Caribbean - Armed Forces Pest Management Board

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PREFACE Disease Vector Ecology Profiles (DVEPs) summarize unclassified literature on medically important arthropods, vertebrates and plants that may adversely affect troops in specific countries or regions around the world. Primary emphasis is on the epidemiology of arthropod-borne diseases and the bionomics and control of disease vectors. DVEPs have proved to be of significant value to commanders, medical planners, preventive medicine personnel, and particularly medical entomologists. These people use the information condensed in DVEPs to plan and implement prevention and control measures to protect deployed forces from disease, injury, and annoyance caused by vector and pest arthropods. Because the DVEP target audience is also responsible for protecting troops from venomous animals and poisonous plants, as well as zoonotic diseases for which arthropod vectors are unknown, limited material is provided on poisonous snakes, noxious plants, and rodent-borne diseases such as hantavirus and leptospirosis. In this document vector-borne diseases are presented in two groups: those with immediate impact on military operations (incubation period < 15 days) and those with delayed impact on military operations (incubation period > 15 days). For each disease, information is presented on military importance, transmission cycle, vector profiles, and vector surveillance and suppression. Additional information on venomous vertebrates and noxious plants is available in the Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center’s (AFMIC) Medical, Environmental, and Disease Intelligence, and Countermeasures (MEDIC) CD-ROM. Contingency Operations Assistance: The Armed Forces Pest Management Board (AFPMB) is staffed with a Contingency Liaison Officer (CLO), who can help identify appropriate DoD personnel, equipment, and supplies necessary for vector surveillance and control during contingencies. Contact the CLO at Tel: (301) 295-8312, DSN: 295-8312, or Fax: (301) 295-7473. Defense Pest Management Information Analysis Center (DPMIAC) Services: In addition to providing DVEPs, DPMIAC publishes Technical Guides (TGs) and the Military Pest Management Handbook (MPMH). DPMIAC can provide online literature searches of databases on pest management, medical entomology, pest identification, pesticide toxicology, venomous snakes, poisonous plants and other biomedical topics. Contact DPMIAC at Tel: (301) 295-7476, DSN: 295-7476, or Fax: (301) 295-7473. Additional hard copies or diskettes of this publication are also available. Other Sources of Information: The epidemiologies of arthropod-borne diseases are constantly changing, especially in developing countries undergoing rapid growth, ecological change, and/or large migrations of refugee populations resulting from civil strife. In addition, diseases are underreported in developing countries with poor public health infrastructures. Therefore, DVEPs should be supplemented with the most current information on public health and geographic medicine. Users may obtain current disease risk assessments, additional information on parasitic and infectious diseases, and i
other aspects of medical intelligence from the Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center (AFMIC), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, Tel: (301) 619-7574, DSN: 343-7574. Vector Risk Assessment Profiles (VECTRAPs) for most countries in the world can be obtained from the Navy Preventive Medicine Information System (NAPMIS) by contacting the Navy Environmental Health Center (NEHC) at Tel: (757) 762-5500, after hours at (757) 621-1967, DSN: 253-5500, or Fax: (757) 444-3672. Information is also available from the Defense Environmental Network and Information Exchange (DENIX). The homepage address is: . Specimen Identification Services: Specimen identification services and taxonomic keys can be obtained from the Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Museum Support Center, MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 USA; Tel: (301) 238-3165; Fax: (301) 238-3667; e-mail: ; homepage: . Emergency Procurement of Insect Repellents, Pesticides and Equipment: Deploying forces often need pesticides and equipment on short notice. The Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) has established the following Emergency Supply Operations Centers (ESOCs) to provide equipment and supplies to deploying forces: For insect repellents, pesticides and pesticide application equipment: Contact the Defense Supply Center Richmond ESOC at Tel: (804) 279-4865, DSN: 695-4865. The ESOC is staffed seven days a week/24 hours a day. Product Manager (804) 279-3995, DSN: 695-3995. For personal protection equipment (bednets, headnets, etc.) and respirators: Contact the Defense Supply Center Philadelphia ESOC Customer Assistance Branch at Tel: (215) 737-3041/3042/3043, DSN: 444-3041/3042/3043. Every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in DVEPs. Individuals having additional information, corrections, or suggestions, are encouraged to provide them to the Chief, DPMIAC, Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Forest Glen Section, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307-5001, Tel: (301) 295-7476, DSN: 295-7476, or Fax: (301) 295-7482. Acknowledgments: The initial draft of this DVEP was prepared by Dr. John B. Gingrich, LTC USA (retired), Dr. Harold J. Harlan, LTC USA (retired), Dr. Peter V. Perkins, COL USA (retired) and Dr. James H. Trosper, CDR USN (retired). Subsequent technical reviews and recommendations were provided by DPMIAC’s Dr. Richard G. Robbins and CDR George W. Schultz, USN. Additional reviews were provided by COL Phillip G. Lawyer, USA, and Dr. Timothy H. Dickens, CDR USN (retired), as well as by the personnel of the Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center. The cover design is the work of Mr. J. Rees Stevenson of DPMIAC. Experts were consulted for the taxonomic ii
Page 4 and 5: accuracy of respective arthropod gr
Page 6 and 7: N. Jamaica ........................
