Cambridge Preterm Latin language pack

Cambridge Preterm Latin language pack 

This language pack has been designed to help you get (and maintain) a good grasp of 

Latin before coming to Cambridge. It is based on the vocabulary and grammar the OCR 

AS/A Level syllabus. 

You will be assessed on your comprehension of this material when you arrive at 

Cambridge. You will be expected to: 

• identify any Latin word from the AS/A Level vocabulary list included here 

• write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) also included here (you will be 

given a starter form) 

• write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included here 

(you will be given a starter form) 

• translate into English some sentences exhibiting this vocabulary and grammar (you 

will find a checklist of grammatical topics in this pack) 

This assessment is not designed to intimidate and does not count toward any final 

grade: it is merely meant to give you something concrete to work on between now and 

then, and to assist us and your Director of Studies in ensuring that we have got the 

right people in the right groups from the start. 

You may have a qualification different from the OCR exam syllabus, but no matter: in 

order to prepare for this assessment, all the material to be tested is presented here in 

this packet. 

As far as supplementing your studies and preparing yourself for term you will find the 

following resources helpful. 

We strongly recommend that you purchase a proper reference grammar. Kennedy’s 

Revised Latin Primer (edited and revised by James Mountford) remains an excellent and 

inexpensive tool. B. L. Gildersleeve and G. Lodge’s Latin Grammar is more extensive, and 

C. E. Bennett’s New Latin Grammar is good (available free for Amazon Kindles), as is Allen 

and Greenough’s New Latin Grammar. (The latter two can both be downloaded for free 

from textkit.com, though printing will be a chore.) For those of you wanting advanced 

syntactical information, we recommend E. C. Woodcock’s New Latin Syntax. You will find 

a variety of supplementary online materials at: 

http://tinyurl.com/languagepacklinks 

In order to deal more ably with the grammatical concepts you will meet in your 

work you will find these volumes helpful: 

• A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar, by Rodney Huddleston (ISBN 0-521-612888) 

• English Grammar for Students of Latin, by Norma Goldman (ISBN-13: 978-0-93-403434-0; 

ISBN-10: 0-93-403434-6)

As far as dictionaries go, we strongly recommend C. T. Lewis’ Elementary Latin 

Dictionary, though Penguin, Collins and Cassells produce good ones as well. “Lewis and 

Short’s” old and very large Latin Dictionary remains a valuable resource; the research 

standard today is the huge Oxford Latin Dictionary. Lewis and Short can be downloaded 

to an iPhone for just over a pound (it’s called “Lexidium” in the Apple App Store—look 

also for the Greek dictionary “Lexiphanes”: that’s the research-standard Latin lexicon 

by Lewis and Short; similar resources are available for Android phones as well). 

You will find in this pack: 

• a checklist of grammatical topics 

• a vocabulary list 

• paradigms, etc. 

• a list of verb principal parts 

Good luck with your studies and see you soon!

checklist of grammar topics for Latin students 

On arriving at Cambridge you will be assessed on the following topics. The assessment will fall into four parts (in each part you will be 

given some choice): 

Section A: Vocabulary: you will be expected to know the vocbulary of the AS Level list (supplied here) 

Section B: Accidence: you will be expected to write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) of any word supplied in the 

pack (you will not be tested on archaic forms) 

Section C: Principal Parts: you will be expected write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included in 

this pack 

Section D: Syntax: you will be expected to translate from Latin into English a few sentences that exhibit the points of syntax as 

specified below 

The assessment will take form as an hour-long online test. Many elements of the test will be generated 

randomly by computer, so each test will be unique. Some elements will be very simple and some will be 

more challenging. The test will be marked out of 100 points and only you and your Director of Studies will 

be given the results. The test is merely designed as a diagnostic tool and will not count towards any final 

mark or grade at all. 

adjectives and nouns, etc. 

• understanding of gender, case, and number in nouns and adjectives 

• noun and adjective declension of all five patterns of the words that appear in the AS vocabulary list 

• form and use of demonstratives 

• form and use of personal, reflexive, and relative pronouns 

• form and use of comparatives, including irregulars 

• form and use of gerunds and gerundives 

verbs 

• understanding of the formation and function of person, number, tense, voice and mood in verbs 

• understanding of verbal ‘aspect’ 

• conjugation of regular verbs in all tenses, voices and moods, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) 

• conjugation of the main irregular verbs in in all tenses, voices and moods, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) 

syntax 

• understanding of case usage and prepositions (documents supplied in pack) 

• constructions with comparative expressions 

• form and use of participles, including participles used adverbially (= circumstantially or predicatively) 

• understanding of verbs that take infinitives , e.g. uolo 

• understanding of independent mood usage, such as potential, deliberative and contrafactual subjunctives 

• understanding of the sequence of tenses 

• understanding of indirect speech, command and question structures 

• a general understanding of the variety of subordinate clauses in Latin (documents supplied in pack) 

N.B. The tables and documents are meant to be fairly comprehensive and of use for future reference (e.g. when reading poetic and 

archaic texts). Sometimes long marks (macra ¯) and short marks (breuia ˘) have been printed over vowels as an aid in distinguishing 

certain elements; in some paradigms such marks are given in the leading word only. Note too that U is employed for V throughout: 

this is standard scholarly Latin practice today and will be found in the University exams.

Latin nouns: twenty-nine key paradigms 

1st declension 

2nd declension 

sing. plur. sing. plur. sing. plur. sing. plur. 

1) m!nsa f. table 2) annus m. year 3) puer m. boy 4) bellum n. war 

nom. m!nsa m!nsae annus ann" puer puer" bellum bella 

voc. m!nsa m!nsae anne ann" puer puer" bellum bella 

acc. m!nsam m!ns#s annum ann$s puerum puer$s bellum bella 

gen. m!nsae m!ns#rum ann" ann$rum puer" puer$rum bell" bell$rum 

dat. m!nsae m!ns"s ann$ ann"s puer$ puer"s bell$ bell"s 

abl. m!ns# m!ns"s ann$ ann"s puer$ puer"s bell$ bell"s 

archaic gen. -!" & -!s (s.) and -um 

(pl.); dat. & abl. -!bus 

archaic nom. -os acc. -om after -u-; gen. pl. 

sometimes -um 

3rd declension 

5) f"lius m. son 6) u%r m. man (cf. u"s) 7) deus m. god 8) r!x m. king 

nom. f"lius f"li" uir uir" deus d" or de" or di" r!x r!g!s 

voc. f"l" f"li" uir uir" deus d" or de" or di" r!x r!g!s 

acc. f"lium f"li$s uirum uir$s deum de$s r!gem r!g!s 

gen. f"l" or f"li" f"li$rum uir" uir$rum or uirum de" de$rum or deum r!gis r!gum 

dat. f"li$ f"li"s uir$ uir"s de$ d"s or de"s or di"s r!g" r!gibus 

abl. f"li$ f"li"s uir$ uir"s de$ d"s or de"s or di"s r!ge r!gibus 

voc. is a contraction of f"lie 

9) m"l&s m. soldier 10) caput n. head 11) fl$s m. flower 12) opus n. work 

nom. m"les m"lit!s caput capita fl$s fl$r!s opus opera 

voc. m"les m"lit!s caput capita fl$s fl$r!s opus opera 

acc. m"l%tem m"lit!s caput capita fl$rem fl$r!s opus opera 

gen. m"litis m"litum capitis capitum fl$ris fl$rum operis operum 

dat. m"lit" m"litibus capit" capitibus fl$r" fl$ribus oper" operibus 

abl. m"lite m"litibus capite capitibus fl$re fl$ribus opere operibus 

older hon#s etc. become honor etc. 

13) amor m. love 14) hom$ m.&f. human being 15) c"uis m.&f. citizen 16) u"s f. force (cf. u%r) 

nom. amor am$r!s hom$ homin!s c"uis c"u!s u"s u"r!s 

voc. amor am$r!s hom$ homin!s c"uis c"u!s u"s u"r!s 

acc. am$rem am$r!s hominem homin!s c"uem c"u"s or c"u!s uim u"r!s or u"r"s (rare) 

gen. am$ris am$rum hominis hominum c"uis c"uium uis rare u"rium 

dat. am$r" am$ribus homin" hominibus c"u" c"uibus u" rare u"ribus 

abl. am$re am$ribus homine hominibus c"ue or c"u" c"uibus u" u"ribus 

4th declension 

17) mons m. mountain 18) nubes f. cloud 19) cub"le n. couch 20) gradus m. step 

nom. m$ns mont!s n'b!s n'b!s cub"le cub"lia gradus grad's 

voc. m$ns mont!s n'b!s n'b!s cub"le cub"lia gradus grad's 

acc. montem mont!s or mont"s n'bem n'b!s or n'b"s cub"le cub"lia gradum grad's 

gen. montis montium n'bis n'bium cub"lis cub"lium grad's graduum 

dat. mont" montibus n'b" n'bibus cub"l" cub"libus gradu" gradibus 

abl. monte montibus n'be n'bibus cub"le cub"libus grad' gradibus 

dat. & abl. -$bus with some words 

5th declension 

21) genu n. knee 22) domus f. house 23) di!s m. day 24) r!s f. thing 

nom. gen' genua domus dom's di!s di!s r!s r!s 

voc. gen' genua domus dom's di!s di!s r!s r!s 

acc. gen' genua domum dom$s or dom's diem di!s rem r!s 

gen. gen's genuum dom's or dom" dom$rum di!" di!rum re" r!rum 

dat. gen' genibus domu" or dom$ domibus di!" di!bus re" r!bus 

abl. gen' genibus dom$ domibus di! di!bus r! r!bus 

dat. & abl. -$bus with some words locative dom" can be feminine as “fixed day” gen. sometimes r%" 

Greek words etc. 

25) h!r$s m. hero 26) Aen!#s 27) Atr"d!s or Atr"da 28) D"d$ 29) I'ppiter 

nom. h!r$s h!r$es Aen!#s Atr"d!s or Atr"da D"d$ I'ppiter (I'piter or I(uis rare) 

voc. h!r$s h!r$es Aen!# Atr"d! or Atr"d# or Atr"d) D"d$ I'ppiter 

acc. h!r$a or h!r$em h!r$as Aen!#n Atr"d!n D"d$ or D"d$nem I(uem 

gen. h!r$is h!r$um Aen!ae Atr"dae D"d$nis or D"d's I(uis 

dat. h!r$" h!r$ibus Aen!ae Atr"dae D"d$n" or D"d$ (both rare) I(u" 

abl. h!r$e h!r$ibus Aen!# Atr"d! or Atr"d# Eliss# (D"d$ne rare) I(ue 

plurals like m%nsae, etc. 

Elis(s)ae usu. in gen. and dat.

Latin adjectives: eight key paradigms 

singular plural singular plural 

masc. fem. neut. masc. fem. neut. masc. fem. neut. masc. fem. neut. 

bonus good 

tener soft 

nom. bonus bona bonum bon! bonae bona tener tenera tenerum tener! tenerae tenera 

voc. bone bona bonum bon! bonae bona tener tenera tenerum tener! tenerae tenera 

acc. bonum bonam bonum bon"s bon#s bona tenerum teneram tenerum tener"s tener#s tenera 

gen. bon! bonae bon! bon"rum bon#rum bon"rum tener! tenerae tener! tener"rum tener#rum tener"rum 

dat. bon" bonae bon" bon!s bon!s bon!s tener" tenerae tener" tener!s tener!s tener!s 

abl. bon" bon# bon" bon!s bon!s bon!s tener" tener# tener" tener!s tener!s tener!s 

adjectives in -ius: voc. -ie, gen. -i!; 

archaic fem. gen. in -"! 

dat. & abl. -i!s sometimes -!s; 

archaic fem. dat. & abl. -"bus 

tr!stis sad 

#cer sharp 

nom. tr!stis tr!stis tr!ste tr!st$s tr!st$s tr!stia #cer #cer #cre #cr$s #cr$s #cria 

voc. tr!stis tr!stis tr!ste tr!st$s tr!st$s tr!stia #cer #cer #cre #cr$s #cr$s #cria 

acc. tr!stem tr!stem tr!ste 

tr!st$s or 

tr!st!s 

tr!st$s or 

tr!st!s 

tr!stia #crem #crem #cre 

gen. tr!stis tr!stis tr!stis tr!stium tr!stium tr!stium #cris #cris #cris #crium #crium #crium 

dat. tr!st! tr!st! tr!st! tr!stibus tr!stibus tr!stibus #cr! #cr! #cr! #cribus #cribus #cribus 

abl. 

tr!st! or 

tr!ste 

tr!st! or 

tr!ste 

tr!st! or 

tr!ste 

abl. sometimes -e, chiefly poetry; 

use -! for attribution and -e for 

predication and substantives 

tr!stibus tr!stibus tr!stibus 

archaic nom. pl. -!s; gen. sometimes 

-um, chiefly poetry 

#cr! or 

#cre 

#cr! or 

#cre 

#cr! or 

#cre 

abl. sometimes -e, chiefly poetry; use -! 

for attribution and -e for predication 

and substantives 

#cr$s or 

#cr!s 

#cr$s or 

#cr!s 

#cria 

#cribus #cribus #cribus 

archaic nom. pl. -!s; gen. sometimes -um, 

chiefly poetry 

f$l!x lucky 

ing$ns huge (so present active participles, e.g. am#ns) 

nom. f$l!x f$l!x f$l!x f$l!c$s f$l!c$s f$l!cia ing$ns ing$ns ing$ns ingent$s ingent$s ingentia 

voc. f$l!x f$l!x f$l!x f$l!c$s f$l!c$s f$l!cia ing$ns ing$ns ing$ns ingent$s ingent$s ingentia 

acc. f$l!cem f$l!cem f$l!x 

f$l!c$s or 

f$l!c!s 

f$l!c$s or 

f$l!c!s 

f$l!cia ingentem ingentem ingens 

ingent$s or 

ingent!s 

ingent$s or 

ingent!s 

gen. f$l!cis f$l!cis f$l!cis f$l!cium f$l!cium f$l!cium ingentis ingentis ingentis ingentium ingentium ingentium 

dat. f$l!c! f$l!c! f$l!c! f$l!cibus f$l!cibus f$l!cibus ingent! ingent! ingent! ingentibus ingentibus ingentibus 

abl. 

f$l!c! or 

f$l!ce 

f$l!c! or 

f$l!ce 

f$l!c! or 

f$l!ce 

abl. sometimes -e, chiefly poetry; 

use -! for attribution and -e for 

predication and substantives 

f$l!cibus f$l!cibus f$l!cibus 

archaic nom. pl. -!s; gen. sometimes 

-um, chiefly poetry 

ingent! or 

ingente 

ingent! or 

ingente 

ingent! or 

ingente 

abl. sometimes -e, chiefly poetry; use -! 

for attribution and -e for predication 

and substantives 

ingentia 

ingentibus ingentibus ingentibus 

archaic nom. pl. -!s; gen. sometimes -um, 

chiefly poetry 

uetus old 

melior better 

nom. uetus uetus uetus ueter$s ueter$s uetera melior melior melius meli"r$s meli"r$s meli"ra 

voc. uetus uetus uetus ueter$s ueter$s uetera melior melior melius meli"r$s meli"r$s meli"ra 

acc. ueterem ueterem uetus ueter$s ueter$s uetera meli"rem meli"rem melius meli"r$s meli"r$s meli"ra 

gen. ueteris ueteris ueteris ueterum ueterum ueterum meli"ris meli"ris meli"ris meli"rum meli"rum meli"rum 

dat. ueter! ueter! ueter! ueteribus ueteribus ueteribus meli"r! meli"r! meli"r! meli"ribus meli"ribus meli"ribus 

abl. uetere uetere uetere ueteribus ueteribus ueteribus 

meli"re or 

meli"r! 

abl. occasionally -! archaic nom. pl. -!s; -ia sts for -a archaic nom. -ios 

meli"re or 

meli"r! 

meli"re 

or 

meli"r! 

