*/$ !&58$+%/$ !&5,7'/($) !&5,6'*/. !&5,7'/($) 

:/:%"., :/:%)'(, :/:1$: present active participle of :6:#9/ (so :%"., aor. act. ptcp. of :6:#9/) 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. :/:%". :/:%)'* :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+,. :/:%)'*/ :/:1$+* 

voc. :/:%". :/:%)'* :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+,. :/:%)'*/ :/:1$+* 

acc. :/:1$+* :/:%)'*$ :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+*. :/:%"'*. :/:1$+* 

gen. :/:1$+%. :/:%"'0. :/:1$+%. :/:1$+%/$ :/:%"'*/$ :/:1$+%/$ :/:1$+#$ :/:%&'2$ :/:1$+#$ 

dat. :/:1$+/ 

:/:%"'3 / 

:/:%"'0/ 

:/:1$+/ :/:1$+%/$ :/:%"'*/$ :/:1$+%/$ :/:%)'/($) :/:%"'*/. :/:%)'/($)

!"#$%&', !"#$%()*, !"#$%&%: present active participle of !"+$%,-# (so .&', 2nd aor. act. ptcp. of .&/) 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. !"#$%&' !"#$%()0 !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%1"' !"#$%()0# !"#$%&%10 

voc. !"#$%&' !"#$%()0 !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%1"' !"#$%()0# !"#$%&%10 

acc. !"#$%&%10 !"#$%()0% !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%10' !"#$%&)0' !"#$%&%10 

gen. !"#$%&%13' !"#$%&)4' !"#$%&%13' !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&)0#% !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&%1/% !"#$%,)5% !"#$%&%1/% 

dat. 

!"#$%&%1# 

!"#$%&)6 / 

!"#$%&)4# 

!"#$%&%1# !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&)0#% !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%()#(%) !"#$%&)0#' !"#$%()#(%) 

7"7,$8', 7"7,$,9*, 7"7,$:': perfect active participle of 7&/ 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. 7"7,$8' 7"7,$,90 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:1"' 7"7,$,90# 7"7,$:10 

voc. 7"7,$8' 7"7,$,90 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:1"' 7"7,$,90# 7"7,$:10 

acc. 7"7,$:10 7"7,$,90% 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:10' 7"7,$,+0' 7"7,$:10 

gen. 7"7,$:13' 7"7,$,+0' 7"7,$:13' 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$,+0#% 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$:1/% 7"7,$,#5% 7"7,$:1/% 

dat. 7"7,$:1# 

7"7,$,+; / 

7"7,$,+0# 

7"7,$:1# 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$,+0#% 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$:)#(%) 7"7,$,+0#' 7"7,$:)#(%) 

1#-5%, 1#-5)*, 1#-5%: present active participle of 1#-

pronouns: 13 key paradigms 

personal pronoun !"# 


1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 

nom. !"# $% ———— &# $'# $'() Hom. *+),- .+),- $'),- 

acc. !+/ / +) $/ / $) 0 / 1 &# $'# $'() Hom. *+2- .+2- $'2- 

gen. !+34 / +35 $34 / $35 36 / 3. &7& $'7& $'(8& Hom. *+9& .+9& $'9& 

dat. !+3: / +3; $3: / $3; 3< / 3= &7& $'7& $'(8& Hom. *+,& .+,& $',& 

N.B. The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic; the third singulars are rare in Attic prose. Att. >?@A& = Hom. +;& Trag. &;&. 

intensive pronoun >?@Asingular 

dual plural 

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. >?@A- >?@B >?@A >?@# >?@C >?@# >?@3: >?@>: >?@C 

acc. >?@A& >?@B& >?@A >?@# >?@C >?@# >?@3%- >?@C- >?@C 

gen. >?@34 >?@D- >?@34 >?@3,& >?@>,& >?@3,& >?@9& >?@9& >?@9& 

dat. 

>?@7 / >?@E / >?@7 / 

>?@9; >?@D; >?@9; 

>?@3,& >?@>,& >?@3,& >?@3,- >?@>,- >?@3,- 

F.G. >?@A- as adjective (in predicate w.o. w/ def. art.) = ipse, in attributive w.o. w/ def. art. = idem, as an oblique pronoun = is. 

reflexive pronoun !+>5@A& (no dual) 

singular 

plural 

1 2 3 1 2 3 

acc. !+>5@A&, B& $)>5@A&, B& ($>5@A&) 1>5@A&, B&, A (>.@A&) *+2- >?@3%-, C- .+2- >?@3%-, C- 

$'2- >?@3%-, C- or 

1>5@3%- (>.@3%-) 

gen. !+>5@34, D- $)>5@34, D- ($>5@34) 1>5@34, D-, 34 (>.@34) *+9& >?@9& .+9& >?@9& 

$'9& >?@9& or 

1>5@9& (>.@9&) 

dat. 

!+>5@7, E / $)>5@7, E ($>5@7) / 1>5@7, E, 7 / (>.@7) 

$':$;& >?@3,-, >,- or 

*+,& >?@3,-, >,- .+,& >?@3,-, >,- 

!+>5@9;, D; $)>5@9;, D; ($>5@9;) 1>5@9;, D;, 9; (>.@9;) 

1>5@3,- (>.@3,-) 

possessive pronoun !+A- (no dual), declines like H">IAsingular 

plural 

m. f. n. m. f. n. 

1 !+A- !+B !+A& *+/@)J3- *+)@/JK *+/@)J3& 

2 $A- $B $A& .+/@)J3- .+)@/JK .+/@)J3& 

3 L- or 1A- Hom. M or 1B Hom. L& or 1A& Hom. $'/@)J3- $')@/JK $'/@)J3& 

F.G. L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer. 

reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular) 

dual 

plural 

m. f. n. m. f. n. 

acc. HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBN>- ONNPN> 

gen. HNNBN3;& HNNBN>;& HNNBN3;& HNNBN(& HNNBN(& HNNBN(& 

dat. HNNBN3;& HNNBN>;& HNNBN3;& HNNBN3;- HNNBN>;- HNNBN3;- 

definite article Q 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. Q * @A @# @# @# 3= >= @C 

acc. @A& @B& @A @# @# @# @3%- @C- @C 

gen. @34 @D- @34 @3,& @3,& @3,& @9& @9& @9& 

dat. @7 / @9; @E / @D; @7 / @9; @3,& @3,& @3,& @3,- @>,- @3,- 

N.B. @C and @>,& are very rare in the feminine dual.

demonstrative pronoun !"# (iste): can take deictic suffix -$: %"& 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. !"# '"# ()"# (*"# (*"# (*"# +,"# -,"# (."# 

acc. ()/"# (0/"# ()"# (*"# (*"# (*"# (+12"# (.2"# (."# 

gen. (+3"# (42"# (+3"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (6/"# (6/"# (6/"# 

dat. 

(7"# / (9"# / (7"# / 

(68"# (48"# (68"# 

(+5/"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+52"# (-52"# (+52"# 

N.B. other demonstratives built on !"#: (+2)2"# ‘so much’ (tantus), (+8)2"# ‘such’ (talis), (:;8 '(8> ! (8 (sts !(8) I(8/# +,(8/#> -,(8/#> J(8/- (sts J((-) 

acc. !/(8/- '/(8/- ! (8 (sts !(8) I(8/# +@2(8/-> J2(8/-> J(8/- (sts J((-) 

gen. +=(8/+> or !(+B K2(8/+> +=(8/+> or !(+B +L/(8/+8/ M/(8/A/ or !(A/ M/(8/A/ M/(8/A/ or !(A/ 

dat. 

N(8/8 / M8(8/8 

or !(C / !(A8 

O(8/8 / 

K8(8/8 

N(8/8 / M8(8/8 

or !(C / !(A8 

+L/(8/+8/ +L2(828(/) or !(+8> -L2(828(/) +L2(828(/) or !(+8>

table of correlatives 

interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative 

!"# (quis) !$# ([ali]quis) 

01!(2)# (uter) 

01!(2)# also 

spelled 0)!(21# 

(uter[cumque]) 

01/)# (quantus) 0)/1# (aliquantus) 

0)-)# (qualis) 0)$1# (qualis) 

067",)# 067",)# 

0)4 (ubi) 0)9 (alicubi) 

01;(. (unde) 0);(. (alicunde) 

0)- (qu!) 0)$ (aliqu!) 

% Homeric 

&# Homeric (is) 

&'( (iste) 

)*!)# (hic) 

+,(-.)# (ille) 

&# (qui) 

3!(2)# (alter) %01!(2)# 

!1/)# Poet. 

!)/1/'( or 

!)/)4!)# (tantus) 

!)-)# Poet. 

!)$1/'( or 

!)$)4!)# (talis) 

!67",)# Poet. 

!67$,1/'( or 

!67$,)4!)# 

:.;< Poet. (e!) 

+.;='( (ist!, h"c) 

+.!

adverbs (see Smyth §§341–345) 

1. Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms, e.g.: 

nominative: !"#, $!%#, &'%()# 

accusative: (very common) !*+,-', !-.", (/0*1', ,2(3*-', !-..4 

genitive: !-5, -6, %7,-5, 8#9:, ;0!-, ,>

prepositions 

taking 3 cases 

accusative genitive dative 

taking 2 cases 

taking 1 case 

!"#$ round about, near concerning about (poetic) 

%&$ to, toward, for on on 

"'() after with among, in (Epic) 

&*+) to, contrary to from chez, apud 

&'+$ round about, concerning about, because of 

concerning 

&+,- to, toward on the side of at, besides, in addition to 

.&, under by, under under, by 

!/) up along, through upon (poetic) 

01) because of through 

2*() along, over, down from, against 

according to 

.&3+ over, beyond above, on behalf of 

!/($ opposite to, in return for 

!&, 

from, away from 

'4- (%-) 

into, to 

%2, %5 out, out of, from, from within 

%/ in 

&+, 

before, for 

67/ (57/) with

case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin: some major categories 

for the full accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy), if you have 

German (or even if you don’t) see Schwyzer vol. 2 and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr 

accusative can be said to fall into four major uses: 

1. direct object 

2. marking motion or extent (of time or place): Romam, quattor dies 

3. cognate accusative: uitam uiuo, !"#$% !&#'()*$& (a.k.a. figura etymologica) 

4. adverbial accusative (! accusative of respect): quid, +&: ‘somewhat’ 

genitive 

N.B. Schwyzer’s Gk categories: 1. ABLATIVE 2. PARTITIVE 3. OF BELONGING (‘Pertinentiv’) 4. SYNCRETISTIC 

1. ‘adnominal’: genitives that ‘qualify’ nouns: fratris mors = mors fraterna 

2. genitive of the charge, memory (and forgetting), source of emotion: ADVERBIAL 

3. possessive: +, -"-.&)/ $0+)1; N.B. hominis errare est, 2/!3,% 24$5)1 6738 +9/ *74":+;/ :

conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms 

A B C D E F G H I J 

key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form 

1 !"#$ sum pres. !"#$ !%&'( )& * !+,& +-.( / 

2 fut. 0-1#'( 0-!-.'( 2-3#!&14 2-1$#,& 

3 !%#( ibo pres. !%#( "5&'( "6& +7 +1(#( +.( 8' 

4 1%9' pres. 1%9' !"95&'( !"964 !"9: !"9!$,& +-.( ;9, 

5 fut. !+-1#'( !+-!-.'( !"-3#!&14 !"-1$#,& 

6 thematic verbs pres. act.

!"#$ sum 

present 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE 

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 

1 

) 

— )#!( 

1 

!,-( 

2 

,&1/ *&2.( 

*+ Ion. 

*./#/ Ep. 

*&&. Hom. 

1 

!"#$ — %&#'( 

!"#'( Ion. 

— !,-#!( prose 

!0#!( poet., Pl. 

*./#!( Ep. 

*&2! 

2 

!0 

%&&$ Hom. 

!03 Ion. 