Page 8 and 9: Table 3. Distribution of Venomous T
Page 10 and 11: Climate. All Caribbean countries ha
Page 12 and 13: Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are
Page 14 and 15: islands of the Lesser Antilles as w
Page 16 and 17: VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES IN THE CARIBB
Page 38 and 39: IV. COUNTRY PROFILES. A. Anguilla.
Page 40 and 41: 2. Climate. Aruba’s climate is tr
Page 42 and 43: 2. Climate. The climate is tropical
Page 44 and 45: 2. Climate. The climate is tropical
Page 46 and 47: untreated industrial wastes, and ag
Page 48 and 49: cooler. The island of Hispaniola is
Page 50 and 51: of the Lesser Antilles, between the
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1,011 km of which are paved, and 13
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MINIMUM 19 19 20 21 22 23 23 23 23
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diseases occur occasionally, as doe
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2. Climate. Navassa Island’s clim
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hydroelectric generators (1.94%). D
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available primarily in or near urba
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generators (32.81%). The economy of
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3. Population and Culture. The popu
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is based on tourism, which accounts
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Disease Distribution. Endemic malar
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homunculus. Twelve cases of P. mala
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humans and domestic animals indoors
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elapses upon their return to the Un
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prominent in the region until the 1
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more. Larvae emerge after eggs have
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per hectare, and that pupal surveys
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During the 1990s, only 6 Latin Amer
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Ae. albopictus into the Americas as
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islands. Outbreaks of EEE are infre
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competent vector of EEE virus, and
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was shown to be different from 2 No
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genetic and antigenic diversity. Th
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Habitat modification can reduce tic
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Mortality is seldom high, but morbi
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manifestations and may remain witho
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Transmission cycle(s). Triatomine b
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quinquefasciatus in Brazil, but hum
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Trinidad and Guadeloupe. The first
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ange in altitude from desert areas
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control on St. Lucia. Only a few ca
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source for B. glabrata. The snail i
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Acute filariasis is the primary mil
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aquasalis, which is a known vector
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Vector Ecology Profiles. In the Car
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sugarcane field workers. Many human
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Mites from one host species rarely
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2. Araneae (spiders). More than 35,
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from unsprayed areas. Ceratopogonid
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Myiasis is classified according to
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most stings requiring medical treat
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cantharidin in their body fluids. C
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symptoms extend beyond 72 hours. An
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Table2. continued Scorpion Species
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Table 2. continued Scorpion Species
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11. Simuliidae (black flies, buffal
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Deer flies, about 8 to 15 mm long,
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The bushmaster, Lachesis muta, has
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C. Medical Botany. 1. Plants that C
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To avoid accidental poisoning, they
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IX. Selected References. A. Militar
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Beaty, B.J. and W.C. Marquardt [eds
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Chadee, D.D. and S.C. Rawlins. 1997
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Gomez, J.D., E.A. Malek and M. Varg
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Lovell, C.R. (ed.). 1993. Plants an
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Perich, M.J., M.A. Tidwell, S.E. Do
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Teelucksingh, S., A.S. Mangray, S.
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Appendix A. Vector Ecology Profiles
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insecticide. Physiological resistan
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Diaz, P.C., J.A. Bisset, T. Gonzale
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Tang, C.R., D.D. Montada, A.O. Nava
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Appendix C Sources of Snake Antiven
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Chiggers Brennan, J.M. 1953. A note
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Franke, O.F. 1978. Systematic revis
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Appendix E Personal Protective Meas
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F. Bioscience and State Department
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15. Jamaica. Ambassador Phone: 1-80
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diapause - a period of arrested dev
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(wheals) that are redder or paler t
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10. The CDC’s site for informatio
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14. London School of Hygiene and Tr
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