meli"ribus meli"ribus meli"ribus

Latin comparative adjectives 

1. regular comparative adjective forms: 

positive comparative superlative 

e.g. -us, -a, -um -ior, -ior, -ius -issimus, -a, -um (archaic -issumus) 

2. important irregular comparative adjective forms: 

A. stems in -er (1&2 or 3) show superlatives in -rimus (archaic -rumus): 

!cer sharp !crior !cerrimus 

celer swift celerior celerrimus 

miser wretched miserior miserrimus 

pulcher beautiful pulchrior pulcherrimus 

tener soft tenerior tenerrimus 

B. stems in -ili show superlatives in -limus (archaic -lumus): 

facilis easy facilior facillimus 

difficilis hard difficilior difficillimus 

gracilis slender gracilior gracillimus 

humilis low humilior humillimus 

similis like similior simillimus 

dissimilis unlike dissimilior dissimillimus 

C. irregular comparatives: 

bonus good melior optimus archaic optumus 

d"u#s rich d"uitior / d"tior d"uitissimus / d"tissimus 

fr$g" (indeclin.) honest fr$g!lior fr$g!lissimus 

iuuenis young i$nior / n!t$ minor n!t$ minimus 

magnus great m!ior m!ximus arch. m!xumus 

malus bad p#ior pessimus arch. pessumus 

multus much pl$s pl$rimus 

n#quam worthless n#quior n#quissimus 

paruus small minor minimus arch. minumus 

senex old senior / n!t$ m!ior n!t$ m!ximus 

uetus old ueterior / uetustior ueterrimus 

D. the declension of pl!s (in singular as a defective neuter substantive only): 

singular 

plural 

masc.&fem. neut. masc.&fem. neut. 

nom. n/a pl$s pl$r#s pl$ra 

voc. n/a pl$s pl$r#s pl$ra 

acc. n/a pl$s pl$r#s pl$ra 

gen. n/a pl$ris pl$rium pl$rium 

dat. n/a n/a pl$ribus pl$ribus 

abl. n/a pl$re (v. rare) pl$ribus pl$ribus 

for pl$ria see Aulus Gellius NA 5.21 

E. adjectives with degrees lacking or preserved only in *rare (or irregular) adjectival or adverbial forms: 

ante before anterior (late) n/a 

*citer adv. citr! on this side citerior citimus 

d# down d#terior d#terrimus 

*exter(us) adv. extra outside exterior extr#mus / extimus 

*"nferus adv. "nfr! below "nferior "nfimus / "mus 

intr! within interior intimus arch. intumus 

Gk %&'( swift )cior )cissimus 

*posterus adv. post after posterior postr#mus / postumus 

prae before prior pr"mus 

prope near propior proximus arch. proxumus 

secus otherwise sequior n/a 

*superus adv. supr! above superior supr#mus / summus 

*ulter adv. ultr! beyond ulterior ultimus arch. ultumus

Latin adverbs (Kennedy §§85a–87 & 162–170; Gildersleeve and Lodge §§91–93) 

1. Many adverbs are formed from 2nd declension (sometimes 3rd) forms, adding ablatival -![d] or -"[d] to the stem of the word, e.g.: 

aegr! 

aequ! 

am"c! 

b#n# 

cert! 

cert$ 

c%t& 

citr$ 

dign! 

e$ 

extempl$ 

fals$ 

fer! 

ferm! 

fort# 

h'm(n! 

lent! 

m)l# 

miser! 

m&d& 

oppid$ 

pulchr! 

qu$ 

r(r! 

r(r$ 

rect! 

r#pent! 

s(n! 

subit$ 

t't$ 

uald! 

u!r! 

u!r$ 

ultr$ 

uulg$ 

2. -iter, -ter, and -er appear in 3rd declension (sometimes 2nd) forms, e.g.: 

aliter 

audacter 

breuiter 

celeriter 

constanter 

fall(citer 

fer$citer 

fortiter 

h'm(niter 

largiter 

molliter 

pr'denter 

sapienter 

similiter 

uehementer 

3. Some adverbs are the accusative singular neuter of the adjective (this is regular for comparative adverbs, e.g. melius), e.g.: 

aliquantum 

c!terum 

dulce 

facile 

imp'ne 

multum 

nimium 

parum 

paulum 

pl!rumque 

postr!mum 

potissimum 

pr"mum 

quantum 

tr"ste 

4. Some originate in feminine forms, e.g.: 

ali(s 

aliquam 

bif(riam 

clam 

c$ram 

dextr( 

h(c 

iam 

palam 

perperam 

qu( 

quam 

rect( 

sinistr( 

tam 

'n( 

5. -tim, originally an accusative form, becomes an adverbial suffix, e.g: 

aceru(tim 

articul(tim 

caesim 

cateru(tim 

centuri(tim 

cert(tim 

c$nf!stim 

cursim 

f'rtim 

gener(tim 

grad(tim 

greg(tim 

gutt(tim 

inc"sim 

interim 

membr(tim 

min't(tim 

partim 

passim 

paul(tim 

pedetemptim 

praesertim 

pr"u(tim 

raptim 

saltim usu. saltem 

s!nsim 

s!par(tim 

singul(tim 

statim 

strictim 

summ(tim 

trib'tim 

uicissim 

uir"tim 

'niuersim 

6. -tus is originally ablatival, then becomes a suffix, e.g.: 

ant"qu%tus 

d"u"n%tus 

fund%tus (< fundus farm, land) 

intus 

p#n%tus 

r(d"c%tus 

7. -uorsum adverbs show an originally accusative uersum (< uerto) attached as a suffix, e.g: 

aduorsum > aduersum (also aduersus) 

ali$uorsum > aliorsum (also aliorsus) 

d!uorsum > d#orsum (also d#orsus) 

qu$uorsum > quorsum (also quorsus) 

pr$uorsum > prorsum (also prorsus) 

retr$uorsum > retr$(r)sum (also retr$(r)sus) 

reuersum > r'rsum (also r'rsus) 

subuersum > s'rsum (also s'rsus) 

8. tenus is an old accusative noun (“a stretching”) that becomes a suffix (and a preposition), e.g.: 

aliqu(tenus e(tenus h(ctenus qu(tenus 

9. A range of other suffixes and adverbial formations can be found, e.g. i-bi, in-de, quan-d", d#-dum, com-minus, n#-per (< nouom-per cf. sem-per). 

10. Comparatives are formed by the neuter accusative of the adjective, superlatives normally in -issim!. Some important forms: 

b#n# melius opt%m! (archaic opt*m!) 

di' di'tius di'tissim! 

intus interius intim! 

magnopere magis maxim! (maxume) 

m)l# p!ius pessim! (pessume) 

multum pl's pl'rimum (plurumum) 

n!quiter n!quius n!quissim! 

$citer (rare) $cius $cissim! 

paulum minus minim! (minume) 

post / post#( posterius postr!m$ 

pote (rare as adv.) potius potissimum or potissim! (rare and late) (potissumum) 

prae (archaic as adv.) prius pr"mum or pr"m$ 

prope propius proxim! (proxume) 

saepe saepius saepissim!

Latin pronouns: eleven key paradigms 

singular plural singular plural 

I you we you 3rd person reflexive pronoun 

nom. ego t! n"s u"s n/a n/a 

acc. m# t# n"s u"s s# or s#s# s# or s#s# 

gen. me$ tu$ 

dat. 

mihi or mih$ or 

m$ 

nostr$ (obj.) or 

nostrum (part.) 

uestr$ (obj.) or 

uestrum (part.) 

tibi or tib$ n"b$s u"b$s sibi or sib$ sibi or sib$ 

abl. m# t# n"b$s u"b$s s# s# 

possessives in meus and tuus; -met 

for emphasis 

possessives in noster and uester; -met 

for emphasis 

su$ 

possessive in suus; -met for emphasis 

masc. fem. neut. masc. fem. neut. masc. fem. neut. masc. fem. neut. 

is he, she, it 

nom. is ea id i$ or e$ or $ eae ea $dem eadem idem 

$dem the same (< is-dem) 

$dem or e$dem 

or i$dem 

acc. eum eam id e"s e%s ea eundem eandem idem e"sdem e%sdem eadem 

gen. #ius #ius #ius e"rum e%rum e"rum #iusdem #iusdem #iusdem e"rundem e%rundem 

dat. e$ e$ e$ 

i$s or e$s or i$s or e$s i$s or e$s 

$s 

or $s or $s 

abl. e" e% e" 

i$s or e$s or i$s or e$s i$s or e$s 

$s 

or $s or $s 

see Gildersleeve and Lodge §103.1 for archaic variations 

ipse self 

su$ 

eaedem 

e$dem e$dem e$dem $sdem or e$sdem 

$sdem or 

e$sdem 

e"dem e%dem e"dem $sdem or e$sdem 

$sdem or 

e$sdem 


h$c this 

nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ips$ ipsae ipsa h$c haec h"c h$ hae haec 

acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ips"s ips%s ipsa hunc hanc h"c h"s h%s haec 

gen. ips$us ips$us ips$us ips"rum ips%rum ips"rum h!ius h!ius h!ius h"rum h%rum h"rum 

dat. ips$ ips$ ips$ ips$s ips$s ips$s hu$c hu$c hu$c h$s h$s h$s 

abl. ips" ips" ips" ips$s ips$s ips$s h"c h%c h"c h$s h$s h$s 


iste this, that of yours 

eadem 

e"runde 

m 

$sdem or 

e$sdem 

$sdem or 

e$sdem 

see Gildersleeve and Lodge §104 I for archaic variations; h!c can combine with -ce 

and -ne for emphatic and interrogative forms respectively 

ille that 

nom. iste ista istud ist$ istae ista ille illa illud ill$ illae illa 

acc. istum istam istud ist"s ist%s ista illum illam illud ill"s ill%s illa 

gen. ist$us ist$us ist$us ist"rum ist%rum ist"rum ill$us ill$us ill$us ill"rum ill%rum ill"rum 

dat. ist$ ist$ ist$ ist$s ist$s ist$s ill$ ill$ ill$ ill$s ill$s ill$s 

abl. ist" ist% ist" ist$s ist$s ist$s ill" ill% ill" ill$s ill$s ill$s 

see Gildersleeve and Lodge §104 II for archaic variations; iste can combine 

with -ce and -ne for emphatic and interrogative forms respectively 

qu$ who (relative pronoun and adjective) 

nom. qu$ quae quod qu$ quae quae quis 

archaic ollus etc. is found for ille; see Gildersleeve and Lodge §104 III for variations; 

ille can combine with -ce and -ne for emphatic and interrogative forms respectively 

quis who? or any (interrogative and indefinite pronoun) 

quis interr. 

qua indef. 

quid qu$ quae 

acc. quem quam quod qu"s qu%s quae quem quem quid qu"s qu%s quae 

quae interr. 

qua indef. 

gen. c!ius c!ius c!ius qu"rum qu%rum qu"rum c!ius c!ius c!ius qu"rum qu%rum qu"rum 

dat. cu$ cu$ cu$ quibus quibus quibus cu$ cu$ cu$ quibus quibus quibus 

abl. qu" qu% qu" quibus quibus quibus qu" qu% qu" quibus quibus quibus 

see Gildersleeve and Lodge§105 for archaic variations, e.g. qu!s for quibus 

alter one of the two 

nom. alter altera alterum alter$ alterae altera 

acc. alterum alteram alterum alter"s alter%s altera 

gen. alterı!us alterı!us alterı!us alter"rum alter%rum alter"rum 

dat. alter$ alter$ alter$ alter$s alter$s alter$s 

abl. alter" alter% alter" alter$s alter$s alter$s 

the interrogative and indefinite adjective declines like qu$ 

• alius, alteruter, neuter, n"llus, s#lus, t#tus, "llus, "nus all decline like alter 

• the gen. sing. can be-!us or -$us in poetry 

• alius shows an original alis and alid in Catullus and Lucretius 

• alius frequently uses alterı!us as its gen. sing., or ali!; al!us is rare 

• alius shows aliud in the neuter 

• -ae is occasionally found in fem. gen. and dat. sing. of these words 

• n"ll ı!us and n"ll# function as the gen. and abl. sing. of n%m#

table of Latin correlative pronouns, adjectives and adverbs 

interrogative indefinite 1 indefinite 2 demonstrative distributive relative indefinite (a.k.a. “universal”) relative 

(freq. with s! 

separate) 

(these double the word or add -(cum)que; 

-u!s or -libet may also be appended) 

quis who? (pron.) (ali)quis s!quis is, iste, h!c, ille quisque qu! quisquis or quicumque 

qu! which? (adj.) (ali)qu! s!qu! (also "nusquisque) 

(also ecquis and 

(also qu!dam, quispiam, quisquam 

quisnam) 

qu!u!s and qu!libet) 

qu"lis of what sort? qu"lis t"lis qu"lis qu"lisqu"lis or qu"liscumque 

quantus of what number? (ali)quantus tantus quantus quantus quantus or quantuscumque 

(also qu#tus and qu#tusquisque) 

(t#tus v. rare) 

ubı ! where? (also when?) alicubı ! s!cubı ! e#, ist#, h!c, ill!c, ibı ! ub!qu$ qu# (also tum) ubı!ubı ! or ubı!cumque 

uter which of two? uter alteruter alter uterque utercumque 

und% from where? alicund% s!cund% hinc, illinc, istinc und&qu% und% unde unde or und%cumque 

unde (late) 

ut or ut! how? &t', s!c ut ut ut or utcumque (ut$que “in any case”) 

qu" by what way? aliqu" s!qu" e", ist", h"c, ill" qu" qu"qu" or qu"cumque (qu%qu& rare) 

quam how? aliquam tam quam [=> conj. quamquam and quamu!s] 

(quamde archaic) 

qu# to what place? aliqu# s!qu# ist(c, h(c, ill(c qu# qu#qu# or qu#cumque 

quand# when? (ali)quand# s!quand# tum, tunc quand# quand#que! or quand#cumque 

quand#que! 

qu! or qu# how? (ali)qu! or s!qu# e#, ist#, h#c, ill# qu! or qu# qu#cumque 

aliqu# 

qu)t how many? aliqu)t t)t qu)t qu)tqu)t or qu)tcumque 

qu)t&$(n)s how frequently? aliqu)t&$(n)s t)t&$(n)s qu)t&$(n)s qu)t&$ns(cum)que

Latin prepositions (Kennedy §§171–175 & 284–287; Gildersleeve and Lodge §§412–418) 

!, ab, abs + abl. from, by (cf. Gk "#$; abs normally with te) 

absque + abl. without (archaic, cf. sine and praeter) 

ad + acc. towards, to, at 

aduersus + acc. towards, against (also an adverb) 

(also aduersum) 

ante + acc. before (also an adverb) 

apud + acc. at, near, among, at the house of 

caus! + gen. for the sake of (normally after its noun; simply the abl. of causa) 

circum + acc. around (also an adverb) 

circ! + acc. about (also an adverb) 

circiter + acc. about (also an adverb; rare as prep.) 

c%s + acc. on this side of (rare) 

cı !tr! + acc. on this side of (also an adverb) 

clam + abl. & acc. unknown to (also an adverb; Terence has clanculum) 

contr! + acc. against (also an adverb) 

c&ram + abl. in the presence of (also an adverb) 

cum + abl. with (frequently after a personal pronoun, e.g. m!cum) 

d' + abl. from, concerning 

erg! + acc. towards (mainly of feelings towards a person) 

erg& + gen. on account of (normally after its noun; archaic as prep., normally a particle) 

ex, ' + abl. out of, from 

extr! + acc. outside of, without, except (also an adverb) 

f(n) (f(n() + gen. up to (simply the abl. of f(nis) 

gr!t%! + gen. for the sake of (normally after its noun; simply the abl. of gr!tia) 

in + abl. in, within, on (cf. Gk *+—denotes rest) 

in + acc. into, against (cf, Gk ,-. < *+-.—denotes motion) 

(nfr! + acc. below (also an adverb) 

inter + acc. between, among (rare as adverb) 

intr! + acc. within (also an adverb) 

i/xt! + acc. next to, beside (also an adverb) 

ob + acc. before, on account of (cf. Gk *#0) 

palam + abl. openly, in sight of (also an adverb) 

penes + acc. in the power of, with, at the house of 

per + acc. through (cf. Gk #123) 

p&n) + acc. behind (also an adverb) 

post + acc. behind, after (also an adverb) 

prae + abl. before, in front of (also an adverb) 

praeter + acc. beside, past (also an adverb) 

pr& + abl. before, for, on behalf of (as adverb with pro quam and pro ut: “just as”) 

pr4cul + abl. far from (properly an adverb; freq. with ab) 

pr4p) + acc. near (also an adverb) 

propter + acc. near, on account of (also an adverb) 

secundum + acc. next, along, according to (< sequor; rare as adverb) 

simul + abl. with (properly an adverb; freq. with cum; cf. semel and Gk 561) 

s%n) + abl. without (old form s!(d)) 

sub + abl. under, at, in time of (cf. Gk 7#$ + dat. or gen.—denotes rest) 

sub + acc. up to, near to (cf. Gk 7#$ + acc.—denotes motion) 

subter + abl. & acc. below, underneath (also an adverb; denotes rest with abl. or motion with acc.) 