%&24( 

%&2' 

3 

%&2$(() %&24( !"&$(() 

*8&/(() Hom. 

2 

53 / 6/3 

*73 Hom. 

3 

5 / 6/ 

*7 Hom. 

*7&/(() Hom. 

5&/(() Hom. 

:2+ late 

62.( 62! 

62.( )&/(() 

*+&/(() Ion. 

2 

!,-3 

*./3 Hom. 

3 

!,- 

*./ Hom. 

!,-2.( 

!02.( 

Pl. 

!";2-( 

!,2-( 

Pl. 

!,-2! prose 

!02! poet., Pl. 

!,-&8( prose 

!0!( prose & poet., Pl. 

3 

*&2+ *&2+( *&2+( 

*&2+&8( Pl., Dem. 

9(2+( Pl., inscrr. 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!0(8/ *##!(8/, *##!(, *#!(8/, *#!( Hom. 

, 9( %?(, %.@&8, *.( Ion. 

imperfect (indicative only) 

1 

6 

6( later 

68, *.(, *&A.( Hom. 

*8 Ion. 

:#-( late 

future (indicative and optative only) 

INDICATIVE 

OPTATIVE 

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 

— 6#!( 

1 

*&.#8/ 

:#!18 late 

*&&.#8/ Hom. 

2 

6&18 

63 rare 

6&183 rare 

*-&18 Ion. 

*&A!3 Ep. 

*83 Hdt. 

6&. late 

3 

6( 

6!(, *-(, :-(, *&A!(() Hom. 

6&2. late 

6&2.( 62! 

6&2! rare 

*82! Hdt. 

:&2-( 

6&8( 

*&A.( Ion. 

*&8( Hom. 

2 

*&!/ 

*&7 / 

*&-/ 

3 

*&28/ 

*&!28/ Hom. 

*&&!28/ Hom. 

%&&!B28/ Hom. 

not attested %&4#!18 %&.$#-( not attested %&.$#!18 

*&!&1.( *&!&1! *&./. *&./&1.( *&./&1! 

*&!&1.( *&.(28/ *&./2. %&.$&1-( *&./(2. 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

*&!&18/ *&&!&18/ Hom. 

%&4#!(.3, --, -.( %&&4#!(.3 Hom.

!"#$ ibo 

present 



1 

!"#$ — %#!& 

1 

%' — %'#!& 

%(#!& Hom. 

1 

%($#$ 

)(*+& 

— %($#!& 2 %,$ %-(& %-! 

2 

!" 

!".,/ Hom. 

!"0 Hesiod 

%-(& %-! 

2 

%10 / %+$0 

%1.,/ Hom. 

%+-(& %+-! 

2 

%($0 %($-(& %($-! 

3 

%-' %-'& )2&-'& 

%-'./& Xen. Pl. 

3 

!".$(&) %-(& %/.$(&) 3 %1 / %+$ 

%1.$(&) Hom. 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

)3&/$ %#!&/$ %#!& Hom. 

)4& )(5.6 )2& 

%+-(& %'.$(&) 3 %($ )(*-+& %($!& 



1 

7/ / 8$/ older 

9!$& / :$!$& later 

:;/ Ion. 

2 

9!$.,/ / :$!$.,/ older 

9!$0 / :$!$0 later 

:;!0 Hom. 

— 7#!& / 8$#!& 

9!$#!& v. late 

9(#!& Hom. 

7-(& / 8$-(& 7-! / 8$-! 

9!$-! v. late 

3 

9!$(&) / :$!$(&) older 

9!$ / :$!$ later 

:;!(&), 7!(&), %!(&) Hom. 

9-+& / :$-+& 

%-+& Hom. 

7./& / 8$./& 

9!./& / :$!./& prose 

:;./&, %./&, :;(& Hom.

!"#$ 

present 



1 

(*#+ — (*#+'() 

(*#,- Ion. 

(*#,-'() Ion. 

*#,- Hom. 

(%#!'() Hom. 

(%#- Hom. 

1 

!"#$ — %&'() 

!%#$'() Ion. 

%#'() Ion. 

1 

(*#(./) — (*#(0'() 

poetry & prose 

(*#(./'() prose 

only 

2 

%&12 %&3!) %&3( 

2 

!"&1$ 

!"#$4 Ion. and 

late 

!"&1$4 Comedy 

%&3!) 

!%#$3!) Ion. and 

late 

%&3( 

!%#$3( Ion. 

and late 

2 

(*#54 / 

(*#624 

(*#63!) (*#63( 

(%#(3( Hom. 

2 

(*#(./4 (*#(03!) (*#(03( 


(*#(./3( prose only 

3 

%&3- %&3-) %&3-) 

%&3-&$) 

late 

3 

!"#(()) %&3!) 

!%#$3!) Ion. and 

late 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

%&$&2()) 

!%#$&2()) Ion. 

and late 

(*#,)$2 %#'()$2, %#'() Hom. 

(*#74, (*#809, (*#:4 *#80$ Hom. 

3 

(*#5 / 

(*#62 

(*#63!) (*#+&2()) 

(*#,-&2()) Ion. 

3 

(*#(./ (*#(.3/) (*#(0() 


(*#(./&$) prose 

only 


1 

;#/ 

;#(2) later 

;#($ Ion. 

&(3( Ion. 

(%&!2! (%&!2&1!) (%&!2&1( 

3 

;#(2()) 

;#((()) Ion. 

&(2 Ion. 

INFINITIVE 

(%&(&1!) 

(%&!)3$2 

(*#>&!8&2()) Ion. 

(%&(&1$2 (*#>&(2) Ion., (*#>&('() Hom. 

PARTICIPLE (*&:'()!4, -/, -!) 

(%&!23! (*&!.&1/) (%&!2)3!

!"# present stem forms 

active 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 

1 !"# — !"$%&' 1 !"# — !"#%&' 1 !"$(%( — !"$(%&' 2 !)& !"&*$' !"&*& 1 +!,$' — -!"$%&' 

2 !"&(. !"&*$' !"&*& 2 !"/. / 

!"0(. 

!"0*$' !"0*& 2 !"$(. !"$(*$' !"$(*& 3 !,1*# !,1*#' !,2'*#' / 

!,1*#34' 

2 +!,&. -!"&*$' -!"&*& 

3 !"&( !"&*$' !"$,3((') 3 !"/ / 

!"0( 

!"0*$' !"#3((') 3 !"$( !,$5*0' !"$(&' 3 +!,&(') -!,1*0' +!,$' 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!"&(' 

!"#', !"$,36, !)$' 

middle/passive 



1 !"$%4( !,2%&7$' !,2%&74 1 !"#%4( !,8%&7$' !,8%&74 1 !,$5%0' !,$5%&7$' !,$5%&74 2 !"$, !"&37$' !"&37& 1 -!,2%0' -!,2%&7$' -!,2%&74 

2 !"&( / 

!"/ / 

!"0( 

!"&37$' !"&37& 2 !"/ / 

!"0( 

!"037$' !"037& 2 !"$($ !"$(37$' !"$(37& 3 !,137# !,137#' !,137#' / 

!,137#34' 

2 -!"$, -!"&37$' -!"&37& 

3 !"&*4( !"&37$' !"$'*4( 3 !"0*4( !"037$' !"#'*4( 3 !"$(*$ !,$5370' !"$('*$ 3 -!"&*$ -!,1370' -!"$'*$ 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!"&374( 

!,2%&'$. 0 $'

!"# aorist stem forms 

active 



1 $!%&' — (!"&')*+ 1 !"&# — !"&#)*+ 1 !"&',), — !"&',)*+ 2 !-&.+ !"&'/.+ !"&'/* INFINITIVE !-&', 

2 $!%&'0 (!"&'/.+ (!"&'/* 2 !"&10 / 

!"&2,0 

3 $!%&*(+) (!%&3/2+ $!%&'+ 3 !"&1 / 

!"&2, 

!"&2/.+ !"&2/* 2 !"&',0 / 

!"&*,'0 

!"&2/.+ !"&#&,(+) 3 !"&', / 

!"&*,*(+) 

!"&',/.+ !"&',/* 3 !%&3/# !%&3/#+ !%&3+/#+ PARTICIPLE !"&'0 

!"&4&5 

!-&5+ 

!%&'6/2+ !"&',*+ / 

!"&*,'+ 

middle 



1 (!%&3)2+ (!%&3)*7.+ (!%&3)*7' 1 !"&#)', !%&8)*7.+ !%&8)*7' 1 !%&'6)2+ !%&'6)*7.+ !%&'6)*7' 2 !-&', !"&'&7.+ !"&'&7* INF. !"&'&7', 

2 (!"&# (!"&'&7.+ (!"&'&7* 2 !"&1 / 

!"&2, 

!"&2&7.+ !"&2&7* 2 !"&',. !"&',&7.+ !"&',&7* 3 !%&3&7# !%&3&7#+ !%&3&7#+ PT. !%&3)*+.0 

2 .+ 

3 (!"&'/. (!%&3&72+ (!"&'+/. 3 !"&2/', !"&2&7.+ !"&#+/', 3 !"&',/. !%&'6&72+ !"&',+/. 

passive 



1 (!"72+ — (!"72)*+ 1 !%79 — !%79)*+ 1 !%7*62+ — !%7*:)*+ / 

!%7*62)*+ 

2 !"72/, !"72/.+ !"72/* 

INF. 

!%7;+', 

2 (!"720 (!"72/.+ (!"72/* 2 !%7+/#+ PT. !%7*60 

!%7*:&5 

!%7>+ 

3 (!"72 (!%7=/2+ (!"72&'+ 3 !%7< / 

!%7;, 

!%7;/.+ !%79&,(+) 3 !%7*62 !%7*6/2+ / 

!%7*,=/2+ 

!%7*:*+ / 

!%7*62&'+

!"# perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (N.B. These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms; second perfect forms [e.g. $%$&'( < $)$'&*(+] do not show the ,; otherwise 

they are identical to first perfects.) 

active 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple 


1 !%!-,( — !.!",(*.' 1 !.!",# — !.!",#*.' 1 !.!",&+*+ / 

!.!-,&)/' 

— !.!",&+*.' 2 !%!-,. !.!",.0&' !.!",.0. 

2 !%!-,(1 !.!",(0&' !.!",(0. 2 !.!",21 / 

!.!",/+1 

!.!",/0&' !.!",/0. 2 !.!",&+1 / 

!.!-,&)/1 

!.!",&+0&' !.!",&+0. 3 !.!-,%0# !.!-,%0#' !.!-,3'0#' / 

!.!-,%0#4(' 

3 !%!-,.(') !.!",(0&' !.!",54+(') 3 !.!",2 / 

!.!",/+ 

!.!",/0&' !.!",#4+(') 3 !.!",&+ / 

!.!-,&)/ 

!.!-,&)0/' 

!.!",&+.' 

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic 

!.!-,61 .7*+ ,0! !.!-,81 9 ,0! !.!-,81 .:/' ,0! !.!-,81 :4;+ ,0! 

INFINITIVE 

!.!-,%'(+ 

PARTICIPLE !.!-,61, !.!-,-# — !.!">&*.' 1 !.!">&+*+ — !.!">&+*.' 

2 =!.!",/1 / 

=!.!",.+1 

=!.!",.0&' / 

=!.!",.+0&' 

=!.!",.0. / 

=!.!",.+0. 

2 !.!">.+1 !.!">.0&' !.!">.0. 2 !.!">&+1 !.!">&+0&' !.!">&+0. 

3 =!.!",.+ =!.!-,%0/' / 

=!.!-,.)0/' 

=!.!",.4(' / 

=!.!",.+4(' 

3 !.!">.+ !.!">.0&' !.!">&-4+(') 3 !.!">&+ !.!->&)0/' !.!">&+.' 

