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Selected indicators General notes Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Labor force Skills Employment structure Living standards Productivity Social cohesion Policies and institutions Connectedness Technical notes Table 9 Micro-data sources
338 WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2013 General notes Indicators Tables 1 to 8 include 68 jobs-related indicators. These indicators summarize the level and composition of employment in each country, including not only wage work but also selfemployment and farming. They cover the connections between jobs and living standards, productivity and social cohesion and provide measures of migration. Definitions are provided in the technical notes. Sources Data for 37 of the 68 indicators in tables 1 to 8 are from publicly available sources. The process of selecting these public sources favored cross-country comparability over country coverage. For a majority of the indicators, there are a range of additional data sources, including national statistical offices, international repositories, and specific studies. However, only data produced using the same criteria in all countries are retained. In most cases, there is a single data source for each of these 37 indicators. For instance, the five unemployment indicators in tables 1 and 6 are entirely based on the Key Indicators of the Labor Market (KILM) database of the International Labour Organization (ILO). Educational attainment in table 2 is an indicator that draws on two sources using different criteria: the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). These sources are jointly available for six countries only, which allows reporting them both without much overlap. The specific source used in each case is noted in table 2. The other 31 indicators in tables 1 to 8 are based, totally or partially, on micro-data processed by the World Development Report 2013 team. The indicators entirely based on the team’s data processing refer to skills as a constraint (table 2), the working poor (table 4), the gender gap in earnings (table 4), workers in micro-enterprises (table 5), wage inequality (table 6), and youth not in school or at work (table 6). In all other cases, data for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries, other industrial countries, and European Union accession countries, are from the OECD and Eurostat websites. For developing countries, the indicators are based on micro-data processed by the World Development Report 2013 team, following the same criteria and definitions as the OECD and Eurostat websites. The micro-data underlying these 31 indicators are from a large set of household surveys, labor force surveys, population censuses and enterprise surveys. The World Development Report 2013 team relied on four large-scale micro-data repositories: the World Bank’s International Income Distribution Database (I2D2), Eurostat, the Minnesota Population Center’s Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS International, version 6.1), and the World Bank enterprise surveys database. The team also gathered many additional living standards and labor force surveys. To be considered as a micro-data source for any of the 31 indicators, living standards surveys or labor force surveys have to be nationally representative. For highly urbanized countries, this requirement implies that surveys cover secondary cities and towns; for other countries, they also have to include rural areas. In all, more than 800 household surveys and censuses— including data on more than 600 million people—were standardized by the World Development Report 2013 team to ensure the comparability of data across countries. Table 9 summarizes the source of information for the indicators that are based on micro-data. Further information on sources is provided in the technical notes. Years Data in tables 1 to 8 generally covers three years: 1995, 2005, and 2010. In a few cases, other years had to be retained due to data availability For example, the most recent estimate of wages by occupation (in table 4) is for 2008, and the first set of comparable observations for minimum wages (in table 7) is for 2007. Similarly, data on educational attainment (table 2) are presented for 2003, 2006, and 2009, as these are the points in time for which PISA data are available (TIMSS data labeled as 2006 are actually for 2007). For the 31 indicators computed using micro-data processed by the World Development Report 2013 team, 1995, 2005, and 2010 are
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Contents Foreword xiii Acknowledgme
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Contents vii Countries with high yo
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Contents ix 8.8 Kurzarbeit has beco
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Contents xi Maps 1 Only in some cou
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xiv FOREWORD which jobs would do th
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xvi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS through its Pol
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xviii Abbreviations and Data Notes
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Moving jobs center stage 3 To many,
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Moving jobs center stage 5 ular wag
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Moving jobs center stage 7 primary
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Moving jobs center stage 9 jobs can
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Moving jobs center stage 11 ploymen
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Moving jobs center stage 13 FIGURE
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Moving jobs center stage 15 In 2008
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Moving jobs center stage 17 two per
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Moving jobs center stage 19 • Res
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Moving jobs center stage 21 MAP 1 O
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Moving jobs center stage 23 lead to
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Moving jobs center stage 25 A malfu
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Moving jobs center stage 27 develop
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Moving jobs center stage 29 ues sur
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Moving jobs center stage 31 Policie
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Moving jobs center stage 33 can be
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Moving jobs center stage 35 ability
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Moving jobs center stage 37 earning
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Moving jobs center stage 39 Notes 1
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Moving jobs center stage 41 128. Ch
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Moving jobs center stage 43 Chen, S
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Moving jobs center stage 45 ——
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Moving jobs center stage 47 Shifera
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The jobs challenge 49 A job, but no
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The jobs challenge 51 2008. Of thes
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The jobs challenge 53 FIGURE 1.4 Mo
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The jobs challenge 55 FIGURE 1.5 La
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The jobs challenge 57 BOX 1.3 The t
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The jobs challenge 59 FIGURE 1.8 Wa
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The jobs challenge 61 FI G U R E 1.
