Joint Targeting

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Chapter II strategic effects. Specifically, the term “effects” relates to targeting in two phases of the joint targeting cycle: (1) Phase 3—Capabilities Analysis. Step 4 of phase 3 is “effects estimate.” As stated earlier, during this step the desired effect of engaging the target at the target element level is defined and the undesired effects (e.g., collateral damage) of that particular target engagement method are estimated. (2) Phase 6—Targeting Assessment. BDA measures the effect of target engagements at three levels: the target element level (commonly called phase 1 BDA), the target level (phase 2 BDA), and the target system level (phase 3 BDA). MEA measures the effectiveness of any munitions used. Any post-engagement assessment of collateral damage also occurs in phase 6. All other higher-order post-engagement effects are outside the scope of phase 6. c. The JFC and staff must consider undesired effects in COA and CONOPS development. In some cases, operational limitations can be adjusted to prevent undesired effects. d. It is important that desired and undesired effects be clearly communicated as far down as necessary to ensure these effects are created or avoided respectively. An improperly or incompletely stated effect, that does not clearly link the effect to be created with the objective that is to be achieved, can result in a successful mission that hits the designated target at the designated time, but still does not achieve the objective. For example, during operations defending a hypothetical friendly country, the joint force commander (JFC) might approve the following desired operational-level effect relative to the adversary’s air force: Joint force air component commander (JFACC) Objective 1: Joint air forces will achieve air superiority over the theater of operations by D+5. Measure of effectiveness (MOE) 1.1: Destruction of 60 percent of enemy aircraft by D+4. MOE 1.2: 70 percent degradation of enemy air command and control capability by D+4. MOE 1.3: Enemy air forces evacuate 30 percent of its aircraft to a safe haven by D+5. The cumulative results of the JFACC’s tactical target engagements create the JFC’s desired operational-level effect, since the enemy’s air system would be virtually inoperable by D+4. In turn, this desired effect is one of several conditions that support the JFC’s objective—integrity of the friendly country’s borders would be restored by D+19. This example shows that understanding desired effects helps link joint force components’ tasks to the JFC’s objectives. II-34 JP 3-60
The Joint Targeting Cycle In the previous example, the joint force air component commander (JFACC) needs to preserve certain enemy airfields for friendly use after eliminating the enemy air threat, because current friendly forward air bases are not near enough for the desired level of support of impending ground operations. An undesired effect of friendly’s offensive counterair operations would be the destruction of runways at selected enemy airfields. In response to this, either the joint force commander’s (JFC’s) or JFACC’s operational limitations could include the constraint, enemy airfields A, B, and D must be able to support friendly air operations by D+10. Refer to Joint Publication 5- 0, Joint Operation Planning, for more information on the use of operational limitations during planning. e. The commander should be focused on the purpose of the fires with regard to creating effects against chosen targets. Effects are more than the results of the fires. Effects are the cumulative results of target engagements by lethal and nonlethal means. Once the target is engaged, the commander must assess the effectiveness of the engagement. If the desired effect was not created, the target may need to be reengaged or another method selected to create the effect. There are many different ways to categorize effects. One important distinction is between direct and indirect effects. (1) Direct effects are the immediate, first-order consequences of a military action (weapons employment results, etc.), unaltered by intervening events or mechanisms. They In the following example, the joint force land component commander (JFLCC) designates two bridges that span Red River in the JFLCC’s area of operations as high-priority targets for attack in the next 24 hours (by D+8). The JFC approves the targets. The joint air operations center (JAOC) analyzes the targets, selects aimpoints, munitions, and platforms, and includes the missions on the air tasking order (ATO) for execution. Missions are flown the following day, and battle damage assessment indicates the bridges are damaged sufficiently to prevent foot and vehicle traffic, the typical desired effect for this type of target. 12 hours later the joint fires element (JFE) at the joint force headquarters tasks the JAOC to hit the targets again. When JAOC ATO planners ask for clarifications, the JFE explains that Red River—an interior line of communication for enemy forces—is a main supply route. Apparently enemy forces use river barges extensively for most classes of supply, including fuel and ammunition. The JFLCC had established the desired effect: enemy forces cannot resupply along Red River beginning D+8. But friendly ground forces are still conducting entry operations 100 kilometers from Red River, and are not in position to create this effect. JFLCC planners have determined that completely dropping all spans of the two bridges will result in an obstacle impassable to the river barges, thus creating the JFLCC’s desired effect. With this understanding, JAOC planners adjust the aimpoints and munitions to drop the spans of the two bridges, the target effect necessary to create the JFLCC’s desired effect, although 36 hours later than expected. II-35
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Joint Publication 3-60 Joint Target
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PREFACE 1. Scope This publication p
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SUMMARY OF CHANGES REVISION OF JOIN
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE SU
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY COMMANDER’S OVE
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Executive Summary Certain targets m
Page 13 and 14: Executive Summary to be available f
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary Generally, TSTs a
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary directorate of a
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER I UNDERSTANDING TARGETS AND
Page 21 and 22: Understanding Targets and Targeting
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER II THE JOINT TARGETING CYCL
Page 33 and 34: The Joint Targeting Cycle (a) Unpla
Page 35 and 36: The Joint Targeting Cycle desired e
Page 37 and 38: The Joint Targeting Cycle Example T
Page 39 and 40: The Joint Targeting Cycle (b) Targe
Page 41 and 42: The Joint Targeting Cycle the use o
Page 43 and 44: The Joint Targeting Cycle 2. Restri
Page 45 and 46: The Joint Targeting Cycle (3) All e
Page 47 and 48: The Joint Targeting Cycle Phase 4 -
Page 49 and 50: The Joint Targeting Cycle run attri
Page 51 and 52: The Joint Targeting Cycle The joint
Page 53 and 54: The Joint Targeting Cycle Phase 5 T
Page 55 and 56: The Joint Targeting Cycle Find Step
Page 57 and 58: The Joint Targeting Cycle Track Fur
Page 59 and 60: The Joint Targeting Cycle 3. The ta
Page 61 and 62: The Joint Targeting Cycle h. Phase
Page 63: The Joint Targeting Cycle C2 arrang
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER III JOINT FORCE TARGETING D
Page 69 and 70: Joint Force Targeting Duties and Re
Page 87 and 88: APPENDIX A LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS IN
Page 89 and 90: Legal Considerations in Targeting t
Page 91 and 92: Legal Considerations in Targeting (
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Page 95 and 96: APPENDIX B TARGETING AUTOMATION 1.
Page 97 and 98: Targeting Automation whole or parti
Page 99 and 100: APPENDIX C COMPONENT TARGETING PROC
Page 101 and 102: Component Targeting Processes Joint
Page 103 and 104: Component Targeting Processes Joint
Page 105 and 106: Component Targeting Processes 5. Nu
Page 107 and 108: Component Targeting Processes CONOP
Page 109 and 110: 1. The Purpose of Assessment APPEND
Page 111 and 112: The Targeting Assessment Process re
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The Targeting Assessment Process (d
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The Targeting Assessment Process ta
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APPENDIX E REFERENCES The developme
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References e. NTTP 3-03.1, Volume 1
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APPENDIX F ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTI
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GLOSSARY PART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND
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Glossary NGA NIST NJOIC NRO NSA NSL
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Glossary cross-targeting (nuclear).
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Glossary lay. None. (Approved for r
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Glossary target acquisition. The de
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Glossary outlined in the commander
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JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARC
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Joint Targeting

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