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic 

!.!-,81 ? ,0! !.!-,81 @4&*(+ ,0! !.!-,81 =4&)*/' 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!.!">.+', !.!-,81 @4.4;(+ 

!.!">#'

!"# perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) 


INDICATIVE 

SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly OPTATIVE very rare in simple 

IMPERATIVE rare in simple 

for $%$&'()* and (%(+'()*) 

(mainly for $%$&'()* and (%(+'()*) 


1 !%!,()* !-!"(-./+ !-!"(-.) 1 !-!"#()* !-!,0(-./+ !-!,0(-.) 1 !-!,/1('+ / 

!-!,1('+ 

!-!,/1(-./+ / 

!-!,1(-./+ 

!-!,/1(-.) / 

!-!,1(-.) 

2 !%!,2/ !%!,2./+ !%!,2.- 

2 !%!,2)* !%!,2./+ !%!,2.- 2 !-!"3 / 

!-!"'* 

!-!"'2./+ !-!"'2.- 2 !-!"/*/ / 

!-!"4/ 

!-!"/*2./+ / 

!-!"42./+ 

!-!"/*2.- / 

!-!"42.- 

3 !-!"2.# !-!"2.#+ !-!"2.#+ / 

!-!"2.#2)+ 

3 !%!,&)* !%!,2./+ !%!,+&)* 3 !-!"'&)* !-!"'2./+ !-!"#+&)* 3 !-!"/*&/ / 

!-!"4&/ 

!-!,/12.'+ / 

!-!,12.'+ 

!-!"/*+&/ / 

!-!"4+&/ 

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic 

!-!,(%+/5 -6(1, $&! !-!,(%+/5 7, $&! !-!,(%+/5 -8'+, $&! !-!,(%+/5 82.*, $&! 

INFINITIVE !-!"2.)* 

PARTICIPLE !-!,(%+/5 ' /+ 

PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple 

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 

1 9!-!"('+ 9!-!"(-./+ 9!-!"(-.) 1 !-!"2/()* !-!,2:(-./+ !-!,2:(-.) 1 !-!,2/1('+ !-!,2/1(-./+ !-!,2/1(-.) 

2 9!%!,2/ 9!%!,2./+ 9!%!,2.- 2 !-!"2-* / 

!-!"23 / 

!-!"2'* 

!-!"2-2./+ !-!"2-2.- 2 !-!"2/*/ !-!"2/*2./+ !-!"2/*2.- 

3 9!%!,&/ 9!-!"2.'+ 9!%!,+&/ 3 !-!"2-&)* !-!"2-2./+ !-!"2/+&)* 3 !-!"2/*&/ !-!,2/12.'+ !-!"2/*+&)* 

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic 

!-!,(%+/5 ;, $&! !-!,(%+/5

!"# future tense forms 

active 

INDICATIVE 

OPTATIVE 

singular dual plural singular dual plural 

1 !"$# — !"$%&'( 1 !"$%)&) — !"$%)&'( INFINITIVE !"$')( 

2 !"$')* !"$'+%( !"$'+' 2 !"$%)* !"$%)+%( !"$%)+' PARTICIPLE !"$#( !"$%,$- !.$%( 

3 !"$') !"$'+%( !"$%,$)(() 3 !"$%) !,$%/+0( !"$%)'( 

middle 

INDICATIVE 

OPTATIVE 


1 !"$%&1) !,$2&'3%( !,$2&'31 1 !,$%/&0( !,$%/&'3%( !,$%/&'31 INFINITIVE !"$'$31) 

2 !"$') / 

!"$4 / 

!"$0) 

!"$'$3%( !"$'$3' 2 !"$%)% !"$%)$3%( !"$%)$3' PARTICIPLE !,$2&'(%* 0 %( 

3 !"$'+1) !"$'$3%( !"$%(+1) 3 !"$%)+% !,$%/$30( !"$%)(+% 

passive 

INDICATIVE 

OPTATIVE 


1 !,35$%&1) !,30$2&'3%( !,30$2&'3%( 1 !,30$%/&0( !,30$%/&'3%( !,30$%/&'31 INFINITIVE !,35$'$31) 

2 !,35$') / 

!,35$4 / 

!,35$0) 

!,35$'$3%( !,35$'$3' 2 !,35$%)% !,35$%)$3%( !,35$%)$3' PARTICIPLE !,30$2&'(%* 0 %( 

3 !,35$'+1) !,35$'$3%( !,35$%(+1) 3 !,35$%)+% !,30$%/$30( !,35$%)(+%

!"#$% present stem forms 

active 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 


1 !"#& 

('-%) 

— !"#&#() 

('-*#()) 

1 !"#& 

('-%) 

— !"#&#() 

('-%#()) 

1 !"#+,) / 

!"#-",) 

('-*",)) 

or 

!"#.#" / 

!"#&"#" 

('-*"#") 

— !"#+,#() / 

!"#-",#() 

('-*",#()) 

or 

!"#.#() / 

!"#&"#() 

('-*"#()) 

2 !/#0 

('-() 

!"#1!*) 

('-(!*)) 

!"#1!( 

('-(!() 

1 2!/#%) 

('-*)) 

— 2!"#&#() 

('-*#()) 

2 !"#34 / 

!"#1"4 

('-("4) 

!"#1!*) 

('-(!*)) 

!"#1!( 

('-(!() 

2 !"#34 / 

!"#1"4 

('-54) 

!"#1!*) 

('-,!*)) 

!"#1!( 

('-,!() 

2 !"#+,4 / 

!"#-",4 

('-*",4) 

or 

!"#.4 / 

!"#&"4 

('-*"4) 

!"#+,!*) / 

!"#-",!*) 

('-*",!*)) 

or 

!"#.!*) / 

!"#&"!*) 

('-*"!*)) 

!"#+,!( / 

!"#-",!( 

('-*",!() 

or 

!"#.!( / 

!"#&"!( 

('-*"!() 

3 !"#$!% 

('-(!%) 

!"#$!%) 

('-(!%)) 

!"#-)!%) 

('-*)!%)) / 

!"#$!%6') 

('-(!%6')) 

2 2!/#04 

('-(4) 

2!"#1!*) 

('-(!*)) 

2!"#1!( 

('-(!() 

3 !"#3 / 

!"#1" 

('-(") 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!"#1!*) 

('-(!*)) 

!"#&6"()) 

('-*76") 

!"#1) ('-(")) 

3 !"#3 / 

!"#1" 

('-5) 

!"#1!*) 

('-,!*)) 

!"#&) ('-%)), !"#&6: ('-*76:), !"#&) ('-*)) 

!"#&6"()) 

('-%6") 

3 !"#+, / 

!"#-", 

('-*",) 

or 

!"#. / 

!"#&" 

('-*") 

!"#89!,) / 

!"#%"9!,) 

('-*",!,)) 

or 

!"#+!,) / 

!"#-"!,) 

('-*"!,)) 

!"#+,6') / 

!"#-",6') 

('-*",6')) 

or 

!"#.() / 

!"#&"() 

('-*"()) 

3 2!/#0 

('-() 

2!"#$!,) 

('-(!,)) 

2!/#%) 

('-*)) 




!"#&#'" 

('-*#'") 

!"#-#(;*) 

('-*#(;*)) 

!"#-#(;' 

('-*#(;') 

1 !"#&#'" 

('-%#'") 

!"#-#(;*) 

('-%#(;*)) 

!"#-#(;' 

('-%#(;') 

1 !"#+#,)/ 

!"#-"#,) 

('-o"#,)) 

!"#+#(;*)/ 

!"#-"#(;*) 

('-*"#(;*)) 

!"#+#(;'/ 

!"#-"#(;' 

('-*"#(;') 

2 !"#& 

('-*7) 

!"#16;*) 

('-(6;*)) 

!"#16;( 

('-(6;() 

1 2!"#-#,) 

('-*#,)) 

2!"#-#(;*) 

('-*#(;*)) 

2!"#-#(;' 

('-o#(;') 

!"#3 / 

!"#1" 

('-("/5) 

!"#16;*) 

('-(6;*)) 

!"#16;( 

('-(6;() 

2 !"#3 / 

!"#1" 

('-5) 

!"#16;*) 

('-,6;*)) 

!"#16;( 

('-,6;() 

2 !"#.* / 

!"#&"* 

('-*"*) 

!"#.6;*) / 

!"#&"6;*) 

('-*"6;*)) 

!"#.6;( / 

!"#&"6;( 

('-*"6;() 

3 !"#$6;% 

('-(6;%) 

!"#$6;%) 

('-(6;%)) 

!"#$6;%) 

('-(6;%)) / 

!"#$6;%6') 

('-(6;%6')) 

2 2!"#& 

('-*7) 

2!"#16;*) 

('-(6;*)) 

2!"#16;( 

('-(6;() 

!"#1!'" 

('-(!'") 

!"#16;*) 

('-(6;*)) 

!"#&)!'" 

('-*)!'") 

3 !"#1!'" 

('-,!'") 

!"#16;*) 

('-,6;*)) 

!"#&)!'" 

('-%)!'") 

3 !"#.!* / 

!"#&"!* 

('-*"!*) 

!"#+6;,)/ 

!"#-"6;,) 

('-*"6;,)) 

!"#.)!* / 

!"#&")!* 

('-*")!*) 

3 2!"#1!* 

('-(!*) 

2!"#$6;,) 

('-(6;,)) 

2!"#&)!* 

('-*)!*) 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!"#16;'" ('-(6;'") 

!"#-#()*4 , *) ('-*#()*4)


active 



1 !"#& 

('-%) 

— !"#"()'* 

('-")'*) 

1 !"#& 

('-%) 

— !"#&)'* 

('-%)'*) 

1 !"#"+,* 

('-"#,*) 

or 

!"#"-)# 

('-"#)#) 

— !"#"+,)'* 

('-"#,)'*) 

or 

!"#"-)'* 

('-"#)'*) 

2 !"+'# 

('-') 

!"#'-."* 

('-'."*) 

!"#'-.' 

('-'.') 

1 /!"+"0* 

('-"*) 

— /!"#"()'* 

('-")'*) 

2 !"#'-1 

('-'#1) 

!"#'-."* 

('-'."*) 

!"#'-.' 

('-'.') 

2 !"#21 / 

!"#3#1 

('-41) 

!"#3."* 

('-,."*) 

!"#3.' 

('-,.') 

2 !"#"+,1 

('-"#,1) 

or 

!"#"-1 

('-"#1) 

!"#"+,."* 

('-"#,."*) 

or 

!"#"-."* 

('-"#."*) 

!"#"+,.' 

('-"#,.') 

or 

!"#"-.' 

('-"#.') 

3 !"#'+.% 

('-'.%) 

!"#'+.%* 

('-'.%*) 

!"#"5*.%* 

('-"*.%*) / 

!"#'+.%67* 

('-'.%67*) 

2 /!"+'#1 

('-'1) 

/!"#'-."* 

('-'."*) 

/!"#'-.' 

('-'.') 

