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Steenari, M.-R., Vuontela, V., Paavonen, E. J., Carlson, S., Fjallberg, M., & Aronen, E. T. (2003). Working memory and sleep in 6- to 13-year-old schoolchildren. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(1), 85–92. Strong, W. B., Malina, R. M., Blimkie, C. J. R., Daniels, S. R., Dishman, R. K., Gutin, B., … Trudeau, F. (2005). Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. The Journal of Pediatrics, 146(6), 732–737. Seifert, S., et al. (2011). Health Effects of Energy Drinks on Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults. Pediatrics, 127(3), 511- 528. Sunday, A., et al. (2014). “n emerging adolescent health risk: Caffeinated energy drink consumption patterns among high school students. Preventive Medicine, 62(May), 54-59. Telama, R. (2009). Tracking of physical activity from childhood to adulthood: A review. Obesity Facts, 2(3), 187–195. World Health Organization. (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: World Health Organization. 48 HBSC England National Report
Chapter 4 Substance Use Key messages Smoking: 3% of young people reported smoking at least once a week (2% of boys and 3% of girls). Smoking prevalence is highest among 15 year old girls (8%). Smoking rates show a steady decline since 2002. For the first time in the HBSC England survey weekly smoking rates were reported as zero among 11 year olds. Alcohol: weekly alcohol consumption decreased across all ages from 2002 to 2014, with reported rates in 2014 being less than a quarter of those in 2002 among 15 year olds. A third of 15 year olds said that they had been drunk twice or more in their life. Among the 15 year olds who consume alcohol regularly (9% of girls and 12% of boys), 83% of boys and 57% of girls reported being drunk more than 10 times during the last 30 days. Cannabis: Reported cannabis use decreased between 2002 and 2014 from 43% for boys and 38% for girls in 2002 to 21% for boys and 20% for girls. Introduction Substance use is a major public health concern for adolescent health, and rates of both smoking and drinking alcohol has decreased among young people over the last decade (Brooks et al., 2011). England still has a relatively high incidence of regular drinking, drunkenness and cannabis use among 15 year olds compared to other European countries (Currie et al., 2012). Among adults, smoking is “the primary cause of preventable morbidity and premature death” in England (Department of Health, 2011, p. 15) and while major health consequences such as lung cancer do not usually present until later in life, adolescents who smoke tobacco have be found to be less physically fit, have more respiratory problems and experience more coughing and wheezing that their non-smoking peers (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004). Further, onset of tobacco smoking occurs during adolescence in the majority of cases (World Health Organization, 2005). Similarly to tobacco use, onset of drinking alcohol often occurs first during adolescence, and while to some extent a normative aspect of adolescent development, drinking and drunkenness during this time period (and particularly early initiation) has been associated with increased risk of injury (Hingson, Assailly, & Williams, 2004), unplanned and unprotected sex (Hingson, Heeren, Winter, & Wechsler, 2003), and alcohol disorders and dependency (DeWit, Adlaf, Offord, & Ogborne, 2000). Work from HBSC England suggested that drinking sub-cultures may also be a determinant for some young people, for example “sporty” physically active boys were found to be more likely to have drunk alcohol to excess (Brooks et al., 2014). Cannabis use during adolescence has been associated with decreased performance on learning and memory tasks (Solowij et al., 2011), lower academic attainment and completion, other illicit drug dependency, and suicide attempts (Silins et al., 2014). For these reasons, a reduction in such risk behaviours has been suggested as indicators of increased well-being in the population (Department of Health, 2010). Substance Use 49
Page 1 and 2: HBSC England National Report Health
Page 3 and 4: Foreword by Jane Ellison Since 1997
Page 5 and 6: Chapter 3. Health behaviours 27 Key
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 1 Contexts: The HBSC study,
Page 9 and 10: Methodology Prior to the commenceme
Page 11 and 12: Table 1.3: Participating pupils by
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 2 Health and Well-being Key
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2.2: Thriving: Proportions o
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.5: suffering: Proportions
Page 19 and 20: Multiple health complaints Half of
Page 21 and 22: Primary health care service use Mea
Page 23 and 24: GP’s explanations Overall, 83% of
Page 25 and 26: School attendance Of those who repo
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 3 Health Behaviours Key mes
Page 29 and 30: Diet and nutrition Measure • How
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3.4: Young people who report
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3.7: Young people who report
Page 35 and 36: Figure 3.11: Eating sweets daily 20
Page 37 and 38: 17% of young people reported eating
Page 39 and 40: Figure 3.16: Young people who do no
Page 41 and 42: Figure 3.18: Young people who feel
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.22: Young people on a diet
Page 45 and 46: Figure 3.24: Young people meeting r
Page 47: References Austin, S. B., & Gortmak
Page 51 and 52: Age of first cigarette for 15 year
Page 53 and 54: Drinking to Excess Measures • Hav
Page 55 and 56: Cannabis use in last 30 days Measur
Page 57 and 58: References Brooks, F. M., Smeeton,
Page 59 and 60: Love Measures • Have you ever bee
Page 61 and 62: Sex Measures • Have you ever had
Page 63 and 64: Figure 5.6: Contraceptive method us
Page 65 and 66: References Blake, S., Emmerson, L.,
Page 67 and 68: Injuries Measures • During the pa
Page 69 and 70: Fighting Measure • During the pas
Page 71 and 72: References Chiolero, A., & Schmid,
Page 73 and 74: Parental employment and family stru
Page 75 and 76: Young people’s view of neighbourh
Page 77 and 78: Figure 7.3: Young people who find i
Page 79 and 80: Parental involvement and support fo
Page 81 and 82: Figure 7.6: Young people who make d
Page 83 and 84: Sports and exercise Overall, 41% of
Page 85 and 86: References Afifi, T. D., Joseph, A.
Page 87 and 88: Feeling pressured by schoolwork rel
Page 89 and 90: Academic achievement Measure • In
Page 91 and 92: Figure 8.5: Young people who said t
Page 93 and 94: School belonging Measure • Here a
Page 95 and 96: Figure 8.10 : Young people who agre
Page 97 and 98: PSHE Measures • Have you attended
Page 99 and 100:
Among those who had attended PSHE l
Page 101 and 102:
Chapter 9 Peer relationships, frien
Page 103 and 104:
Overall only 5% of young people rep
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 9.2: Proportion of young peo
Page 107 and 108:
Just over two thirds (68%) of respo
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 9.7 Young people who report
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 9.11: Young people who have
Page 113 and 114:
References Alikasifoglu, M., Ergino
Page 116:
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