Cambridge Preterm Intensive Ancient Greek language pack

Cambridge Preterm Intensive Ancient Greek language pack 

This language pack has been designed to help you get a good grasp of the basics of 

Ancient Greek before coming to Cambridge. It is based on the vocabulary and grammar 

of Reading Greek Sections 1–10. 

You will be assessed on your comprehension of this material when you arrive at 

Cambridge. You will be expected to: 

• identify any Greek word from the Reading Greek list included here 

• write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) also included here (you will be 

given a starter form) 

• write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included here 

(you will be given a starter form) 

• translate into English some sentences exhibiting this vocabulary and grammar (you 

will find a checklist of grammatical topics in this pack) 

This assessment is not designed to intimidate and does not count toward any final 

grade: it is merely meant to give you something concrete to work on between now and 

then, and to assist us and your Director of Studies in ensuring that we have got the 

right people in the right groups from the start. 

You do not need to own Reading Greek or to have worked with Reading Greek in order to 

prepare for this assessment: all the material to be tested is presented here. If you have 

worked with a different coursebook and would like advice on what the equivalent level 

of attainment would be in your book, then contact us here at the Faculty. 

As far as supplementing your studies and preparing yourself for term you will find the 

following resources helpful. 

We strongly recommend that you purchase a proper reference grammar. H. W. 

Smyth’s Greek Grammar (revised by G. M. Messing) (ISBN 0-674-36250-0) is the most 

extensive one-volume grammar in English; it can be found new or used for between £25 

and £30; try to find a hardcover version as this will last better. Alternatively, W. W. 

Goodwin’s Greek Grammar is easily available new (ISBN 1-85399-522-3) for about £20, 

though second-hand copies can be found for as cheap as £5 on amazon.co.uk and 

bookfinder.com. Again, hardcovers are much less likely to fall apart than the new 

paperback edition. (Avoid the Elementary version of this grammar; you can in fact 

download the entire correct version for free from textkit.com, though printing it will 

be a chore.) 

There are other, perhaps more user-friendly, school grammars out there (e.g. Abbot and 

Mansfield or Morwood), but bear in mind that they are not proper reference grammars 

and simply do not have enough information to help you understand Ancient Greek at 

the level required by your set texts (e.g. you will find very little help with advanced 

syntax or the language of Homer in these).

If you want a nicely laid-out and handy presentation of the word-tables (or paradigms) 

to supplement your grammar (though all the forms will be found in Smyth and 

Goodwin), then we recommend H. J. K. Usher’s Outline of Greek Accidence. We will, 

however, provide many paradigms here and in our Faculty classes, and you will find a 

variety of supplementary online materials at: 

http://tinyurl.com/languagepacks2012 

In order to deal more ably with the grammatical concepts we will meet in our 

classes you will find these volumes helpful: 

• A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar, by Rodney Huddleston (ISBN 0-521-612888) 

• English Grammar for Students of Latin, by Norma Goldman (ISBN-13: 978-0-93-403434-0; 

ISBN-10: 0-93-403434-6) 

As far as dictionaries go, we strongly recommend H. G. Liddell and R. Scott’s Abridged 

Greek Lexicon (ISBN-13: 978-0-19-910205-1; ISBN-10: 0-19-910205-8); the Intermediate 

version of this Lexicon is perhaps better, in that it has longer entries, but it has no 

more entries than the Abridged version and is bulkier and more expensive. The massive, 

£140 Greek-English “LSJ” is a research-standard lexicon and unnecessary for normal 

reading purposes, though you can download it to an iPhone for just over a pound (it’s 

called “Lexiphanes” in the Apple App Store—look also for the Latin dictionary 

“Lexidium”: that’s the research-standard Latin lexicon by Lewis and Short; similar 

resources are available for Android phones as well). 

You will find in this pack: 

• a checklist of grammatical topics covered in Reading Greek 1–10 

• a vocabulary list consisting of all the words in Reading Greek 1-10 

• most of the paradigms presented in Reading Greek 1-10 (plus much more additional 

information) 

• a list of verb principal parts in Reading Greek 1–10 

We have created two online activities to complement the pack: 

• http://www.quia.com/jg/1994849.html (vocabulary tester) 

• http://www.quia.com/jg/1994893.html (principal parts tester) 

Good luck with your studies and see you soon!

checklist of grammar topics for Intensive Greek students 

On arriving at Cambridge you will be assessed on the following topics. The assessment will fall into four parts (in each part you will be given some 

choice): 

Section A: Vocabulary: you will be expected to know the vocbulary from Reading Greek 1–10 (supplied here) 

Section B: Accidence: you will be expected to write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) of any word listed on this page (you will be 

given a starter form—no dual forms are expected): N.B. not every paradigm required has been supplied n the pack 

Section C: Principal Parts: you will be expected write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included in this pack (you 

will be given a starter form) 

Section D: Syntax: you will be expected to translate from Greek into English a few sentences that exhibit the points of syntax as specified below 

The assessment will take form as an hour-long online test. Many elements of the test will be generated randomly by 

computer, so each test will be unique. Some elements will be very simple and some will be more challenging. The test will be 

marked out of 100 points and only you and your Director of Studies will be given the results. The test is merely designed as a 

diagnostic tool and will not count towards any final mark or grade at all. 

adjectives and nouns, etc. 

• understanding of gender, case, and number in nouns and adjectives 

• declension and use of the definite article 

• noun and adjective declension of all three patterns of the words that appear in the Reading Greek vocabulary list (complete list and some tables 

supplied in this pack) 

• form and use of demonstratives, !"# and !$#, %&'("#, and )&!*# 

• form and use of personal, reflexive, and relative pronouns 

• form and use of comparatives, including irregulars for +,)-*#, .).*#, .)/*#, 01,)#, and 2%/3# 

verbs 

• understanding of person, number, tense, voice, and mood in verbs 

• understanding of verbal ‘aspect’ 

• conjugation of thematic (-4) verbs (e.g. /34) in the present, imperfect, aorist, and future (indicative, imperative, and optative only—no subjunctive), 

active and middle, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) 

• conjugation of contract verbs in the present and imperfect indicative, active and middle, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) 

• conjugation of (50" ‘be’, (60$ ‘shall go’, and %6') ‘know’ in the present, past, and future; optative and imperative (no subjunctive), including participles 

and infinitives (supplied in pack) 

• understanding of contract futures, e.g. 0174 fut. 0(78 

• understanding of 1st (= sigmatic) and 2nd aorists (thematic e.g. 9:)/%7 and athematic [= root] e.g. 9:;7) 

• root aorists 9:;7 and 9,747, plus infinitives and participles 

• conjugation of !)0)$, and '"'40$, plus infinitives and participles 

syntax 

• understanding of prepositions as occasioned in the Reading Greek vocabulary list (supplied in pack) 

• constructions with comparative adjectives 

• form and use of participles; understanding of participles used adverbially (= circumstantially) 

• understanding of verbs that take participles, e.g. !?,@A74 

• understanding of verbs that take infinitives , e.g. :%3/%0)$ 

• understanding of indirect speech and indirect question 

• understanding of optative + B7 

N.B. You are not responsible for every form that appears in the tables supplied in the language pack (e.g. dual forms of any word or aorist passives or 

the poetic forms of (50" ), only those forms covered by the descriptions above. The tables are meant to be fairly comprehensive and of use for future 

reference (e.g. when reading Homer). Note too that you will find many words printed with both iota subscript (e.g. C) and adscript (4$) forms as an 

aid to recognition; sometimes long (e.g. D) and short (E) marks have been printed over vowels as an aid in distinguishing certain elements.

conspectus of key Ancient Greek paradigms 

substantives 

1. alpha stems (5 paradigms): !"#$%, &'"(), *+,)!!-, $).!%/, $0)$1)/ 

2. omicron stems (5): 2$*(345/, 67(5$, $58/, 9)$58$, $07/ 

3. consonant stems (15): :,41/, ;"(3$, 4(

first or !-stem declension nouns: five paradigms 

! "#$%& (Attic & for '-stem =Reading Greek 1a) ‘craft’ 

sing. dual pl. 

nom. "#$%& "#$%' "#$%() 

voc. "#$%& "#$%' "#$%() 

acc. "#$%&% "#$%' "#$%'* 

gen. "#$%&* "#$%()% "+$%,% 

dat. "#$%- / "#$%&) "#$%()% "#$%()* 

! !.#/' (' stem =RG 1b) ‘day’ (N.B. Ionic shows & for these words: !.#/&) 


nom. !.#/' !.#/' !.#/() 

voc. !.#/' !.#/' !.#/() 

acc. !.#/'% !.#/' !.#/'* 

gen. !.#/'* !.#/()% !.+/,% 

dat. !.#/0 / !.#/() !.#/()% !.#/()* 

! 123(""4 (4 stem =RG 1c) ‘sea’ 


nom. 123(""4 1(32""' 123(""() 

voc. 123(""4 1(32""' 123(""() 

acc. 123(""4% 1(32""' 1(32""'* 

gen. 1(32""&* 1(32""()% 1(3("",% 

dat. 1(32""- / 1(32""&) 1(32""()% 1(32""()* 

5 %(6"&* (Attic & for '-stem masculine =RG 1d) ‘sailor’ 


nom. %(6"&* %(6"' %(7"() 

voc. %(7"4 %(6"' %(7"() 

acc. %(6"&% %(6"' %(6"'* 

gen. %(6"89 %(6"()% %(9",% 

dat. %(6"- / %(6"&) %(6"()% %(6"()* 

5 %+'%:'* ('-stem masculine =RG 1d [sic]) ‘young man’ 


nom. %+'%:'* %+'%:' %+'%:() 

voc. %+'%:' %+'%:' %+'%:() 

acc. %+'%:'v %+'%:' %+'%:'* 

gen. %+'%:89 %+'%:()% %+'%),% 

dat. %+'%:0 / %+'%:() %+'%:()% %+'%:()* 

N.B. '-stem contracts such as ! ;< (< ;+'- ‘earth’), ! .%= (< .%('- ‘mina’), 5 >/./.+'- ‘Hermes’), and 5 ?8//=* 

(< ?8/+'-) decline like "#$%&, !.#/', %(6"&*, and %+'%:'* respectively yet show final circumflex in all cases.

second or !-stem declension nouns: five paradigms 

!/" #$%&'()* (=RG 2a) ‘man’, ‘woman’, ‘human being’ 


nom. #$%&'()* +$%&,(' #$%&'()- 

voc. #$%&'(. +$%&,(' #$%&'()- 

acc. #$%&'()$ +$%&,(' +$%&,()/* 

gen. +$%&,()/ +$%&,()-$ +$%&,('$ 

dat. +$%&,(0 / +$%&,('- +$%&,()-$ +$%&,()-* 

12 34&)$ (=RG 2b) ‘gift’ 


nom. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 

voc. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 

acc. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 

gen. 3,&)/ 3,&)-$ 3,&'$ 

dat. 3,&0 / 3,&'- 3,&)-$ 3,&)-* 

! $)6* (contracted from $7)-*) ‘mind’ (8.9. Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms.) 


nom. $)6* (< $7)-*) $, (< $7') $): (< $7)-) 

voc. $)6 (< $7.) $, (< $7') $): (< $7)-) 

acc. $)6$ (< $7)-$) $, (< $7') $)6* ($7)/*) 

gen. $)6 (< $7)/) $):$ (< $7)-$) $4$ (< $7'$) 

dat. $; / $4- (< $7'-) $):$ (< $7)-$) $):* (< $7)-*) 

12

three key stop stems: ‘stops’ are labials (!, ", #), palatals ($, %, &), and dentals (', (, )) 

third or consonant-stem declension nouns 

* +,!-. (+,!/(-) ‘hope’ (=RG 3a * 012) 3 %4560 (%7580'-) ‘old man’ '9 !5:%;< (!5=%;%;%;%;%;

six key semivowel stems 

! "#$% (&#$ϝ-) ‘hero’ & '()*% ('+)*-) ‘city’ (=RG 3e) ,- ./,0 (1/,0-) ‘town’ (=RG 3f) 

sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. 

nom. "#$% "#$2 "#$2% / "#$% '()*% '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3 

voc. "#$% "#$2 "#$2% / "#$% '()* '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3 

acc. "#$4 / "#$ / "#$5 "#$2 "#$4% / "#$% '()*5 '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3 

gen. "#$+% / "#$ &#6+*5 &#6$5 '()2$% (-+% Trag.) '+)7+*5 '()2$5 ./,2$% 1/,7+*5 ./,2$5 

dat. "#$* / "#8 / "#$* &#6+*5 "#$/*(5) '()2* '+)7+*5 '()2/*(5) ./,2* 1/,7+*5 ./,2/*(5) 

! 9:;#

adjectives: 13 key paradigms 

!"#$%& ' %( ‘good’ 

singular dual plural 

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. !"#$%& !"#$' !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+, !"#$#, !"#$* 

voc. !"#$- !"#$' !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+, !"#$#, !"#$* 

acc. !"#$%( !"#$'( !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+.& !"#$*& !"#$* 

gen. !"#$+/ !"#$0& !"#$+/ !"#$+1( !"#$#1( !"#$+1( !"#$2( !"#$2( !"#$2( 

dat. 

!"#$3 / 

!"#$24 

!"#$5 / 

!"#$04 

!"#$3 / 

!"#$24 

!"#$+1( !"#$#1( !"#$+1( !"#$+1& !"#$#1& !"#$+1& 

674+& 8 +( ‘worthy’ 

nom 674+& !7,8 674+( !7,9 !7,8 !7,9 674+4 674#4 674# 

voc. 674: !7,8 674+( !7,9 !7,8 !7,9 674+4 674#4 674# 

acc. 674+( !7,8( 674+( !7,9 !7,8 !7,9 !7,+;& !7,8& 674# 

gen. !7,+; !7,8& !7,+; !7,+4( !7,#4( !7,+4( !7,9( !7,9( !7,9( 

dat. 

!7,< / 

!7,94 

!7,= / 

!7,#4 

!7,< / 

!7,94 

!7,+4( !7,#4( !7,+4( !7,+4& !7,#4& !7,+4& 

>?:9& 9( ‘propitious’ (‘Attic declension’) 

m.&f. n. m.&f. n. m.&f. n. 

nom. >?:9& >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:< / >?:94 >?:# 

voc. >?:9& >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:< / >?:94 >?:# 

acc. >?:9( >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:9& >?:# 

gen. >?:9 >?:9 >?:?:94( >?:?:94( >?:9( >?:9( 

dat. >?:< / >?:94 >?:< / >?:94 >?:?:94( >?:?:94( >?:?:94& >?:?:94& 

N.B. similar adjectives @2& ‘safe’ (also @2+&) and A?-9& ‘full’; A?-9& has three endings: A?-9& A?-8 A?-9( BC?. 