(archaic supter) 

s8per + abl. & acc. over, upon (also an adverb; cf. Gk 7#92—denotes rest with abl. or motion with acc.) 

su!pr! + acc. above, beyond, over, before (also an adverb) 

tenus + gen. & abl. as far as, reaching to (frequently after its noun) 

tr!ns + acc. across 

ultr! + acc. beyond (also an adverb; uls v. rare and archaic) 

uersus + acc. towards (thought to be an adverb only: see L&S s.v. verto) 

(also uersum; archaic uorsus and uorsum) 

prepositions found only in compound words: 

ambi-, amb-, am-, an- around e.g. ambio red-, re- back, again e.g. redeo, refero 

dis-, d(- apart e.g. dissoluo s'- apart e.g. separo 

porr-, por-, pol- before e.g. porrigo, polliceor u'- out e.g. u'cors, u)h)mens, V'iouis

case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin: some major categories 

For the full accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy), if you have 

German (or even if you don’t!) see Schwyzer vol. 2 and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr (bibliographies below). 

1. accusative can be said to fall into four major uses: 

1. direct object 

2. marking motion or extent (of time or place): Romam, quattor dies 

3. cognate accusative: uitam uiuo, !"#$% !&#'()*$& (a.k.a. figura etymologica) 

4. adverbial accusative (! accusative of respect): quid, +&: ‘somewhat’ 

2. genitive 

N.B. Schwyzer’s Gk categories: 1. ABLATIVE 2. PARTITIVE 3. OF BELONGING (‘Pertinentiv’) 4. SYNCRETISTIC 

1. ‘adnominal’: genitives that ‘qualify’ nouns: fratris mors = mors fraterna 

2. genitive of the charge, memory (and forgetting), source of emotion: ADVERBIAL 

3. possessive: +, -"-.&)/ $0+)1; MORE COMMON IN LATIN: hominis errare est: ‘it is human to err’ 

4. subjective: amor Dei—God’s love for us 

5. objective: amor Dei—our love for God 

6. partitive: tantum pecuniae, 23% +)4)1+)/ 5-627% (note the / here) 

7. of definition (‘appositional’): uirtus iustitiae (Eng. ‘the city of London’ but Lat. urbs Roma) 

8. of description: homo eius modi 

9. of price and value: magni facio, 8)..)1 9/ +)1+) 8)&:4$"*:/: Lys. 1.1 

10. ‘time within which’: anni, ;/&$

INDICATIVE 1st conjugation 2nd conjugation 3rd conjugation 4th conjugation mixed conjugation 

present !m" m#n!" r$g" aud%" c!p%" 

indicative am&s mon's regis aud(s capis 

amat monet regit audit capit 

am&mus mon'mus regimus aud(mus capimus 

am&tis mon'tis regitis aud(tis capitis 

amant monent regunt N.B. archaic -ont audiunt capiunt 

after -ufuture 

am&b" mon'b" regam audiam capiam 

indicative am&bis mon'bis reg's audi's capi's 

am&bit mon'bit reget audiet capiet 

am&bimus mon'bimus reg'mus audi'mus capi'mus 

am&bitis mon'bitis reg'tis audi'tis capi'tis 

am&bunt mon'bunt regent audient capient 

imperfect am&bam mon'bam reg'bam audi'bam capi'bam 

indicative am&b&s mon'b&s reg'b&s audi'b&s capi'bas 

am&bat mon'bat reg'bat audi'bat capi'bat 

am&b&mus mon'b&mus reg'b&mus audi'b&mus capi'b&mus 

am&b&tis mon'b&tis reg'b&tis audi'b&tis capi'b&tis 

am&bant mon'bant reg'bant audi'bant capi'bant 

perfect !m&u( m#n)( r'x( aud(u( c!p" etc. 

indicative am&uist( monuist( r'xist( aud(uist( 

N.B. synco- am&uit monuit r'xit aud(uit 

pated forms am&uimus monuimus r'ximus aud(uimus 

e.g. am#st" am&uistis monuistis r'xistis aud(uistis 

am&u'runt* or amau're monu'runt or monu're r'x'runt or r'x're aud(u'runt or aud(u're 

future am&u$r" monu$r" r'x$r" aud(u$r" 

perfect am&ueris monueris r'xeris aud(ueris 

indicative** am&uerit monuerit r'xerit aud(uerit 

N.B. synco- am&uerimus monuerimus r'xerimus aud(uerimus 

pated forms am&ueritis monueritis r'xeritis aud(ueritis 

e.g. am#ris am&uerint monuerint r'xerint aud(uerint 

pluperfect am&u$ram monu$ram r'x$ram aud(u$ram 

indicative am&uer&s monuer&s r'xer&s aud(uer&s 

N.B. synco- am&uerat monuerat r'xerat aud(uerat 

pated forms am&uer&mus monuer&mus r'xer&mus aud(uer&mus 

e.g. am#r#s am&uer&tis monuer&tis r'xer&tis aud(uer&tis 

am&uerant monuerant r'xerant aud(uerant 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

present amem moneam regam audiam capiam 

subjunctive am's mone&s reg&s audi&s capi&s 

amet moneat regat audiat capiat 

am'mus mone&mus reg&mus audi&mus capi&mus 

am'tis mone&tis reg&tis audi&tis capi&tis 

ament moneant regant audiant capiant 

imperfect am&rem mon'rem reg$rem aud(rem cap$rem 

subjunctive am&r's mon'r's reger's aud(r's caper's 

am&ret mon'ret regeret aud(ret caperet 

am&r'mus mon'r'mus reger'mus aud(r'mus caper'mus 

am&r'tis mon'r'tis reger'tis aud(r'tis caper'tis 

am&rent mon'rent regerent aud(rent caperent 

perfect am&u$rim monu$rim r'x$rim aud(u$rim c!perim etc. 

subjunctive** am&uer(s monuer(s r'xer(s aud(uer(s 

N.B. synco- am&uerit monuerit r'xerit aud(uerit 

pated forms am&uer(mus monuer(mus r'xer(mus aud(uer(mus 

e.g. am#r"s am&uer(tis monuer(tis r'xer(tis aud(uer(tis 

am&uerint monuerint r'xerint aud(uerint 

pluperfect am&uissem monuissem r'xissem aud(uissem 

subjunctive am&uiss's monuiss's r'xiss's aud(uiss's 

N.B. synco- am&uisset monuisset r'xisset aud(uisset 

pated forms am&uiss'mus monuiss'mus r'xiss'mus aud(uiss'mus 

e.g. am#ss!s am&uiss'tis monuiss'tis r'xiss'tis aud(uiss'tis 

am&uissent monuissent r'xissent aud(uissent 

IMPERATIVE 

2nd 

am& or am&te or mon' or mon'te or reg$ or reg%te or aud( or aud(te or cap$ or cap%te or 

am&t" am&t"te mon't" mon't"te reg%t" regit"te aud(t" aud(t"te cap%t" capit"te 

3rd am&t" amant" mon't" monent" regit" regunt" aud(t" audiunt" capit" capiunt" 

INFINITIVE 

present am&re mon're reg$re aud(re cap$re 

perfect am&uisse monuisse r'xisse aud(uisse c'pisse 

future am&t*rus esse mon%t*rus esse r'ct*rus esse aud(t*rus esse capt*rus esse 

GERUND amandum monendum regendum audiendum captum 

SUPINE am&tum, am&t* mon%tum, mon%t* r'ctum, r'ct* aud(tum, aud(t* captum, capt* 

PARTICIPLES 

present am&ns mon'ns reg'ns audi'ns capi'ns 

future am&t*rus, -a, -um mon%t*rus, -a, -um r'ct*rus, -a, -um aud(t*rus, -a, -um capt*rus, -a, -um 

* -!runt can scan as -$runt in poetry. 

** The -i- in the perfect subjunctive and future perfect suffixes can be long or short in poetry.

INDICATIVE 1st conjugation 2nd conjugation 3rd conjugation 4th conjugation mixed conjugation 

present !m"r m"n#"r r#g"r aud$"r c!p$"r 

indicative am%ris or am%re mon&ris or mon&re reg#ris or reg#re aud'ris or aud're cap#ris or cap#re 

am%tur mon&tur reg$tur aud'tur cap$tur 

am%mur mon&mur regimur aud'mur capimur 

am%m$n' mon&m$n' regim$n' aud'm$n' capim$n' 

amantur monentur reguntur audiuntur capiuntur 

future am%bor mon&bor regar audiar capiar 

indicative am%b#ris or am%b#re mon&b#ris or mon&b#re reg&ris or reg&re audi&ris or audi&re capi&ris or capi&re 

am%bitur mon&bitur reg&tur audi&tur capi&tur 

am%bimur mon&bimur reg&mur audi&mur capi&mur 

am%bimin' mon&bimin' reg&min' audi&min' capi&min' 

am%buntur mon&buntur regentur audientur capientur 

imperfect am%bar mon&bar reg&bar audi&bar capi&bar 

indicative am%b%ris or am%b%re mon&b%ris or mon&b%re reg&b%ris or reg&b%re audi&b%ris or audi&b%re capi&b%ris or capi&b%re 

am%b%tur mon&b%tur reg&b%tur audi&b%tur capi&b%tur 

am%b%mur mon&b%mur reg&b%mur audi&b%mur capi&b%mur 

am%b%min' mon&b%min' reg&b%min' audi&b%min' capi&b%min' 

am%bantur mon&bantur reg&bantur audi&bantur capi&bantur 

perfect am%tus sum (fu') mon$tus sum (fu') r&ctus sum (fu') aud'tus sum (fu') captus sum etc. 

indicative am%tus es (fuist') monitus es (fuist') r&ctus es (fuist') aud'tus es (fuist') 

(pleonastic am%tus est (fuit) monitus est (fuit) r&ctus est (fuit) aud'tus est (fuit) 

form in am%t' sumus (fuimus) monit' sumus (fuimus) r&ct' sumus (fuimus) aud't' sumus (fuimus) 

brackets) am%t' estis (fuistis) monit' estis (fuistis) r&ct' estis (fuistis) aud't' estis (fuistis) 

am%t' sunt (fu&runt) monit' sunt (fu&runt) r&ct' sunt (fu&runt) aud't' sunt (fu&runt) 

future am%tus er( (fuer() monitus er( (fuer() r&ctus er( (fuer() aud'tus er( (fuer() 

perfect am%tus eris (fueris) monitus eris (fueris) r&ctus eris (fueris) aud'tus eris (fueris) 

indicative am%tus erit (fuerit) monitus erit (fuerit) r&ctus erit (fuerit) aud'tus erit (fuerit) 

am%t' erimus (fuerimus) monit' erimus (fuerimus) r&ct' erimus (fuerimus) aud't' erimus (fuerimus) 

am%t' eritis (fueritis) monit' eritis (fueritis) r&ct' eritis (fueritis) aud't' eritis (fueritis) 

am%t' erunt (fuerint) monit' erunt (fuerint) r&ct' erunt (fuerint) aud't' erunt (fuerint) 

pluperfect am%tus eram (fueram) monitus eram (fueram) r&ctus eram (fueram) aud'tus eram (fueram) 

indicative am%tus er%s (fuer%s) monitus er%s (fuer%s) r&ctus er%s (fuer%s) aud'tus er%s (fuer%s) 

am%tus erat (fuerat) monitus erat (fuerat) r&ctus erat (fuerat) aud'tus erat (fuerat) 

am%t' er%mus (fuer%mus) monit' er%mus (fuer%mus) r&ct' er%mus (fuer%mus) aud't' er%mus (fuer%mus) 

am%t' er%tis (fuer%tis) monit' er%tis (fuer%tis) r&ct' er%tis (fuer%tis) aud't' er%tis (fuer%tis) 

am%t' erant (fuerant) monit' erant (fuerant) r&ct' erant (fuerant) aud't' erant (fuerant) 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

present amer monear regar audiar capiar 

subjunctive am&ris or am&re mone%ris or mone%re reg%ris or reg%re audi%ris or audi%re capi%ris or capi%re 

am&tur mone%tur reg%tur audi%tur capi%tur 

am&mur mone%mur reg%mur audi%mur capi%mur 

am&min' mone%min' reg%min' audi%min' capi%min' 

amentur moneantur regantur audiantur capiantur 

imperfect am%rer mon&rer reg#rer aud'rer cap#rer 

subjunctive am%r&ris or am%r&re mon&r&ris or mon&r&re reger&ris or reger&re aud'r&ris or aud'r&re caper&ris or caper&re 

am%r&tur mon&r&tur reger&tur aud'r&tur caper&tur 

am%r&mur mon&r&mur reger&mur aud'r&mur caper&mur 

am%r&min' mon&r&min' reger&min' aud'r&min' caper&min' 

am%rentur mon&rentur regerentur aud'rentur caperentur 

perfect am%tus sim (fuerim) mon$tus sim (fuerim) r&ctus sim (fuerim) aud'tus sim (fuerim) captus sim etc. 

subjunctive am%tus s's (fuer's) monitus s's (fuer's) r&ctus s's (fuer's) aud'tus s's (fuer's) 

am%tus sit (fuerit) monitus sit (fuerit) r&ctus sit (fuerit) aud'tus sit (fuerit) 

am%t' s'mus (fuer'mus) monit' s'mus (fuer'mus) r&ct' s'mus (fuer'mus) aud't' s'mus (fuer'mus) 

am%t' s'tis (fuer'tis) monit' s'tis (fuer'tis) r&ct' s'tis (fuer'tis) aud't' s'tis (fuer'tis) 

am%t' sint (fuerint) monit' sint (fuerint) r&ct' sint (fuerint) aud't' sint (fuerint) 

pluperfect am%tus essem (fuissem) monitus essem (fuissem) r&ctus essem (fuissem) aud'tus essem (fuissem) 

subjunctive am%tus ess&s (fuiss&s) monitus ess&s (fuiss&s) r&ctus ess&s (fuiss&s) aud'tus ess&s (fuiss&s) 

(also with am%tus esset (fuisset) monitus esset (fuisset) r&ctus esset (fuisset) aud'tus esset (fuisset) 

forem etc.) am%t' ess&mus (fuiss&mus) monit' ess&mus (fuiss&mus) r&ct' ess&mus (fuiss&mus) aud't' ess&mus (fuiss&mus) 

am%t' ess&tis (fuiss&tis) monit' ess&tis (fuiss&tis) r&ct' ess&tis (fuiss&tis) aud't' ess&tis (fuiss&tis) 

am%t' essent (fuissent) monit' essent (fuissent) r&ct' essent (fuissent) aud't' essent (fuissent) 

IMPERATIVE 

2nd 

am%re or am%m$n' mon&re or mon&m$n' reg#re or reg$m$n' aud're or aud'm$n' cap#re or cap$m$n' 

am%tor 

mon&tor 

regitor 

aud'tor 

cap$tor 

3rd am%tor amantor mon&tor monentor regitor reguntor aud'tor audiuntor capitor capiuntor 