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QUESTION1 What is a job? The world
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The jobs challenge 65 What is not a
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The jobs challenge 67 © Sebastião
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The jobs challenge 69 43. Blanchflo
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The jobs challenge 71 and John Stra
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The jobs challenge 73 1983-2008.”
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Introduction to Part 1 Economic dev
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Jobs and living standards 77 BOX 2.
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Jobs and living standards 79 FIGURE
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Jobs and living standards 81 FIGURE
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Jobs and living standards 83 BOX 2.
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Jobs and living standards 85 The la
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QUESTION2 Growth strategies or jobs
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Jobs and living standards 89 erated
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Day laborer in a pineapple plantati
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Jobs and living standards 93 52. Ch
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Jobs and living standards 95 Giles,
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Jobs and living standards 97 Stutze
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Jobs and productivity 99 BOX 3.1 Wh
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Jobs and productivity 101 FIGURE 3.
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Jobs and productivity 113 TABLE 3.1
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Jobs and productivity 117 such as n
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Jobs and productivity 119 Notes 1.
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Jobs and productivity 121 86. Berge
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Jobs and productivity 123 and Metad
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Jobs and productivity 125 Jobs in T
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Jobs and social cohesion 127 And pe
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Jobs and social cohesion 129 FIGURE
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Jobs and social cohesion 133 BOX 4.
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Jobs and social cohesion 135 BOX 4.
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Jobs and social cohesion 137 The ex
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Jobs and social cohesion 141 the ob
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Jobs and social cohesion 143 tional
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Jobs and social cohesion 145 © Aye
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Jobs and social cohesion 147 28. Fe
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Jobs and social cohesion 149 Dudwic
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Jobs and social cohesion 151 Sollet
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Introduction to Part 2 Earnings, be
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Valuing jobs 155 cohesion. Data fro
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Valuing jobs 157 BOX 5.2 Compliance
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Valuing jobs 159 FIGURE 5.1 Views o
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Valuing jobs 161 social value in th
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Valuing jobs 163 BOX 5.5 Several da
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Valuing jobs 165 FIGURE 5.4 Some ea
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Valuing jobs 167 Productivity Spill
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Valuing jobs 169 Policies to contai
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Valuing jobs 171 FIGURE 5.10 Proxim
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Valuing jobs 173 FIGURE 5.12 Gender
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Valuing jobs 175 FIGURE 5.13 Relati
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Valuing jobs 177 BOX 5.8 Manpower p
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Valuing jobs 179 Notes 1. Glewwe 20
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Valuing jobs 181 skills, have betwe
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Valuing jobs 183 Bacolod, Marigee,
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Valuing jobs 185 Hallegatte, Stepha
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Valuing jobs 187 Matthias Arnold, J
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Valuing jobs 189 Workers in Germany
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Diverse jobs agendas 191 Formal emp
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Diverse jobs agendas 193 The job st
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Diverse jobs agendas 195 creation c
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Diverse jobs agendas 197 Urbanizing
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Diverse jobs agendas 199 have been
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Diverse jobs agendas 201 TABLE 6.2
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Diverse jobs agendas 203 BOX 6.6 La
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Diverse jobs agendas 205 FIGURE 6.4
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Diverse jobs agendas 207 segmented
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Diverse jobs agendas 209 they would
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Diverse jobs agendas 211 contributi
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Diverse jobs agendas 213 moving awa
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Diverse jobs agendas 215 age group)
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QUESTION6 A targeted investment cli
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Diverse jobs agendas 219 challenges
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Diverse jobs agendas 221 that the p
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Diverse jobs agendas 223 Notes 1. P
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Diverse jobs agendas 225 128. Sawad
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Diverse jobs agendas 227 Finegan, T
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Diverse jobs agendas 229 Mallaby, S
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Diverse jobs agendas 231 WHO (World
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Connected jobs agendas 233 workers.