DEF@+/& 0 +/( ‘golden’ (contract adjectives in –:+& and –++&; Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) 

nom. DEF@+/& DEF@0 DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+1 DEF@#1 DEF@G 

voc. DEF@+/& DEF@0 DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+1 DEF@#1 DEF@G 

acc. DEF@+/( DEF@0( DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+/& DEF@G& DEF@G 

gen. DEF@+/ DEF@0& DEF@+/ DEF@+1( DEF@#1( DEF@+1( DEF@2( DEF@2( DEF@2( 

dat. 

DEF@3 / DEF@5 / DEF@3 / 

DEF@24 DEF@04 DEF@24 

DEF@+1( DEF@#1( DEF@+1( DEF@+1& DEF@#1& DEF@+1& 

N.B. similar adjectives !E".E:+& ‘silver’, @4H'E:+& ‘iron’, :I(++& ‘well disposed’, and JA?%+& ‘simple’. 

!?K$'& -& ‘true’ (sigma stem with intervocalic @ disappearing; Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) 

nom. !?K$'& !?K$-& !?K$:1 (:@-:) !?K$:1& (:@-:&) !?K$0 (:@-#) 

voc. !?K$-& !?K$-& !?K$:1 !?K$:1& !?K$0 

acc. !?K$0 (:@-#) !?K$-& !?K$:1 !?K$:1& !?K$0 

gen. !?K$+/& (:@-+&) !?K$+/& !?K$+1( !?K$2( !?K$2( 

dat. !?K$:1 (:@-4) !?K$:1 !?K$+1( !?K$-@4(() !?K$-@4(() 

:I:?A4& 4 ‘hopeful’ 

nom. :I:?A4& :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H:& :L-?A4H# 

voc. :I:?A4 :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H:& :L-?A4H# 

acc. :I:?A4( :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H#& :L-?A4H# 

gen. :L-?A4H+& :L-?A4H+& :L:?A,H+4( :L:?A,H9( :L:?A,H9( 

dat. :L-?A4H4 :L-?A4H4 :L:?A,H+4( :L-?A4@4(() :L-?A4@4(()

!"#$%&' (' ‘better’ 

nom. !"#$%&' !)#$*(' !"#$%('" !"#$%('"+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& 

voc. !)#$*(' !)#$*(' !"#$%('" !"#$%('"+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& 

acc. !"#$%('- / !"#$%& !)#$*(' !"#$%('" !"#$%('-+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& 

gen. !"#$%('(+ !"#$%('(+ !"#$*.'(*' !"#$*.'&' !"#$*.'&' 

dat. !"#$%('* !"#$%('* !"#$*.'(*' !"#$%(/*(') !"#$%(/*(') 

012+ "34 2 ‘pleasant’ 

nom. 012+ 01"3- 012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"3-* 01)- 

voc. 012 01"3- 012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"3-* 01)- 

acc. 012' 01"3-' 012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"%5+ 01)- 

gen. 01)(+ 01"%5+ 01)(+ 01)(*' 01"%-*' 01)(*' 01)&' 01"*6' 01)&' 

dat. 01"3 

01"%7 / 

01"%-* 

01"3 01)(*' 01"%-*' 01)(*' 01)/*(') 01"%-*+ 01)/*(') 

8)#5+ -*'4 -' ‘black’ 

nom. 8)#5+ 8)#-*'- 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'"+ 8)#-*'-* 8)#-'- 

voc. 8)#-' 8)#-*'- 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'"+ 8)#-*'-* 8)#-'- 

acc. 8)#-'- 8)#-*'-' 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'-+ 8"#-%'5+ 8)#-'- 

gen. 8)#-'(+ 8"#-%'9+ 8)#-'(+ 8"#:'(*' 8"#-%'-*' 8"#:'(*' 8"#:'&' 8"#-*'6' 8"#:'&' 

dat. 8)#-'* 

8"#-%'; / 

8"#-%'9* 

8)#-'* 8"#:'(*' 8"#-%'-*' 8"#:'(*' 8)#-/*(') 8"#-%'-*+ 8)#-/*(') 

N.B. adjectives in -9', -"*'4, -"' decline similarly (e.g. $)----------------

comparative adjectives 

regular comparative forms: 

positive comparative superlative 

e.g. -!" -#$%!" -#&#!" 

important irregular comparative forms: 

'(&)*" good '+$,-.- /%01#!" aptitude or worth 

2$3#,.- 243#01#!" virtue 

5%$,11.- 5%6#01#!" superiority 

378.- (Att. 39.-) 3:1#!" desirability 

(3.;#$%!" poet.) 

5&5*" bad 5&5,.- 56501#!" cowardice 

3,(!" little (>3$,?.- rare) >3,(01#!" 

>30(7#$%!" (late) 

B!3C" much B3$,.- B3$A1#!" 

also B34.- 

DEF0!" easy DE.- DG1#!" 

#&

participles: 8 key paradigms 

!"#$, !"%&'(, !)%$: present active participle of !"# 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. !"#$ !"%&'* !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+,. !"%&'*/ !"%$+* 

voc. !"#$ !"%&'* !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+,. !"%&'*/ !"%$+* 

acc. !"%$+* !"%&'*$ !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+*. !&%"'*. !"%$+* 

gen. !"%$+%. !&%"'0. !"%$+%. !&1$+%/$ !&%"'*/$ !&1$+%/$ !&1$+#$ !&%&'2$ !&1$+#$ 

dat. !"%$+/ 

!&%"'3 / 

!&%"'0/ 

!"%$+/ !&1$+%/$ !&%"'*/$ !&1$+%/$ !"%&'/($) !&%"'*/. !"%&'/($) 

!"'*., !"'*'(, !)'*$: aorist active participle of !"# 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. !"'*. !"'*'* !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+,. !"'*'*/ !"'*$+* 

voc. !"'*. !"'*'* !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+,. !"'*'*/ !"'*$+* 

acc. !"'*$+* !"'*'*$ !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+*. !&'4'*. !"'*$+* 

gen. !"'*$+%. !&'4'0. !"'*$+%. !&'4$+%/$ !&'4'*/$ !&'4$+%/$ !&'4$+#$ !&'*'2$ !&'4$+#$ 

dat. 

!"'*$+/ 

!&'4'3 / 

!&'4'0/ 

!"'*$+/ !&'4$+%/$ !&'4'*/$ !&'4$+%/$ !"'*'/($) !&'4'*/. !"'*'/($) 

!&5,6., !&5,7'(, !&58$: aorist passive participle of !"# (so +/5,6., pres. act. ptcp. of +6509/) 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. !&5,6. !&5,7'* !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+,. !&5,7'*/ !&58$+* 

voc. !&5,6. !&5,7'* !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+,. !&5,7'*/ !&58$+* 

acc. !&58$+* !&5,7'*$ !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+*. !&5,6'*. !&58$+* 

gen. !&58$+%. !&5,6'0. !&58$+%. !&58$+%/$ !&5,6'*/$ !&58$+%/$ !&58$+#$ !&5,/'2$ !&58$+#$ 

dat. 

!&58$+/ 

!&5,6'3 / 

!&5,6'0/ 

!&58$+/ !&58$+%/$ !&5,6'*/$ !&58$+%/$ !&5,7'/($) !&5,6'*/. !&5,7'/($) 

:/:%"., :/:%)'(, :/:1$: present active participle of :6:#9/ (so :%"., aor. act. ptcp. of :6:#9/) 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. :/:%". :/:%)'* :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+,. :/:%)'*/ :/:1$+* 

voc. :/:%". :/:%)'* :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+,. :/:%)'*/ :/:1$+* 

acc. :/:1$+* :/:%)'*$ :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+*. :/:%"'*. :/:1$+* 

gen. :/:1$+%. :/:%"'0. :/:1$+%. :/:1$+%/$ :/:%"'*/$ :/:1$+%/$ :/:1$+#$ :/:%&'2$ :/:1$+#$ 

dat. :/:1$+/ 

:/:%"'3 / 

:/:%"'0/ 

:/:1$+/ :/:1$+%/$ :/:%"'*/$ :/:1$+%/$ :/:%)'/($) :/:%"'*/. :/:%)'/($)

!"#$%&', !"#$%()*, !"#$%&%: present active participle of !"+$%,-# (so .&', 2nd aor. act. ptcp. of .&/) 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. !"#$%&' !"#$%()0 !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%1"' !"#$%()0# !"#$%&%10 

voc. !"#$%&' !"#$%()0 !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%1"' !"#$%()0# !"#$%&%10 

acc. !"#$%&%10 !"#$%()0% !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%10' !"#$%&)0' !"#$%&%10 

gen. !"#$%&%13' !"#$%&)4' !"#$%&%13' !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&)0#% !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&%1/% !"#$%,)5% !"#$%&%1/% 

dat. 

!"#$%&%1# 

!"#$%&)6 / 

!"#$%&)4# 

!"#$%&%1# !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&)0#% !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%()#(%) !"#$%&)0#' !"#$%()#(%) 

7"7,$8', 7"7,$,9*, 7"7,$:': perfect active participle of 7&/ 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. 7"7,$8' 7"7,$,90 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:1"' 7"7,$,90# 7"7,$:10 

voc. 7"7,$8' 7"7,$,90 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:1"' 7"7,$,90# 7"7,$:10 

acc. 7"7,$:10 7"7,$,90% 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:10' 7"7,$,+0' 7"7,$:10 

gen. 7"7,$:13' 7"7,$,+0' 7"7,$:13' 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$,+0#% 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$:1/% 7"7,$,#5% 7"7,$:1/% 

dat. 7"7,$:1# 

7"7,$,+; / 

7"7,$,+0# 

7"7,$:1# 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$,+0#% 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$:)#(%) 7"7,$,+0#' 7"7,$:)#(%) 

1#-5%, 1#-5)*, 1#-5%: present active participle of 1#-

pronouns: 13 key paradigms 

personal pronoun !"# 


1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 

nom. !"# $% ———— &# $'# $'() Hom. *+),- .+),- $'),- 

acc. !+/ / +) $/ / $) 0 / 1 &# $'# $'() Hom. *+2- .+2- $'2- 

gen. !+34 / +35 $34 / $35 36 / 3. &7& $'7& $'(8& Hom. *+9& .+9& $'9& 

dat. !+3: / +3; $3: / $3; 3< / 3= &7& $'7& $'(8& Hom. *+,& .+,& $',& 

N.B. The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic; the third singulars are rare in Attic prose. Att. >?@A& = Hom. +;& Trag. &;&. 

intensive pronoun >?@Asingular 

dual plural 

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. >?@A- >?@B >?@A >?@# >?@C >?@# >?@3: >?@>: >?@C 

acc. >?@A& >?@B& >?@A >?@# >?@C >?@# >?@3%- >?@C- >?@C 

gen. >?@34 >?@D- >?@34 >?@3,& >?@>,& >?@3,& >?@9& >?@9& >?@9& 

dat. 

>?@7 / >?@E / >?@7 / 

>?@9; >?@D; >?@9; 

>?@3,& >?@>,& >?@3,& >?@3,- >?@>,- >?@3,- 

F.G. >?@A- as adjective (in predicate w.o. w/ def. art.) = ipse, in attributive w.o. w/ def. art. = idem, as an oblique pronoun = is. 

reflexive pronoun !+>5@A& (no dual) 

singular 

plural 

1 2 3 1 2 3 

acc. !+>5@A&, B& $)>5@A&, B& ($>5@A&) 1>5@A&, B&, A (>.@A&) *+2- >?@3%-, C- .+2- >?@3%-, C- 

$'2- >?@3%-, C- or 

1>5@3%- (>.@3%-) 

gen. !+>5@34, D- $)>5@34, D- ($>5@34) 1>5@34, D-, 34 (>.@34) *+9& >?@9& .+9& >?@9& 

$'9& >?@9& or 

1>5@9& (>.@9&) 

dat. 

!+>5@7, E / $)>5@7, E ($>5@7) / 1>5@7, E, 7 / (>.@7) 

$':$;& >?@3,-, >,- or 

*+,& >?@3,-, >,- .+,& >?@3,-, >,- 

!+>5@9;, D; $)>5@9;, D; ($>5@9;) 1>5@9;, D;, 9; (>.@9;) 

1>5@3,- (>.@3,-) 

possessive pronoun !+A- (no dual), declines like H">IAsingular 

plural 

m. f. n. m. f. n. 

1 !+A- !+B !+A& *+/@)J3- *+)@/JK *+/@)J3& 

2 $A- $B $A& .+/@)J3- .+)@/JK .+/@)J3& 

3 L- or 1A- Hom. M or 1B Hom. L& or 1A& Hom. $'/@)J3- $')@/JK $'/@)J3& 

F.G. L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer. 

reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular) 

dual 

plural 

m. f. n. m. f. n. 

acc. HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBN>- ONNPN> 

gen. HNNBN3;& HNNBN>;& HNNBN3;& HNNBN(& HNNBN(& HNNBN(& 

dat. HNNBN3;& HNNBN>;& HNNBN3;& HNNBN3;- HNNBN>;- HNNBN3;- 

definite article Q 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. Q * @A @# @# @# 3= >= @C 

acc. @A& @B& @A @# @# @# @3%- @C- @C 

gen. @34 @D- @34 @3,& @3,& @3,& @9& @9& @9& 

dat. @7 / @9; @E / @D; @7 / @9; @3,& @3,& @3,& @3,- @>,- @3,- 

N.B. @C and @>,& are very rare in the feminine dual.

demonstrative pronoun !"# (iste): can take deictic suffix -$: %"& 


m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. 

nom. !"# '"# ()"# (*"# (*"# (*"# +,"# -,"# (."# 

acc. ()/"# (0/"# ()"# (*"# (*"# (*"# (+12"# (.2"# (."# 

gen. (+3"# (42"# (+3"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (6/"# (6/"# (6/"# 

dat. 