INFINITIVE 

present am%r' (archaic am%r$#r) mon&r' (archaic mon&r$#r) reg' (archaic reg$#r) aud're (archaic aud'r$#r cap' (archaic cap$#r) 

perfect am%tus esse (fuisse) monitus esse (fuisse) r&ctus esse (fuisse) aud'tus esse (fuisse) c&pisse (fuisse) 

future am%tum 'r' monitum 'r' r&ctum 'r' aud'tum 'r' captum 'r' 

PARTICIPLES 

present am%tus, -a, -um monitus, -a, -um r&ctus, -a, -um aud'tus, -a, -um captus, -a, -um 

future amandus, -a, -um monendus, -a, -um regendus, -a, -um audiendus, -a, -um capiendus, -a, -um

INDICATIVE sum e! fi! fer! active feror passive 

present sum e! f"! fer! feror 

indicative es "s f"s fers ferris or ferre 

est it fit fert fertur 

sumus "mus [f"mus] not attested ferimus ferimur 

estis "tis [f"tis] not attested fertis ferimin" 

sunt eunt f"unt ferunt feruntur 

future er! "b! f"am feram ferar 

indicative eris "bis f"#s fer#s fer#ris or fer#re 

erit "bit f"et feret fer#tur 

erimus "bimus f"#mus fer#mus fer#mur 

eritis "bitis f"#tis fer#tis fer#min" 

erunt "bunt f"ent ferent ferentur 

imperfect eram "bam f"#bam fer#bam fer#bar 

indicative er$s "b$s f"#b$s fer#b$s fer#b$ris or fer#b$re 

erat "bat f"#bat fer#bat fer#b$tur 

er$mus "b$mus f"#b$mus fer#b$mus fer#b$mur 

er$tis "b$tis f"#b$tis fer#b$tis fer#b$min" 

erant "bant f"#bant fer#bant fer#bantur 

perfect fu" i" ("ui forms rare) use sum for “I have become” tul" l$tus sum (fu") 

indicative fuist" "st" ("uist"; -iist" in cmpnds) or factus sum for “I have tulist" l$tus es (fuist") 

fuit iit ("uit) been made” tulit l$tus est (fuit) 

fuimus iimus ("uimus) tulimus l$t" sumus (fuimus) 

fuistis "stis ("uistis; -iistis in cmpnds) tulistis l$t" estis (fuistis) 

fu#runt or fu#re i#runt or i#re ("uerunt) tul#runt or tul#re l$t" sunt (fu#runt) 

future fuer! "er! ("uer!) use er! or factus er!, tuler! l$tus er! (fuer!) 

perfect fueris "eris ("uer"s) etc. tuleris l$tus eris (fueris) 

indicative fuerit "erit ("uerit) tulerit l$tus erit (fuerit) 

fuerimus "erimus ("uer"mus) tulerimus l$t" erimus (fuerimus) 

fueritis "eritis ("uer"tis) tuleritis l$t" eritis (fueritis) 

fuerint "erint ("uerint) tulerint l$t" erunt (fuerint) 

pluperfect fueram "eram ("ueram) use eram or factus eram, tuleram l$tus eram (fueram) 

indicative fuer$s "er$s ("uer$s) etc. tuler$s l$tus er$s (fuer$s) 

fuerat "erat ("uerat) tulerat l$tus erat (fuerat) 

fuer$mus "er$mus ("uer$mus) tuler$mus l$t" er$mus (fuer$mus) 

fuer$tis "er$tis ("uer$tis) tuler$tis l$t" er$tis (fuer$tis) 

fuerant "erant ("uerant) tulerant l$t" erant (fuerant) 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

present sim (arch. fuam & siem) eam f"am feram ferar 

subjunctive s"s (fu$s, si#s) e$s f"$s fer$s fer$ris or fer$re 

sit (fuat, siet) eat f"at ferat fer$tur 

s"mus e$mus f"$mus fer$mus fer$mur 

s"tis e$tis f"$tis fer$tis fer$min" 

sint (fuant, sient) eant f"ant ferant ferantur 

imperfect essem (forem) "rem fierem ferrem ferrer 

subjunctive ess#s (for#s) "r#s fier#s ferr#s ferr#ris or ferr#re 

esset (foret) "ret fieret ferret ferr#tur 

ess#mus "r#mus fier#mus ferr#mus ferr#mur 

ess#tis "r#tis fier#tis ferr#tis ferr#min" 

essent (forent) "rent fierent ferrent ferrentur 

perfect fuerim ierim (iuerim) use sim or factus sim, tulerim l$tus sim (fuerim) 

subjunctive fuer"s ier"s (iuer"s) etc. tuler"s l$tus s"s (fuer"s) 

fuerit ierit (iuerit) tulerit l$tus sit (fuerit) 

fuer"mus ier"mus (iuer"mus) tuler"mus l$t" s"mus (fuer"mus) 

fuer"tis ier"tis (iuer"tis) tuler"tis l$t" s"tis (fuer"tis) 

fuerint ierint (iuerint) tulerint l$t" sint (fuerint) 

pluperfect fuissem "ssem (iissem, "uissem) use essem or factus essem, tulissem l$tus essem (fuissem) 

subjunctive fuiss#s "ss#s (iiss#s, "uiss#s) etc. tuliss#s l$tus ess#s (fuiss#s) 

fuisset "sset (iisset, "uisset) tulisset l$tus esset (fuisset) 

fuiss#mus "ss#mus (iiss#mus, "uiss#mus) tuliss#mus l$t" ess#mus (fuiss#mus) 

fuiss#tis "ss#tis (iiss#tis, "uiss#tis) tuliss#tis l$t" ess#tis (fuiss#tis) 

fuissent "ssent (iissent, "uissent) tulissent l$t" essent (fuissent) 

IMPERATIVE 

2nd 

es or este or " or "t! "te or "t!te f" or f"te 

fer or ferte or ferre ferimin" 

est! est!te 

f"t! 

fert! fert!te 

3rd est! sunt! "t! eunt! n/a n/a fert! ferunt! n/a n/a 

INFINITIVE 

present esse "re fier" ferre ferr" 

perfect fuisse "sse (iisse & iuisse rare) esse or factus esse tul"sse l$tus esse 

future fut%rus esse (fore) it%rus esse fore or factum "r" l$t%rus esse l$tum "r" 

GERUND not attested eundum not attested ferendum 

SUPINE not attested itum, it% not attested l$tum, l$t% 

PARTICIPLES 

present -#ns only in compounds i#ns not attested fer#ns perfect l$tus 

future fut%rus, -a, -um it%rus, -a, -um fut%rus or faciendus l$t%rus ferendus

INDICATIVE possum uol! n!l! m"l! 

present possum uol! n!l! m"l! (arch. mauol!) 

indicative potes u#s n!n u#s (arch. neu#s) m"u#s 

potest uult also uolt n!n uult (neuolt) m"uult 

possumus uolumus n!lumus m"lumus 

potestis uultis also uoltis n!n uultis m"uultis 

possunt uolunt n!lunt m"lunt (mauolunt) 

future poter! uolam n!lam m"lam 

indicative poteris uol$s n!l$s m"l$s 

poterit uolet n!let m"let (mauolet) 

poterimus uol$mus n!l$mus m"l$mus 

poteritis uol$tis n!l$tis m"l$tis 

poterunt uolent n!lent m"lent 

imperfect poteram uol$bam n!l$bam m"l$bam 

indicative poter"s uol$b"s n!l$b"s m"l$b"s 

poterat uol$bat n!l$bat m"l$bat 

poter"mus uol$b"mus n!l$b"mus m"l$b"mus 

poter"tis uol$b"tis n!l$b"tis m"l$b"tis 

poterant uol$bant n!l$bant m"l$bant 

perfect potu# uolu# n!lu# m"lu# 

indicative potuist# uoluist# n!luist# m"luist# 

potuit uoluit n!luit m"luit 

potuimus uoluimus n!luimus m"luimus 

potuistis uoluistis n!uistis m"luistis 

potu$runt or potu$re uolu$runt or uolu$re n!lu$runt or n!lu$re m"lu$runt or m"lu$re 

future potuer! uoluer! n!luer! m"luer! 

perfect potueris uolueris n!lueris m"lueris 

indicative potuerit uoluerit n!luerit m"luerit 

potuerimus uoluerimus n!luerimus m"luerimus 

potueritis uolueritis n!lueritis m"lueritis 

potuerint uoluerint n!luerint m"luerint 

pluperfect potueram uolueram n!lueram m"lueram 

indicative potuer"s uoluer"s n!luer"s m"luer"s 

potuerat uoluerat n!luerat m"luerat 

potuer"mus uoluer"mus n!luer"mus m"luer"mus 

potuer"tis uoluer"tis n!luer"tis m"luer"tis 

potuerant uoluerant n!luerant m"luerant 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

present possim (arch. possiem) uelim n!lim m"lim (mauelim) 

subjunctive poss#s (possi$s) uel#s n!l#s m"l#s (mauel#s) 

possit (possiet) uelit n!lit m"lit (mauelit) 

poss#mus uel#mus n!l#mus m"l#mus 

poss#tis uel#tis n!l#tis m"l#tis 

possint uelint n!lint m"lint 

imperfect possem uellem n!llem m"llem (mauellem) 

subjunctive poss$s uell$s n!ll$s m"ll$s 

posset uellet n!llet m"llet 

poss$mus uell$mus n!ll$mus m"ll$mus 

poss$tis uell$tis n!ll$tis m"ll$tis 

possent uellent n!llent m"llent 

perfect potuerim uoluerim n!luerim m"luerim 

subjunctive potuer#s uoluer#s n!luer#s m"luer#s 

potuerit uoluerit n!luerit m"luerit 

potuer#mus uoluer#mus n!luer#mus m"luer#mus 

potuer#tis uoluer#tis n!luer#tis m"luer#tis 

potuerint uoluerint n!luerint m"luerint 

pluperfect potuissem uoluissem n!luissem m"luissem 

subjunctive potuiss$s uoluiss$s n!luiss$s m"luiss$s 

potuisset uoluisset n!luisset m"luisset 

potuiss$mus uoluiss$mus n!luiss$mus m"luiss$mus 

potuiss$tis uoluiss$tis n!luiss$tis m"luiss$tis 

potuissent uoluissent n!luissent m"luissent 

IMPERATIVE 

2nd [potis es] [potis este] [fac uel#s] [facite uel#tis] n!l# or n!l#t! n!l#te or n!l#t!te [fac m"l#s] [facite m"l#tis] 

3rd [potis est!] [potis sunt!] [facit! uelit] [faciunt! uelint] n!l#t! n!lunt! [facit! m"lit] [faciunt! m"lint] 

INFINITIVE 

present posse uelle n!lle m"lle 

perfect potuisse uoluisse n!luisse m"luisse 

future not attested not attested not attested not attested 

GERUND not attested uolendum late nolendum late not attested 

SUPINE not attested not attested not attested not attested 

PARTICIPLES 

present pot$ns uol$ns n!l$ns m"l$ns late 

future not attested not attested not attested not attested

conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses 

Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth §2189 and Kennedy §410) classified in 

three ways: 

1. substantival clauses behave like nouns 

2. adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (i.e. predicate) to the action at hand 

3. adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (i.e. attributive) to the agent or item at 

hand 

This classification is based on an analogy: clauses are being compared to words. Subordinate clauses are 

taken to modify the main clause like nouns, adverbs, and adjectives: 

1a. Jim annoys me. 

1b. The fact that Jim does that annoys me. 

1c. I can't stand Jim. 

1d. I can't stand the fact that Jim does that. 

2a. Jim ran quickly. 

2b. Jim ran when he realized he was late. 

2c. Jim ran because he realized he was late. 

2d. Jim ran although he didn't need to. 

3a. I've made an unforgivable mistake. 

3b. I've made a mistake which is unforgivable. 

In each of these examples, a clause underlined in a (b), (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the 

word underlined in the (a) sentence. Each kind of clause has further subclasses: 

1. substantival clauses 

a. relative clauses (best treated as adjectival—see below) 

b. indirect speech 

c. indirect question 

d. indirect command 

2. adverbial clauses 

a. purpose (a.k.a. "final") clauses 

b. object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) 

—with verbs of effort 

—with verbs of fear 

c. causal clauses 

d. result (a.k.a. "consecutive") clauses 

e. proviso clauses 

f. conditional clauses 

g. concessive clauses 

h. temporal clauses 

i. comparison 

3. adjectival clauses: relative clauses 

a. definite 

b. indefinite 

[c. "conditional" relative clauses in Gk]

1. COORDINATING (some are conjunctive particles or adverbs) 

a survey of Latin conjunctions (Kennedy §§176–179) 

a. connective: 

b. separative: 

ac etiam n!c 

atque and "tem also neque nor 

et qu#qu! n$ue 

-que 

(also neu) 

et…et 

nec…nec 

-que…-que both…and neque…neque neither…nor 

-que…et 

n$ue…n$ue 

(also neu) 

aut s%ue whether, or s%ue…s%ue whether…or 

uel or, either seu seu…seu 

-ue 

c. adversative: d. causal: 

at (archaic ast) 

enim (usu. postpositive) 

attamen 

enimu$r& (prepositive) 

autem (postpositive) etenim for, etc. 

c$terum but, etc. nam (prepositive in prose) 

sed 

namque 

u$rum 

u$rumtamen 

u$r& 

e. conclusive: 

erg& 

qu'r$ 

itaque therefore quamobrem for which (or this) reason 

igitur 

qu'propter 

qu&circ' 

2. SUBORDINATING 

! 

a. consecutive or resultative (freq. with s%c, ita, tam, ade&, t'lis and tantus, etc. leading): 

ut so that ut n&n so that not 

qu%n that not (also used with negated expressions of prevention) 

b. final or purposive: 

qu& whereby, in order that n$ lest, so that not 

ut in order that n$ue or neu and lest, and that not 

qu&minus “by which the less” (also with positive expressions 

c. causal: of prevention) 

c(m + subj. 

quand&qu"dem + ind. 

qu") + ind. for facts, subj. for assumptions 

quippe + ind. and subj. , freq. with qui 

because, since, insofar as etc. 

quod usu. + subj. for alleged cause 

qu#n"am + ind. and subj. , for grounds 

s%quidem + ind. (also “if indeed”) 

d. temporal: 

cum + ind. or subj. antequam before d&nec usu. 

quand& pr"usquam dum while + 

quoti$ns when, qu#ad indic., 

s"m(l ac what time, postquam after qu'tenus until + 

(bı etc. subj. 

ut 

these are frequently in tmesis, i.e.: prius…quam; post…quam 

e. conditional: s% + ind. or subj. if n"s" (n%) unless 

s%ue (seu) whether s% n&n if not 

s%n but if (dum)m#d# provided that 

(tantum)m#d# only, just 

f. concessive: g. comparative: 

cum + subj. 

ceu 

ets% although, quam, qu)s" 

etiams% however, etc. quemadmodum, qu&m#d# as, as if, 

quamquam (usu. + ind. with facts, s%c(t, s%c(t% as though, 

quamu%s + subj. with hypotheses) tamquam how, etc. 

utut (archaic) u!l(t, u!l(t%, uelut s% 

(t, ut%, ut s% 

utp#t! 

N.B. relative forms (e.g. qui) can express result, purpose, cause, condition, concession and comparison, particularly + subj.