3 !"#'- 

('-'#) 

INFINITIVE 

!"#'-."* 

('-'."*) 

!"#"(6#(*) 

('-"06#) 

!"#'-* ('-'#*) 

3 !"#2 / 

!"#3# 

('-4) 

!"#3."* 

('-,."*) 

!"#&6#(*) 

('-%6#) 

3 !"#"+, 

('-"#,) 

or 

!"#"- 

('-"#) 

!"#"#8.,* 

('-"#,.,*) 

or 

!"#"+.,* 

('-"#.,*) 

!"#"+,67* 

('-"#,67*) 

or 

!"#"-'* 

('-"#'*) 

3 /!"+'# 

('-') 

/!"#'+.,* 

('-'.,*) 

/!"+"0* 

('-"*) 

PARTICIPLE 

!"#&* ('-%*), !"#"(69 ('-"069), !"#"(* ('-"*) 




!"#"()7# 

('-")7#) 

!"#"5)':"* 

('-")':"*) 

!"#"5)':7 

('-")':7) 

1 !"#&)7# 

('-%)7#) 

!"#;)':"* 

('-%)':"*) 

!"#;)':7 

('-%)':7) 

1 !"#"+),* 

('-o#),*) 

!"#"+)':"* 

('-"#)':"*) 

!"#"+)':7 

('-"#)':7) 

2 !"#"( 

('-"0) 

!"#'-6:"* 

('-'6:"*) 

!"#'-6:' 

('-'6:') 

1 /!"#"5),* 

('-"),*) 

/!"#"5)':"* 

('-")':"*) 

/!"#"5)':7 

('-o)':7) 

!"#'- / 

!"#2 / 

!"#3# 

('-'#/4) 

!"#'-6:"* 

('-'6:"*) 

!"#'-6:' 

('-'6:') 

2 !"#2 / 

!"#3# 

('-4) 

!"#36:"* 

('-,6:"*) 

!"#36:' 

('-,6:') 

2 !"#"-" 

('-"#") 

!"#"-6:"* 

('-"#6:"*) 

!"#"-6:' 

('-"#6:') 

3 !"#'+6:% 

('-'6:%) 

!"#'+6:%* 

('-'6:%*) 

!"#'+6:%* 

('-'6:%*) / 

!"#'+6:%67* 

('-'6:%67*) 

2 /!"#"( 

('-"0) 

/!"#'-6:"* 

('-'6:"*) 

/!"#'-6:' 

('-'6:') 

!"#'-.7# 

('-'.7#) 

!"#'-6:"* 

('-'6:"*) 

!"#"(*.7# 

('-"*.7#) 

3 !"#3.7# 

('-,.7#) 

!"#36:"* 

('-,6:"*) 

!"#&*.7# 

('-%*.7#) 

3 !"#"-." 

('-"#.") 

!"#"+6:,* 

('-"#6:,*) 

!"#"-*." 

('-"#*.") 

3 /!"#'-." 

('-'.") 

/!"#'+6:,* 

('-'6:,*) 

/!"#"(*." 

('-"*.") 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!"#'-6:7# ('-'6:7#) 

!"#"5)'*"1 , "* ('-")'*"1)


active 



1 !"#& 

('-%) 

— !"#'()*+ 

('-')*+) 

1 !"#& 

('-%) 

— !"#&)*+ 

('-%)*+) 

1 !"#',"+ 

('-'-"+) 

or 

!"#'.)- 

('-'-)-) 

— !"#',")*+ 

('-'-")*+) 

or 

!"#'.)*+ 

('-'-)*+) 

2 !/#'0 

('-*) 

!"#'(1'+ 

('-*1'+) 

!"#'(1* 

('-*1*) 

1 2!/#'0+ 

('-'+) 

— 2!"#'()*+ 

('-')*+) 

2 !"#'.3 

('-*-3) 

!"#'(1'+ 

('-*1'+) 

!"#'(1* 

('-*1*) 

2 !"#'.3 

('-43) 

!"#&1'+ 

('-"1'+) 

!"#&1* 

('-"1*) 

2 !"#',"3 

('-'-"3) 

or 

!"#'.3 

('-'-3) 

!"#',"1'+ 

('-'-"1'+) 

or 

!"#'.1'+ 

('-'-1'+) 

!"#',"1* 

('-'-"1*) 

or 

!"#'.1* 

('-'-1*) 

3 !"#'51% 

('-*1%) 

!"#'51%+ 

('-*1%+) 

!"#'5+1%+ 

('-'+1%+) / 

!"#'51%67+ 

('-*1%67+) 

2 2!/#'03 

('-*3) 

2!"#'(1'+ 

('-*1'+) 

2!"#'(1* 

('-*1*) 

3 !"#'. 

('-*-) 

INFINITIVE 

!"#'(1'+ 

('-*1'+) 

!"#'(6-(+) 

('-'06-) 

!"#'(+ ('-*-+) 

3 !"#'. 

('-43) 

!"#&1'+ 

('-"1'+) 

!"#&6-(+) 

('-%6-) 

3 !"#'," 

('-'-") 

or 

!"#'. 

('-'-) 

!"#'-/1"+ 

('-'-"1"+) 

or 

!"#',1"+ 

('-'-1"+) 

!"#',"67+ 

('-'-"67+) 

or 

!"#'.*+ 

('-'-*+) 

3 2!/#'0 

('-*) 

2!"#'51"+ 

('-*1"+) 

2!/#'0+ 

('-'+) 

PARTICIPLE 

!"#&+ ('-%+), !"#'(68 ('-'068), !"#'(+ ('-'+) 




!"#'()7- 

('-')7-) 

!"#'5)*9'+ 

('-')*9'+) 

!"#'5)*97 

('-')*97) 

1 !"#&)7- 

('-%)7-) 

!"#:)*9'+ 

('-%)*9'+) 

!"#:)*97 

('-%)*97) 

1 !"#',)"+ 

('-o-)"+) 

!"#',)*9'+ 

('-'-)*9'+) 

!"#',)*97 

('-'-)*97) 

2 !"#'( 

('-'0) 

!"#'(69'+ 

('-*69'+) 

!"#'(69* 

('-*69*) 

1 2!"#'5)"+ 

('-')"+) 

2!"#'5)*9'+ 

('-')*9'+) 

2!"#'5)*97 

('-o)*97) 

!"#'. 

('-*-/4) 

!"#'(17- 

('-*17-) 

!"#'(69'+ 

('-*69'+) 

!"#'(69'+ 

('-*69'+) 

!"#'(69* 

('-*69*) 

!"#'(+17- 

('-'+17-) 

2 !"#'. 

('-4) 

3 !"#&17- 

('-"17-) 

!"#&69'+ 

('-"69'+) 

!"#&69'+ 

('-"69'+) 

!"#&69* 

('-"69*) 

!"#&+17- 

('-%+17-) 

2 !"#'.' 

('-'-') 

3 !"#'.1' 

('-'-1') 

!"#'.69'+ 

('-'-69'+) 

!"#',69"+ 

('-'-69"+) 

!"#'.69* 

('-'-69*) 

!"#'.+1' 

('-'-+1') 

3 !"#'569% 

('-*69%) 

!"#'569%+ 

('-*69%+) 

!"#'569%+ 

('-*69%+) / 

!"#'569%67+ 

('-*69%67+) 

2 2!"#'( 

('-'0) 

3 2!"#'(1' 

('-*1') 

2!"#'(69'+ 

('-*69'+) 

2!"#'569"+ 

('-*69"+) 

2!"#'(69* 

('-*69*) 

2!"#'(+1' 

('-'+1') 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!"#'(697- ('-*697-) 

!"#'5)*+'3 " '+ ('-')*+'3)

irregular contract verbs 1: long vowel stems 

!"# (similarly $%&"#, '("#, ("#, )*%("#, +,"#, -."#, &"#) 



1 !/ — !/,*( 1 !/ — !/,*( 1 !0,% / !/%,% 

or 

!12( / !3%2( 

— !0,*( / !/%,*( 

or 

!12,*( / !3%2,*( 

2 !4 

!45% late 

!467( !46* 1 8!#( / 

8!2( 

v. rare 

— 9!/,*( 

2 !:; / 

!4%; 

!467( !46* 2 !:; / 

!4%; 

!467( !46* 2 !0; / !/%; 

or 

!12; / !3%2; 

!067( / !/%67( 

or 

!1267( / !3%267( 

!06* / !/%6* 

or 

!126* / !3%26* 

3 !

irregular contract verbs 2: monosyllabic -! stems (no contraction with " or #) 

$%&# (so '(&#, (&# 2 [‘need’, not ‘bind’], )&#, *&#, +&#, ,&#, -.&#, /&#) 



1 $%&# — $%&"1!+ 1 $%&# — $%&#1!+ 1 $%&"212 — $%&"21!+ 2 $%!0 $%!0-"+ $%!0-! 

INF. $%!0+ 

2 $%!03 $%!0-"+ $%!0-! 2 $%&43 / 

$%&523 

($%63 rare) 

$%&5-"+ $%&5-! 2 $%&"23 $%&"2-"+ $%&"2-! 3 $%!7-# $%!7-#+ $%!8+-#+ / 

$%!7-#9:+ 

PT. 

$%&#+ 

$%&";9< 

$%&"+ 

3 $%!0 $%!0-"+ $%&";92(+) 3 $%&4 / 

$%&52 

($%6 rare) 

$%&5-"+ $%&#92(+) 3 $%&"2 $%!"7-5+ $%&"2!+ 

IMPERFECT 


1 =$%!"+ — >$%&"1!+ 

2 =$%!23 >$%!0-"+ >$%!0-! 

3 =$%!2 >$%!7-5+ =$%!"+ 

(&"1:2 2 (‘need’, ‘request’, so +&"1:2) 



(&"1:2 (!81!*"+ (!81!*: 1 (&#1:2 (!?1!*"+ (!?1!*: 1 (!"715+ (!"71!*"+ (!"71!*: 2 (&"; (!09*"+ (!09*! 

INF. (!09*:2 

(&!2 or 

(&4 / (&52 

(!09*"+ (!09*! 

((@9*! Com.) 

2 (&4 / 

(&52 

(&59*"+ (&59*! 2 (&"2" (&"29*"+ (&"29*! 3 (!79*# (!79*#+ (!79*#+ / 

(!79*#9:+ 

PT. (!81!+"3 5 

"+ 

(!0-:2 (!09*"+ (&"+-:2 3 (&5-:2 (&59*"+ (&#+-:2 3 (&"2-" (!"79*5+ (&"2+-" 

IMPERFECT 


1 >(!815+ >(!81!*"+ >(!81!*: 

2 >(&"; >(!0*9"+ >(!09*! 

3 >(!0-" >(!79*5+ >(&"+-"

!"#$%& (< "'($)): thematic root aorist stem forms (so !*+"%&, !,+-%&, !,+./%&, !,.+-%&, !,.+0%&, !/+&%&, '1,%&, '2"%&, '1$%&, !-+0%&, !-#3%&, !"+*%&, !"+/%&, !"+3%&, 

!0+/%&, !0%"%&, !$+/%&, !$'4%&, !$#/%&, !$#%&, !$%.%&, !$.+/%&, !43%&, !5+0%&, !5'-%&, !5'0%&, !5.+6%&, !5.+$%&, !573%&, '8.%& [also 98.%&], !:+6%&, !:76%&, ;6+6%& [dupl. root], :'"%&, ?:"%& -5": these forms conjugate just as !"7%& < "@) but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle) 

active 



1 !"#$%& — A"($%0'& 1 "($) — "($)0'& 1 "($%#0# — "($%#0'& 2 "($' "($'5%& "($'5' 

2 !"#$'B A"($'5%& A"($'5' 2 "($CB / 

"($9#B 

3 !"#$'(&) A"#$D59& !"#$%& 3 "($C / 

"($9# 

"($95%& "($95' 2 "($%#B "($%#5%& "($%#5' 3 "#$D5) "#$D5)& "#$E&5)& / 

"#$D5)4+& 

"($95%& "($)4#(&) 3 "($%# "#$%(59& "($%#'& 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

"#$'F& 

"#$G&, "#$%H4I, "#$E& 

middle (so A6'&E09&, A$5E09&, A$7/E09&, J4$E09&, K6.E09&, L4/E09&, K.E09&, M-E09&, N$'43E09&, O"E09& -5") 



1 A"#$E09& A"#$E0'/%& A"#$E0'/+ 1 "($)0+# "#$G0'/%& "($)0'/+ 1 "#$%(09& "#$%(0'/%& "($%#0'/+ 2 "#$%H "($'4/%& "($'4/' 

2 A"($%7 A"($'4/%& A"($'4/' 2 "($C / 

"($9# 

"($94/%& "($94/' 2 "($%#% "($%#4/%& "($%#4/' 3 "#$D4/) "#$D4/)& "#$D4/)& / 

"#$D4/)4+& 

3 A"($'5% A"#$D4/9& A"($%&5% 3 "($95+# "($94/%& "($)&5+# 3 "($%#5% "#$%(4/9& "($%#&5% 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

"#$D4/+# 

"#$E0'&%B + %&

!"#$, !%&$, and !'$($: three key root aorist athematic stem forms 

!"#$ < ")*$( (so !+,#$ < +,-$( & !./#$ < 0./#12 3/4) 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2# forms in prose) IMPERATIVE 


1 !"#$ — !"#15$ 1 "6 — "615$ 1 ")*#$ — ")715$ / 

")*#15$ 

2 "8,2 

-"9 Poet. 