(7"# / (9"# / (7"# / 

(68"# (48"# (68"# 

(+5/"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+52"# (-52"# (+52"# 

N.B. other demonstratives built on !"#: (+2)2"# ‘so much’ (tantus), (+8)2"# ‘such’ (talis), (:;8 '(8> ! (8 (sts !(8) I(8/# +,(8/#> -,(8/#> J(8/- (sts J((-) 

acc. !/(8/- '/(8/- ! (8 (sts !(8) I(8/# +@2(8/-> J2(8/-> J(8/- (sts J((-) 

gen. +=(8/+> or !(+B K2(8/+> +=(8/+> or !(+B +L/(8/+8/ M/(8/A/ or !(A/ M/(8/A/ M/(8/A/ or !(A/ 

dat. 

N(8/8 / M8(8/8 

or !(C / !(A8 

O(8/8 / 

K8(8/8 

N(8/8 / M8(8/8 

or !(C / !(A8 

+L/(8/+8/ +L2(828(/) or !(+8> -L2(828(/) +L2(828(/) or !(+8>

table of correlatives 

interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative 

!"# (quis) !$# ([ali]quis) 

01!(2)# (uter) 

01!(2)# also 

spelled 0)!(21# 

(uter[cumque]) 

01/)# (quantus) 0)/1# (aliquantus) 

0)-)# (qualis) 0)$1# (qualis) 

067",)# 067",)# 

0)4 (ubi) 0)9 (alicubi) 

01;(. (unde) 0);(. (alicunde) 

0)- (qu!) 0)$ (aliqu!) 

% Homeric 

&# Homeric (is) 

&'( (iste) 

)*!)# (hic) 

+,(-.)# (ille) 

&# (qui) 

3!(2)# (alter) %01!(2)# 

!1/)# Poet. 

!)/1/'( or 

!)/)4!)# (tantus) 

!)-)# Poet. 

!)$1/'( or 

!)$)4!)# (talis) 

!67",)# Poet. 

!67$,1/'( or 

!67$,)4!)# 

:.;< Poet. (e!) 

+.;='( (ist!, h"c) 

+.!

adverbs (see Smyth §§341–345) 

1. Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms, e.g.: 

nominative: !"#, $!%#, &'%()# 

accusative: (very common) !*+,-', !-.", (/0*1', ,2(3*-', !-..4 

genitive: !-5, -6, %7,-5, 8#9:, ;0!-, ,>

prepositions 

taking 3 cases 

accusative genitive dative 

taking 2 cases 

taking 1 case 

!"#$ round about, near concerning about (poetic) 

%&$ to, toward, for on on 

"'() after with among, in (Epic) 

&*+) to, contrary to from chez, apud 

&'+$ round about, concerning about, because of 

concerning 

&+,- to, toward on the side of at, besides, in addition to 

.&, under by, under under, by 

!/) up along, through upon (poetic) 

01) because of through 

2*() along, over, down from, against 

according to 

.&3+ over, beyond above, on behalf of 

!/($ opposite to, in return for 

!&, 

from, away from 

'4- (%-) 

into, to 

%2, %5 out, out of, from, from within 

%/ in 

&+, 

before, for 

67/ (57/) with

case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin: some major categories 

for the full accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy), if you have 

German (or even if you don’t) see Schwyzer vol. 2 and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr 

accusative can be said to fall into four major uses: 

1. direct object 

2. marking motion or extent (of time or place): Romam, quattor dies 

3. cognate accusative: uitam uiuo, !"#$% !&#'()*$& (a.k.a. figura etymologica) 

4. adverbial accusative (! accusative of respect): quid, +&: ‘somewhat’ 

genitive 

N.B. Schwyzer’s Gk categories: 1. ABLATIVE 2. PARTITIVE 3. OF BELONGING (‘Pertinentiv’) 4. SYNCRETISTIC 

1. ‘adnominal’: genitives that ‘qualify’ nouns: fratris mors = mors fraterna 

2. genitive of the charge, memory (and forgetting), source of emotion: ADVERBIAL 

3. possessive: +, -"-.&)/ $0+)1; N.B. hominis errare est, 2/!3,% 24$5)1 6738 +9/ *74":+;/ :

conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms 

A B C D E F G H I J 

key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form 

1 !"#$ sum pres. !"#$ !%&'( )& * !+,& +-.( / 

2 fut. 0-1#'( 0-!-.'( 2-3#!&14 2-1$#,& 

3 !%#( ibo pres. !%#( "5&'( "6& +7 +1(#( +.( 8' 

4 1%9' pres. 1%9' !"95&'( !"964 !"9: !"9!$,& +-.( ;9, 

5 fut. !+-1#'( !+-!-.'( !"-3#!&14 !"-1$#,& 

6 thematic verbs pres. act.

!"#$ sum 

present 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE 

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 

1 

) 

— )#!( 

1 

!,-( 

2 

,&1/ *&2.( 

*+ Ion. 

*./#/ Ep. 

*&&. Hom. 

1 

!"#$ — %&#'( 

!"#'( Ion. 

— !,-#!( prose 

!0#!( poet., Pl. 

*./#!( Ep. 

*&2! 

2 

!0 

%&&$ Hom. 

!03 Ion. 

%&24( 

%&2' 

3 

%&2$(() %&24( !"&$(() 

*8&/(() Hom. 

2 

53 / 6/3 

*73 Hom. 

3 

5 / 6/ 

*7 Hom. 

*7&/(() Hom. 

5&/(() Hom. 

:2+ late 

62.( 62! 

62.( )&/(() 

*+&/(() Ion. 

2 

!,-3 

*./3 Hom. 

3 

!,- 

*./ Hom. 

!,-2.( 

!02.( 

Pl. 

!";2-( 

!,2-( 

Pl. 

!,-2! prose 

!02! poet., Pl. 

!,-&8( prose 

!0!( prose & poet., Pl. 

3 

*&2+ *&2+( *&2+( 

*&2+&8( Pl., Dem. 

9(2+( Pl., inscrr. 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!0(8/ *##!(8/, *##!(, *#!(8/, *#!( Hom. 

, 9( %?(, %.@&8, *.( Ion. 

imperfect (indicative only) 

1 

6 

6( later 

68, *.(, *&A.( Hom. 

*8 Ion. 

:#-( late 

future (indicative and optative only) 

INDICATIVE 

OPTATIVE 

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 

— 6#!( 

1 

*&.#8/ 

:#!18 late 

*&&.#8/ Hom. 

2 

6&18 

63 rare 

6&183 rare 

*-&18 Ion. 

*&A!3 Ep. 

*83 Hdt. 

6&. late 

3 

6( 

6!(, *-(, :-(, *&A!(() Hom. 

6&2. late 

6&2.( 62! 

6&2! rare 

*82! Hdt. 

:&2-( 

6&8( 

*&A.( Ion. 

*&8( Hom. 

2 

*&!/ 

*&7 / 

*&-/ 

3 

*&28/ 

*&!28/ Hom. 

*&&!28/ Hom. 

%&&!B28/ Hom. 

not attested %&4#!18 %&.$#-( not attested %&.$#!18 

*&!&1.( *&!&1! *&./. *&./&1.( *&./&1! 

*&!&1.( *&.(28/ *&./2. %&.$&1-( *&./(2. 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

*&!&18/ *&&!&18/ Hom. 

%&4#!(.3, --, -.( %&&4#!(.3 Hom.

!"#$ ibo 

present 



1 

!"#$ — %#!& 

1 

%' — %'#!& 

%(#!& Hom. 

1 

%($#$ 

)(*+& 

— %($#!& 2 %,$ %-(& %-! 

2 

!" 

!".,/ Hom. 

!"0 Hesiod 

%-(& %-! 

2 

%10 / %+$0 

%1.,/ Hom. 

%+-(& %+-! 

2 

%($0 %($-(& %($-! 

3 

%-' %-'& )2&-'& 

%-'./& Xen. Pl. 

3 

!".$(&) %-(& %/.$(&) 3 %1 / %+$ 

%1.$(&) Hom. 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

)3&/$ %#!&/$ %#!& Hom. 

)4& )(5.6 )2& 

%+-(& %'.$(&) 3 %($ )(*-+& %($!& 



1 

7/ / 8$/ older 

9!$& / :$!$& later 

:;/ Ion. 

2 

9!$.,/ / :$!$.,/ older 

9!$0 / :$!$0 later 

:;!0 Hom. 

— 7#!& / 8$#!& 

9!$#!& v. late 

9(#!& Hom. 

7-(& / 8$-(& 7-! / 8$-! 

9!$-! v. late 

3 

9!$(&) / :$!$(&) older 

9!$ / :$!$ later 

:;!(&), 7!(&), %!(&) Hom. 

9-+& / :$-+& 

%-+& Hom. 

7./& / 8$./& 

9!./& / :$!./& prose 

:;./&, %./&, :;(& Hom.

!"#$ 

present 



1 

(*#+ — (*#+'() 

(*#,- Ion. 

(*#,-'() Ion. 

*#,- Hom. 

(%#!'() Hom. 

(%#- Hom. 

1 

!"#$ — %&'() 

!%#$'() Ion. 

%#'() Ion. 

1 

(*#(./) — (*#(0'() 

poetry & prose 

(*#(./'() prose 

only 

2 

%&12 %&3!) %&3( 

2 

!"&1$ 

!"#$4 Ion. and 

late 

!"&1$4 Comedy 

%&3!) 

!%#$3!) Ion. and 

late 

%&3( 

!%#$3( Ion. 

and late 

2 

(*#54 / 

(*#624 

(*#63!) (*#63( 

(%#(3( Hom. 

2 

(*#(./4 (*#(03!) (*#(03( 


(*#(./3( prose only 

3 

%&3- %&3-) %&3-) 

%&3-&$) 

late 

3 

!"#(()) %&3!) 

!%#$3!) Ion. and 

late 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

%&$&2()) 

!%#$&2()) Ion. 

and late 

(*#,)$2 %#'()$2, %#'() Hom. 

(*#74, (*#809, (*#:4 *#80$ Hom. 

3 

(*#5 / 

(*#62 

(*#63!) (*#+&2()) 

(*#,-&2()) Ion. 

3 

(*#(./ (*#(.3/) (*#(0() 


(*#(./&$) prose 

only 


1 

;#/ 

;#(2) later 

;#($ Ion. 

&(3( Ion. 

(%&!2! (%&!2&1!) (%&!2&1( 

3 

;#(2()) 

;#((()) Ion. 

&(2 Ion. 

INFINITIVE 

(%&(&1!) 

(%&!)3$2 

(*#>&!8&2()) Ion. 

(%&(&1$2 (*#>&(2) Ion., (*#>&('() Hom. 

PARTICIPLE (*&:'()!4, -/, -!) 

(%&!23! (*&!.&1/) (%&!2)3!

!"# present stem forms 

active 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 

1 !"# — !"$%&' 1 !"# — !"#%&' 1 !"$(%( — !"$(%&' 2 !)& !"&*$' !"&*& 1 +!,$' — -!"$%&' 

2 !"&(. !"&*$' !"&*& 2 !"/. / 

!"0(. 

!"0*$' !"0*& 2 !"$(. !"$(*$' !"$(*& 3 !,1*# !,1*#' !,2'*#' / 

!,1*#34' 

2 +!,&. -!"&*$' -!"&*& 

3 !"&( !"&*$' !"$,3((') 3 !"/ / 

!"0( 

!"0*$' !"#3((') 3 !"$( !,$5*0' !"$(&' 3 +!,&(') -!,1*0' +!,$' 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!"&(' 

!"#', !"$,36, !)$' 

middle/passive 



1 !"$%4( !,2%&7$' !,2%&74 1 !"#%4( !,8%&7$' !,8%&74 1 !,$5%0' !,$5%&7$' !,$5%&74 2 !"$, !"&37$' !"&37& 1 -!,2%0' -!,2%&7$' -!,2%&74 

2 !"&( / 

!"/ / 

!"0( 

!"&37$' !"&37& 2 !"/ / 

!"0( 

!"037$' !"037& 2 !"$($ !"$(37$' !"$(37& 3 !,137# !,137#' !,137#' / 

!,137#34' 

2 -!"$, -!"&37$' -!"&37& 

3 !"&*4( !"&37$' !"$'*4( 3 !"0*4( !"037$' !"#'*4( 3 !"$(*$ !,$5370' !"$('*$ 3 -!"&*$ -!,1370' -!"$'*$ 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!"&374( 

!,2%&'$. 0 $'

!"# aorist stem forms 

active 



1 $!%&' — (!"&')*+ 1 !"&# — !"&#)*+ 1 !"&',), — !"&',)*+ 2 !-&.+ !"&'/.+ !"&'/* INFINITIVE !-&', 

2 $!%&'0 (!"&'/.+ (!"&'/* 2 !"&10 / 

!"&2,0 

3 $!%&*(+) (!%&3/2+ $!%&'+ 3 !"&1 / 

!"&2, 

!"&2/.+ !"&2/* 2 !"&',0 / 

!"&*,'0 

!"&2/.+ !"&#&,(+) 3 !"&', / 

!"&*,*(+) 

!"&',/.+ !"&',/* 3 !%&3/# !%&3/#+ !%&3+/#+ PARTICIPLE !"&'0 

!"&4&5 

!-&5+ 

!%&'6/2+ !"&',*+ / 

!"&*,'+ 

middle 



1 (!%&3)2+ (!%&3)*7.+ (!%&3)*7' 1 !"&#)', !%&8)*7.+ !%&8)*7' 1 !%&'6)2+ !%&'6)*7.+ !%&'6)*7' 2 !-&', !"&'&7.+ !"&'&7* INF. !"&'&7', 

2 (!"&# (!"&'&7.+ (!"&'&7* 2 !"&1 / 

!"&2, 

!"&2&7.+ !"&2&7* 2 !"&',. !"&',&7.+ !"&',&7* 3 !%&3&7# !%&3&7#+ !%&3&7#+ PT. !%&3)*+.0 

2 .+ 

3 (!"&'/. (!%&3&72+ (!"&'+/. 3 !"&2/', !"&2&7.+ !"&#+/', 3 !"&',/. !%&'6&72+ !"&',+/. 

passive 



1 (!"72+ — (!"72)*+ 1 !%79 — !%79)*+ 1 !%7*62+ — !%7*:)*+ / 

!%7*62)*+ 

2 !"72/, !"72/.+ !"72/* 

INF. 