101 critical Latin principal parts 

1 s. pres. ind. pres. inf. 1 s. pf. ind. supine English gloss 

!piscor (more freq. 

ad-ipiscor) 

!pisc" (3) aptus sum get 

!g# !g$re (3) %g" &ctum do 

arc$# arc%re (2) arc'" ——— keep off 

arcess# also accers# 

arcess$re (3) (also 

arcess"re [4]) 

arcess"u" arcess"tum send for 

c!d# c!d$re (3) c$c(d" c&sum fall 

caed# caed$re (3) c$c"d" caesum beat 

c%d# c%d$re (3) cess" cessum yield 

cern# cern$re (3) cr%u" cr%tum sift 

c)l# c)l$re (3) c)l'" cultum cultivate 

10 cresc# cresc$re (3) cr%u" cr%tum grow (intransitive) 

in-c'b# 

(cf. r$c'b# etc.) 

inc'b&re (1) inc'b'" inc'b(tum lie on (intransitive) 

in-cumb# 

(cf. r$cumb# etc.) 

incumb$re (3) inc'b'" inc'b(tum lay oneself upon 

disc# disc$re (3) d(d(c" ——— learn 

d)c$# d)c%re (2) d)c'" doctum teach 

$d# %sse (3) %d" %sum eat 

%d# %d$re (3) %d(d" %d(tum bring forth 

$g$# $g%re (2) $g'" ——— need 

$m# $m$re (3) %m" %mptum buy 

fall# fall$re (3) f$fell" falsum trick 

20 f!t$or f!t%r" (2) fassus sum confess 

f!u$o f!u%re (2) f&u" fautum favour 

-fend# simplex of 

d%-fendo and -fend$re (3) -fend" -fensum strike 

of-fendo etc. 

f"d# f"d$re (3) f"sus sum ——— trust 

f"g# f"g$re (3) f"x" f"xum fix 

findo find$re (3) f(d" fissum split 

fingo fing$re (3) finx" fictum form 

f)u$# f)u%re (2) f#u" f#tum warm 

f)r f&r" (1) f&tus sum speak 

fr'or fr'" (3) fr*ctus sum enjoy 

30 f'g(# f'g$re (3) f*g" f'g(tum flee 

f'g# f'g&re (1) f'g&u" f'g&tum rout 

fund# fund$re (3) f*d" f*sum pour 

fund# fund&re (1) fund&u" fund&tum found 

fungor fung" (3) f*nctus sum perform 

i!c$# i!c%re (2) i!c'" [fut. ptcp. i!c(t*rus] lie 

i!c(# i!c$re (3) i%c" iactum hurl 

iung# iung$re (3) i*nx" i*nctum join 

i'u# i'u&re (1) i*u" i*tum help 

l&bor (cf. l!bor work) l&b" (1) lapsus sum glide 

40 l$g# (d%ligo, d"ligo) l$g$re (3) l%g" l%ctum collect 

l%g# l%g&re (1) l%g&u" l%g&tum appoint 

l(g# (r$l"go, subl(go) l(g&re (1) l(g&u" l(g&tum bind 

ment(or ment"r" (4) ment"tus sum deceive 

m%t(or (syn. m%tor 

[1]) 

m%t"r" (4) m%nsus sum measure 

m$t# m$t$re (3) mess'" messum reap 

m#l(or m#l"r" (4) m#l"tus sum exert oneself 

m)r(or m)r" (3) mortuus sum [fut. ptcp. morit*rus] die 

m)ror m)r&r" (1) m)r&tus sum delay 

nanciscor nancisc" (3) na(n)ctus sum obtain

50 nascor nasc" (3) n&tus sum be born 

n(t$# (cf. %-niteo & 

%nitescor) 

n(t%re (2) [%-n(t'"] ——— shine 

n"tor (cf. n(tor gleam) n"t" (3) n"sus (nixus) sum lean on 

opp$r(or (cf. 

ex-perior) 

opp$r"r" (4) opper(")tus sum wait for 

ord(or ord"r" (4) orsus sum begin 

60 

)r(or )r"r" (4 but sts as 3) ortus sum arise 

pand# pand$re (3) pand" passum spread 

pang# pang$re (3) p$p(g" or p%g" 

pactum 

(also for paciscor fix 

agree) 

parc# parc$re (3) p$p$rc" parsum spare 

p&r$# p&r%re (2) p&r'" p&r(tum come forth or obey 

p!r(# (aperio, operio 

& reperio) 

p!r$re (3) p$p$r" partum produce 

p!r# p!r&re (1) p!r&u" p!r&tum prepare 

p&sc# (also pascor) p&sc$re (3) p&u" p&stum feed 

p!t$# p!t%re (2) p!t'" ——— lie open 

p!t(or pat" (3) passus sum suffer 

pend$# pend%re (2) p$pend" ——— hang (intransitive) 

pend# pend$re (3) p$pend" pensum hang (transitive) 

porr(g# (contr. porg#; 

cf. porr"g# dandruff) 

porr(g$re (3) porr%x" porr%ctum stretch forth 

p)t(or p)t"r" (4) p)t"tus sum acquire 

quaer# quaer$re (3) quaes"u" or quaes(" quaes"tum seek 

70 que# qu"re (4 but sts as 2) qu"u" or qu(" qu(tum be able 

qu$ror qu$r" (3) questus sum complain 

r$or r%r" (2) r!tus sum think 

r'# r'$re (3) r'" r'tum rush or fall 

scand# scand$re (3) [a-scend"] [a-scensum] climb 

scind# scind$re (3) sc(d" scissum tear 

s$r# (cf. s%ro! late) s$r$re (3) s%u" s!tum sow 

s$r# s$r$re (3) s$r'" sertum weave 

seru(# seru"re (4) seru"u" or seru(" seru"tum be a slave 

seru# seru&re (1) seru&u" seru&tum preserve 

80 s(n# s(n$re (3) s"u" s(tum allow 

sist# sist$re (3) st(t" st!tum stand (usu. transitive) 

st!t'# st!t'$re (3) st!t'" st!t*tum to set up 

st# st&re (1) st$t" [-st(t" in cmpds] st!tum stand (intransitive) 

stringo string$re (3) strinx" strictum draw tight or graze 

str'# str'$re (3) strux" structum build 

tang# tang$re (3) t$t(g" tactum touch 

t$g# t$g$re (3) tex" tectum cover 

terg$# (also tergo [3]) terg%re (2) ters" tersum wipe 

tex# tex$re (3) tex'" textum weave 

90 tend# tend$re (3) t$tend" tentum or tensum stretch 

t$n$# t$n%re (2) t$n'" tentum hold 

t$r# t$r$re (3) tr"u" tr"tum rub 

ting# (also ting'#) ting$re (3) tinx" tinctum moisten 

u$h# ueh$re (3) uex" uectum carry 

uersor (also uorsor; 

mid. of uers# [1]) 

uers&r" (1) uers&tus sum be (engaged in) 

uert# (also uort#) uert$re (3) uert" uersum turn 

uinc(# uinc"re (4) uinx" uinctum bind 

uinc# uinc$re (3) u"c" uictum conquer 

u"u# u"u$re (3) u"x" u"ctum live 

100 uolu# uolu$re (3) uolu" u)l*tum roll 

*tor *t" (3) *sus sum use

AS Latin: Vocabulary List 

• this document has been created verbatim from the OCR online materials for Latin 

• the list comprises 799 words (gratias ago appears twice in the original 800) 

• links to online flashcards etc. can be found here: http://tinyurl.com/languagepacklinks 

a; ab + abl from; by; (in compounds) away (preposition; topic: general) 

absum abesse afui 

be out; be absent; be away; be distant (verb irreg; topic: general) 

ac; atque (indeclinable) 

and (conjunction; topic: general) 

accido accidere accidi 

happen (verb 3; topic: general) 

accipio accipere accepi acceptus 

accept; take in; receive (verb 3; topic: general) 

acer acris acre 

keen; sharp; fierce (adjective; topic: general) 

acies aciei f. 

line; battle line; army (noun 5; topic: military) 

ad + acc 

to; towards; at; about; near (preposition; topic: general) 

addo addere addidi additus 

add; join (verb 3; topic: general) 

adeo (indeclinable) 

so much; so greatly (adverb; topic: general) 

adhuc (indeclinable) 

till now; still (adverb; topic: general) 

adipiscor adipisci adeptus sum 

obtain (verb 3 dep; topic: general) 

adiuvo adiuvare adiuvi adiutus 

help (verb 1; topic: general) 

adsum adesse adfui 

be here; be present (verb irreg; topic: general) 

advenio advenire adveni 

arrive (verb 4; topic: general) 

aedificium aedificii n. 

building (noun 2; topic: general) 

aedifico aedificare aedificavi aedificatus 

build (verb 1; topic: general) 

aequus aequa aequum 

equal; fair; favourable; calm (adjective; topic: general) 

ager agri m. 

field; land; territory (noun 2; topic: general) 

aggredior aggredi aggressus sum 

attack; approach (verb 3 dep; topic: military) 

agmen agminis n. 

column of men; army; procession (noun 3; topic: military) 

agnosco agnoscere agnovi agnitus 

recognise (verb 3; topic: general) 

ago agere egi actus 

do; act; drive (verb 3; topic: general) 

agricola agricolae m. 

farmer (noun 1; topic: general) 

aliquis aliquid 

someone; something (pron; topic: general) 

alius alia aliud 

other; one; another; else (pron. / adjective; topic: general) 

alter altera alterum 

the other; one (of two); another; a second (pron. / adjective; topic: general) 

altus alta altus 

high; deep (adjective; topic: general) 

ambulo ambulare ambulavi 

walk (verb 1; topic: general) 

amicus amici m. 

friend (noun 2; topic: general) 

amitto amittere amisi amissus 

lose (verb 3; topic: general) 

amo amare amavi amatus 

love; like (verb 1; topic: general) 

amor amoris m. 

love (noun 3; topic: general) 

an (indeclinable) 

or (conjunction; topic: general) 

ancilla ancillae f. 

slave-girl; slave-woman (noun 1; topic: domestic) 

animus animi m. 

spirit; soul; mind; courage (noun 2; topic: general) 

annus anni m. 

year (noun 2; topic: general) 

ante + acc 

before; in front of (preposition; topic: general) 

antea (indeclinable) 

before; previously (adverb; topic: general) 

antequam (indeclinable) 

before (conjunction; topic: general) 

aperio aperire aperui apertus 

open; reveal (verb 4; topic: general) 

appareo apparere apparui 

appear (verb 2; topic: general) 

appropinquo appropinquare appropinquavi + dat approach; come near to (verb 1; topic: general) 

apud + acc 

among; at the house of; according to (preposition; topic: domestic) 

aqua aquae f. 

water (noun 1; topic: general) 

ara arae f. 

altar (noun 1; topic: religious) 

arbor arboris f. 

tree (noun 3; topic: general) 

arcesso arcessere arcessivi arcessitus 

summon; send for (verb 3; topic: general) 

arma armorum n.pl. 

arms; weapons; armour (noun 2; topic: military) 

ars artis f. 

art; skill (noun 3; topic: general) 

ascendo ascendere ascendi ascensus 

climb (verb 3; topic: general) 

at (indeclinable) 

but (conjunction; topic: general) 

attonitus attonita attonitum 

astonished (adjective; topic: general) 

audax audacis 

bold; daring (adjective; topic: military) 

audeo audere ausus sum 

dare (verb 2; topic: military) 

audio audire audivi auditus 

hear; listen to (verb 4; topic: general) 

aufero auferre abstuli ablatus 

take away; carry off; steal (verb 3; topic: general) 

aut (indeclinable) 

or; either (conjunction; topic: general) 

autem (indeclinable) 

but; however (conjunction; topic: general) 

auxilium auxilii n. 

help (noun 2; topic: military) 

avidus avida avidum 

greedy; eager (adjective; topic: general) 

bellum belli n. 

war (noun 2; topic: military) 

bene (indeclinable) 

well (adverb; topic: general)

ibo bibere bibi 

bonus bona bonum 

brevis breve 

cado cadere cecidi casus 

caedes caedis f. 

caelum caeli n. 

canis canis m. 

canto cantare cantavi cantatus 

capio capere cepi captus 

captivus captivi m. 

caput capitis n. 

carmen carminis n. 

carus cara carum 

castra castrorum n. pl. 

causa causae f. 

caus! gen + 

caveo cavere cavi cautus 

celer celeris celere 

celo celare celavi celatus 

cena cenae f. 

centum (indeclinable) 

centurio centurionis m. 

certamen certaminis n. 

certus certa certum 

certiorem facere 

ceteri ceterae cetera 

cibus cibi m. 

circum + acc 

civis civis m.f. 

civitas civitatis f. 

clades cladis f. 

clamo clamare clamavi clamatus 

clamor clamoris m. 

clarus clara clarum 

coepi coepisse coeptus 

cogito cogitare cogitavi cogitatus 

cognosco cognoscere cognovi cognitus 

cogo cogere coegi coactus 

cohors cohortis f. 

colo colere colui cultus 

comes comitis m.f. 

committo committere commisi commissus 

comparo comparare comparavi comparatus 

con- col- com- corcondemno 

condemnare condemnavi condemnatus 

confero conferre contuli conlatus 

conficio conficere confeci confectus 

confido confidere confisus sum 

coniunx coniugis m.f. 

conor conari conatus sum 

consilium consilii n. 

consisto consistere constiti constitus 

conspicio conspicere conspexi conspectus 

constituo constituere constitui constitutus 

consul consulis m. 

consulo consulere consului consultus 

consumo consumere consumpsi consumptus 

contendo contendere contendi contentus 

contra + acc 

copiae copiarum f.pl. 

corpus corporis n. 

corripio corripere corripui correptus 

cotidie (indeclinable) 

cras (indeclinable) 

credo credere credidi creditus + dat 

crimen criminis n. 

crudelis crudele 

cubiculum cubiculi n. 

culpa culpae f. 

culpo culpare culpavi culpatus 

drink (verb 3; topic: domestic) 

good (adjective; topic: general) 

short; brief (adjective; topic: general) 

fall; perish (verb 3; topic: general) 

slaughter; killing; murder (noun 3; topic: military) 

sky; heaven (noun 2; topic: religious) 

dog (noun 3; topic: domestic) 

sing; chant (verb 1; topic: general) 

take; catch; capture; choose (verb 3; topic: military) 

captive; prisoner (noun 2; topic: military) 

head (noun 3; topic: general) 

song; poem; spell (noun 3; topic: general) 

dear (adjective; topic: domestic) 

camp (noun 2; topic: military) 

cause; reason; case (noun 1; topic: legal) 

for the sake of (noun 1; topic: general) 

beware (of); take care (verb 2; topic: general) 

quick (adjective; topic: general) 

hide (verb 1; topic: general) 

dinner (noun 1; topic: domestic) 

a hundred (adjective; topic: general) 

centurion (noun 3; topic: military) 

contest; battle; struggle (noun 3; topic: military) 

certain; sure (adjective; topic: general) 

inform (verb phrase; topic: general) 

the rest; the others (adjective; topic: general) 

food (noun 2; topic: domestic) 

around (preposition; topic: general) 

citizen (noun 3; topic: pol) 

citizenship; state; city (noun 3; topic: pol) 

disaster; loss; defeat (noun 3; topic: military) 

shout; exclaim; proclaim (verb 1; topic: general) 

shout; uproar; noise (noun 3; topic: general) 

clear; famous; distinguished (adjective; topic: general) 

began (verb defective; topic: general) 

think; consider (verb 1; topic: general) 

get to know; find out; learn (verb 3; topic: general) 

force; compel; drive; assemble (verb 3; topic: general) 

cohort; company (noun 3; topic: military) 

cultivate; worship; honour (verb 3; topic: general) 

comrade; companion (noun 3; topic: military) 

commit; fight (verb 3; topic: military) 

prepare; provide; obtain; compare (verb 1; topic: general) 