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Connected jobs agendas 235 M a p 7.
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Connected jobs agendas 237 impact o
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Connected jobs agendas 239 FIGURE 7
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Connected jobs agendas 241 supporti
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QUESTION7 Competing for jobs? Many
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Connected jobs agendas 245 Repúbli
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Connected jobs agendas 247 FIGURE 7
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Connected jobs agendas 249 Notes 1.
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Connected jobs agendas 251 Akamatsu
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Connected jobs agendas 253 Harrison
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Connected jobs agendas 255 Thomas,
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Introduction to Part 3 Most jobs ar
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Labor policies revisited 259 FIGURE
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Labor policies revisited 261 New da
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Labor policies revisited 263 The co
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Labor policies revisited 265 BOX 8.
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Labor policies revisited 269 terven
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Labor policies revisited 273 contri
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Labor policies revisited 275 tions
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QUESTION8 277 WORLD DEVELOPMENT REP
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Labor policies revisited 279 There
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Labor policies revisited 281 Notes
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Labor policies revisited 283 signal
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Labor policies revisited 285 ity Gr
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Page 310 and 311: Labor policies revisited 291 Robali
Page 312 and 313: Beyond labor policies 293 down. Lab
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Page 316 and 317: Beyond labor policies 297 revealed
Page 318 and 319: Beyond labor policies 299 FIGURE 9.
Page 320 and 321: Beyond labor policies 301 gram cost
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Page 324 and 325: Beyond labor policies 305 European
Page 326 and 327: Beyond labor policies 307 BOX 9.3 I
Page 330 and 331: Beyond labor policies 311 the coope
Page 332 and 333: QUESTION9 How to accelerate labor r
Page 334 and 335: Beyond labor policies 315 ployee’
Page 338 and 339: Beyond labor policies 319 Notes 1.
Page 340 and 341: Beyond labor policies 321 116. Arou
Page 342 and 343: Beyond labor policies 323 Ann E. Ha
Page 344 and 345: Beyond labor policies 325 trategias
Page 346 and 347: Beyond labor policies 327 ———
Page 348 and 349: Glossary Jobs Jobs: While precise d
Page 350 and 351: Glossary 331 Environmental effects:
Page 352 and 353: Attanasio, Ajita Berar Awad, João
Page 354 and 355: Falco, Paolo, William Maloney, Bob
Page 358 and 359: Selected Indicators 339 reference p
Page 360 and 361: Selected Indicators 341 Table 1 Lab
Page 368 and 369: Selected Indicators 349 Table 2 Ski
Page 370 and 371: Selected Indicators 351 Table 2 Ski
Page 372 and 373: Selected Indicators 353 Table 3 Emp
Page 374 and 375: Selected Indicators 355 Table 3 Emp
Page 376 and 377: Selected Indicators 357 Table 4 Liv
Page 378 and 379: Selected Indicators 359 Table 4 Liv
Page 380 and 381: Selected Indicators 361 Table 5 Pro
Page 382 and 383: Selected Indicators 363 Table 5 Pro
Page 384 and 385: Selected Indicators 365 Table 6 Soc
Page 386 and 387: Selected Indicators 367 Table 6 Soc
Page 388 and 389: Selected Indicators 369 Table 7 Pol
Page 390 and 391: Selected Indicators 371 Table 7 Pol
Page 392 and 393: Selected Indicators 373 Table 8 Con
Page 394 and 395: Selected Indicators 375 ment. Perso
Page 396 and 397: Selected Indicators 377 cerning the
Page 398: Selected Indicators 379 Table 9 Mic
Page 401 and 402: 382 INDEX manufacturing sector in,
Page 403 and 404: 384 INDEX “meaningful” work, va
Page 405 and 406: 386 INDEX as resource-rich country,
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388 INDEX labor laws and regulation
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390 INDEX agrarian economies, 193f
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392 INDEX Mexico cash transfer prog
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394 INDEX removing constraints by g
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396 INDEX migrant population in, 52
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398 INDEX as incentive to create go
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400 INDEX Uzbekistan inequality of
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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