!%7;+', 

2 (!"720 (!"72/.+ (!"72/* 2 !%7+/#+ PT. !%7*60 

!%7*:&5 

!%7>+ 

3 (!"72 (!%7=/2+ (!"72&'+ 3 !%7< / 

!%7;, 

!%7;/.+ !%79&,(+) 3 !%7*62 !%7*6/2+ / 

!%7*,=/2+ 

!%7*:*+ / 

!%7*62&'+

!"# perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (N.B. These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms; second perfect forms [e.g. $%$&'( < $)$'&*(+] do not show the ,; otherwise 

they are identical to first perfects.) 

active 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple 


1 !%!-,( — !.!",(*.' 1 !.!",# — !.!",#*.' 1 !.!",&+*+ / 

!.!-,&)/' 

— !.!",&+*.' 2 !%!-,. !.!",.0&' !.!",.0. 

2 !%!-,(1 !.!",(0&' !.!",(0. 2 !.!",21 / 

!.!",/+1 

!.!",/0&' !.!",/0. 2 !.!",&+1 / 

!.!-,&)/1 

!.!",&+0&' !.!",&+0. 3 !.!-,%0# !.!-,%0#' !.!-,3'0#' / 

!.!-,%0#4(' 

3 !%!-,.(') !.!",(0&' !.!",54+(') 3 !.!",2 / 

!.!",/+ 

!.!",/0&' !.!",#4+(') 3 !.!",&+ / 

!.!-,&)/ 

!.!-,&)0/' 

!.!",&+.' 

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic 

!.!-,61 .7*+ ,0! !.!-,81 9 ,0! !.!-,81 .:/' ,0! !.!-,81 :4;+ ,0! 

INFINITIVE 

!.!-,%'(+ 

PARTICIPLE !.!-,61, !.!-,-# — !.!">&*.' 1 !.!">&+*+ — !.!">&+*.' 

2 =!.!",/1 / 

=!.!",.+1 

=!.!",.0&' / 

=!.!",.+0&' 

=!.!",.0. / 

=!.!",.+0. 

2 !.!">.+1 !.!">.0&' !.!">.0. 2 !.!">&+1 !.!">&+0&' !.!">&+0. 

3 =!.!",.+ =!.!-,%0/' / 

=!.!-,.)0/' 

=!.!",.4(' / 

=!.!",.+4(' 

3 !.!">.+ !.!">.0&' !.!">&-4+(') 3 !.!">&+ !.!->&)0/' !.!">&+.' 

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic 

!.!-,81 ? ,0! !.!-,81 @4&*(+ ,0! !.!-,81 =4&)*/' 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!.!">.+', !.!-,81 @4.4;(+ 

!.!">#'

!"# perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) 


INDICATIVE 

SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly OPTATIVE very rare in simple 

IMPERATIVE rare in simple 

for $%$&'()* and (%(+'()*) 

(mainly for $%$&'()* and (%(+'()*) 


1 !%!,()* !-!"(-./+ !-!"(-.) 1 !-!"#()* !-!,0(-./+ !-!,0(-.) 1 !-!,/1('+ / 

!-!,1('+ 

!-!,/1(-./+ / 

!-!,1(-./+ 

!-!,/1(-.) / 

!-!,1(-.) 

2 !%!,2/ !%!,2./+ !%!,2.- 

2 !%!,2)* !%!,2./+ !%!,2.- 2 !-!"3 / 

!-!"'* 

!-!"'2./+ !-!"'2.- 2 !-!"/*/ / 

!-!"4/ 

!-!"/*2./+ / 

!-!"42./+ 

!-!"/*2.- / 

!-!"42.- 

3 !-!"2.# !-!"2.#+ !-!"2.#+ / 

!-!"2.#2)+ 

3 !%!,&)* !%!,2./+ !%!,+&)* 3 !-!"'&)* !-!"'2./+ !-!"#+&)* 3 !-!"/*&/ / 

!-!"4&/ 

!-!,/12.'+ / 

!-!,12.'+ 

!-!"/*+&/ / 

!-!"4+&/ 

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic 

!-!,(%+/5 -6(1, $&! !-!,(%+/5 7, $&! !-!,(%+/5 -8'+, $&! !-!,(%+/5 82.*, $&! 

INFINITIVE !-!"2.)* 

PARTICIPLE !-!,(%+/5 ' /+ 

PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple 

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 

1 9!-!"('+ 9!-!"(-./+ 9!-!"(-.) 1 !-!"2/()* !-!,2:(-./+ !-!,2:(-.) 1 !-!,2/1('+ !-!,2/1(-./+ !-!,2/1(-.) 

2 9!%!,2/ 9!%!,2./+ 9!%!,2.- 2 !-!"2-* / 

!-!"23 / 

!-!"2'* 

!-!"2-2./+ !-!"2-2.- 2 !-!"2/*/ !-!"2/*2./+ !-!"2/*2.- 

3 9!%!,&/ 9!-!"2.'+ 9!%!,+&/ 3 !-!"2-&)* !-!"2-2./+ !-!"2/+&)* 3 !-!"2/*&/ !-!,2/12.'+ !-!"2/*+&)* 

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic 

!-!,(%+/5 ;, $&! !-!,(%+/5

!"# future tense forms 

active 

INDICATIVE 

OPTATIVE 

singular dual plural singular dual plural 

1 !"$# — !"$%&'( 1 !"$%)&) — !"$%)&'( INFINITIVE !"$')( 

2 !"$')* !"$'+%( !"$'+' 2 !"$%)* !"$%)+%( !"$%)+' PARTICIPLE !"$#( !"$%,$- !.$%( 

3 !"$') !"$'+%( !"$%,$)(() 3 !"$%) !,$%/+0( !"$%)'( 

middle 

INDICATIVE 

OPTATIVE 


1 !"$%&1) !,$2&'3%( !,$2&'31 1 !,$%/&0( !,$%/&'3%( !,$%/&'31 INFINITIVE !"$'$31) 

2 !"$') / 

!"$4 / 

!"$0) 

!"$'$3%( !"$'$3' 2 !"$%)% !"$%)$3%( !"$%)$3' PARTICIPLE !,$2&'(%* 0 %( 

3 !"$'+1) !"$'$3%( !"$%(+1) 3 !"$%)+% !,$%/$30( !"$%)(+% 

passive 

INDICATIVE 

OPTATIVE 


1 !,35$%&1) !,30$2&'3%( !,30$2&'3%( 1 !,30$%/&0( !,30$%/&'3%( !,30$%/&'31 INFINITIVE !,35$'$31) 

2 !,35$') / 

!,35$4 / 

!,35$0) 

!,35$'$3%( !,35$'$3' 2 !,35$%)% !,35$%)$3%( !,35$%)$3' PARTICIPLE !,30$2&'(%* 0 %( 

3 !,35$'+1) !,35$'$3%( !,35$%(+1) 3 !,35$%)+% !,30$%/$30( !,35$%)(+%

!"#$% present stem forms 

active 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 


1 !"#& 

('-%) 

— !"#&#() 

('-*#()) 

1 !"#& 

('-%) 

— !"#&#() 

('-%#()) 

1 !"#+,) / 

!"#-",) 

('-*",)) 

or 

!"#.#" / 

!"#&"#" 

('-*"#") 

— !"#+,#() / 

!"#-",#() 

('-*",#()) 

or 

!"#.#() / 

!"#&"#() 

('-*"#()) 

2 !/#0 

('-() 

!"#1!*) 

('-(!*)) 

!"#1!( 

('-(!() 

1 2!/#%) 

('-*)) 

— 2!"#&#() 

('-*#()) 

2 !"#34 / 

!"#1"4 

('-("4) 

!"#1!*) 

('-(!*)) 

!"#1!( 

('-(!() 

2 !"#34 / 

!"#1"4 

('-54) 

!"#1!*) 

('-,!*)) 

!"#1!( 

('-,!() 

2 !"#+,4 / 

!"#-",4 

('-*",4) 

or 

!"#.4 / 

!"#&"4 

('-*"4) 

!"#+,!*) / 

!"#-",!*) 

('-*",!*)) 

or 

!"#.!*) / 

!"#&"!*) 

('-*"!*)) 

!"#+,!( / 

!"#-",!( 

('-*",!() 

or 

!"#.!( / 

!"#&"!( 

('-*"!() 

3 !"#$!% 

('-(!%) 

!"#$!%) 

('-(!%)) 

!"#-)!%) 

('-*)!%)) / 

!"#$!%6') 

('-(!%6')) 

2 2!/#04 

('-(4) 

2!"#1!*) 

('-(!*)) 

2!"#1!( 

('-(!() 

3 !"#3 / 

!"#1" 

('-(") 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!"#1!*) 

('-(!*)) 

!"#&6"()) 

('-*76") 

!"#1) ('-(")) 

3 !"#3 / 

!"#1" 

('-5) 

!"#1!*) 

('-,!*)) 

!"#&) ('-%)), !"#&6: ('-*76:), !"#&) ('-*)) 

!"#&6"()) 

('-%6") 

3 !"#+, / 

!"#-", 

('-*",) 

or 

!"#. / 

!"#&" 

('-*") 

!"#89!,) / 

!"#%"9!,) 

('-*",!,)) 

or 

!"#+!,) / 

!"#-"!,) 

('-*"!,)) 

!"#+,6') / 

!"#-",6') 

('-*",6')) 

or 

!"#.() / 

!"#&"() 

('-*"()) 

3 2!/#0 

('-() 

2!"#$!,) 

('-(!,)) 

2!/#%) 

('-*)) 




!"#&#'" 

('-*#'") 

!"#-#(;*) 

('-*#(;*)) 

!"#-#(;' 

('-*#(;') 

1 !"#&#'" 

('-%#'") 

!"#-#(;*) 

('-%#(;*)) 

!"#-#(;' 

('-%#(;') 

1 !"#+#,)/ 

!"#-"#,) 

('-o"#,)) 

!"#+#(;*)/ 

!"#-"#(;*) 

('-*"#(;*)) 

!"#+#(;'/ 

!"#-"#(;' 

('-*"#(;') 

2 !"#& 

('-*7) 

!"#16;*) 

('-(6;*)) 

!"#16;( 

('-(6;() 

1 2!"#-#,) 

('-*#,)) 

2!"#-#(;*) 

('-*#(;*)) 

2!"#-#(;' 

('-o#(;') 

!"#3 / 

!"#1" 

('-("/5) 

!"#16;*) 

('-(6;*)) 

!"#16;( 

('-(6;() 

2 !"#3 / 

!"#1" 

('-5) 

!"#16;*) 

('-,6;*)) 

!"#16;( 

('-,6;() 

2 !"#.* / 

!"#&"* 

('-*"*) 

!"#.6;*) / 

!"#&"6;*) 

('-*"6;*)) 

!"#.6;( / 

!"#&"6;( 

('-*"6;() 

3 !"#$6;% 

('-(6;%) 

!"#$6;%) 

('-(6;%)) 

!"#$6;%) 

('-(6;%)) / 

!"#$6;%6') 

('-(6;%6')) 

2 2!"#& 

('-*7) 

2!"#16;*) 

('-(6;*)) 

2!"#16;( 

('-(6;() 

!"#1!'" 

('-(!'") 

!"#16;*) 

('-(6;*)) 

!"#&)!'" 

('-*)!'") 

3 !"#1!'" 

('-,!'") 

!"#16;*) 

('-,6;*)) 

!"#&)!'" 

('-%)!'") 

3 !"#.!* / 

!"#&"!* 

('-*"!*) 

!"#+6;,)/ 

!"#-"6;,) 

('-*"6;,)) 

!"#.)!* / 

!"#&")!* 

('-*")!*) 

3 2!"#1!* 

('-(!*) 

2!"#$6;,) 

('-(6;,)) 

2!"#&)!* 

('-*)!*) 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!"#16;'" ('-(6;'") 

!"#-#()*4 , *) ('-*#()*4)


active 



1 !"#& 

('-%) 

— !"#"()'* 

('-")'*) 

1 !"#& 

('-%) 

— !"#&)'* 

('-%)'*) 

1 !"#"+,* 

('-"#,*) 

or 

!"#"-)# 

('-"#)#) 

— !"#"+,)'* 

('-"#,)'*) 

or 

!"#"-)'* 

('-"#)'*) 

2 !"+'# 

('-') 

!"#'-."* 

('-'."*) 

!"#'-.' 

('-'.') 

1 /!"+"0* 

('-"*) 

— /!"#"()'* 

('-")'*) 

2 !"#'-1 

('-'#1) 

!"#'-."* 

('-'."*) 

!"#'-.' 

('-'.') 

2 !"#21 / 

!"#3#1 

('-41) 

!"#3."* 

('-,."*) 

!"#3.' 

('-,.') 

2 !"#"+,1 

('-"#,1) 

or 

!"#"-1 

('-"#1) 

!"#"+,."* 

('-"#,."*) 

or 

!"#"-."* 

('-"#."*) 

!"#"+,.' 

('-"#,.') 

or 

!"#"-.' 

('-"#.') 

3 !"#'+.% 

('-'.%) 

!"#'+.%* 

('-'.%*) 

!"#"5*.%* 

('-"*.%*) / 

!"#'+.%67* 

('-'.%67*) 

2 /!"+'#1 

('-'1) 

/!"#'-."* 

('-'."*) 

/!"#'-.' 

('-'.') 

3 !"#'- 

('-'#) 

INFINITIVE 

!"#'-."* 

('-'."*) 

!"#"(6#(*) 

('-"06#) 

!"#'-* ('-'#*) 

3 !"#2 / 

!"#3# 

('-4) 

!"#3."* 

('-,."*) 

!"#&6#(*) 

('-%6#) 

3 !"#"+, 

('-"#,) 

or 

!"#"- 

('-"#) 

!"#"#8.,* 

('-"#,.,*) 

or 

!"#"+.,* 

('-"#.,*) 

!"#"+,67* 

('-"#,67*) 

or 

!"#"-'* 

('-"#'*) 

3 /!"+'# 

('-') 

/!"#'+.,* 

('-'.,*) 

/!"+"0* 

('-"*) 

PARTICIPLE 

!"#&* ('-%*), !"#"(69 ('-"069), !"#"(* ('-"*) 




!"#"()7# 

('-")7#) 

!"#"5)':"* 

('-")':"*) 

!"#"5)':7 

('-")':7) 

1 !"#&)7# 

('-%)7#) 

!"#;)':"* 

('-%)':"*) 

!"#;)':7 

('-%)':7) 

1 !"#"+),* 

('-o#),*) 

!"#"+)':"* 

('-"#)':"*) 

!"#"+)':7 

('-"#)':7) 

2 !"#"( 

('-"0) 

!"#'-6:"* 

('-'6:"*) 

!"#'-6:' 

('-'6:') 

1 /!"#"5),* 

('-"),*) 

/!"#"5)':"* 

('-")':"*) 

/!"#"5)':7 

('-o)':7) 

!"#'- / 

!"#2 / 

!"#3# 

('-'#/4) 

!"#'-6:"* 

('-'6:"*) 

!"#'-6:' 

('-'6:') 

2 !"#2 / 

!"#3# 

('-4) 

!"#36:"* 

('-,6:"*) 

!"#36:' 

('-,6:') 

2 !"#"-" 

('-"#") 

!"#"-6:"* 

('-"#6:"*) 

!"#"-6:' 

('-"#6:') 

3 !"#'+6:% 

('-'6:%) 

!"#'+6:%* 

('-'6:%*) 

!"#'+6:%* 

('-'6:%*) / 

!"#'+6:%67* 

('-'6:%67*) 

2 /!"#"( 

('-"0) 

/!"#'-6:"* 

('-'6:"*) 

/!"#'-6:' 

('-'6:') 

!"#'-.7# 

('-'.7#) 

!"#'-6:"* 

('-'6:"*) 

!"#"(*.7# 

('-"*.7#) 

3 !"#3.7# 

('-,.7#) 

!"#36:"* 

('-,6:"*) 

!"#&*.7# 

('-%*.7#) 

3 !"#"-." 