(in compounds) together (prefix; topic: general) 

convict; condemn (verb 1; topic: legal) 

collect; compare; confer (verb irreg; topic: general) 

complete; wear out (verb 3; topic: general) 

trust; believe; have confidence (verb 3; topic: general) 

husband; wife; spouse (noun 3; topic: domestic) 

try (verb 1 dep; topic: general) 

council; plan; advice; prudence (noun 2; topic: pol) 

halt; stand; stand firm (verb 3; topic: military) 

notice; observe; see (verb 3; topic: general) 

decide; establish (verb 3; topic: general) 

consul (noun 3; topic: pol) 

consult; consider; advise (verb 3; topic: general) 

eat; consume; spend (verb 3; topic: general) 

hurry; march; contend (verb 3; topic: military) 

against (preposition; topic: military) 

troops; forces; supplies (noun 1; topic: military) 

body (noun 3; topic: general) 

seize; carry off (verb 3; topic: military) 

every day; daily (adverb; topic: general) 

tomorrow (adverb; topic: general) 

believe; trust; entrust (verb 3; topic: general) 

accusation; charge; crime (noun 3; topic: legal) 

cruel (adjective; topic: general) 

bedroom (noun 2; topic: domestic) 

fault; blame (noun 1; topic: general) 

blame (verb 1; topic: general)

cum (indeclinable) 

when; since; although (conjunction; topic: general) 

cum + abl 

with (preposition; topic: general) 

cunctus cuncta cunctum 

all; whole (adjective; topic: general) 

cupidus cupida cupidum 

eager; greedy (adjective; topic: general) 

cupio cupere cupivi cupitus 

desire; wish; want (verb 3; topic: general) 

cur? (indeclinable) 

why? (adverb; topic: general) 

cura curae f. 

care; charge; anxiety (noun 1; topic: general) 

curro currere cucurri cursus 

run (verb 3; topic: general) 

custodio custodire custodivi custoditus 

guard (verb 4; topic: military) 

custos custodis m.f. 

guard (noun 3; topic: military) 

de + abl 

about; from; down from (preposition; topic: general) 

dea deae f. 

goddess (noun 1; topic: religious) 

debeo debere debui debitus 

owe; ought (verb 2; topic: general) 

decipio decipere decepi deceptus 

deceive (verb 3; topic: general) 

defendo defendere defendi defensus 

defend (verb 3; topic: military) 

defessus defessa defessum 

tired (adjective; topic: general) 

deinde (indeclinable) 

then; next; afterwards (adverb; topic: general) 

deleo delere delevi deletus 

destroy (verb 2; topic: military) 

denique (indeclinable) 

at last; finally (adverb; topic: general) 

densus densa densum 

thick; dense; crowded (adjective; topic: general) 

descendo descendere descendi descensus 

descend; come down (verb 3; topic: general) 

desino desinere desii desitus 

cease (verb 3; topic: general) 

despero desperare desperavi desperatus 

despair (verb 1; topic: general) 

deus dei m. 

god; deity (noun 2; topic: religious) 

dextra dextrae f. 

right hand; right side (noun 1; topic: general) 

dico dicere dixi dictus 

say; speak; tell (verb 3; topic: general) 

dies diei m. 

day (noun 5; topic: general) 

difficilis difficile 

difficult (adjective; topic: general) 

dignitas dignitatis f. 

rank; dignity; importance; honour (noun 3; topic: pol) 

dignus digna dignum + abl 

worthy (of); deserving (of) (adjective; topic: general) 

diligens diligentis 

careful; diligent (adjective; topic: general) 

dimitto dimittere dimisi dimissus 

dismiss; scatter (verb 3; topic: military) 

dirus dira dirum 

dreadful (adjective; topic: general) 

discedo discedere discessi 

depart; leave (verb 3; topic: general) 

disco discere didici 

learn (verb 3; topic: general) 

dissimilis dissimile 

different (adjective; topic: general) 

diu (indeclinable) 

for a long time (adverb; topic: general) 

dives divitis 

rich (adjective; topic: general) 

divitiae divitiarum f.pl. 

riches; wealth (noun 1; topic: general) 

divido dividere divisi divisus 

divide; separate (verb 3; topic: general) 

divus diva divum 

divine (adjective; topic: religious) 

do dare dedi datus 

give (verb 1; topic: general) 

doceo docere docui doctus 

teach; inform (verb 2; topic: general) 

doleo dolere dolui 

hurt; be in pain; lament (verb 2; topic: general) 

dolor doloris m. 

pain; sorrow; anger (noun 3; topic: general) 

dolus doli m. 

trick; fraud (noun 2; topic: general) 

domina dominae f. 

mistress (noun 1; topic: domestic) 

dominus domini m. 

master (noun 2; topic: domestic) 

domus domus f. 

house; home (noun 4; topic: domestic) 

donum doni n. 

gift; present (noun 2; topic: general) 

donec (indeclinable) 

until (conjunction; topic: general) 

dormio dormire dormivi 

sleep (verb 4; topic: domestic) 

dubito dubitare dubitavi dubitatus 

doubt; hesitate (verb 1; topic: general) 

duco ducere duxi ductus 

lead; take; marry; consider (verb 3; topic: military) 

dulcis dulce 

sweet; pleasant (adjective; topic: general) 

dum (indeclinable) 

while; until (conjunction; topic: general) 

durus dura durum 

hard; harsh; rough (adjective; topic: general) 

dux ducis m. 

leader; general; ruler (noun 3; topic: military) 

e; ex + abl from; out of; (in compounds) out (preposition; topic: general) 

ecce! (indeclinable) 

look; behold; see; here is (adverb; topic: general) 

efficio efficere effeci effectus 

carry out; accomplish (verb 3; topic: general) 

effugio effugere effugi 

escape (verb 3; topic: military) 

ego mei 

I; me (pron; topic: general) 

egredior egredi egressus sum 

go out; come out (verb 3 dep; topic: general) 

emo emere emi emptus 

buy (verb 3; topic: general) 

enim (indeclinable) 

for (conjunction; topic: general) 

eo ire i(v)i 

go (verb irreg; topic: general) 

epistula epistulae f. 

letter (noun 1; topic: general) 

eques equitis m. 

knight; horseman; (pl.) cavalry (noun 3; topic: military) 

equus equi m. 

horse (noun 2; topic: military)

ergo (indeclinable) 

erro errare erravi erratus 

et (indeclinable) 

etiam (indeclinable) 

etsi (indeclinable) 

excipio excipere excepi exceptus 

excito excitare excitavi excitatus 

exercitus exercitus m. 

exilium exilii n. 

exitium exitii n. 

exspecto exspectare exspectavi exspectatus 

extra + acc 

fabula fabulae f. 

facilis facile 

facinus facinoris n. 

facio facere feci factus 

fama famae f. 

familia familiae f. 

faveo favere favi + dat 

felix felicis 

femina feminae f. 

fere (indeclinable) 

fero ferre tuli latus 

ferox ferocis 

ferrum ferri n. 

festino festinare festinavi 

fidelis fidele 

fides fidei f. 

filia filiae f. 

filius filii m. 

finis finis m. 

fio fieri factus 

flamma flammae f. 

flos floris m. 

flumen fluminis n. 

foedus foederis n. 

fortasse (indeclinable) 

forte (indeclinable) 

fortis forte 

fortuna fortunae f. 

forum fori n. 

frango frangere fregi fractus 

frater fratris m. 

frumentum frumenti n. 

frustra (indeclinable) 

fuga fugae f. 

fugio fugere fugi 

fundo fundere fudi fusus 

fur furis m. 

furor furoris m. 

gaudeo gaudere gavisus sum 

gaudium gaudii n. 

gens gentis f. 

genus generis n. 

gero gerere gessi gestus 

gladius gladii m. 

gratia gratiae f. 

gratias ago 

gravis grave 

habeo habere habui habitus 

habito habitare habitavi habitatus 

hasta hastae f. 

haud (indeclinable) 

heri (indeclinable) 

hic haec hoc 

hic (indeclinable) 

hiems hiemis f. 

hinc (indeclinable) 

hodie (indeclinable) 

homo hominis m. 

therefore (adverb; topic: general) 

wander; make a mistake (verb 1; topic: general) 

and; both (conjunction; topic: general) 

also; even; still (adverb; topic: general) 

although (conjunction; topic: general) 

receive; take; welcome (verb 3; topic: general) 

wake; rouse; excite (verb 1; topic: general) 

army (noun 4; topic: military) 

exile (noun 2; topic: pol) 

ruin; destruction (noun 2; topic: general) 

wait for; expect (verb 1; topic: general) 

outside (preposition; topic: general) 

story; play (noun 1; topic: general) 

easy (adjective; topic: general) 

crime; outrage; deed (noun 3; topic: legal) 

make; do (verb 3; topic: general) 

rumour; fame; glory (noun 1; topic: general) 

family; household (noun 1; topic: domestic) 

favour; support (verb 2; topic: general) 

fortunate; happy; prosperous (adjective; topic: general) 

woman (noun 1; topic: general) 

nearly; about (adverb; topic: general) 

bear; carry; say (verb irreg; topic: general) 

fierce; cruel; brave (adjective; topic: military) 

iron; sword (noun 2; topic: military) 

hurry (verb 1; topic: general) 

trustworthy; faithful; loyal (adjective; topic: general) 

trust; faith; confidence; loyalty (noun 5; topic: general) 

daughter (noun 1; topic: domestic) 

son (noun 2; topic: domestic) 

end; boundary (noun 3; topic: general) 

become; be made; happen (verb irreg; topic: general) 

blaze; flame; passion (noun 1; topic: general) 

flower (noun 3; topic: general) 

river (noun 3; topic: general) 

treaty; agreement (noun 3; topic: military) 

perhaps (adverb; topic: general) 

by chance (adverb; topic: general) 

brave; strong; bold (adjective; topic: military) 

fate; luck; fortune (good or bad) (noun 1; topic: religious) 

forum; market place (noun 2; topic: general) 

break; crush (verb 3; topic: general) 

brother (noun 3; topic: domestic) 

corn; grain (noun 2; topic: general) 

in vain (adverb; topic: general) 

flight; escape (noun 1; topic: military) 

flee; run away; avoid (verb 3; topic: military) 

pour; shed; rout (verb 3; topic: military) 

thief (noun 3; topic: legal) 

rage; fury; madness; passion (noun 3; topic: general) 

rejoice (verb 2; topic: general) 

joy; delight (noun 2; topic: general) 

race; people; family; tribe (noun 3; topic: general) 

race; descent; birth; kind (noun 3; topic: general) 

bear; wear; wage; manage (verb 3; topic: military) 

sword (noun 2; topic: military) 

favour; thanks (noun 1; topic: general) 

thank; give thanks (verb phrase; topic: general) 

heavy; serious (adjective; topic: general) 

have; hold (noun 2; topic: general) 

live; dwell (verb 1; topic: domestic) 

spear (noun 1; topic: military) 

not (adverb; topic: general) 

yesterday (adverb; topic: general) 

this (pron; topic: general) 

here (adverb; topic: general) 

winter; storm (noun 3; topic: general) 

from here; hence; henceforth (adverb; topic: general) 

today (adverb; topic: general) 

man; person (noun 3; topic: general)

hora horae f. 

hortor hortari hortatus sum 

hortus horti m. 

hospes hospitis m. 

hostis hostis m. 

huc (indeclinable) 

humus humi f. 

iaceo iacere iacui 

iacio iacere ieci iactus (in compounds -icio) 

iam (indeclinable) 

non iam (indeclinable) 

ianua ianuae f. 

ibi (indeclinable) 

idem eadem idem 

igitur (indeclinable) 

ignavus ignava ignavum 

ignis ignis f. 

ille illa illud 

illic (indeclinable) 

impedio impedire impedivi impeditus 

imperator imperatoris m. 

imperium imperii n. 

impero imperare imperavi imperatus + dat 

impetus impetus m. 

in + abl 

in + acc 

incendo incendere incendi incensus 

incipio incipere incepi inceptus 

incito incitare incitavi incitatus 

infelix infelicis 

ingenium ingenii n. 

ingens ingentis 

ingredior ingredi ingressus sum 

iniquus iniqua iniquum 

initium initii n. 

iniuria iniuriae f. 

inquam inquit inquiunt 

insidiae insidiarum f.pl. 

insignis insigne 

inspicio inspicere inspexi inspectus 

instruo instruere instruxi instructus 

insula insulae f. 

intellego intellegere intellexi intellectus 

inter + acc 

interea (indeclinable) 

interficio interficere interfeci interfectus 

intra + acc 

intro intrare intravi intratus 

invenio invenire inveni inventus 

invito invitare invitavi invitatus 

invitus invita invitum 

ipse ipsa ipsum 

ira irae f. 

iratus irata iratum 

is ea id 

iste ista istud 

ita (indeclinable) 

ita vero (indeclinable) 

itaque (indeclinable) 

iter itineris n. 

iterum (indeclinable) 

iubeo iubere iussi iussus 

iudex iudicis m.f. 

iungo iungere iunxi iunctus 

iustus iusta iustum 

iuvenis iuvene 

labor labi lapsus sum 

labor laboris m. 

laboro laborare laboravi 

lacrima lacrimae f. 

hour (noun 1; topic: general) 

urge; encourage (verb 1 dep; topic: military) 

garden (noun 2; topic: domestic) 

guest; host (noun 3; topic: domestic) 

enemy (noun 3; topic: military) 

here; to this place (adverb; topic: general) 

ground; earth (noun 2; topic: general) 

lie (verb 2; topic: general) 

throw (verb 3; topic: military) 

now; already (adverb; topic: general) 

no longer (adverb; topic: general) 

door (noun 1; topic: domestic) 

there; then (adverb; topic: general) 

the same (pron; topic: general) 

therefore; and so (adverb; topic: general) 

cowardly; lazy (adjective; topic: military) 

fire (noun 3; topic: general) 

that; he; she; it (pron; topic: general) 

there (adverb; topic: general) 

delay; hinder; prevent (verb 4; topic: military) 

emperor; general; leader (noun 3; topic: pol) 

command; power; empire (noun 2; topic: pol) 

order; command (verb 1; topic: military) 

attack; impulse (noun 4; topic: military) 

in; on (preposition; topic: general) 

into; onto; at; against (preposition; topic: general) 

burn; set on fire; inflame (verb 3; topic: general) 

begin (verb 3; topic: general) 

urge on; arouse; encourage (verb 1; topic: military) 

unlucky; unhappy (adjective; topic: general) 

character; ability (noun 2; topic: general) 

huge (adjective; topic: general) 

enter; undertake (verb 3 dep; topic: general) 

unfair; unjust; unfavourable (adjective; topic: general) 

beginning (noun 2; topic: general) 

injustice; injury; wrong (noun 1; topic: legal) 

say (verb irreg; topic: general) 

ambush; trap; trick (noun 1; topic: military) 

distinguished; glorious (adjective; topic: general) 

look at; inspect; examine (verb 3; topic: military) 

draw up; prepare (verb 3; topic: military) 

island; block of flats (noun 1; topic: domestic) 

understand; perceive; realise (verb 3; topic: general) 

between; among (preposition; topic: general) 

meanwhile (adverb; topic: general) 

kill (verb 3; topic: military) 

inside; within (preposition; topic: general) 

enter (verb 1; topic: general) 

find; discover (verb 3; topic: general) 

invite (verb 1; topic: general) 

unwillling; reluctant (adjective; topic: general) 

-self (pron; topic: general) 

anger (noun 1; topic: general) 

angry (adjective; topic: general) 

this; that; he; she; it (pron; topic: general) 

that (pron; topic: general) 

in this way; so; thus (adverb; topic: general) 

yes (adverb; topic: general) 

and so; therefore (adverb; topic: general) 

journey; march; way (noun 3; topic: military) 

gain (adverb; topic: general) 

order; command (verb 2; topic: general) 

judge; juror (noun 3; topic: legal) 

join; unite; fasten (verb 3; topic: general) 

right; just; lawful (adjective; topic: legal) 

young (adjective; topic: general) 

glide; slip; fall (verb 3 dep; topic: general) 

work; toil (noun 3; topic: general) 

work; toil (verb 1; topic: general) 

tear (noun 1; topic: general)

lacrimo lacrimare lacrimavi 

laedo laedere laesi laesus 

laetus laeta laetum 

latus lata latum 

latus lateris n. 

laudo laudare laudavi laudatus 

lectus lecti m. 

legatus legati m. 

legio legionis f. 

lego legere legi lectus 

lentus lenta lentum 

leo leonis m. 

levis leve 

libens libentis 

liber libera liberum 

liber libri m. 

liberi liberorum m. pl. 

libero liberare liberavi liberatus 

libertas libertatis f. 