"8/:$ "8/5 INFINITIVE "8$)2 

2 !"#; !"#/:$ !"#/5 2 ".? 

"-$ 

!%&$ < %D( (so !+&$ < +D() 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE 


1 !%E$ — !%E15$ 1 %D( — %D(15$ 1 %D#$ 

[%E*#$] 

— %F15$ 

[%D215$] 

2 %F,2 %F/:$ %F/5 INFINITIVE %F$)2 

2 !%E; !%E/:$ !%E/5 2 %DC; / 

%D#2; 

3 !%E @%D/#$ !%E.)$ 

!%E$ Poet. 

3 %DC / 

%D#2 

%D#/:$ %D#/5 2 %D#; 

[%E*#;] 

%D#/:$ %D(.2($) 3 %D# 

[%E*#] 

%F/:$ 

[%D2/:$] 

%D/#$ 

[%E*/#$] 

%F/5 

[%D2/5] 

%F5$ 

[%D25$] 

3 %D/( %D/($ %D$/($ / 

%D/(.)$ 

PARTICIPLE 

%D; 

%F.? 

%D$ 

!'$($ < '2'$G.3( (so H-4($ < I4*.3:1)2 and @"*($ < "2J() 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2# forms in prose) IMPERATIVE 


1 !'$($ — !'$(15$ 1 '$6 — '$615$ 1 '$:*#$ — '$:715$ / 

'$:*#15$ 

2 '$6,2 '$6/:$ '$6/5 INFINITIVE '$6$)2 

2 !'$(; !'$(/:$ !'$(/5 2 '$K; / 

'$62; 

'$6/:$ '$6/5 2 '$:*#; '$:7/:$ / 

'$:*#/:$ 

3 !'$( @'$G/#$ !'$(.)$ 3 '$K / 

'$62 

'$6/:$ '$6.2($) 3 '$:*# '$:*/#$ / 

'$:2=/#$ 

N.B. Homer shows forms such as '$GL 

(uncontracted) and '$G:15$. 

'$:7/5 / 

'$:*#/5 

'$:75$ / 

'$:*#.)$ 

3 '$G/( '$G/($ '$J$/($ / 

'$G/(.)$ 

PARTICIPLE 

'$:D; 

'$:F.? 

'$J$

2nd perfect stem forms 

!"#$%& (1st perfect '"#$() (#* used in singular; +,"#-($ (#* in pluperfect singular) 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT 


1 — — '"#)%+. 1 /"#0 — /"#0%+. 1 /"#)1$. — /"#)2%+. / 

/"#)1$%+. 

2 '"#)3& '"#)#4. '"#)#+ 1 — — '"#)%+. 

2 — '"#)#4. '"#)#+ 2 /"#56 / 

/"#7&6 

/"#7#4. /"#7#+ 2 /"#)1$6 /"#)2#4. / 

/"#)1$#4. 

/"#)2#+ / 

/"#)1$#+ 

3 /"#8#9 /"#8#9. /"#8.#9. / 

/"#8#9"). 

2 — '"#)#4. '"#)#+ 

3 — '"#)#4. '"#:"&(.) 3 /"#5 / 

/"#7& 

/"#7#4. /"#0"&(.) 3 /"#)1$ /"#)1#$. / 

/"#)&-#$. 

/"#)2+. / 

/"#)1$"). 

3 — /"#8#$. '"#)"). 

INFINITIVE 

/"#8.)& 

PARTICIPLE /"#;6, /"#0"89, @B+1D9, 

EDF4%)&, 3.G"(9, E4&(), (D8H9, %?%4.), I8"F9, I+139, I1I#9, #*89 (#*) 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT 

singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically >+>&+1$. (#*) singular dual plural singular dual plural 

1 >?>&) — >?>&%+. 1 >+>19 — >+>19%+. 2 >?>&3& — >?>&#+ 1 @>+>1$ / 

@>+>1+&. 

— @>?>&%+. / 

@>?>+&%+. 

2 >?>&)6 >?>&#4. >?>&#+ 2 >+>1J6 / 

>+>1$&6 

>+>1$#4. >+>1$#+ 3 >+>1#9 — — 2 @>+>1$6 / 

@>+>1+&6 

@>?>&#4. / 

@>?>+&#4. 

@>?>&#+ / 

@>?>+&#+ 

3 >?>&+(.) >?>&#4. >+>1)"&(.) 3 >+>1J / 

>+>1$& 

>+>1$#4. >+>19"&(.) 3 @>+>1+& @>+>1#$. / 

@>+>+1#$. 

@>?>&"). / 

@>?>+&"). 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

>+>&?.)& 

>+>&;6, >+>&K2+>&=6

consonant stem perfect middle/passives 

!"!#$%&$ < !#'(): stems ending ( * + (‘labials’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so ,(-), *.(-), *!.(-), /0.+), 

1.(-), 2!"(-), 23(-), 204(-), ("%(), 5.(-), 5'(-), 62"(-7%&$, 628(-), 629(-), -0"(), -0'*), -4(-) 2-!) 

INDICATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 


1 !"!#$%%&$ !#!#'%%#17: !#!#'%%#1& 2 !"!#$;7 !"!#$+17: !"!#$+1# INFINITIVE !#!# 7: 

("(#$6%&$ < (#'1): stems ending - ? 1 (‘dentals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so 6(":?), +0.@), ;#4?) 2-!) 

INDICATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 


1 ("(#$6%&$ (#(#'6%#17: (#(#'6%#1& 2 ("(#$67 ("(#$617: ("(#$61# INFINITIVE (#(# 7: 

("(0&/%&$ < (0.--): stems ending / 2 A (‘palatals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so B/), C!!.--), D2:"7%&$, 

(!"2), -&0.--), -.--), +#4/), +E!.--) 2-!) 

INDICATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 


1 ("(0&/%&$ (#(0./%#17: (#(0./%#1& 2 ("(0&F7 ("(0&A17: ("(0&A1# INFINITIVE (#(0GA1&$ 

2 ("(0&F&$ ("(0&A17: ("(0&A1# 3 (#(0.A1) (#(0.A1): (#(0.A1): / 

(#(0.A1)6&: 

3 ("(0&2-&$ ("(0&A17: *(#(0.A&-&$ 

PARTICIPLE (#(0&/%":7= > 7: 

H!8!#/%&$ < H!"/A): stem ending /A (subj. and opt. always periphrastic) 

INDICATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 


1 H!8!#/%&$ H!>!"/%#17: H!>!"/%#1& 2 H!8!#/F7 H!8!#/A17: H!8!#/A1# INFINITIVE H!>!"/A1&$ 

2 H!8!#/F&$ H!8!#/A17: H!8!#/A1# 3 H!>!"/A1) H!>!"/A1): H!>!"/A1): / 

H!>!"/A1)6&: 

3 H!8!#/2-&$ H!8!#/A17: *H!>!"/&-&$ 

PARTICIPLE H!>!#/%":7= > 7: 

I//#!%&$ < C//"!!): stems ending ! 0 (‘liquids’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so &J0), H/#'0), (7$2'!!), 

6-"!!), 6+.!!), -'!!) 2-!) 

INDICATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 


1 I//#!%&$ K//"!%#17: K//"!%#1& 2 I//#!67 I//#!17: I//#!1# INFINITIVE K//"!1&$ 

2 I//#!6&$ I//#!17: I//#!1# 3 K//"!1) K//"!1): K//"!1): / 

K//"!1)6&: 

3 I//#!-&$ I//#!17: *K//"!&-&$ 

PARTICIPLE K//#!%":7= > 7: 

("+&6%&$ < +&':): stems ending % : (‘nasals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so 1#0%&':), !#&':), !E%&':7%&$, 

%&0&':), %$&':), %)0&':), F&':), F>0&':), (#0&':), (7$%&':), 5E(&':), 6>%&':), L+&':) 2-!) 

INDICATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 


1 ("+&6%&$ (#+.6%#17: (#+.6%#1& 2 ("+&:67 ("+&:17: ("+&:1# INFINITIVE (#+.:1&$ 

2 ("+&:6&$ ("+&:17: ("+&:1# 3 (#+.:1) (#+.:1): (#+.:1): / 

(#+.:1)6&: 

3 ("+&:-&$ ("+&:17: *(#+.:&-&$ 

PARTICIPLE (#+&6%":7= > 7: 

* These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words, e.g. -#-.A&-&$ 3 pl. < -.--).

!"!#$% present stem forms 

active 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (%& forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 


1 !"!#$% — !"!'$() 1 !%!* — !%!*$() 1 !%!'"&) — !%!'+$() / 

!%!'"&$() 

2 !"!', !"!'-') !"!'-( 1 .!"!',) — .!"!'$() 

2 !"!#/ !"!'-') !"!'-( 2 !%!0/ / 

!%!*%/ 

!%!*-') !%!*-( 2 !%!'"&/ !%!'+-') / 

!%!'"&-') 

!%!'+-( / 

!%!'"&-( 

3 !%!1-# !%!1-#) !%!1)-#) / 

!%!1-#23) 

2 .!"!',/ .!"!'-') .!"!'-( 

3 !"!#2%()) !"!'-') !%!142%()) 3 !%!0 / 

!%!*% 

!%!*-') !%!*2%()) 3 !%!'"& !%!'"-&) / 

!%!'%5-&) 

!%!'+() / 

!%!'"&23) 

3 .!"!', .!%!1-&) .!"!'23) 

INFINITIVE !%!1)3% 

PARTICIPLE !%!'6/, !%!'728, !%!1) 




!"!'$3% !%!1$(9') !%!1$(93 1 !%!*$3% !%!:$(9') !%!:$(93 1 !%!'"$&) !%!'"$(9') !%!'"$(93 2 !"!'2' !"!'29') !"!'29( 1 .!%!1$&) .!%!1$(9') .!%!1$(93 

!"!'23% !"!'29') !"!'29( 2 !%!0 / 

!%!*% 

!%!*29') !%!*29( 2 !%!'+' !%!'+29') !%!'+29( 3 !%!129# !%!129#) !%!129#) / 

!%!129#23) 

2 .!"!'2' .!"!'29') .!"!'29( 

!"!'-3% !"!'29') !"!')-3% 3 !%!*-3% !%!*29') !%!*)-3% 3 !%!'+-' !%!'"29&) !%!'+)-' 3 .!"!'-' .!%!129&) .!"!')-' 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!"!'293% 

!%!1$()'/ & ')

!"!#$% aorist stem forms 

active (2nd aorist: stem !&-) 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (%' forms in prose) IMPERATIVE 


1 (!#)* — (!&$+, 1 !- — !-$+, 1 !&"', — !&.$+, / 

!&"'$+, 

2 !/0 !/1&, !/1+ INFINITIVE !&2,*% 

2 (!#)*0 (!&1&, (!&1+ 2 !30 / 

!-%0 

3 (!#)+(,) 7!/1', (!&4*, 3 !3 / 

!-% 

!-1&, !-1+ 2 !&"'0 !&.1&, / 

!&"'1&, 

!-1&, !-4%(,) 3 !&"' !&"1', / 

!&%81', 

!&.1+ / 

!&"'1+ 

!&.+, / 

!&"'4*, 

3 !/1# !/1#, !/,1#, / 

!/1#4*, 

PARTICIPLE 

!&50 

!&246 

!/, 

middle (2nd aorist: stem !&-) 



1 7!/$', 7!/$+9&, 7!/$+9* 1 !-$*% !:$+9&, !:$+9* 1 !&"$', !&"$+9&, !&"$+9* 2 !&2 !/49&, !/49+ 

INF. !/49*% 

2 (!&; (!&49&, (!&49+ 2 !3 / 

!-% 

!-49&, !-49+ 2 !&.& !&.49&, !&.49+ 3 !/49# !/49#, !/49#, / 

!/49#4*, 

PT. 