('-"#.") 

!"#"+6:,* 

('-"#6:,*) 

!"#"-*." 

('-"#*.") 

3 /!"#'-." 

('-'.") 

/!"#'+6:,* 

('-'6:,*) 

/!"#"(*." 

('-"*.") 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!"#'-6:7# ('-'6:7#) 

!"#"5)'*"1 , "* ('-")'*"1)


active 



1 !"#& 

('-%) 

— !"#'()*+ 

('-')*+) 

1 !"#& 

('-%) 

— !"#&)*+ 

('-%)*+) 

1 !"#',"+ 

('-'-"+) 

or 

!"#'.)- 

('-'-)-) 

— !"#',")*+ 

('-'-")*+) 

or 

!"#'.)*+ 

('-'-)*+) 

2 !/#'0 

('-*) 

!"#'(1'+ 

('-*1'+) 

!"#'(1* 

('-*1*) 

1 2!/#'0+ 

('-'+) 

— 2!"#'()*+ 

('-')*+) 

2 !"#'.3 

('-*-3) 

!"#'(1'+ 

('-*1'+) 

!"#'(1* 

('-*1*) 

2 !"#'.3 

('-43) 

!"#&1'+ 

('-"1'+) 

!"#&1* 

('-"1*) 

2 !"#',"3 

('-'-"3) 

or 

!"#'.3 

('-'-3) 

!"#',"1'+ 

('-'-"1'+) 

or 

!"#'.1'+ 

('-'-1'+) 

!"#',"1* 

('-'-"1*) 

or 

!"#'.1* 

('-'-1*) 

3 !"#'51% 

('-*1%) 

!"#'51%+ 

('-*1%+) 

!"#'5+1%+ 

('-'+1%+) / 

!"#'51%67+ 

('-*1%67+) 

2 2!/#'03 

('-*3) 

2!"#'(1'+ 

('-*1'+) 

2!"#'(1* 

('-*1*) 

3 !"#'. 

('-*-) 

INFINITIVE 

!"#'(1'+ 

('-*1'+) 

!"#'(6-(+) 

('-'06-) 

!"#'(+ ('-*-+) 

3 !"#'. 

('-43) 

!"#&1'+ 

('-"1'+) 

!"#&6-(+) 

('-%6-) 

3 !"#'," 

('-'-") 

or 

!"#'. 

('-'-) 

!"#'-/1"+ 

('-'-"1"+) 

or 

!"#',1"+ 

('-'-1"+) 

!"#',"67+ 

('-'-"67+) 

or 

!"#'.*+ 

('-'-*+) 

3 2!/#'0 

('-*) 

2!"#'51"+ 

('-*1"+) 

2!/#'0+ 

('-'+) 

PARTICIPLE 

!"#&+ ('-%+), !"#'(68 ('-'068), !"#'(+ ('-'+) 




!"#'()7- 

('-')7-) 

!"#'5)*9'+ 

('-')*9'+) 

!"#'5)*97 

('-')*97) 

1 !"#&)7- 

('-%)7-) 

!"#:)*9'+ 

('-%)*9'+) 

!"#:)*97 

('-%)*97) 

1 !"#',)"+ 

('-o-)"+) 

!"#',)*9'+ 

('-'-)*9'+) 

!"#',)*97 

('-'-)*97) 

2 !"#'( 

('-'0) 

!"#'(69'+ 

('-*69'+) 

!"#'(69* 

('-*69*) 

1 2!"#'5)"+ 

('-')"+) 

2!"#'5)*9'+ 

('-')*9'+) 

2!"#'5)*97 

('-o)*97) 

!"#'. 

('-*-/4) 

!"#'(17- 

('-*17-) 

!"#'(69'+ 

('-*69'+) 

!"#'(69'+ 

('-*69'+) 

!"#'(69* 

('-*69*) 

!"#'(+17- 

('-'+17-) 

2 !"#'. 

('-4) 

3 !"#&17- 

('-"17-) 

!"#&69'+ 

('-"69'+) 

!"#&69'+ 

('-"69'+) 

!"#&69* 

('-"69*) 

!"#&+17- 

('-%+17-) 

2 !"#'.' 

('-'-') 

3 !"#'.1' 

('-'-1') 

!"#'.69'+ 

('-'-69'+) 

!"#',69"+ 

('-'-69"+) 

!"#'.69* 

('-'-69*) 

!"#'.+1' 

('-'-+1') 

3 !"#'569% 

('-*69%) 

!"#'569%+ 

('-*69%+) 

!"#'569%+ 

('-*69%+) / 

!"#'569%67+ 

('-*69%67+) 

2 2!"#'( 

('-'0) 

3 2!"#'(1' 

('-*1') 

2!"#'(69'+ 

('-*69'+) 

2!"#'569"+ 

('-*69"+) 

2!"#'(69* 

('-*69*) 

2!"#'(+1' 

('-'+1') 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!"#'(697- ('-*697-) 

!"#'5)*+'3 " '+ ('-')*+'3)

irregular contract verbs 1: long vowel stems 

!"# (similarly $%&"#, '("#, ("#, )*%("#, +,"#, -."#, &"#) 



1 !/ — !/,*( 1 !/ — !/,*( 1 !0,% / !/%,% 

or 

!12( / !3%2( 

— !0,*( / !/%,*( 

or 

!12,*( / !3%2,*( 

2 !4 

!45% late 

!467( !46* 1 8!#( / 

8!2( 

v. rare 

— 9!/,*( 

2 !:; / 

!4%; 

!467( !46* 2 !:; / 

!4%; 

!467( !46* 2 !0; / !/%; 

or 

!12; / !3%2; 

!067( / !/%67( 

or 

!1267( / !3%267( 

!06* / !/%6* 

or 

!126* / !3%26* 

3 !

irregular contract verbs 2: monosyllabic -! stems (no contraction with " or #) 

$%&# (so '(&#, (&# 2 [‘need’, not ‘bind’], )&#, *&#, +&#, ,&#, -.&#, /&#) 



1 $%&# — $%&"1!+ 1 $%&# — $%&#1!+ 1 $%&"212 — $%&"21!+ 2 $%!0 $%!0-"+ $%!0-! 

INF. $%!0+ 

2 $%!03 $%!0-"+ $%!0-! 2 $%&43 / 

$%&523 

($%63 rare) 

$%&5-"+ $%&5-! 2 $%&"23 $%&"2-"+ $%&"2-! 3 $%!7-# $%!7-#+ $%!8+-#+ / 

$%!7-#9:+ 

PT. 

$%&#+ 

$%&";9< 

$%&"+ 

3 $%!0 $%!0-"+ $%&";92(+) 3 $%&4 / 

$%&52 

($%6 rare) 

$%&5-"+ $%&#92(+) 3 $%&"2 $%!"7-5+ $%&"2!+ 

IMPERFECT 


1 =$%!"+ — >$%&"1!+ 

2 =$%!23 >$%!0-"+ >$%!0-! 

3 =$%!2 >$%!7-5+ =$%!"+ 

(&"1:2 2 (‘need’, ‘request’, so +&"1:2) 



(&"1:2 (!81!*"+ (!81!*: 1 (&#1:2 (!?1!*"+ (!?1!*: 1 (!"715+ (!"71!*"+ (!"71!*: 2 (&"; (!09*"+ (!09*! 

INF. (!09*:2 

(&!2 or 

(&4 / (&52 

(!09*"+ (!09*! 

((@9*! Com.) 

2 (&4 / 

(&52 

(&59*"+ (&59*! 2 (&"2" (&"29*"+ (&"29*! 3 (!79*# (!79*#+ (!79*#+ / 

(!79*#9:+ 

PT. (!81!+"3 5 

"+ 

(!0-:2 (!09*"+ (&"+-:2 3 (&5-:2 (&59*"+ (&#+-:2 3 (&"2-" (!"79*5+ (&"2+-" 

IMPERFECT 


1 >(!815+ >(!81!*"+ >(!81!*: 

2 >(&"; >(!0*9"+ >(!09*! 

3 >(!0-" >(!79*5+ >(&"+-"

!"#$%& (< "'($)): thematic root aorist stem forms (so !*+"%&, !,+-%&, !,+./%&, !,.+-%&, !,.+0%&, !/+&%&, '1,%&, '2"%&, '1$%&, !-+0%&, !-#3%&, !"+*%&, !"+/%&, !"+3%&, 

!0+/%&, !0%"%&, !$+/%&, !$'4%&, !$#/%&, !$#%&, !$%.%&, !$.+/%&, !43%&, !5+0%&, !5'-%&, !5'0%&, !5.+6%&, !5.+$%&, !573%&, '8.%& [also 98.%&], !:+6%&, !:76%&, ;6+6%& [dupl. root], :'"%&, ?:"%& -5": these forms conjugate just as !"7%& < "@) but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle) 

active 



1 !"#$%& — A"($%0'& 1 "($) — "($)0'& 1 "($%#0# — "($%#0'& 2 "($' "($'5%& "($'5' 

2 !"#$'B A"($'5%& A"($'5' 2 "($CB / 

"($9#B 

3 !"#$'(&) A"#$D59& !"#$%& 3 "($C / 

"($9# 

"($95%& "($95' 2 "($%#B "($%#5%& "($%#5' 3 "#$D5) "#$D5)& "#$E&5)& / 

"#$D5)4+& 

"($95%& "($)4#(&) 3 "($%# "#$%(59& "($%#'& 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

"#$'F& 

"#$G&, "#$%H4I, "#$E& 

middle (so A6'&E09&, A$5E09&, A$7/E09&, J4$E09&, K6.E09&, L4/E09&, K.E09&, M-E09&, N$'43E09&, O"E09& -5") 



1 A"#$E09& A"#$E0'/%& A"#$E0'/+ 1 "($)0+# "#$G0'/%& "($)0'/+ 1 "#$%(09& "#$%(0'/%& "($%#0'/+ 2 "#$%H "($'4/%& "($'4/' 

2 A"($%7 A"($'4/%& A"($'4/' 2 "($C / 

"($9# 

"($94/%& "($94/' 2 "($%#% "($%#4/%& "($%#4/' 3 "#$D4/) "#$D4/)& "#$D4/)& / 

"#$D4/)4+& 

3 A"($'5% A"#$D4/9& A"($%&5% 3 "($95+# "($94/%& "($)&5+# 3 "($%#5% "#$%(4/9& "($%#&5% 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

"#$D4/+# 

"#$E0'&%B + %&

!"#$, !%&$, and !'$($: three key root aorist athematic stem forms 

!"#$ < ")*$( (so !+,#$ < +,-$( & !./#$ < 0./#12 3/4) 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2# forms in prose) IMPERATIVE 


1 !"#$ — !"#15$ 1 "6 — "615$ 1 ")*#$ — ")715$ / 

")*#15$ 

2 "8,2 

-"9 Poet. 

"8/:$ "8/5 INFINITIVE "8$)2 

2 !"#; !"#/:$ !"#/5 2 ".? 

"-$ 

!%&$ < %D( (so !+&$ < +D() 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE 


1 !%E$ — !%E15$ 1 %D( — %D(15$ 1 %D#$ 

[%E*#$] 

— %F15$ 

[%D215$] 

2 %F,2 %F/:$ %F/5 INFINITIVE %F$)2 

2 !%E; !%E/:$ !%E/5 2 %DC; / 

%D#2; 

3 !%E @%D/#$ !%E.)$ 

!%E$ Poet. 

3 %DC / 

%D#2 

%D#/:$ %D#/5 2 %D#; 

[%E*#;] 

%D#/:$ %D(.2($) 3 %D# 

[%E*#] 

%F/:$ 

[%D2/:$] 

%D/#$ 

[%E*/#$] 

%F/5 

[%D2/5] 

%F5$ 

[%D25$] 

3 %D/( %D/($ %D$/($ / 

%D/(.)$ 

PARTICIPLE 

%D; 

%F.? 

%D$ 

!'$($ < '2'$G.3( (so H-4($ < I4*.3:1)2 and @"*($ < "2J() 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2# forms in prose) IMPERATIVE 


1 !'$($ — !'$(15$ 1 '$6 — '$615$ 1 '$:*#$ — '$:715$ / 

'$:*#15$ 

2 '$6,2 '$6/:$ '$6/5 INFINITIVE '$6$)2 

2 !'$(; !'$(/:$ !'$(/5 2 '$K; / 

'$62; 

'$6/:$ '$6/5 2 '$:*#; '$:7/:$ / 

'$:*#/:$ 

3 !'$( @'$G/#$ !'$(.)$ 3 '$K / 

'$62 

'$6/:$ '$6.2($) 3 '$:*# '$:*/#$ / 

'$:2=/#$ 

N.B. Homer shows forms such as '$GL 

(uncontracted) and '$G:15$. 

'$:7/5 / 

'$:*#/5 

'$:75$ / 

'$:*#.)$ 

3 '$G/( '$G/($ '$J$/($ / 

'$G/(.)$ 

PARTICIPLE 

'$:D; 

'$:F.? 

'$J$

2nd perfect stem forms 

!"#$%& (1st perfect '"#$() (#* used in singular; +,"#-($ (#* in pluperfect singular) 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT 


1 — — '"#)%+. 1 /"#0 — /"#0%+. 1 /"#)1$. — /"#)2%+. / 

/"#)1$%+. 