libertus liberti m. 

littera litterae f. (usually plural with singular meaning) 

litus litoris n. 

locus loci m. 

longus longa longum 

loquor loqui locutus sum 

ludus ludi m. 

lumen luminis n. 

luna lunae f. 

lux lucis f. 

magis (indeclinable) 

magister magistri m. 

magnopere (indeclinable) 

magnus magna magnum 

malo malle malui 

malus mala malum 

mando mandare mandavi mandatus 

mane (indeclinable) 

maneo manere mansi 

manus manus f. 

mare maris n. 

maritus mariti m. 

mater matris f. 

medius media medium 

mens mentis f. 

mensa mensae f. 

mercator mercatoris m. 

metus metus m. 

meus mea meum 

miles militis m. 

mille pl. milia 

minor minari minatus sum + dat 

mirabilis mirabile 

miser misera miserum 

mitto mittere misi missus 

modo (indeclinable) 

modus modi m. 

moenia moenium n. pl. 

mollis molle 

moneo monere monui monitus 

mons montis m. 

monstro monstrare monstravi monstratus 

mora morae f. 

morbus morbi m. 

morior mori mortuus sum 

moror morari moratus sum 

mors mortis f. 

mos moris m. 

moveo movere movi motus 

mox (indeclinable) 

mulier mulieris f. 

cry (verb 1; topic: general) 

hurt; injure; harm (verb 3; topic: military) 

happy; glad (adjective; topic: general) 

wide; broad (adjective; topic: general) 

side; wing (noun 3; topic: military) 

praise (verb 1; topic: general) 

couch; bed (noun 2; topic: domestic) 

(legionary) commander; ambassador; envoy (noun 2; topic: military) 

legion (noun 3; topic: military) 

read; choose (verb 3; topic: general) 

slow (adjective; topic: general) 

lion (noun 3; topic: general) 

light; slight (adjective; topic: general) 

willing; glad (adjective; topic: general) 

free (adjective; topic: general) 

book (noun 2; topic: general) 

children (noun 2; topic: domestic) 

free (verb 1; topic: legal) 

freedom (noun 3; topic: legal) 

reedman; ex-slave (noun 2; topic: legal) 

letter (noun 1; topic: general) 

sea-shore; beach (noun 3; topic: general) 

place; position; situation (noun 2; topic: general) 

long (adjective; topic: general) 

peak; talk (verb 3 dep; topic: general) 

game; school (noun 2; topic: general) 

light (noun 3; topic: general) 

moon (noun 1; topic: general) 

light; daylight (noun 3; topic: general) 

more; rather (adverb comp; topic: general) 

teacher; master (noun 2; topic: general) 

very much; greatly (adverb; topic: general) 

big; large; great (adjective; topic: general) 

prefer (verb irreg; topic: general) 

evil; bad (adjective; topic: general) 

commit; entrust; command (verb 1; topic: general) 

in the morning; early (adverb; topic: general) 

remain; stay; (verb 2; topic: general) 

hand; band (noun 4; topic: military) 

sea (noun 3; topic: general) 

husband (noun 2; topic: domestic) 

mother (noun 3; topic: domestic) 

middle (of) (adjective; topic: general) 

mind (noun 3; topic: general) 

table (noun 1; topic: domestic) 

merchant (noun 3; topic: general) 

fear (noun 4; topic: general) 

my (adjective; topic: general) 

soldier (noun 3; topic: military) 

thousand (noun irreg; topic: general) 

threaten (verb 1 dep; topic: military) 

strange; wonderful (adjective; topic: general) 

miserable; wretched; sad (adjective; topic: general) 

send; throw (verb 3; topic: general) 

just; now; only (adverb; topic: general) 

manner; way; kind (noun 2; topic: general) 

city walls; city (noun 3; topic: military) 

soft; tender; gentle (adjective; topic: general) 

warn; advise; teach (verb 2; topic: general) 

mountain (noun 3; topic: general) 

show; point out; indicate; instruct (verb 1; topic: general) 

delay (noun 1; topic: general) 

sickness; disease (noun 2; topic: general) 

die (verb 3 dep; topic: military) 

delay (verb 1 dep; topic: general) 

death (noun 3; topic: military) 

habit; custom; (pl.) character; morals (noun 3; topic: general) 

move (verb 2; topic: general) 

soon (adverb; topic: general) 

woman (noun 3; topic: general)

multitudo multitudinis f. 

multus multa multum 

munio munire munivi munitus 

murus muri m. 

muto mutare mutavi mutatus 

nam (indeclinable) 

narro narrare narravi narratus 

natura naturae f. 

nauta nautae m. 

navigo navigare navigavi 

navis navis f. 

-ne (indeclinable) 

ne (indeclinable) 

ne…quidem (indeclinable) 

nec; neque (indeclinable) 

neco necare necavi necatus 

neglego neglegere neglexi neglectus 

nego negare negavi negatus 

negotium negotii n. 

nemo nullius 

nescio nescire nescivi 

nihil (indeclinable) 

nimis (indeclinable) 

nisi (indeclinable) 

nobilis nobile 

noceo nocere nocui 

nolo nolle nolui 

nomen nominis n. 

non (indeclinable) 

nondum (indeclinable) 

nonne? (indeclinable) 

nonnullus nonnulla nonnullum 

nos nostrum 

noster nostra nostrum 

notus nota notum 

novus nova novum 

nox noctis f. 

nullus nulla nullum 

num (indeclinable) 

numerus numeri m. 

numquam (indeclinable) 

nunc (indeclinable) 

nuntio nuntiare nuntiavi nuntiatus 

nuntius nuntii m. 

nuper (indeclinable) 

nusquam (indeclinable) 

ob + acc 

obliviscor oblivisci oblitus sum 

obsideo obsidere obsedi obsessus 

obviam eo ire i(v)i + dat 

occasio occasionis f. 

occido occidere occidi occisus 

occupo occupare occupavi occupatus 

oculus oculi m. 

odi odisse 

offero offerre obtuli oblatus 

officium officii n. 

olim (indeclinable) 

omitto omittere omisi omissus 

omnis omne 

onus oneris n. 

opera operae f. 

oportet oportere oportuit 

oppidum oppidi n. 

opprimo opprimere oppressi oppressus 

oppugno oppugnare oppugnavi oppugnatus 

opus operis n. 

opus est esse fuit + abl 

ora orae f. 

oratio orationis f. 

crowd; multitude (noun 3; topic: general) 

much; many (adjective; topic: general) 

fortify; defend; guard (verb 4; topic: military) 

all (noun 2; topic: general) 

change; alter (verb 1; topic: general) 

for (conjunction; topic: general) 

tell; relate (verb 1; topic: general) 

nature (noun 1; topic: general) 

sailor (noun 1; topic: military) 

sail (verb 1; topic: military) 

ship (noun 3; topic: military) 

(introduces question) (partic; topic: general) 

lest; that not (conjunction; topic: general) 

not…even (adverb; topic: general) 

and not; nor; neither (conjunction; topic: general) 


neglect; disregard (verb 3; topic: general) 

say no; deny; refuse (verb 1; topic: general) 

business (noun 2; topic: general) 

no one; nobody (noun irreg; topic: general) 

not know (verb 4; topic: general) 

nothing (noun irreg; topic: general) 

too; too much (adverb; topic: general) 

unless; if not; except (conjunction; topic: general) 

noble; famous (adjective; topic: pol) 

hurt; harm (verb 2; topic: general) 

not want; be unwilling; refuse (verb irreg; topic: general) 

name (noun 3; topic: general) 

not (adverb; topic: general) 

not yet (adverb; topic: general) 

surely? (adverb; topic: general) 

some; several (adjective; topic: general) 

we; us (pron; topic: general) 

our (pron; topic: general) 

known; well-known; famous (adjective; topic: general) 

new; fresh; recent (adjective; topic: general) 

night (noun 3; topic: general) 

no; none; not any (adjective; topic: general) 

surely…not; whether (partic; topic: general) 

number (noun 2; topic: general) 

never (adverb; topic: general) 

now (adverb; topic: general) 

announce; report (verb 1; topic: general) 

messenger; message; news (noun 2; topic: military) 

recently (adverb; topic: general) 

nowhere (adverb; topic: general) 

because of; on account of (preposition; topic: general) 

forget (verb 3 dep; topic: general) 

besiege; blockade (verb 2; topic: military) 

meet; go to meet; oppose; resist (verb phrase; topic: military) 

opportunity; occasion (noun 3; topic: general) 


seize; take possession of; occupy (verb 1; topic: military) 

eye (noun 2; topic: general) 

hate (verb irreg; topic: general) 

present; offer (verb irreg; topic: general) 

duty; task; function (noun 2; topic: pol) 

once; formerly; one day (adverb; topic: general) 

neglect; disregard; make no mention of (verb 3; topic: general) 

all; every (adjective; topic: general) 

burden; load (noun 3; topic: general) 

work; effort; attention (noun 1; topic: general) 

be necessary; ought; must (verb 2 impersonal; topic: general) 

town (noun 2; topic: military) 

overwhelm; crush; weigh down (verb 3; topic: military) 

attack (verb 1; topic: military) 

work; toil; construction (noun 3; topic: general) 

here is need (of) (verb phrase impersonal; topic: general) 

coast (noun 1; topic: general) 

speech (noun 3; topic: legal)

orior oriri ortus sum 

orno ornare ornavi ornatus 

oro orare oravi oratus 

os oris n. 

ostendo ostendere ostendi ostentus 

otium otii n. 

paene (indeclinable) 

par paris 

parco parcere peperci + dat 

parens parentis m.f. 

pareo parere parui + dat 

paro parare paravi paratus 

pars partis f. 

parvus parva parvum 

pater patris m. 

patior pati passus sum 

patria patriae f. 

pauci paucae pauca 

paulatim (indeclinable) 

paulisper (indeclinable) 

pauper pauperis 

pavor pavoris m. 

pax pacis f. 

pecunia pecuniae f. 

pedes peditis m. 

pello pellere pepuli pulsus 

per + acc 

perdo perdere perdidi perditus 

pereo perire perii 

perficio perficere perfeci perfectus 

periculum periculi n. 

permitto permittere permisi permissus 

persuadeo persuadere persuasi + dat 

perterritus perterrita perterritum 

pervenio pervenire perveni 

pes pedis m. 

peto petere petivi petitus 

pilum pili n. 

placet placere placuit 

plebs plebis f. 

plenus plena plenum 

poena poenae f. 

poeta poetae m. 

pono ponere posui positus 

pons pontis m. 

populus populi m. 

porta portae f. 

porto portare portavi portatus 

portus portus m. 

posco poscere poposci 

possum posse potui 

post (indeclinable) 

post + acc 

postea (indeclinable) 

postquam (indeclinable) 

postremus postrema postremum 

postridie (indeclinable) 

postulo postulare postulavi postulatus 

potestas potestatis f. 

potius (indeclinable) 

praebeo praebere praebui praebitus 

praeda praedae f. 

praemium praemii n. 

praesidium praesidii n. 

praeter + acc 

praeterea (indeclinable) 

praetor praetoris m. 

precor precari precatus sum 

pretium pretii n. 

primus prima primum 

rise; start; originate (verb 4 deponent; topic: general) 

adorn; decorate (verb 1; topic: general) 

beg (verb 1; topic: general) 

mouth; face (noun 3; topic: general) 

show; point out; indicate (verb 3; topic: general) 

leisure; idleness (noun 2; topic: general) 

almost; nearly (adverb; topic: general) 

equal (adjective; topic: general) 

spare (verb 3; topic: military) 

parent; (pl.) relations (noun 3; topic: domestic) 

obey (verb 2; topic: general) 

prepare; provide (verb 1; topic: general) 

part; some; direction (noun 3; topic: general) 

small (adjective; topic: general) 

father (noun 3; topic: domestic) 

suffer; endure; allow (verb 3 dep; topic: general) 

homeland; native land (noun 1; topic: pol) 

few; a few (adjective plural; topic: general) 

gradually; little by little (adverb; topic: general) 

for a short time (adverb; topic: general) 

poor (adjective; topic: general) 

fear; terror (noun 3; topic: general) 

peace (noun 3; topic: military) 

money (noun 1; topic: general) 

infantry (noun 3; topic: military) 

push; drive; rout (verb 3; topic: military) 

through; throughout; along (preposition; topic: general) 

destroy; lose (verb 3; topic: general) 

die; perish; be ruined (verb irreg; topic: general) 

bring about; complete; perfect (verb 3; topic: general) 

danger (noun 2; topic: general) 

hand over; entrust; permit; allow (verb 3; topic: general) 

persuade (verb 2; topic: general) 

terrified (adjective; topic: general) 

reach; arrive (verb 4; topic: general) 

foot; paw (noun 3; topic: general) 

seek; ask for; make for; attack (verb 3; topic: general) 

javelin (noun 2; topic: military) 

please; suit (verb 2 impersonal; topic: general) 

the people; common people (noun 3; topic: pol) 

full; filled (adjective; topic: general) 

punishment; penalty (noun 1; topic: legal) 

poet (noun 1; topic: general) 

put; place; put up (verb 3; topic: general) 

bridge (noun 3; topic: general) 

people; nation (noun 2; topic: pol) 

gate (noun 1; topic: general) 

carry; bear; take (verb 1; topic: general) 

harbour; port (noun 4; topic: general) 

demand; ask for (verb 3; topic: general) 

can; be able (verb irreg; topic: general) 

afterwards; next (adverb; topic: general) 

behind; after (preposition; topic: general) 

afterwards; then (adverb; topic: general) 

after; when (conjunction; topic: general) 

last (adjective; topic: general) 

on the next day (adverb; topic: general) 

demand; ask (verb 1; topic: general) 

power; authority (noun 3; topic: pol) 

rather; more (adverb; topic: general) 

provide; give; show (verb 2; topic: general) 

booty; plunder (noun 1; topic: military) 

prize; reward (noun 2; topic: general) 

protection; garrison; fortification (noun 2; topic: military) 

beyond; except; besides (preposition; topic: general) 

besides; moreover; in addition (adverb ; topic: general) 

praetor (noun 3; topic: pol) 

pray; pray to; beg (verb 1 dep; topic: religious) 

price; value (noun 2; topic: general) 

first; chief (adjective; topic: general)

princeps principis m. 

prior prioris 

prius (indeclinable) 

priusquam (indeclinable) 

pro + abl 

procedo procedere processi 

procul (indeclinable) 

proelium proelii n. 

proficiscor proficisci profectus sum 

progredior progredi progressus sum 

promitto promittere promisi promissus 

prope + acc 

propter + acc 

provincia provinciae f. 

proximus proxima proximum 

publicus publica publicum 

pudor pudoris m. 

puella puellae f. 

puer pueri m. 

pugna pugnae f. 

pugno pugnare pugnavi 

pulcher pulchra pulchrum 

punio punire punivi punitus 

puto putare putavi putatus 

quaero quaerere quaesivi quaesitus 

qualis quale 

quam (indeclinable) 

quamquam (indeclinable) 

quando? (indeclinable) 

quantus? quanta quantum 

quasi (indeclinable) 

-que (indeclinable) 

queror queri questus sum 

qui quae quod 

quia (indeclinable) 

quidam quaedam quoddam 

quidem (indeclinable) 

quies quietis f. 

quis? quid 

quisquam quicquam 

quisque quaeque quidque 

quisquis quicquid 

quo? (indeclinable) 

quod (indeclinable) 

quomodo? (indeclinable) 

quoniam (indeclinable) 

quoque (indeclinable) 

quot? (indeclinable) 

quotiens (indeclinable) 

rapio rapere rapui raptus 

ratio rationis f. 

re- (indeclinable) 

recens recentis 

recipio recipere recepi receptus 

se recipere 

recito recitare recitavi recitatus 

reddo reddere reddidi redditus 

redeo redire redii 

refero referre rettuli relatus 

reficio reficere refeci refectus 

regina reginae f. 

regnum regni n. 

rego regere rexi rectus 

regredior regredi regressus sum 

relinquo relinquere reliqui relictus 

reliquus reliqua reliquum 

repente (indeclinable) 

res rei f. 

