Grasping the nettle
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44 <strong>Grasping</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>nettle</strong>: Ending Europe’s Trade in Execution and Torture Technology<br />
Consequently, we recommend that <strong>the</strong> current prohibition on <strong>the</strong> trade in restraint chairs, boards<br />
and beds be retained, but that <strong>the</strong> existing explanatory notes should be removed. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, we<br />
recommend that, “chairs, boards and beds” that are “fitted with straps” should be controlled items<br />
under Annex III of <strong>the</strong> Regulation.<br />
Long-Range Acoustic devices<br />
A range of acoustic devices have been developed and marketed for long range communication.<br />
They produce high volume sounds at various frequencies, with limited ability to target <strong>the</strong> sound to<br />
an individual or group. Currently, some of <strong>the</strong> most commonly deployed models are <strong>the</strong> different<br />
varieties of <strong>the</strong> Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD), manufactured by <strong>the</strong> LRAD Corporation. 202<br />
The LRAD can potentially be employed in a variety of situations by a number of different end-users. It<br />
is reported to have been used by U.S. military forces in Afghanistan and Iraq, 203 and to repel pirates<br />
off <strong>the</strong> coast of Somalia. 204 In a July 2013 “white paper”, <strong>the</strong> LRAD Corporation has stated that,<br />
“LRAD systems are being safely used in more than 60 countries around <strong>the</strong> world,” among those<br />
end-users specifically highlighted were <strong>the</strong> police forces of Australia, Canada, Colombia, Georgia,<br />
Germany, India, Israel, Morocco, <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands, Oman, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Spain and<br />
Turkey. In addition, <strong>the</strong> company stated that LRAD has been employed in Iraq, “to communicate in<br />
villages and push back crowds”; in Kazakhstan by <strong>the</strong> army for crowd control; and <strong>the</strong> device has also<br />
been deployed on military trucks in Turkmenistan for border security and infrastructure protection. 205<br />
A number of EU companies have promoted LRAD. For example <strong>the</strong> Spanish company, Technorobot<br />
has a webpage devoted to LRAD products. It states that, “LRAD has two main functions; communicate<br />
over long range distances (up to 3000 meters) clearly, but we can also define LRAD device as a<br />
“NON- LETHAL acoustic weapon.” The acoustic output power can reach more than 150 decibels so<br />
it allows us to solve or deter some particular situations without using <strong>the</strong> force.” 206 The company also<br />
highlights past promotion of LRAD at Milipol 2009, Milipol 2011 and during demonstrations of its<br />
products to <strong>the</strong> Spanish and Portuguese police in 2010. 207<br />
In addition, a Polish company, Delta sp.j., 208 has marketed LRAD for use in security or law enforcement<br />
and a UK company has marketed LRAD primarily for maritime communication. 209 LRAD has<br />
been acquired and deployed by <strong>the</strong> Polish police force 210 and <strong>the</strong> UK Royal Marines. 211<br />
In October 2014, Amnesty International raised concerns regarding <strong>the</strong> inappropriate use of LRAD<br />
by St Louis police force in response to wide spread public disorder in Ferguson, Missouri, following<br />
<strong>the</strong> fatal shooting of an 18-year old unarmed African American teenager by a white police officer.<br />
According to a report by Amnesty International USA, 212 on <strong>the</strong> night of 18 August 2014, at approxi-<br />
202 “The Global Leader in Long Range Acoustic Hailing Devices” http://www.lradx.com.<br />
203 Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project, Research Report No. 8. Bradford: Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford<br />
2006.<br />
204 ‘I beat pirates with a hose and sonic cannon, BBC News Channel, 17 May 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6664677.stm (accessed<br />
5 March 2015); Is There a Sound Defense Against <strong>the</strong> Somali Pirates? Time, Thompson, M. 19 November 2009 http://content.time.<br />
com/time/world/article/0,8599,1940536,00.html (accessed 5 March 2015).<br />
205 LRAD Corporation, White Paper, LRAD – humanely resolving public safety situations and saving lives, July 2013, http://www.lradx.com/<br />
pdf/LRAD_whitepaper_Humanely_Resolving_Public_Safety_Situations.pdf (accessed 14 May 2015).<br />
206 Technorobot: Technological and Robotics Systems, LRAD, available at: http://www.technorobot.eu/en/lrad.htm (accessed 14 May<br />
2015).<br />
207 Technorobot; Technological and Robotics Systems, Media/events, available at: http://www.technorobot.eu/en/media.htm (accessed 14<br />
May 2015).<br />
208 The Polish company, Delta sp.j. on its company website states that: “Delta offers an unique acoustic device LRAD ( Long Range<br />
Acoustic Device). This is mobile or stationary mounting & remotely operated mega-source of long range sound. LRAD provide sending messages,<br />
combat and warning signals as well as appeals for <strong>the</strong> distance up to even 1 km in <strong>the</strong> form of concentrated beam of acoustic wave!”<br />
[Emphasis added] http://www.delta-av.com.pl/strona,lrad_technology,88,0,88.html (accessed 14 May 2015).<br />
209 Audionation-UK, LRAD Acoustic Hailing Device, http://antactical.com/product-category/tactical/lrad/ (accessed 14 May 2015). In email<br />
correspondence to Amnesty International and Omega, <strong>the</strong> company stated that: “Audionation-UK as an appointed UK dealer for LRAD Corporation,<br />
supplies systems only in accordance to manufacturer’s recommendations. Primary business is to <strong>the</strong> Marine Security Industry for<br />
long range communications only…This effective means of communication poses no danger to operator nor target, just clear verbal messages<br />
that commands appropriate action or responses during maritime vessel movements.”[Email received from Sales Director, Audionation-UK, 28<br />
April 2014].<br />
210 Poland’s Anti-Hooligan Police Ready for Euro 2012 Troublemakers, Krakow Post, 7 June 2012, http://www.krakowpost.com/<br />
article/5209 (accessed 4 February 2015); The super-sized loudspeaker Poland hopes will blast away brawling hooligans, Daily Mail, 8<br />
May 2012, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2141299/The-supersized-loudspeaker-Poland-hopes-blast-away-brawling-hooligans.<br />
html#ixzz3Qm7G8ffY (accessed 4 February 2015).<br />
211 BBC News, Sonic device deployed in London during Olympics, 12 May 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-<br />
18042528 (accessed 4 February 2015).<br />
212 On <strong>the</strong> Streets of America: Human Rights Abuses in Ferguson, Amnesty International USA Section, 24 October 2014.<br />
Amnesty International May 2015 Index: EUR 01/1632/2015