2 '"#)3& '"#)#4. '"#)#+ 1 — — '"#)%+. 

2 — '"#)#4. '"#)#+ 2 /"#56 / 

/"#7&6 

/"#7#4. /"#7#+ 2 /"#)1$6 /"#)2#4. / 

/"#)1$#4. 

/"#)2#+ / 

/"#)1$#+ 

3 /"#8#9 /"#8#9. /"#8.#9. / 

/"#8#9"). 

2 — '"#)#4. '"#)#+ 

3 — '"#)#4. '"#:"&(.) 3 /"#5 / 

/"#7& 

/"#7#4. /"#0"&(.) 3 /"#)1$ /"#)1#$. / 

/"#)&-#$. 

/"#)2+. / 

/"#)1$"). 

3 — /"#8#$. '"#)"). 

INFINITIVE 

/"#8.)& 

PARTICIPLE /"#;6, /"#0"89, @B+1D9, 

EDF4%)&, 3.G"(9, E4&(), (D8H9, %?%4.), I8"F9, I+139, I1I#9, #*89 (#*) 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT 

singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically >+>&+1$. (#*) singular dual plural singular dual plural 

1 >?>&) — >?>&%+. 1 >+>19 — >+>19%+. 2 >?>&3& — >?>&#+ 1 @>+>1$ / 

@>+>1+&. 

— @>?>&%+. / 

@>?>+&%+. 

2 >?>&)6 >?>&#4. >?>&#+ 2 >+>1J6 / 

>+>1$&6 

>+>1$#4. >+>1$#+ 3 >+>1#9 — — 2 @>+>1$6 / 

@>+>1+&6 

@>?>&#4. / 

@>?>+&#4. 

@>?>&#+ / 

@>?>+&#+ 

3 >?>&+(.) >?>&#4. >+>1)"&(.) 3 >+>1J / 

>+>1$& 

>+>1$#4. >+>19"&(.) 3 @>+>1+& @>+>1#$. / 

@>+>+1#$. 

@>?>&"). / 

@>?>+&"). 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

>+>&?.)& 

>+>&;6, >+>&K2+>&=6

consonant stem perfect middle/passives 

!"!#$%&$ < !#'(): stems ending ( * + (‘labials’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so ,(-), *.(-), *!.(-), /0.+), 

1.(-), 2!"(-), 23(-), 204(-), ("%(), 5.(-), 5'(-), 62"(-7%&$, 628(-), 629(-), -0"(), -0'*), -4(-) 2-!) 

INDICATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 


1 !"!#$%%&$ !#!#'%%#17: !#!#'%%#1& 2 !"!#$;7 !"!#$+17: !"!#$+1# INFINITIVE !#!# 7: 

("(#$6%&$ < (#'1): stems ending - ? 1 (‘dentals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so 6(":?), +0.@), ;#4?) 2-!) 

INDICATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 


1 ("(#$6%&$ (#(#'6%#17: (#(#'6%#1& 2 ("(#$67 ("(#$617: ("(#$61# INFINITIVE (#(# 7: 

("(0&/%&$ < (0.--): stems ending / 2 A (‘palatals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so B/), C!!.--), D2:"7%&$, 

(!"2), -&0.--), -.--), +#4/), +E!.--) 2-!) 

INDICATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 


1 ("(0&/%&$ (#(0./%#17: (#(0./%#1& 2 ("(0&F7 ("(0&A17: ("(0&A1# INFINITIVE (#(0GA1&$ 

2 ("(0&F&$ ("(0&A17: ("(0&A1# 3 (#(0.A1) (#(0.A1): (#(0.A1): / 

(#(0.A1)6&: 

3 ("(0&2-&$ ("(0&A17: *(#(0.A&-&$ 

PARTICIPLE (#(0&/%":7= > 7: 

H!8!#/%&$ < H!"/A): stem ending /A (subj. and opt. always periphrastic) 

INDICATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 


1 H!8!#/%&$ H!>!"/%#17: H!>!"/%#1& 2 H!8!#/F7 H!8!#/A17: H!8!#/A1# INFINITIVE H!>!"/A1&$ 

2 H!8!#/F&$ H!8!#/A17: H!8!#/A1# 3 H!>!"/A1) H!>!"/A1): H!>!"/A1): / 

H!>!"/A1)6&: 

3 H!8!#/2-&$ H!8!#/A17: *H!>!"/&-&$ 

PARTICIPLE H!>!#/%":7= > 7: 

I//#!%&$ < C//"!!): stems ending ! 0 (‘liquids’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so &J0), H/#'0), (7$2'!!), 

6-"!!), 6+.!!), -'!!) 2-!) 

INDICATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 


1 I//#!%&$ K//"!%#17: K//"!%#1& 2 I//#!67 I//#!17: I//#!1# INFINITIVE K//"!1&$ 

2 I//#!6&$ I//#!17: I//#!1# 3 K//"!1) K//"!1): K//"!1): / 

K//"!1)6&: 

3 I//#!-&$ I//#!17: *K//"!&-&$ 

PARTICIPLE K//#!%":7= > 7: 

("+&6%&$ < +&':): stems ending % : (‘nasals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so 1#0%&':), !#&':), !E%&':7%&$, 

%&0&':), %$&':), %)0&':), F&':), F>0&':), (#0&':), (7$%&':), 5E(&':), 6>%&':), L+&':) 2-!) 

INDICATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 


1 ("+&6%&$ (#+.6%#17: (#+.6%#1& 2 ("+&:67 ("+&:17: ("+&:1# INFINITIVE (#+.:1&$ 

2 ("+&:6&$ ("+&:17: ("+&:1# 3 (#+.:1) (#+.:1): (#+.:1): / 

(#+.:1)6&: 

3 ("+&:-&$ ("+&:17: *(#+.:&-&$ 

PARTICIPLE (#+&6%":7= > 7: 

* These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words, e.g. -#-.A&-&$ 3 pl. < -.--).

!"!#$% present stem forms 

active 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (%& forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 


1 !"!#$% — !"!'$() 1 !%!* — !%!*$() 1 !%!'"&) — !%!'+$() / 

!%!'"&$() 

2 !"!', !"!'-') !"!'-( 1 .!"!',) — .!"!'$() 

2 !"!#/ !"!'-') !"!'-( 2 !%!0/ / 

!%!*%/ 

!%!*-') !%!*-( 2 !%!'"&/ !%!'+-') / 

!%!'"&-') 

!%!'+-( / 

!%!'"&-( 

3 !%!1-# !%!1-#) !%!1)-#) / 

!%!1-#23) 

2 .!"!',/ .!"!'-') .!"!'-( 

3 !"!#2%()) !"!'-') !%!142%()) 3 !%!0 / 

!%!*% 

!%!*-') !%!*2%()) 3 !%!'"& !%!'"-&) / 

!%!'%5-&) 

!%!'+() / 

!%!'"&23) 

3 .!"!', .!%!1-&) .!"!'23) 

INFINITIVE !%!1)3% 

PARTICIPLE !%!'6/, !%!'728, !%!1) 




!"!'$3% !%!1$(9') !%!1$(93 1 !%!*$3% !%!:$(9') !%!:$(93 1 !%!'"$&) !%!'"$(9') !%!'"$(93 2 !"!'2' !"!'29') !"!'29( 1 .!%!1$&) .!%!1$(9') .!%!1$(93 

!"!'23% !"!'29') !"!'29( 2 !%!0 / 

!%!*% 

!%!*29') !%!*29( 2 !%!'+' !%!'+29') !%!'+29( 3 !%!129# !%!129#) !%!129#) / 

!%!129#23) 

2 .!"!'2' .!"!'29') .!"!'29( 

!"!'-3% !"!'29') !"!')-3% 3 !%!*-3% !%!*29') !%!*)-3% 3 !%!'+-' !%!'"29&) !%!'+)-' 3 .!"!'-' .!%!129&) .!"!')-' 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!"!'293% 

!%!1$()'/ & ')

!"!#$% aorist stem forms 

active (2nd aorist: stem !&-) 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (%' forms in prose) IMPERATIVE 


1 (!#)* — (!&$+, 1 !- — !-$+, 1 !&"', — !&.$+, / 

!&"'$+, 

2 !/0 !/1&, !/1+ INFINITIVE !&2,*% 

2 (!#)*0 (!&1&, (!&1+ 2 !30 / 

!-%0 

3 (!#)+(,) 7!/1', (!&4*, 3 !3 / 

!-% 

!-1&, !-1+ 2 !&"'0 !&.1&, / 

!&"'1&, 

!-1&, !-4%(,) 3 !&"' !&"1', / 

!&%81', 

!&.1+ / 

!&"'1+ 

!&.+, / 

!&"'4*, 

3 !/1# !/1#, !/,1#, / 

!/1#4*, 

PARTICIPLE 

!&50 

!&246 

!/, 

middle (2nd aorist: stem !&-) 



1 7!/$', 7!/$+9&, 7!/$+9* 1 !-$*% !:$+9&, !:$+9* 1 !&"$', !&"$+9&, !&"$+9* 2 !&2 !/49&, !/49+ 

INF. !/49*% 

2 (!&; (!&49&, (!&49+ 2 !3 / 

!-% 

!-49&, !-49+ 2 !&.& !&.49&, !&.49+ 3 !/49# !/49#, !/49#, / 

!/49#4*, 

PT. 

!/$+,&0 ' 

&, 

3 (!&1& 7!/49', (!&,1& 3 !-1*% !-49&, !-,1*% 3 !&.1& !&"49', !&.,1& 

passive (1st aorist: stem + 9': !& + 9', like 7- / 

!&9=% 

!&9=1&, !&9-4%(,) 3 !&9+"' !&9+"1', / 

!&9+%81', 

!&9+.+, / 

!&9+"'4*,

!"#$%& present stem forms 

active 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 


1 !"#$%& — !"#'%'( 1 !&#) — !&#)%'( 1 !&#'"$( — !&#'*%'( / 

!&#'"$%'( 

2 !"#'& !"#'!+( !"#'!' 1 ,!"#$( — ,!"#'%'( 

2 !"#$- !"#'!+( !"#'!' 2 !&#.- / 

!&#/&- 

!&#/!+( !&#/!' 2 !&#'"$- !&#'*!+( / 

!&#'"$!+( 

!&#'*!' / 

!&#'"$!' 

3 !&#0!1 !&#0!1( !&#0(!1( / 

!&#0!123( 

2 ,!"#'&- ,!"#'!+( ,!"#'!' 

3 !"#$2&(() !"#'!+( !&#042&(() 3 !&#. / 

!&#/& 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

!&#0(3& 

!&#'"-, !&#'*26, !&#0( 

!&#/!+( !&#)2&(() 3 !&#'"$ !&#'"!$( / 

!&#'&5!$( 

!&#'*'( / 

!&#'"$23( 

N.B. +& for '& here is rare but Classical. 

3 ,!"#'& ,!&#0!$( ,!"#'23( 




!"#'%3& !&#0%'#+( !&#0%'#3 1 !&#)%3& !&#7%'#+( !&#7%'#3 1 !&#'"%$( !&#'"%'#+( !&#'"%'#3 2 !"#'2+ !"#'2#+( !"#'2#' 1 ,!&#0%$( ,!&#0%'#+( ,!&#0%'#3 

!"#'23& !"#'2#+( !"#'2#' 2 !&#. / 

!&#/& 

!&#/2#+( !&#/2#' 2 !&#'*+ !&#'*2#+( !&#'*2#' 3 !&#02#1 !&#02#1( !&#02#1( / 

!&#02#123( 

2 ,!"#'2+ ,!"#'2#+( ,!"#'2#' 

!"#'!3& !"#'2#+( !"#'(!3& 3 !&#/!3& !&#/2#+( !&#)(!3& 3 !&#'*!+ !&#'"2#$( !&#'*(!+ 3 ,!"#'!+ ,!&#02#$( ,!"#'(!+ 

N.B. +& for '& here is rare but Classical. 

INFINITIVE !"#'2#3& 

PARTICIPLE !&#0%'(+- $ +(

!"#$%& aorist stem forms 

active (2nd aorist: stem #'-) 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE 


1 (#$)* — (#'%'+ 1 #, — #,%'+ 1 #'"$+ — #'-%'+ / 

#'"$%'+ 

2 #./ #.!0+ #.!' INFINITIVE #'-+*& 

2 (#$)*/ (#'!0+ (#'!' 2 #1/ / 

#2&/ 

3 (#$)'(+) 6#.!$+ (#'4*+ 3 #1 / 

#2& 

#2!0+ #2!' 2 #'"$/ #'-!0+ / 

#'"$!0+ 

#2!0+ #,4&(+) 3 #'"$ #'"!$+ / 

#'&7!$+ 

#'-!' / 

#'"$!' 

#'-'+ / 

#'"$4*+ 

3 #.!3 #.!3+ #.+!3+ / 

#.!34*+ 

PARTICIPLE 

#'"/ 

#'-45 

#.+ 

middle (2nd aorist: stem #'-) 



1 6#.%$+ 6#.%'#0+ 6#.%'#* 1 #,%*& #8%'#0+ #8%'#* 1 #'"%$+ #'"%'#0+ #'"%'#* 2 #09 #.4#0+ #.4#' 

INF. 

#.4#*& 

2 (#0: (#'4#0+ (#'4#' 2 #1 / 

#2& 

#24#0+ #24#' 2 #'-0 #'-4#0+ #'-4#' 3 #.4#3 #.4#3+ #.4#3+ / 

#.4#34*+ 

PT. #.%'+0/ $ 

0+ 

3 (#'!0 6#.4#$+ (#'+!0 3 #2!*& #24#0+ #,+!*& 3 #'-!0 #'"4#$+ #'-+!0 

N.B. 0& for '& here is rare but Classical. 

passive (1st aorist: stem + #$: #' + #$, like 6-;

!"#$%& present stem forms 

active 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 


1 !"#$%& — !"#'%() 1 *"#+ — *"#+%() 1 *"#',$) — *"#'-%() / 

*"#',$%() 

2 !"#$ !"#'#.) !"#'#( 1 !"#$) — !"#'%() 

2 !"#$/ !"#'#.) !"#'#( 2 *"#0/ / 

*"#1&/ 

*"#1#.) *"#1#( 2 *"#',$/ *"#'-#.) / 

*"#',$#.) 