!/$+,&0 ' 

&, 

3 (!&1& 7!/49', (!&,1& 3 !-1*% !-49&, !-,1*% 3 !&.1& !&"49', !&.,1& 

passive (1st aorist: stem + 9': !& + 9', like 7- / 

!&9=% 

!&9=1&, !&9-4%(,) 3 !&9+"' !&9+"1', / 

!&9+%81', 

!&9+.+, / 

!&9+"'4*,

!"#$%& present stem forms 

active 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 


1 !"#$%& — !"#'%'( 1 !&#) — !&#)%'( 1 !&#'"$( — !&#'*%'( / 

!&#'"$%'( 

2 !"#'& !"#'!+( !"#'!' 1 ,!"#$( — ,!"#'%'( 

2 !"#$- !"#'!+( !"#'!' 2 !&#.- / 

!&#/&- 

!&#/!+( !&#/!' 2 !&#'"$- !&#'*!+( / 

!&#'"$!+( 

!&#'*!' / 

!&#'"$!' 

3 !&#0!1 !&#0!1( !&#0(!1( / 

!&#0!123( 

2 ,!"#'&- ,!"#'!+( ,!"#'!' 

3 !"#$2&(() !"#'!+( !&#042&(() 3 !&#. / 

!&#/& 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!&#0(3& 

!&#'"-, !&#'*26, !&#0( 

!&#/!+( !&#)2&(() 3 !&#'"$ !&#'"!$( / 

!&#'&5!$( 

!&#'*'( / 

!&#'"$23( 

N.B. +& for '& here is rare but Classical. 

3 ,!"#'& ,!&#0!$( ,!"#'23( 




!"#'%3& !&#0%'#+( !&#0%'#3 1 !&#)%3& !&#7%'#+( !&#7%'#3 1 !&#'"%$( !&#'"%'#+( !&#'"%'#3 2 !"#'2+ !"#'2#+( !"#'2#' 1 ,!&#0%$( ,!&#0%'#+( ,!&#0%'#3 

!"#'23& !"#'2#+( !"#'2#' 2 !&#. / 

!&#/& 

!&#/2#+( !&#/2#' 2 !&#'*+ !&#'*2#+( !&#'*2#' 3 !&#02#1 !&#02#1( !&#02#1( / 

!&#02#123( 

2 ,!"#'2+ ,!"#'2#+( ,!"#'2#' 

!"#'!3& !"#'2#+( !"#'(!3& 3 !&#/!3& !&#/2#+( !&#)(!3& 3 !&#'*!+ !&#'"2#$( !&#'*(!+ 3 ,!"#'!+ ,!&#02#$( ,!"#'(!+ 

N.B. +& for '& here is rare but Classical. 

INFINITIVE !"#'2#3& 

PARTICIPLE !&#0%'(+- $ +(

!"#$%& aorist stem forms 

active (2nd aorist: stem #'-) 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE 


1 (#$)* — (#'%'+ 1 #, — #,%'+ 1 #'"$+ — #'-%'+ / 

#'"$%'+ 

2 #./ #.!0+ #.!' INFINITIVE #'-+*& 

2 (#$)*/ (#'!0+ (#'!' 2 #1/ / 

#2&/ 

3 (#$)'(+) 6#.!$+ (#'4*+ 3 #1 / 

#2& 

#2!0+ #2!' 2 #'"$/ #'-!0+ / 

#'"$!0+ 

#2!0+ #,4&(+) 3 #'"$ #'"!$+ / 

#'&7!$+ 

#'-!' / 

#'"$!' 

#'-'+ / 

#'"$4*+ 

3 #.!3 #.!3+ #.+!3+ / 

#.!34*+ 

PARTICIPLE 

#'"/ 

#'-45 

#.+ 

middle (2nd aorist: stem #'-) 



1 6#.%$+ 6#.%'#0+ 6#.%'#* 1 #,%*& #8%'#0+ #8%'#* 1 #'"%$+ #'"%'#0+ #'"%'#* 2 #09 #.4#0+ #.4#' 

INF. 

#.4#*& 

2 (#0: (#'4#0+ (#'4#' 2 #1 / 

#2& 

#24#0+ #24#' 2 #'-0 #'-4#0+ #'-4#' 3 #.4#3 #.4#3+ #.4#3+ / 

#.4#34*+ 

PT. #.%'+0/ $ 

0+ 

3 (#'!0 6#.4#$+ (#'+!0 3 #2!*& #24#0+ #,+!*& 3 #'-!0 #'"4#$+ #'-+!0 

N.B. 0& for '& here is rare but Classical. 

passive (1st aorist: stem + #$: #' + #$, like 6-;

!"#$%& present stem forms 

active 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 


1 !"#$%& — !"#'%() 1 *"#+ — *"#+%() 1 *"#',$) — *"#'-%() / 

*"#',$%() 

2 !"#$ !"#'#.) !"#'#( 1 !"#$) — !"#'%() 

2 !"#$/ !"#'#.) !"#'#( 2 *"#0/ / 

*"#1&/ 

*"#1#.) *"#1#( 2 *"#',$/ *"#'-#.) / 

*"#',$#.) 

*"#'-#( / 

*"#',$#( 

3 *"#2#3 *"#2#3) *"#2)#3) / 

*"#2#3"') 

2 !"#$/ !"#'#.) !"#'#( 

3 !"#$"&()) !"#'#.) *"#4"&()) 3 *"#0 / 

*"#1& 

*"#1#.) *"#+"&()) 3 *"#',$ *"#',#$) / 

*"#'&5#$) 

*"#'-() / 

*"#',$"') 

3 !"#$ *"#2#$) !"#'"') 

INFINITIVE *"#2)'& 

PARTICIPLE *"#2/, *"#4"6, *"#2) 

middle/passive (so 78'%'&, 9:)'%'&, ;

!"#$%& aorist stem forms 

1st aorist active (stem "#$"'-, like ()"'- in *()"' < (+,, transitive: ‘make to stand’) 



1 *"#$"' — -"#."'%/0 1 "#.", — "#.",%/0 1 "#."'&%& — "#."'&%/0 2 "#1"20 "#."'#20 "#."'#/ INFINITIVE "#1"'& 

2 *"#$"'3 -"#."'#20 -"#."'#/ 2 "#."43 / 

"#."$&3 

3 *"#$"/(0) -"#$"5#$0 *"#$"'0 3 "#."4 / 

"#."$& 

"#."$#20 "#."$#/ 2 "#."'&3 / 

"#."/&'3 

"#."$#20 "#.","&(0) 3 "#."'& / 

"#."/&/(0) 

"#."'&#20 "#."'&#/ 3 "#$"5#, "#$"5#,0 "#$"50#,0 / 

"#$"5#,"'0 

"#$"'7#$0 "#."'&/0 / 

"#."/&'0 

PARTICIPLE 

"#."'3 

"#."'"6 

"#1"'0 

2nd aorist active (stem "#$-/"#'-, intransitive: ‘stand’) 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE 


1 *"#$0 — *"#$%/0 1 "#8 — "#8%/0 1 "#'7$0 — "#'9%/0 / 2 "#1:& "#1#20 "#1#/ INFINITIVE "#10'& 

"#'7$%/0 

2 *"#$3 *"#$#20 *"#$#/ 2 "#;3 / 

"#1&3 

3 *"#$ -"#.#$0 *"#$"'0 3 "#; / 

"#1& 

"#1#20 "#1#/ 2 "#'7$3 "#'9#20 / 

"#'7$#20 

"#1#20 "#8"&(0) 3 "#'7$ "#'7#$0 / 

"#'&.#$0 

"#'9#/ / 

"#'7$#/ 

"#'9/0 / 

"#'7$"'0 

3 "#.#, "#.#,0 "#50#,0 / 

"#5#,"'0 

PARTICIPLE "#53 

"#0

!"#$ present stem forms 

active 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($" forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 


1 !"#$ — !%#%& 1 '( — '(#%& 1 '%)"& — '%*#%& / 

'%)"#%& 

2 !%$ !%+,& !%+% 1 !"& — !%#%& 

2 !"- / 

!%$- 

!%+,& !%+% 2 '.- / 

'/$- 

'/+,& '/+% 2 '%)"- '%*+,& / 

'%)"+,& 

'%*+% / 

'%)"+% 

3 '0+1 '0+1& '0&+1& / 

'0+123& 

2 !%$- !%+,& !%+% 

3 !"2$(&) !%+,& '42$(&) 3 '. / 

'/$ 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

'0&3$ 

'%)-, '%*26, '0& 

'/+,& '(2$(&) 3 '%)" '%)+"& / 

'%$5+"& 

'%*%& / 

'%)"23& 

N.B. ,$ for %$ here is rare but Classical. 

3 !%$ '0+"& !%23& 




!%#3$ '0#%7,& '0#%73 1 '(#3$ '8#%7,& '8#%73 1 '%)#"& '%)#%7,& '%)#%73 2 !%2, !%27,& !%27% 1 '0#"& '0#%7,& !%#%73 

!%23$ !%27,& !%27% 2 '. / 

'/$ 

'/27,& '/27% 2 '%*, '%*27,& '%*27% 3 '0271 '0271& '0271& / 

'027123& 

2 !%2, !%27,& !%27% 

!%+3$ !%27,& !%&+3$ 3 '/+3$ '/27,& '(&+3$ 3 '%*+, '%)27"& '%*&+, 3 !%+, '027"& !%&+, 

N.B. ,$ for %$ here is rare but Classical. 

INFINITIVE !%273$ 

PARTICIPLE '0#%&,- " ,&

!"#$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes) 

active (2nd aorist: stem %-) 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($" forms in prose) IMPERATIVE 


1 &'( — )*#)+ 1 , — ,#)+ 1 )!"+ — )*#)+ / 

)!"#)+ 

2 -. -/0+ -/) INFINITIVE )*+($ 

2 &'(. )*/0+ )*/) 2 1. / 

&$. 

3 &')(+) )!/"+ )*3(+ 3 1 / 

&$ 

&/0+ &/) 2 )!". )*/0+ / 

)!"/0+ 

&/0+ ,3$(+) 3 )!" )!/"+ / 

)56/"+ 

)*/) / 

)!"/) 

)*)+ / 

)!"3(+ 

3 -/2 -/2+ -+/2+ / 

-/23(+ 

PARTICIPLE )!. 

)*34 

-+ 

middle (2nd aorist: stem %-) 



1 )!#"+ )!#)70+ )!#)7( 1 ,#($ 8#)70+ 8#)7( 1 )!#"+ )!#)70+ )!#)7( 2 09 -370+ -37) 

INF. -37($ 

2 )*30 )*370+ )*37) 2 1 / 

&$ 

&370+ &37) 2 )*0 )*370+ )*37) 3 -372 -372+ -372+ / 

-3723(+ 

PT. -#)+0. " 

0+ 

3 )*/0 )!37"+ )*+/0 3 &/($ &370+ ,+/($ 3 )*/0 )!37"+ )*+/0 

passive (1st aorist: stem + 7": % + 7", like :-; — %7>#)+ 1 %7)?"+ — %7)@#)+ / 

%7)?"#)+ 

2 -7"/$ -7"/0+ -7"/) 

INF. %7=+($ 

2 )!7". )!7"/0+ )!7"/) 2 %7A. / 

%7=$. 

%7=/0+ %7=/) 2 %7)?". %7)@/0+ / 

%7)?"/0+ 

%7)@/) / 

%7)?"/) 

3 %76/2 %76/2+ %7B+/2+ / 

%76/23(+ 

PT. %7)?. 

