Jobs

386 INDEX
as resource-rich country, 194b
skills level as constraint in, 181n81
timber industry in, 194b
upsizing in, 11
ethnic differences, jobs connecting people across, 13, 134–36, 136b,
172, 319n66
Eurobarometer, 132b, 244b
Europe/European Union. See also Eastern and Central Europe;
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
corporate codes of conduct in, 32, 306
debt and vulnerability in, 60–61
disability insurance systems in, 273
transition economies in, 103–4
trust issues and unemployment in, 132b
union productivity in, 264
women’s working hours in, 52
exchange rates. See foreign exchange rates and earnings
export processing zones (EPZs), 37, 316, 316f
exports, 54, 199, 249n59, 303, 304f. See also trade liberalization
extractive industries, 83, 133b, 155b, 191, 199–202, 200f, 303
F
Factories Act of 1948 (India), 320n122
fairness, sense of, 16, 90b, 137, 139f, 140, 161, 171f, 172, 173f. See
also access to jobs, inequality in
Familias en Acción (Colombia), 62b
family businesses, 111, 156. See also household businesses
family farms, 11, 98, 104–5. See also small farms
farming. See agricultural sector
FDI. See foreign direct investment
female labor force participation. See women
fertility rates, decrease in, 213–14, 216b
fertilizer use in agrarian economies, 192
Fibre Citoyenne (Morocco), 319n94
Fiji
female labor force participation in, 54b
migration from, 19, 52
as small island nation, 203–5
financial crises
decoupling from job creation from job destruction during, 277,
278f
effect on jobs, 8, 58–61, 293
effect on unemployment insurance coverage, 273
Great Recession, 60–61, 61f, 62b, 88b, 236
unemployment in U.S. and, 278
financial sector, 245, 294
food prices, 60
forced labor, 14–15, 31, 65, 65f, 68n75, 155–56, 157b, 246, 297, 307
foreign direct investment (FDI), 15, 168–69, 168f, 219, 240b,
301–2, 305, 316, 316f
Foreign Direct Investment Index (A.T. Kearny), 240b
foreign exchange rates and earnings
macroeconomic stability and, 294
in resource-rich countries, 23, 202
risk management for, 319n71
sovereign funds and, 318n10
formalizing economies
defined, 281n1
incentives for job seekers in, 270
jobs agenda in, 18, 20f, 190, 210–13, 211f, 212b, 213f
mix of labor policies and institutions in, 259f
policy making in, 3, 31, 302b
social cohesion in, 89
tax wedge effect in, 274, 275f
unemployment/under-employment in, 277
formal sector
in agrarian economies, 191
voluntary exit from, 211
fraud in social insurance programs, 276b
freedom of association, 65f, 157b, 179n10, 297
Fukuyama, Francis, 145n11
fundamentals. See job creation
G
Gallup World Poll
on creation of good jobs, 244
on youth preference to work in public sector, 223n75
gangs. See youth
garment industry
Better Work program, 307b
entrepreneurship training for, 117, 117b
global competition in, 194b
health and safety risks in, 84b
industrial sector diversity and, 222n39
labor regulations for, 142b
organizing rights of, 298
social identity and, 134, 171, 171f
in urbanizing countries, 198, 198b
Garment Manufacturers Association of Cambodia, 142b
GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services), 33, 308, 310
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), 307
“gazelles,” industrial countries as, 12, 110
GDP. See gross domestic product
gender differences
in employment, 6, 50, 210
job spillover effects and, 162
in unemployment and “unhappiness effect,” 84
in wage income, 50, 77, 79f, 164, 165f
in working hours, 52
gender studies on job spillovers, 160b
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 307
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), 33, 308, 310
Georgia
ethnic differences, jobs connecting people across, 136b
inequality of job opportunities in, 137
Germany
apprenticeships in, 176–77, 181n97
educational attainment in, 7, 55
JobCentre, 270
job protection policies (job sharing) during recession in, 26,
279, 280b
migrant population as percent of total population in, 234
poverty reduction, effect of jobs on, 78
union wage effect in, 263
Ghana
female owners of microenterprises in, 116