*"#'-#( / 

*"#',$#( 

3 *"#2#3 *"#2#3) *"#2)#3) / 

*"#2#3"') 

2 !"#$/ !"#'#.) !"#'#( 

3 !"#$"&()) !"#'#.) *"#4"&()) 3 *"#0 / 

*"#1& 

*"#1#.) *"#+"&()) 3 *"#',$ *"#',#$) / 

*"#'&5#$) 

*"#'-() / 

*"#',$"') 

3 !"#$ *"#2#$) !"#'"') 

INFINITIVE *"#2)'& 

PARTICIPLE *"#2/, *"#4"6, *"#2) 

middle/passive (so 78'%'&, 9:)'%'&, ;

!"#$%& aorist stem forms 

1st aorist active (stem "#$"'-, like ()"'- in *()"' < (+,, transitive: ‘make to stand’) 



1 *"#$"' — -"#."'%/0 1 "#.", — "#.",%/0 1 "#."'&%& — "#."'&%/0 2 "#1"20 "#."'#20 "#."'#/ INFINITIVE "#1"'& 

2 *"#$"'3 -"#."'#20 -"#."'#/ 2 "#."43 / 

"#."$&3 

3 *"#$"/(0) -"#$"5#$0 *"#$"'0 3 "#."4 / 

"#."$& 

"#."$#20 "#."$#/ 2 "#."'&3 / 

"#."/&'3 

"#."$#20 "#.","&(0) 3 "#."'& / 

"#."/&/(0) 

"#."'&#20 "#."'&#/ 3 "#$"5#, "#$"5#,0 "#$"50#,0 / 

"#$"5#,"'0 

"#$"'7#$0 "#."'&/0 / 

"#."/&'0 

PARTICIPLE 

"#."'3 

"#."'"6 

"#1"'0 

2nd aorist active (stem "#$-/"#'-, intransitive: ‘stand’) 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE 


1 *"#$0 — *"#$%/0 1 "#8 — "#8%/0 1 "#'7$0 — "#'9%/0 / 2 "#1:& "#1#20 "#1#/ INFINITIVE "#10'& 

"#'7$%/0 

2 *"#$3 *"#$#20 *"#$#/ 2 "#;3 / 

"#1&3 

3 *"#$ -"#.#$0 *"#$"'0 3 "#; / 

"#1& 

"#1#20 "#1#/ 2 "#'7$3 "#'9#20 / 

"#'7$#20 

"#1#20 "#8"&(0) 3 "#'7$ "#'7#$0 / 

"#'&.#$0 

"#'9#/ / 

"#'7$#/ 

"#'9/0 / 

"#'7$"'0 

3 "#.#, "#.#,0 "#50#,0 / 

"#5#,"'0 

PARTICIPLE "#53 

"#0

!"#$ present stem forms 

active 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($" forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 


1 !"#$ — !%#%& 1 '( — '(#%& 1 '%)"& — '%*#%& / 

'%)"#%& 

2 !%$ !%+,& !%+% 1 !"& — !%#%& 

2 !"- / 

!%$- 

!%+,& !%+% 2 '.- / 

'/$- 

'/+,& '/+% 2 '%)"- '%*+,& / 

'%)"+,& 

'%*+% / 

'%)"+% 

3 '0+1 '0+1& '0&+1& / 

'0+123& 

2 !%$- !%+,& !%+% 

3 !"2$(&) !%+,& '42$(&) 3 '. / 

'/$ 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

'0&3$ 

'%)-, '%*26, '0& 

'/+,& '(2$(&) 3 '%)" '%)+"& / 

'%$5+"& 

'%*%& / 

'%)"23& 

N.B. ,$ for %$ here is rare but Classical. 

3 !%$ '0+"& !%23& 




!%#3$ '0#%7,& '0#%73 1 '(#3$ '8#%7,& '8#%73 1 '%)#"& '%)#%7,& '%)#%73 2 !%2, !%27,& !%27% 1 '0#"& '0#%7,& !%#%73 

!%23$ !%27,& !%27% 2 '. / 

'/$ 

'/27,& '/27% 2 '%*, '%*27,& '%*27% 3 '0271 '0271& '0271& / 

'027123& 

2 !%2, !%27,& !%27% 

!%+3$ !%27,& !%&+3$ 3 '/+3$ '/27,& '(&+3$ 3 '%*+, '%)27"& '%*&+, 3 !%+, '027"& !%&+, 

N.B. ,$ for %$ here is rare but Classical. 

INFINITIVE !%273$ 

PARTICIPLE '0#%&,- " ,&

!"#$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes) 

active (2nd aorist: stem %-) 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($" forms in prose) IMPERATIVE 


1 &'( — )*#)+ 1 , — ,#)+ 1 )!"+ — )*#)+ / 

)!"#)+ 

2 -. -/0+ -/) INFINITIVE )*+($ 

2 &'(. )*/0+ )*/) 2 1. / 

&$. 

3 &')(+) )!/"+ )*3(+ 3 1 / 

&$ 

&/0+ &/) 2 )!". )*/0+ / 

)!"/0+ 

&/0+ ,3$(+) 3 )!" )!/"+ / 

)56/"+ 

)*/) / 

)!"/) 

)*)+ / 

)!"3(+ 

3 -/2 -/2+ -+/2+ / 

-/23(+ 

PARTICIPLE )!. 

)*34 

-+ 

middle (2nd aorist: stem %-) 



1 )!#"+ )!#)70+ )!#)7( 1 ,#($ 8#)70+ 8#)7( 1 )!#"+ )!#)70+ )!#)7( 2 09 -370+ -37) 

INF. -37($ 

2 )*30 )*370+ )*37) 2 1 / 

&$ 

&370+ &37) 2 )*0 )*370+ )*37) 3 -372 -372+ -372+ / 

-3723(+ 

PT. -#)+0. " 

0+ 

3 )*/0 )!37"+ )*+/0 3 &/($ &370+ ,+/($ 3 )*/0 )!37"+ )*+/0 

passive (1st aorist: stem + 7": % + 7", like :-; — %7>#)+ 1 %7)?"+ — %7)@#)+ / 

%7)?"#)+ 

2 -7"/$ -7"/0+ -7"/) 

INF. %7=+($ 

2 )!7". )!7"/0+ )!7"/) 2 %7A. / 

%7=$. 

%7=/0+ %7=/) 2 %7)?". %7)@/0+ / 

%7)?"/0+ 

%7)@/) / 

%7)?"/) 

3 %76/2 %76/2+ %7B+/2+ / 

%76/23(+ 

PT. %7)?. 

%7)@34 

%7B+ 

3 )!7" )576/"+ )!7"3(+ 3 %7A / 

%7=$ 

%7=/0+ %7>3$(+) 3 %7)?" %7)?/"+ / 

%7)$6/"+ 

%7)@)+ / 

%7)?"3(+

!"#$%&'( present stem forms (so )*%+'(, !,#%+'(, "-.*%+'(, /%%+'(, 0"1*%+'(, 02%%+'(, $".3%%+'(, $4.5%%+'(, $."'3%%+'(, $6#%%+'(, '#*%+'(, 47*%+'(, 899+'(, 8'%+'(, :';.*%+'(, 

!"#$ (poetic) present stem forms 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 

singular dual plural not attested singular dual plural singular dual plural 

1 !"#$ %"&'() %"&'# 2 !*( !*'() !*'& 1 %"+) %"&'() %"&'# 

2 !*#$ !*'() !*'& 3 %*', %*',) %*',) 2 !*( !*'() !*'& 

3 !*-#$ !*'() !)-#$ 3 !*-( %*'+) !)-( 

INFINITIVE !*'#$ 

PARTICIPLE %"&)(. + () 

/0'+"#$ (prose) present stem forms 



/0'+"#$ /#'1"&'() /#'1"&'# 1 /#'2"#$ /#'3"&'() /#'3"&'# 1 /#'(4"+) /#'(4"&'() /#'(4"&'# 2 /0'+*( /0'+*'() /0'+*'& 1 5/#'1"+) 

or 

/#'1"+) 

5/#'1"&'() 

or 

/#'1"&'() 

5/#'1"&'# 

or 

/#'1"&'# 

/0'+*#$ /0'+*'() /0'+*'& 2 /#'6 / 

/#'7$ 

/#'7*'() /#'7*'& 2 /#'(8( /#'(8*'() /#'(8*'& 3 /#'1*', /#'1*',) /#'1*',) 2 5/0'+*( 

or 

/#'7*( 

5/0'+*'() 

(r 

/#'7*'() 

5/0'+*'& 

or 

/#'7*'& 

/0'+-#$ /0'+*'() /0'+)-#$ 3 /#'7-#$ /#'7*'() /#'2)-#$ 3 /#'(8-( /#'(4*'+) /#'(8)-( 3 5/0'+-( 

or 

INFINITIVE /#'7*'#$ 

/#'7*-( 

PARTICIPLE /#'1"&)(. + () 

or /#'7-( 

5/#'1*'+) 

or 

/#'1*'+) 

/&8"#$ present stem forms 

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT 


5/0'+)-( 

or 

/#'7)-( 

1 /&8"#$ /&4"&'() /&4"&'# 1 /9,"#$ /&3"&'() /&3"&'# 1 /&(4"+) /&(4"&'() /&(4"&'# 2 /&8*( /&8*'() /&8*'& 1 5/&4"+) 5/&4"&'() 5/&4"&'# 

2 /&8*#$ /&8*'() /&8*'& 2 /9: / 

/9+$ 

/9+*'() /9+*'& 2 /9($( /9($*'() /9($*'& 3 /&4*', /&4*',) /&4*',) 2 ;/&$*( ;/&$*'() ;/&$*'& 

3 /&8-#$ /&8*'() /&8)-#$ 3 /9+-#$ /9+*'() /9,)-#$ 3 /9($-( /&(4*'+) /9($)-( 3 ;/&$-( 5/&4*'+) ;/&$)-( 

INFINITIVE /&8*'#$ 

PARTICIPLE /&4"&)(. + ()

!"#$ present stem forms (principal parts !"#$, !%&', (!"&) [(!"* also 2 aor.], —, +,!)#)-, —) 

active (so verbs in -*"-#-: ./#*"#-, 0$1*"#-, 2*$*"#-, +,1*"#-, +$3*"#-, &0$.*"#- 034; middle forms #/1*)#)-, +$4*)#)- 034 N.B. middle forms of !"#$ appear in 

Homer: 5!/#"* (!)&6 (!)36 034) 



1 !"#$ — !)#,* 1 !7 — !7#8* 1 !)$"* — !)9#8* / 

!)$"#8* 

(rare) 

2 !):$ / 

!/:- 

!/36* !/38 1 (!"* — (!)#8* 

2 !;< / 

!%-< 

sts !%< 

!)3=* !)3, 2 !>< / 

!?-< 

!?36* !?38 2 !)$"< not attested !)$"38 3 !/3' !/3'* !/*3'* 2 (!"&:) / 

(!"< 

(!)36* (!)38 

3 !"&$(*) !)3=* !@&$(*) 3 !> / 

!?- 

A.B. With the exception of the 2nd s., all pres. 

ind. forms are enclitic, like 8C#$ sum. 

INFINITIVE !/*)- 

PARTICIPLE !/

conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses 

Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth §2189 and Kennedy §410) classified in 

three ways: 

1. substantival clauses behave like nouns 

2. adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (i.e. predicate) to the action at hand 

3. adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (i.e. attributive) to the agent or item at 

hand 

This classification is based on an analogy: clauses are being compared to words. Subordinate clauses are 

taken to modify the main clause like nouns, adverbs, and adjectives: 

1a. Jim annoys me. 

1b. The fact that Jim does that annoys me. 

1c. I can't stand Jim. 

1d. I can't stand the fact that Jim does that. 

2a. Jim ran quickly. 

2b. Jim ran when he realized he was late. 

2c. Jim ran because he realized he was late. 

2d. Jim ran although he didn't need to. 

3a. I've made an unforgivable mistake. 

3b. I've made a mistake which is unforgivable. 

In each of these examples, a clause underlined in a (b), (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the 

word underlined in the (a) sentence. Each kind of clause has further subclasses: 

1. substantival clauses 

a. relative clauses (best treated as adjectival—see below) 

b. indirect speech 

c. indirect question 

d. indirect command 

2. adverbial clauses 

a. purpose (a.k.a. "final") clauses 

b. object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) 

—with verbs of effort 

—with verbs of fear 

c. causal clauses 

d. result (a.k.a. "consecutive") clauses 

e. proviso clauses 

f. conditional clauses 

g. concessive clauses 

h. temporal clauses 

i. comparison 

3. adjectival clauses: relative clauses 

a. definite 

b. indefinite 

[c. "conditional" relative clauses in Gk]

Reading Greek sections 1–10 principal parts 

present future aorist English definition 

!"# !$# %"&"'( lead 

)*+,-# )*+,./# 0*1,2/& do wrong 

3*# / )41*# 3/'5&+ 6/& sing 

&78-# &78./# 49:'( take 

&;:'5&+ J'?:./'5&+ LJ'?:.M2( wish 

"4:@# "4:@/'5&+ L"-:&/& laugh

!"!#$%&' !#$%()*" +!#'# recognise 

!,-.' !,-/' +!,*/* write 

0-&#' 012()*" +0*&(# bite 

034()*" 032()*" 5062-)7# receive 

03' 061%' 5037%* want 

0789' 078$%' 5018'%* show 

0"*83!()*" 0"*832()*" 50"*862-)7# converse 

0"0-%&' 0"0-2' 50:0*2* teach 

0:0')" 0$%' +0'&* give 

0"&-;' 0"&-%' 50:&*%* be a juror 

0"$&' 0"$2' 50:'2* pursue 

0(&3' 092' +0(2* think 

0(681%' @>387%* wish 

6A): +%()*" B# (impf.) be 

6C)" ——— D* (impf.) go 

5866,9' 5866,$%' @863,'%* set free 

E8&' E82' 6F8&

!"#$%&'&( !"($%)$*'&( +"($%),-. understand 

/"*'&( /0*'&( 1$"2'-. follow 

345*'&( 67'( 89,*. go 

!4:%;: 

1. !4:%)$: 

2. !4)$*'&( 

1. +4&?*. eat 

6@4#$A: 6@4)$: -B4*. find 

6C5*'&( 6CD*'&( -ED;'-. pray 

35: 

1. /D: 