%7)@34 

%7B+ 

3 )!7" )576/"+ )!7"3(+ 3 %7A / 

%7=$ 

%7=/0+ %7>3$(+) 3 %7)?" %7)?/"+ / 

%7)$6/"+ 

%7)@)+ / 

%7)?"3(+

!"#$%&'( present stem forms (so )*%+'(, !,#%+'(, "-.*%+'(, /%%+'(, 0"1*%+'(, 02%%+'(, $".3%%+'(, $4.5%%+'(, $."'3%%+'(, $6#%%+'(, '#*%+'(, 47*%+'(, 899+'(, 8'%+'(, :';.*%+'(, 

!"#$ (poetic) present stem forms 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 

singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural 

1 !"#$ %"&'() %"&'# 2 !*( !*'() !*'& 1 %"+) %"&'() %"&'# 

2 !*#$ !*'() !*'& 3 %*', %*',) %*',) 2 !*( !*'() !*'& 

3 !*-#$ !*'() !)-#$ 3 !*-( %*'+) !)-( 

INFINITIVE !*'#$ 

PARTICIPLE %"&)(. + () 

/0'+"#$ (prose) present stem forms 



/0'+"#$ /#'1"&'() /#'1"&'# 1 /#'2"#$ /#'3"&'() /#'3"&'# 1 /#'(4"+) /#'(4"&'() /#'(4"&'# 2 /0'+*( /0'+*'() /0'+*'& 1 5/#'1"+) 

or 

/#'1"+) 

5/#'1"&'() 

or 

/#'1"&'() 

5/#'1"&'# 

or 

/#'1"&'# 

/0'+*#$ /0'+*'() /0'+*'& 2 /#'6 / 

/#'7$ 

/#'7*'() /#'7*'& 2 /#'(8( /#'(8*'() /#'(8*'& 3 /#'1*', /#'1*',) /#'1*',) 2 5/0'+*( 

or 

/#'7*( 

5/0'+*'() 

(r 

/#'7*'() 

5/0'+*'& 

or 

/#'7*'& 

/0'+-#$ /0'+*'() /0'+)-#$ 3 /#'7-#$ /#'7*'() /#'2)-#$ 3 /#'(8-( /#'(4*'+) /#'(8)-( 3 5/0'+-( 

or 

INFINITIVE /#'7*'#$ 

/#'7*-( 

PARTICIPLE /#'1"&)(. + () 

or /#'7-( 

5/#'1*'+) 

or 

/#'1*'+) 

/&8"#$ present stem forms 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 


5/0'+)-( 

or 

/#'7)-( 

1 /&8"#$ /&4"&'() /&4"&'# 1 /9,"#$ /&3"&'() /&3"&'# 1 /&(4"+) /&(4"&'() /&(4"&'# 2 /&8*( /&8*'() /&8*'& 1 5/&4"+) 5/&4"&'() 5/&4"&'# 

2 /&8*#$ /&8*'() /&8*'& 2 /9: / 

/9+$ 

/9+*'() /9+*'& 2 /9($( /9($*'() /9($*'& 3 /&4*', /&4*',) /&4*',) 2 ;/&$*( ;/&$*'() ;/&$*'& 

3 /&8-#$ /&8*'() /&8)-#$ 3 /9+-#$ /9+*'() /9,)-#$ 3 /9($-( /&(4*'+) /9($)-( 3 ;/&$-( 5/&4*'+) ;/&$)-( 

INFINITIVE /&8*'#$ 

PARTICIPLE /&4"&)(. + ()

!"#$ present stem forms (principal parts !"#$, !%&', (!"&) [(!"* also 2 aor.], —, +,!)#)-, —) 

active (so verbs in -*"-#-: ./#*"#-, 0$1*"#-, 2*$*"#-, +,1*"#-, +$3*"#-, &0$.*"#- 034; middle forms #/1*)#)-, +$4*)#)- 034 N.B. middle forms of !"#$ appear in 

Homer: 5!/#"* (!)&6 (!)36 034) 



1 !"#$ — !)#,* 1 !7 — !7#8* 1 !)$"* — !)9#8* / 

!)$"#8* 

(rare) 

2 !):$ / 

!/:- 

!/36* !/38 1 (!"* — (!)#8* 

2 !;< / 

!%-< 

sts !%< 

!)3=* !)3, 2 !>< / 

!?-< 

!?36* !?38 2 !)$"< not attested !)$"38 3 !/3' !/3'* !/*3'* 2 (!"&:) / 

(!"< 

(!)36* (!)38 

3 !"&$(*) !)3=* !@&$(*) 3 !> / 

!?- 

A.B. With the exception of the 2nd s., all pres. 

ind. forms are enclitic, like 8C#$ sum. 

INFINITIVE !/*)- 

PARTICIPLE !/

conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses 

Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth §2189 and Kennedy §410) classified in 

three ways: 

1. substantival clauses behave like nouns 

2. adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (i.e. predicate) to the action at hand 

3. adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (i.e. attributive) to the agent or item at 

hand 

This classification is based on an analogy: clauses are being compared to words. Subordinate clauses are 

taken to modify the main clause like nouns, adverbs, and adjectives: 

1a. Jim annoys me. 

1b. The fact that Jim does that annoys me. 

1c. I can't stand Jim. 

1d. I can't stand the fact that Jim does that. 

2a. Jim ran quickly. 

2b. Jim ran when he realized he was late. 

2c. Jim ran because he realized he was late. 

2d. Jim ran although he didn't need to. 

3a. I've made an unforgivable mistake. 

3b. I've made a mistake which is unforgivable. 

In each of these examples, a clause underlined in a (b), (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the 

word underlined in the (a) sentence. Each kind of clause has further subclasses: 

1. substantival clauses 

a. relative clauses (best treated as adjectival—see below) 

b. indirect speech 

c. indirect question 

d. indirect command 

2. adverbial clauses 

a. purpose (a.k.a. "final") clauses 

b. object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) 

—with verbs of effort 

—with verbs of fear 

c. causal clauses 

d. result (a.k.a. "consecutive") clauses 

e. proviso clauses 

f. conditional clauses 

g. concessive clauses 

h. temporal clauses 

i. comparison 

3. adjectival clauses: relative clauses 

a. definite 

b. indefinite 

[c. "conditional" relative clauses in Gk]

45 critical Ancient Greek principal parts 

present future aorist perfect active perfect passive aorist passive English meaning 

!"# !$# %"&"'( )*& )"+&, %*-.( lead 

&/01# &/023# 456'( 

70.8& 

(90&:0.8& Hdt.) 

70.+&, 

(90&:0.+&, Hdt.) 

;01-.( take (mid. choose) 

&3-?('+&, &>3-23'+&, @3-A+.( B3-.+&, perceive 

98'C# 98'C3'+&, %8'D3& 98E8'& %8'D3+&, =8'C3-.( hear 

F6G38'+&, F6H3'+&, IJ6#( IJ6#8& be caught 

966?KK# 966?$# %66&$& %66&*& %66&"+&, 

1. =66?*-.( usu. 

trag. 

2. =66?".( 

change, exchange 

F+&0K?(# F+&0K23'+&, L+&0K'( M+?0K.8& M+?0K.+&, M+&0K2-.( err 

NOK# NP# QP& Q++&, LR-.( 

fasten, light (mid. 

touch) 

9R,8(1'+&, 9R:$'+&, 9R,8A+.( 9RS"+&, arrive 

T?66# T&61# UT&6'( T1T6.8& T1T6.+&, VT62-.( throw, pelt 

"&+1# 

"&+1# 

(later "&+23#) 

U".+& "4"?+.8& "4"?+.+&, V"&+2-.( 

marry (of the 

man; mid. of the 

woman) 

":"('+&, 

(":('+&, Ion. and 

later) 

"4(23'+&, 

V"4(A+.( 

"1"'(& 

("1"&& Epic) 

"4"1(.+&, V"4(2-.( become 

","(H38# "(H3'+&, U"(#( U"(#8& U"(#3+&, V"(H3-.( recognise 

W4:8(D+, 

(W4,8(X# poet.) 

W4:$# 

(W1$# Ion.) 

UW4,$& 

(UW4$& Yon.) 

W1W4,*& 

W1W4,"+&, 

(W1W4"+&, Ion. 

W4:W4"+&, Epic) 

VW4:*-.( 

(VW1*-.( Ion.) 

show 

W1*'+&, 

(W18'+&, Ion.) 

W1$'+&, 

VW4$?+.( 

(VW1"+.( Epic) 

W1W4"+&, VW1*-.( receive 

W.6A# W.6Z3# VW26#3& W4W26#8& W4W26#+&, VW.6Z-.( show, reveal 

W:W#+, 

WZ3# 

UW#8& 

(VWA+.( mid.) 

W1W#8& W1W'+&, VWA-.( give

!"#$%& !"#%'& ("#)%* 

1. !"+"#%,* 

2. !"%+"-%* (intr. 

pres.) 

!"+"#%.*) /"'%012 arouse 

!%&34& 

1. !%&3+5& 

2. !%+5-.*) 

1. /%6315* 

2. (%-.12 

/%631,* /%631.*) /%&3+012 ask 

78& 

9:& 

58+5& 

758-2 

(poet. 758#0-2) 

7581,* 

(Epic ;8&,*) 

7581.*) !58'012 have 

,* 

(#

!"#$%& 

#'() 

*#$+, 

(-#.%$/ mid.) 

!.#$+, 

!.#0&%,& 

(+01%,& freq. Att. 

synonym) 

-!.#$/ place, put, make 

!"+!) 

!.2) (poet.) 

!.23%,& 

*!0+3/ !.!3+, !.!04%,& -!.5#$/ (poet.) bear 

!6.7) !6.8) 

1. *!608, 

2. *!6,73/ (Epic) 

!.!639, !.!6,%%,& 

1. -!6.9#$/ 

(-!6:9#$/ Ion.) 

2. -!6:7$/ 

turn 

!6;9) #6;8) *#608, !;!639, !;#6,%%,& -#6;9#$/ rear, nourish 

!

AS Level Ancient Greek vocabulary (2009 ed.) 

• this list has been created direclty from documents published online by OCR (AS/A Level Classical Greek vocabulary (Unit F371 2009)) 

• it is a verbatim list except for a handful of necessary corrections 

• the list contains 761 words 

• links to online flashcards etc. can be found here: http://tinyurl.com/languagepacks2012 

!"#$%& 

good 

'"#( 

too much 

!"")**+ I announce 

'"",*-& 

messenger 

!"(-)+ I do not know 

!"-./ market-place 

!".%& 

field, countryside 

'"+ 

I lead 

!"0( contest, trial 

!1,*23 sister 

!1,*2%& 

brother 

!145)+ I wrong (someone) 

!1456# a wrong, wrong-doing 

'145-& 

criminal 

!,6 always 

7$8(#4 Athens 

7$9(#:-4 Athenians 

;$.-6)+ I am despondent 

#?1)->#4 I respect, revere 

#@># 

blood 

#A.)+ 

I take 

#A.)->#4 

I choose 

#B.+ 

I raise, lift 

#?C$/(->#4 

I perceive 

#?CD.%& 

disgraceful, ugly 

#?CDE(+ 

I shame 

#?CDE(->#4 

I am ashamed 

#?F)+ 

I ask for 

#?F6# 

cause, charge, blame 

#?F4/->#4 

I blame, accuse 

#BF4-& 

responsible 

#?D>/*+F-& 

prisoner 

!5-E+ 

I hear 

'5.-& 

top (of) 

!5F3 shore 

'5+( 

unwilling 

!*9$3& 

true 

G*4& 

enough 

!**/ but 

!**3*-=& 

each other 

'**-& 

other 

G># 

at the same time; together with 

;>#.F/(+ 

I make a mistake, miss, fail 

!>E(+ 

I ward off, defend 

!>E(->#4 

I resist 

!>26 + acc around, about 

!>2%F,.-& 

both 

'( 

would, could (indefinite) 