res publica rei publicae f. 

resisto resistere restiti + dat 

emperor; chief; chieftain (noun 3; topic: pol) 

previous; former; superior (adjective; topic: general) 

before; previously (adverb ; topic: general) 

before; until (conjunction; topic: general) 

in front of; for; on behalf of; in return for (preposition; topic: general) 

advance; proceed (verb 3; topic: general) 

far away; distant (adverb; topic: general) 

battle (noun 2; topic: military) 

set out; depart (verb 3 dep; topic: general) 

advance; proceed (verb 3 dep; topic: general) 

promise (verb 3; topic: general) 

near (preposition; topic: general) 

on account of; because of (preposition; topic: general) 

province (noun 1; topic: pol) 

nearest; next; last (adjective; topic: general) 

public; common (adjective; topic: pol) 

shame; modesty; honour; disgrace (noun 3; topic: general) 

girl (noun 1; topic: general) 

boy (noun 2; topic: general) 

fight; battle (noun 1; topic: military) 

fight (verb 1; topic: military) 

beautiful; handsome; fine (adjective; topic: general) 

punish (verb 4; topic: legal) 

think; consider; reckon (verb 1; topic: general) 

search for; ask for; ask; inquire (verb 3; topic: general) 

what sort of (adjective; topic: general) 

how; than; as (adverb; topic: general) 

although (conjunction; topic: general) 

when? (adverb; topic: general) 

how big? how much? (adjective; topic: general) 

as if; just as; nearly (adverb; topic: general) 

and (conjunction; topic: general) 

complain (verb 3 dep; topic: general) 

who; which (pron; topic: general) 

because (conjunction; topic: general) 

one; a certain; some (pron; topic: general) 

indeed; in fact; however (adverb; topic: general) 

rest; peace; quiet (noun 3; topic: general) 

who? what? any (pron; topic: general) 

anyone; anything (pron; topic: general) 

each; each one; every (pron; topic: general) 

whoever; whatever (pron; topic: general) 

where to? (adverb; topic: general) 

because; (as to) the fact that (conjunction; topic: general) 

how? in what way? (adverb; topic: general) 

since (conjunction; topic: general) 

also; too (conjunction; topic: general) 

how many? (adjective; topic: general) 

how often? as often as (adverb; topic: general) 

seize; grab; carry off; plunder (verb 3; topic: military) 

account; reckoning; manner; reason (noun 3; topic: general) 

(in compounds) back; again (prefix; topic: general) 

recent; fresh (adjective; topic: general) 

regain; receive; welcome (verb 3; topic: general) 

retreat; withdraw (verb phrase; topic: military) 

recite; read aloud (verb 1; topic: general) 

give back; restore; hand over; make (verb 3; topic: general) 

return; go back; come back (verb irreg; topic: general) 

bring back; report; refer (verb irreg; topic: general) 

repair; restore; refresh (verb 3; topic: general) 

queen (noun 1; topic: pol) 

kingdom; reign; rule (noun 2; topic: pol) 

rule; direct (verb 3; topic: pol) 

go back; return (verb 3 dep; topic: general) 

leave; leave behind; abandon (verb 3; topic: general) 

the rest of; the other (adjective; topic: general) 

suddenly (adverb; topic: general) 

thing; affair; matter; business (noun 5; topic: general) 

state; republic (noun phrase; topic: pol) 

resist; oppose (verb 3; topic: military)

espondeo respondere respondi responsus 

responsum responsi n. 

retineo retinere retinui retentus 

rex regis m. 

rideo ridere risi 

ripa ripae f. 

rogo rogare rogavi rogatus 

rumpo rumpere rupi ruptus 

ruo ruere rui 

rursus (indeclinable) 

rus ruris n. 

sacerdos sacerdotis m.f. 

saepe (indeclinable) 

saevus saeva saevum 

salus salutis f. 

saluto salutare salutavi salutatus 

salve salvete 

sanguis sanguis m. 

sapiens sapientis 

sapientia sapientiae f. 

satis (indeclinable) 

saxum saxi n. 

scelus sceleris n. 

scio scire scivi scitus 

scribo scribere scripsi scriptus 

scutum scuti n. 

se sui 

secundus secunda secundum 

sed (indeclinable) 

sedeo sedere sedi 

sedes sedis f. 

semper (indeclinable) 

senator senatoris m. 

senatus senatus m. 

senex senis m. 

sententia sententiae f. 

sentio sentire sensi sensus 

sequor sequi secutus sum 

servo servare servavi servatus 

servus servi m. 

si (indeclinable) 

sic (indeclinable) 

sicut (indeclinable) 

signum signi n. 

silentium silentii n. 

silva silvae f. 

similis simile 

simul (indeclinable) 

simulac simulatque 

sine + abl 

sinistra sinistrae f. 

sino sinere sivi situs 

sive seu 

socius socii m. 

sol solis m. 

soleo solere solitus sum 

solum (indeclinable) 

solus sola solum 

somnus somni m. 

sonus soni m. 

soror sororis f. 

specto spectare spectavi spectatus 

sperno spernere sprevi spretus 

spero sperare speravi speratus 

spes spei f. 

statim (indeclinable) 

sto stare steti 

studium studii n. 

stultus stulta stultum 

suavis suave 

answer; reply (verb 2; topic: general) 

answer; reply (noun 2; topic: general) 

hold back; restrain; keep (verb 2; topic: general) 

king (noun 3; topic: pol) 

laugh; smile (verb 2; topic: general) 

bank (noun 1; topic: general) 

ask; ask for (verb 1; topic: general) 

break; burst; break through (verb 3; topic: general) 

rush; collapse (verb 3; topic: general) 

back; again (adverb; topic: general) 

country (noun 3; topic: general) 

priest; priestess (noun 3; topic: religious) 

often (adverb; topic: general) 

savage; cruel (adjective; topic: general) 

health; safety; greeting (noun 3; topic: general) 

greet (verb 1; topic: general) 

hello (verb imperative; topic: general) 

blood (noun 3; topic: general) 

wise; sensible (adjective; topic: general) 

wisdom; good sense (noun 1; topic: general) 

enough (adjective; topic: general) 

rock (noun 2; topic: general) 

crime; wickedness (noun 3; topic: legal) 

know (verb 4; topic: general) 

write (verb 3; topic: general) 

shield (noun 2; topic: military) 

himself; herself; itself; themselves (pron; topic: general) 

following; next; second; favourable (adjective; topic: general) 

but (conjunction; topic: general) 

sit (verb 2; topic: general) 

seat; temple; home (noun 3; topic: domestic) 

always (adverb; topic: general) 

senator (noun 3; topic: pol) 

senate (noun 4; topic: pol) 

old man (noun 3; topic: general) 

opinion; judgement; sentence (noun 1; topic: legal) 

feel; notice; hear; judge (verb 4; topic: general) 

follow; pursue; attend (verb 3 dep; topic: general) 

save; protect; keep (verb 1; topic: general) 

slave (noun 2; topic: domestic) 

if (conjunction; topic: general) 

thus; in this way (adverb; topic: general) 

just as; like; as; as if (adverb; topic: general) 

sign; signal; standard (noun 2; topic: military) 

silence (noun 2; topic: general) 

wood; forest (noun 1; topic: general) 

similar; like (adjective; topic: general) 

at the same time; together (adverb; topic: general) 

as soon as (conjunction; topic: general) 

without (preposition; topic: general) 

left hand; left side (noun 1; topic: general) 

allow; permit (verb 3; topic: general) 

or if; whether (conjunction; topic: general) 

ally; comrade; companion (noun 2; topic: military) 

sun; sunlight (noun 3; topic: general) 

be accustomed (verb 2; topic: general) 

only (adverb; topic: general) 

alone; only; alone (adjective; topic: general) 

sleep (noun 2; topic: general) 

noise; sound (noun 2; topic: general) 

sister (noun 3; topic: domestic) 

look at; watch (verb 1; topic: general) 

despise; reject; scorn (verb 3; topic: general) 

hope; expect (verb 1; topic: general) 

hope (noun 5; topic: general) 

at once; immediately (adverb; topic: general) 

stand; stand firm (verb 1; topic: general) 

eagerness; study; devotion (noun 2; topic: general) 

stupid; foolish (adjective; topic: general) 

sweet; pleasant (adjective; topic: general)

sub + abl or + acc 

subito (indeclinable) 

sum esse fui 

summus summa summum 

sumo sumere sumpsi sumptus 

superbus superba superbum 

supero superare superavi superatus 

supremus suprema supremum 

surgo surgere surrexi 

suscipio suscipere suscepi susceptus 

suspicor suspicari suspicatus sum 

suus sua suum 

taberna tabernae f. 

taceo tacere tacui 

tacitus tacita tacitum 

talis tale 

tam (indeclinable) 

tamen (indeclinable) 

tamquam (indeclinable) 

tandem (indeclinable) 

tango tangere tetigi tactus 

tantum (indeclinable) 

tantus tanta tantum 

telum teli n. 

tempestas tempestatis f. 

templum templi n. 

tempus temporis n. 

teneo tenere tenui tentus 

tergum tergi n. 

terra terrae f. 

terreo terrere terrui territus 

terror terroris m. 

timeo timere timui 

tollo tollere sustuli sublatus 

tot (indeclinable) 

totus tota totum 

trado tradere tradidi traditus 

traho trahere traxi tractus 

trans + acc 

tristis triste 

tu tui 

tum (indeclinable) 

tumultus tumultus m. 

turba turbae f. 

tutus tuta tutum 

tuus tua tuum 

ubi (indeclinable) 

ullus ulla ullum 

ultimus ultima ultimum 

umquam (indeclinable) 

una (indeclinable) 

unda undae f. 

unde (indeclinable) 

undique (indeclinable) 

urbs urbis f. 

usque (indeclinable) 

ut (indeclinable) + indic. 

ut (indeclinable) + subjunc. 

uter? utra utrum 

uterque utraque utrumque 

utrum (indeclinable) 

utor uti usus sum + abl 

uxor uxoris f. 

vale valete 

validus valida validum 

-ve (indeclinable) 

vehementer (indeclinable) 

veho vehere vexi vectus 

vel (indeclinable) 

velut (indeclinable) 

under; beneath (preposition; topic: general) 

suddenly (adverb; topic: general) 

be (verb irreg; topic: general) 

highest; greatest; top (of) (adjective; topic: general) 

take; take up (verb 3; topic: general) 

proud; arrogant (adjective; topic: general) 

overcome; overpower (verb 1; topic: military) 

highest; last; final; supreme (adjective; topic: general) 

get up; stand up; rise (verb 3; topic: general) 

take up; undertake; begin; bear (verb 3; topic: general) 

mistrust; suspect (verb 1 dep; topic: legal) 

his (own); her (own); its (own); their (own) (pron; topic: general) 

shop; inn (noun 1; topic: general) 

be quiet; be silent (verb 2; topic: general) 

quiet; silent; in silence (adjective; topic: general) 

such (adjective; topic: general) 

so (adverb; topic: general) 

however; nevertheless; yet (adverb; topic: general) 

just as; like; as; as if (adverb; topic: general) 

at last; finally (adverb; topic: general) 

touch (verb 3; topic: general) 

only (adverb; topic: general) 

so great; such a great; so much (adjective; topic: general) 

weapon; javelin; missile (noun 2; topic: military) 

weather; storm; time (noun 3; topic: general) 

temple (noun 2; topic: religious) 

time (noun 3; topic: general) 

hold; keep; maintain (verb 2; topic: general) 

back; rear (noun 2; topic: military) 

ground; land; earth (noun 1; topic: general) 

frighten (verb 2; topic: general) 

terror (noun 3; topic: general) 

fear; be afraid (verb 2; topic: general) 

raise; lift up; remove (verb 3; topic: general) 

so many (adjective; topic: general) 

the whole; entire; all (adjective; topic: general) 

hand over; entrust; hand down (verb 3; topic: general) 

pull; drag; draw (verb 3; topic: general) 

across; over (preposition; topic: general) 

sad; gloomy; grim (adjective; topic: general) 

you (singular) (pron; topic: general) 

then; next (adverb; topic: general) 

uproar; disturbance; civil war (noun 4; topic: military) 

crowd; mob; disturbance; multitude (noun 1; topic: general) 

safe (adjective; topic: military) 

your; yours (pron; topic: general) 

where? where; when (adverb; topic: general) 

any (adjective; topic: general) 

furthest; last; utmost (adjective; topic: general) 

ever (adverb; topic: general) 

together (adverb; topic: general) 

wave (noun 1; topic: general) 

from where; whence (adverb; topic: general) 

from all sides; on all sides (adverb; topic: general) 

city; town; Rome (noun 3; topic: general) 

all the way; right up to; continuously (adverb; topic: general) 

as; where; when; how (adverb; topic: general) 

that; so that (conjunction; topic: general) 

which (of two)? (pron; topic: general) 

each (of two); both (pron; topic: general) 

whether (adverb; topic: general) 

use; enjoy (verb 3 dep; topic: general) 

wife (noun 3; topic: domestic) 

goodbye; farewell (verb imperative; topic: general) 

strong; powerful (adjective; topic: general) 

or (conjunction; topic: general) 

violently; loudly; strongly (adverb; topic: general) 

carry; bear; convey (verb 3; topic: general) 

or; either (conjunction; topic: general) 

just as; like; as; as if (adverb; topic: general)

vendo vendere vendidi venditus 

venio venire veni 

ventus venti m. 

verbum verbi n. 

vereor vereri veritus sum 

vero (indeclinable) 

verto vertere verti versus 

verus vera verum 

vester vestra vestrum 

vestis vestis f. 

veto vetare vetui vetitus 

vetus veteris 

via viae f. 

victor victoris m. 

victoria victoriae f. 

video videre vidi visus 

videor videri visus sum 

villa villae f. 

vinco vincere vici victus 

vinum vini n. 

vir viri m. 

virtus virtutis f. 

vis pl. vires f. 

vita vitae f. 

vito vitare vitavi vitatus 

vivo vivere vixi 

vivus viva vivum 

vix (indeclinable) 

voco vocare vocavi vocatus 

volo velle volui 

volvo volvere volvi volutus 

vos vestrum 

vox vocis f. 

vulnero vulnerare vulneravi vulneratus 

vulnus vulneris n. 

vultus vultus m. 

sell (verb 3; topic: general) 

come (verb 4; topic: general) 

wind (noun 2; topic: general) 

word (noun 2; topic: general) 

fear; be afraid (verb 2 deponent; topic: general) 

indeed; in fact; however (adverb; topic: general) 

turn (verb 3; topic: general) 

true; real (adjective; topic: general) 

your; yours (pron; topic: general) 

clothes (noun 3; topic: general) 

forbid; order…not (verb 1; topic: general) 

old (adjective; topic: general) 

street; road; way; path (noun 1; topic: general) 

victor; conqueror (noun 3; topic: military) 

victory (noun 1; topic: military) 

see (verb 2; topic: general) 

seem; appear; be seen (verb 2 deponent; topic: general) 

country-house; estate; farm (noun 1; topic: domestic) 

conquer; defeat; win; be victorious (verb 3; topic: military) 

wine (noun 2; topic: general) 

man; husband (noun 2; topic: general) 

courage; virtue (noun 3; topic: military) 

force; violence; (pl.) strength; forces (noun irreg; topic: military) 

life (noun 1; topic: general) 

avoid (verb 1; topic: general) 

live; be alive (verb 3; topic: general) 

alive; living (adjective; topic: general) 

hardly; scarcely; with difficulty (adverb; topic: general) 

call; summon; invite; name (verb 1; topic: general) 

want; wish; be willing; intend (verb irreg; topic: general) 

turn; roll; consider (verb 3; topic: general) 

you (plural) (pron; topic: general) 

voice; shout; word (noun 3; topic: general) 

wound; injure (verb 1; topic: military) 

wound; injury (noun 3; topic: military) 

face; expression (noun 4; topic: general)

Cambridge Preterm Latin language pack

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