2. $5)$: 

ask 

3$5*. have 

F-%G: F-%)$: !F)%-$& seek 

H?G*'&( H?)$*'&( H?-$;'-. lead 

I=*'&( H$,)$*'&( I$,-. enjoy 

H$J5;F: H$J5;$: H$K5&$& be quiet 

,&J';F: ,&J';$*'&( !,&K'&$& wonder at 

,6;*'&( ,6;$*'&( !,6&$;'-. watch 

,.L$A: ,&.G*'&( 3,&.*. die 

,K: ,K$: 3,J$& sacrifice 

M$%-'( $%)$: 

1. 3$%-$& transitive 

2. 3$%-. intransitive 

stand 

A&,6K=: A&,6J=)$: !A&,6K=-$& sleep 

A&,#F: A&,(G: !A;,($& sit 

A&9G: A&9G: !A;96$& call 

A&%-?*4G: A&%-?*4)$: A&%-?24-$& accuse 

A696K: A696K$: !AG96J$& order 

A96#: 

A96#$: 

A9L$: 

3A96($& 

3A9N$& 

shut 

A9G"%: A9G0: 3A960& steal 

A9#.: A9(.G: 3A9(.& bend

!"#$%& !"#$'& (!)#*'* punish 

!)+,& !)-& .!"-* hit 

!/*,0& !/*,1'& (!/$,2'* hold sway 

!/34& !/540& .!/54* judge 

!,634& !,640& .!,654* kill 

!&#7& !&#7'& (!8#9'* prevent 

#*:;$4& #1-":*5 .#*;"4 take 

#*4

!"#$%&#'() !"#$*&+#'() ,"#$*&-'./ bewail 

0'#"#1+2 0'#"#1342 5'#"61.4( agree 

0&-2 78#'() 9:;#/ see 

!$9

!"#$%& !"#$'(& )!*#$+(, dare 

!-./& 

!-.0& 

1. 1!-20, 

2. 1!-2/"3 

!-.4& 5-,$."$,6 15-,$"3 run 

turn 

!784%3& !29:"$,6 1!74"3 happen 

!9/!& !7/!'(& )!9/!+(, strike 

;/6(43."$,6 ;/"(4'("$,6 ;/2(4*$+3 promise 

Reading Greek sections 1–10 vocabulary 

!(2,*

!"#$% &% $ him / her / it /them 

A

!"#$% 

it seems a good idea to X (dat.) to do Y 

(inf.) 

!"#&' seem / consider oneself to — 

!()* (+) reputation / opinion 

!",-(".*/ enslave 

!"0-"1 (2) slave 

!34.* (5() play / drama 

!36' 

do / act 

!78*.*/ be able 

!7" two 

!,95,:;1 &1 unlucky 

!7' 

sink 

!5"71 61 6) 

?6' 

?@@71 (preposition) 

?@#-$A' 

?@B 

C@'@$ 

?D&-' 

$E if 

$E!B1 $E!,%* $E!(1 

$E.A 

$F./ 

$EG& 

$E3;8H (+) 

$E3;8H8 I@' 

him/her/itself (pronoun) 

themselves (pronoun) 

allow 

(+ gen.) near / nearby 

shut in / lock in 

I (sometimes emphatic) 

I at least / I at any rate 

wish / want (to) 

knowing 

I am (= verb ‘to be’) 

I shall go 

speak! / tell me! 

peace 

live in/be at peace 

$E1 (+ acc.) to / into / onto 

$E9J*A8' 

$E9&3:".*/ 

$E9K&3' 

$F5* 

enter / board 

enter 

bring in / carry in 

then / next 

?# / ?) (+ gen.) out of 

?#J6--' 

?#!&:".*/ 

throw out 

receive in turn 

?#!7".*/ undress 

?#$%8"1 H " that 

?#$%9$ (to) there 

?##-H9A* (+) 

assembly / ekklesia 

?#53&:' 

?#K&3' 

?#K$7@' 

?-$,D$3A* (+) 

?-$,D$3(' 

?-D& 

L--H8 (2) 

?-GAM' 

run out 

carry out (often: for burial) 

escape 

freedom 

free / set free 

come! / go! 

Greek 

hope / expect (+ fut. inf.) 

?.*,5(8 ;8 myself (pronoun) 

?.J*A8' 

embark 

?.(1 ; (8 my / mine 

C.G$/3"1 "8 

?.GAG5' 

?.G(3/"8 (5() 

?8 (+ dat.) in 

skilled / experienced 

fall into / fall on (+ ?8 or $E1) 

market-place 

?8 8N C:' intend / have in mind 

?8 5"75O meanwhile 

?8*85A"8 

C8!"8 

C8$/./ 

P8$#* 

?8D6!$ 

?85*0D* 

?85$0D$8 

?85,@:68' 

?)6@' 

?)*AK8H1 

?)*G*56' 

?)&3:".*/ 

?)$56M' 

?)$,3A9#' 

?G*/8&' 

?G*8&3:".*/ 

?G$A 

?G$/!; 

CG$/5* 

?G&3:".*/ 

?GA + acc. 

?GA + gen. 

?G/#*-&".*/ 

(+ gen.) opposite / in front of 

inside 

be in 

(+ gen.) because / for the sake of (usually 

placed after noun) 

here 

here / at this point 

from then / from there 

I meet with (+ dat.) 

lead out / bring out 

suddenly 

deceive / trick 

go out / come out 

question closely 

find out 

praise 

return 

when / since 

when / since / because 

then / next 

go against / attack 

at / against 

on 

call upon (to witness)

!"#$%&'&( 

know how to (+ inf.) / understand 

N$S0*6 < 

quiet / peaceful 

)"*'&( 

follow 

N%%1. *. 

lesser / weaker 

+,-*. (%/) task / work / job / duty 

32O&%%& (D) 

sea 

+,0*'&( 

go / come 

32.&%*6 (F) 

death 

!,1%21 ask 

3&S'2G1 

wonder at / be amazed at 

!$3#1 eat (fut. +4*'&() 

352 (D) goddess 

)%5,*6 & *. one (or the other) of two 

+%( still / yet 

352*'&( 

35&%C6 (F) 

observe / watch 

spectator / member of audience 

+%( 7&8 .9. even now / still now 

:%*;'*6 < *. 

ready (to) (+ inf.) 

35/6 (F/D) god(-dess) 

3.4&#'1. *. 

happy / rich / blessed by the gods 

3?,& (D) 

door 

5>3?6 (adv.) at once / straightaway 

3S$#& (D) 

a sacrifice 

5@,#$71 

find / come upon 

3?1 sacrifice 

5AB,1. *. 

well-disposed 

U4*? 

look! / here! / hey! 

5>0C (D) prayer 

V5,/. (%/) 

sanctuary 

5A0*'&( 

pray 

V7H%

!"#"$%& 

!"#'()*+& 

!"#'()*," (-) 

!.$./0#12 (3) boatswain 

!.$.%& 

bring to an end / finish 

prosecute X (gen.) on a charge of Y (acc.) 

speech for the prosecution 

order 

!.4"$1 (-) head 

!5*/6 (3) herald 

!,78/7)2 (3) danger 

!$+9#'2 (3) 

!$+9#& 

!)$:;& 

!

!"#$ (%) mind / sense 

!#! now 

5/6 that / because 

". / ".; / ".J no / not 

!&! 

then (cf. !#! now) 

".2-1K$ 

in no way / not at all 

!'( ()) 

night 

".2* and not / not even 

(*!"$ / (+,!"$ (%) foreigner / guest / host 

% -./0$ the same 

% ) /0 the 

% 1*!…% 2* one…another 

% 34$ the whole of 

5 /6; what? (in reply to /7;) 

".2+7$ ".2+17- ".2*! no / no one / nothing 

".2*! nothing 

".2*3"/+ never 

".2*3> / "L3> not yet 

".;*/6 no longer 

".;"#! therefore 

52+ 82+ /02+ this here 

"92- know 

":;-2+ homewards 

" 

owe 

"91-6 think 

3GH"$ (/0) 

experience / suffering 

o:1"6 

"A"$ - "! 

(exclamatory) 

BC7D"$ = "! 

5C"$ = "! 

BC"E'@"1-6 

alas! Oh dear! 

what a! what sort of a! 

small / few 

whole of 

lament / mourn for 

51"6"$ - "! like / similar to (+ dat.) 

%1"C"D*> 

agree 

%10!"6- ()) agreement / harmony 

51>$ nevertheless / however 

F!"1- (/0) 

name 

53C- (/G) weapons / arms 

%30?"$ = "! how much/many 

53"& 

%@G> 

B@H0$ I 0! 

where? / where 

see 

straight / correct / right 

5$ 8 5 who / what / which 

5?"$ = "! 

(exclamatory) 

5?3+@ 83+@ 53+@ 

how great! 

5/+ when 

who/which indeed 

3-627"! (/0) child / slave 

3-7Q> (3@0$ + acc.) play / joke at 

3-,$ (%) child / slave 

3GC6! 

back / again 

3-!/-J"# 

everywhere 

3G!& 

very (much); at all 

3-@G + dat. 

with / beside / in the presence of 

3-@G + acc. 

along / alongside 

3-@G + gen. 

from 

3G@+616 

be present / be at hand 

3-@*J> 

give to / provide 

R-@H+!S! (%) 

the Parthenon 

34$ 34?- 34! all 

3G?J> 

suffer / experience / undergo 

3-/I@ (%) 

father 

3-/@7$ ()) 

fatherland 

3-'"1-6 

stop (+ nom. ptcp.) / cease from (+ gen.) 

3-'> 

stop 

3+7H"1-6 

trust / obey (+ dat.) 

3+7H> 

persuade

!"#$%&'(# 

try / test 

!$"6D"E.50 (8) 

ambassador 

!)'!* 

send 

!$40 + acc. towards 

!"$+ + acc. about 

!"$+ + gen. about 

!$40 + dat. near / in addition to (+ dat.) 

!$40 + gen. in the name of / under the protection of 

!,-%* leap / jump 

!+!.* fall / die 

!/)* sail 

!/)*0 ( *1 full of (+ gen.) 

!/23&0 (.4) 

number / crowd / the people 

!/51 (+ gen.) except 

!$&6(B&$"0 BF$ &G; of course 

!&#5.,0 (8) 

poet 

HI-#&0 ( &1 

easy 

!&7&0 ( &1; 

what sort of? 

HJ-+*0 

easily 

!&/)'#&# (&9) 

the enemy 

H(K*-40 (8) 

rhapsode 

!&/)'#&0 ( &1 

hostile / enemy 

H5.*$ (8) 

orator / politician 

!4/"'&0 (8) 

war 

!4/#0 (:) city (state) 

H+!.* 

6(")(E.41 51 

throw / hurl 

yourself (s.) (pronoun) 

!&/+.,0 (8) 

citizen 

6(L>0 

clearly 

!&//% 

many things 

6"/51, (:) moon 

!&//%;#0 

often 

6,'"7&1 (.4) 

sign / signal 

!&/< (adverbial) 

!&/

!" you (s.) 

!#$$%&'( ()) 

!#$$&*+,& -./ 

!"& 

!#&0123/ 

!.%45& 

relation 

forgive / pardon (+ dat.) 

with (the help of) (+ dat.) 

live with / live together 

near / nearly / almost 

!67/ save / keep safe 

8/29:;,( ()) Socrates 

!; (pronominal) what? 

;>; (adverbial) why? 

;>E,+1 

put / place 

;1+:/ honour 

;>( what? who? 

;1( ;1 a / a certain / someone 

;>(; ;>; who? what? 

;01 then (inference) 

;010F;0( ;01=";, 

;010F;0(&) 

;5A+= (?) 

;0A+:/ 

of this kind / of such a kind 

daring 

;5;% then 

;93G0+=1 

;93./ run 

;91'9=9.0( ()) 

dare / be daring / undertake 

turn / turn in flight 

trierarch 

;#$.:&/ 

;"G;/ 

HI91( (?) 

#J5( ()) 

K+B( =L;0"( :( 

K+%D( 

K+3;%90( = 0& 

KG39 + gen. 

KG,93;,( ()) 

KG1!.&30+=1 

KG5 + gen. 

H!;%90& (adverbial) 

H!;%90( = 0& 

KM=1930+=1 

M=>&0+=1 

hit / chance on / happen on / be subject 

to (+ gen.) / happen (to) / be actually (+ 

ptcp.) 

strike / hit 

aggression / violence 

son 

yourselves (pronoun) 

you (pl.) 

your(s) 

M39% come! 

for / on behalf of 

servant / slave 

(+ fut. inf.) I promise 

by / at the hands of 

later / further 

later / last (of two) 

M39/ carry / bear 

M%"$/ 

M,+> / -M,& 

M'( 

ME:&/ 

M1A3/ 

M>A0( ()) 

M>A0( , 0& 

M1A0!0M>= (?) 

M1A5!0M0( ()) 

M>A;=;0( , 0& 

M0I30+=1 

M5I0( ()) 

M90&;>7/ 

M90&;>( (?) 

M"A=C ()/?) 

M#A:;;/ 

M/&3/ 

M/&' (?) 

.=D9% 

.=A%G5( ' 5& 

steal / take for oneself by stealth 

seem to be / appear to be (+ nom. ptcp.) 

flee / be a defendant / be on trial 

I say / I said 

you (s.) say 

anticipate X (acc.) in -ing (+ nom. ptcp.) 

love / kiss 

friend 

dear / friendly / one's own 

philosophy 

philosopher 

most dear (superlative of M>A0() 

fear / be afraid (of) 

fear 

think / worry 

thought / care / concern 

guard 

guard 

.%>9 (?) hand 

.%>9/& 0& 

speak / utter 

voice / language / speech 

hello! / farewell! 

difficult / hard 

worse

!"#$%&' 

!"(& ()#) 

use / employ (+ dat.) 

debts 

!"* it is necessary (for X [acc.] to — [inf.]) 

!"*%&)& ()#) 

!"*+'%$, - $. 

money 

useful / profitable 

!"-+)/, * /. good / fine / serviceable 

!"/.$, (0) time 

!1"(1 go / come 

!1"2$. ()/) place / space / region 

34567, falsely 

3-829$%&' 

vote (fut. 3-8'($%&') 

3:8$, (;) vote / voting-pebble 

< O (addressing someone) 

= what…! (+ gen.) 

>, (conjunction) that 

>, (exclamatory) how! 

>, (relative adverb) as 

?+@4" 

like / as

Cambridge Preterm Intensive Ancient Greek language pack

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