!(/ + acc up 

!(#H#6(+ 

I board (ship), mount (horse), put to sea 

!(#"4"(0C5+ 

I read 

!(#"5/#4 I put to sea 

!(#D+.)+ 

I retreat 

!(1.,6# courage, manliness 

!(1.,:-& 

brave, manly 

'(,>-& 

wind 

!(,E + gen 

without 

!(3. man, husband 

'($.+I-& 

person, man 

!(F6 + gen 

instead of 

'J4-& 

worthy, deserving 

!J4%+ 

I think fit, expect 

GI#& 

all, every 

!I,4*)+ 

I threaten 

!I)D+ 

I keep off; I am distant (intransitive) 

!I% + gen 

from 

!I-$(KC5+ 

I die, am killed 

!I-5.6(->#4 

I answer 

!I-5F,6(+ 

I kill 

!I%**=>4 

I lose, destroy 

!I-*-")->#4 

I make my defence 

!I-.)+ 

I am at a loss 

!I-.6# 

perplexity, difficulty 

!I-CF,.)+ 

I deprive 

!I.-C1%59F-& 

unexpected 

GIF->#4 

I lay hold of, reach 

'.# 

… then … 

L.# 

= a question 

!."E.4-( 

money 

!."=.-M& 

made of silver 

!.,F3 

excellence, virtue 

!.4$>%& 

number 

!.4CF,.%& 

left 

G.># 

chariot 

;.I/,(-& 

glad 

!CI6& 

shield 

'CF= 

city 

!C2/*,4# 

safety 

!C2#*3& 

safe 

GF, 

in as much as, seeing that 

#N / #N$4& in turn, again 

#OJ/(+ 

I increase, grow 

#P.4-( 

tomorrow 

#OF65# 

at once 

#OF%& 

himself; same; him, her, it, them 

!245()->#4 I arrive 

!26CF9>4 

I (make to) revolt 

!26CF#>#4 

I revolt 

H#16#4 I discuss, plan, consider 

H-=*3 

counsel, council 

H-E*->#4 

I wish 

H.#1E& 

slow 

HR>-& 

altar 

"#>)+ / "#>)->#4 I marry 

"/. for 

", at any rate, at least 

",*/+ I laugh 

")(-& 

type, family, race 

").+( old man 

")2=.# bridge 

"8 land, earth 

"6"(->#4 I become, happen 

"4"(0C5+ 

I get to know, realise, understand 

"*RCC# 

tongue, language 

"(0>9 opinion, judgement, intention 

"-M( 

at any rate, at least 

"./2+ I write 

"=>(%& 

naked, unarmed 

"=(3 woman, wife 

1#5.E+ 

I weep 

1) and, but 

1,: it is necessary 

1,65(=>4 I show

!"#$%& 

terrible; clever, strange 

!"'($)$ 

meal 

!*$!+)$ tree 

!",#- right hand 

!",#%& 

right; skilled 

!*)./# I ask; need 

!"0.%& 

bond, fetter 

!"0.123& 

prisoner 

!"0(%23& 

master 

!*0()#$/ mistress 

!"4+) hither 

!*5)./# I receive, welcome 

!6 [emphasises neighbouring word] 

!6()7 of course, perhaps 

!82/ of course, certainly 

!89)& 

clear, certain 

!39%: I show, point out 

!8.)& 

people 

!#- + acc on account of, right through 

!#- + gen through 

!#; 2< why? 

!#= >9

!"#$ god 

!"%&'"() 

I care for 

!"%*')+ / !"%*'&,+& 

servant 

!-%.$ summer 

!/%"() I hunt 

!0%,.+ wild beast 

!%&1($ 

reckless; bold 

!23*4/% daughter 

!(%& 

door 

!() I sacrifice 

!5%&6 

breast plate 

7&4%#$ 

doctor 

8"%"($ priest 

8"%#+ temple 

8"%#$ holy 

9/:, I send; hurl 

8;&+#$ 

sufficient; capable 

9+& 

so that, in order to 

8''"($ 

cavalryman 

8''"() 

I ride 

9''.$ 

horse; cavalry 

&,:#+,., 

the Spartans 

A&:E*+) 

I take, capture 

A&+!*+) 

I escape the notice of 

A-3) 

I say, tell 

A"?') 

I leave (behind) 

A?!.$ 

stone 

A,:0+ 

harbour 

A?:+/ 

marsh 

A#3.$ 

word, account, reason 

A#3=/ 

spear 

A.,'#$ 

remaining 

4H A.,'I+ 

in the future 

A.=&3#$ 

commander 

A2'-) 

I annoy, harass 

A('/ 

pain, grief 

A() 

I loose 

A(.:&, 

I ransom 

:&;%#$ 

long 

:*A& 

very 

:*A,14& 

very much, especially 

:JAA.+ 

more 

:&+!*+) 

I learn, understand 

:&+4"C.+ 

oracle 

:*+4,$ prophet 

:*4/+ in vain 

:*=/ fight 

:*=.:&, 

I fight 

:-3&$ 

great, big 

:-AA) 

I intend, hesitate, am going to 

:-:+/:&, 

I remember 

… :-+ … >- 

:-+4., however; certainly 

:-+) I remain, await 

:-%.$ part, share 

:-1.$ middle 

:"4* + acc after 

:"4* + gen with 

:"4&'-:'.:&, 

I send for 

:-=%, until 

:0 (and compounds) see under .K 

:0+ month 

:04/% mother 

:,;%#$ small 

:,1-) I hate 

:,1!#$ reward, fee 

on the one hand … on the other … [marks 

a contrast] 

:#A,$ 

scarcely, with difficulty 

:#+.+ only 

:#+.$ alone 

:L!.$ 

word, story 

:M%.$ 

foolish, stupid 

+&? 

yes 

+&2:&=-) 

I fight a sea-battle 

+&2:&=?& 

sea-battle 

+&L$ 

ship 

+&240$ 

sailor 

+&24,;#+ 

fleet 

+"&+?&$ 

young man 

+";%#$ corpse 

+-.$ young, new 

+D1.$ 

island 

+,;*) I conquer 

+?;/ victory 

+.:?@) 

I consider, believe 

+#:.$ law, custom 

+.1-) I am ill 

+#1.$ illness 

+.L$ 

mind 

+L+ 

now 

+(6 night 

6-+.$ stranger, foreigner, friend, host, guest 

6?B.$ 

sword 

6(A,+.$ 

wooden 

N 

the 

O>" 

this 

N>#$ 

road, journey 

O!"+ 

whence 

.P whither 

.Q>& 

I know 

." 

homewards 

.7;-) I dwell 

.7;R& 

house, home 

.

!"#$%&(') 

behind, in future 

(")* arms, armour 

+"),-. I arm 

+"),/01 hoplite 

(".1 so that 

+23. I see 

4256 anger 

425,-78*# I become angry 

42%91 straight, correct 

(2:71 oath 

+28378*# I set out 

!271 hill, mountain 

(1 who 

($71 how much, how big 

($/#1 whoever 

(/& / (/*' 

when 

(/# because, that 

7; where (relative) 

7< / 7A 

and not, nor, not even 

7&,1 / 80>&,1 

no one 

7A"7/& / 7B"7/& / 80>A"7/& / 86"7/& never 

7,>.8# I hand over, surrender 

"*2*$:&C3-. 

I prepare 

"32&#8# 

I am present 

"32&$/# 

it is possible 

"*2A=. 

I provide 

"*2%A'71 

virgin 

"I1 every, all 

"*'/*=7? 

everywhere 

"3$=. I suffer 

"*/62 father 

"*/2,1 fatherland 

"*/2J71 

of a father 

"*G. 

I stop 

"*G78*# 

I cease 

"&>,7' 

plain 

"&-K 

on foot 

"&-7, 

infantry 

"&,%. 

I persuade 

"&,%78*# 

I obey 

"&#2378*# 

I try 

"&)/*$/61 

light-armed soldier 

"A8". 

I send, escort 

"&2, + acc 

around 

"&2, + gen 

about 

LA2$01 

Persian 

"0>3. I leap 

"#A-. 

I press hard upon 

",'. 

I drink 

","/. I fall 

"#$/&G. 

I believe, trust 

"#$/91 reliable, faithful 

")A. 

I sail 

")M%71 

crowd, large number 

")6' + gen 

except 

")029. I fill, man (a ship) 

")7H7' 

boat 

")7?1 voyage 

")7G$#71 

rich 

"7#A. 

I make, do 

"7#A78*# 

I value 

"&2N "7))7? "7#&H$%*# 

to value highly 

"7H71 / +"7H71 of what sort; such as 

"7)&8A. 

I fight a war 

"7)A8#71 

enemy 

"9)&871 

war 

"7)#72:A. 

I besiege 

"9)#1 city-state, city 

"7),/01 citizen 

"7))3:#1 often 

"7)G1 

much, many 

"7'A. 

I toil, suffer 

"9'71 

toil, pain 

"72&G78*# 

I march 

"922. / "29$. forwards, far away 

"9$71 / +"9$71 how great, how much, how many; as 

much as 

"7/*891 river 

"9/& or +"9/& / "7/& 

when / at some time 

"9/&27' … O … 

(whether) … or … 

"9/&271 / +"9/&271 

which of two 

"9%&' / ("7%&' 

whence? 

"7H / ("7# whither? 

"7? / ("7C where? 

"7C I suppose 

"7G1 foot 

"2I58* 

thing, matter 

"23$$. I do, fare 

"2A$PC1 / "2A$P&#1 (pl) elder / ambassadors 

"2,' 

before, until 

"29 + gen in front of 

"2957'71 

ancestor 

"27>,>.8# I betray 

"27%C8A. 

I am eager 

"27%C8,* 

eagerness, zeal 

"29%C871 

eager, ready 

"291 + acc to, towards, against, in addition to 

"27$P3)). 

I attack 

"29$%&' / Q8"27$%&' 

before 

"27/&2*,* 

the day before 

"29/&27' 

before 

"2R early 

"2@/7' 

first 

"G)0 

gate 

"C'%3'78*# 

I ascertain, learn 

"?2 fire 

"@1 or (".1 / ".1 

how / in some way 

ST>#71 

easy 

S6/.2 

speaker, politician 

S,"/. 

I throw 

$*F61 

clear 

$M8* 

sign, signal 

$08*,'. 

I show, give a sign 

$68&27' 

today 

$#53. I am silent 

$#56 silence 

$H/71 

corn; food; bread 

$:&G0 

equipment, baggage 

$:0'6 

tent 

$:7"A. 

I look at, examine 

$:9/71 darkness 

$91 your 

$7F,* 

cleverness, wisdom 

$7F91 clever, wise 

$"7'>*, 

treaty 

$/3>#7' [pl. $/3>#7#] 

stade [a unit of length] 

$/A)). 

I send, equip 

$/&'91 

narrow 

$/9)71 expedition 

$/98* mouth 

$/23/&C8* 

army 

$/2*/&G. 

I march 

$/2*/05A. 

I am general 

$/2*/0591 general 

$/2*/#3 army 

$/2*/#U/01 

soldier 

$/2*/7"&>&G78*# 

I encamp 

$/2*/9"&>7' 

camp 

$/2*/91 army 

$V / $&*C/9' you / yourself 

$C55&'61 

related, kin 

$C5=.2A. 

I agree 

$C))A5. 

I collect, assemble 

$C8P7C)&G. 

I advise 

$C88*=,* 

alliance 

$G88*=71 

ally 

$C8F723 

disaster; event

!"# + dat with 

!$%& / !$%& '()*"& 

them / themselves 

!$+),-*& 

their 

!$./-' 

very much 

!0,/.# nearly, almost 

!123 I save, keep 

!3)4-5' 

safety 

!67' 

body 

!8$-3# sensible, sober, moderate 

)9:;& 

arrangement, rank, (battle) order 

)'-9!!3 

I throw into confusion 

)9!!3 I draw up, arrange 

)9$*& 

tomb 

)90' / )

Cambridge Preterm Non-Intensive Ancient Greek language pack

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