Caribbean - Armed Forces Pest Management Board

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N. Jamaica .....................................................71 O. Martinique ..................................................73 P. Montserrat ..................................................74 Q. Navassa Island ...............................................76 R. Netherlands Antilles ...........................................77 S. Puerto Rico ..................................................78 T. Saint Kitts and Nevis ...........................................80 U. Saint Lucia ..................................................81 V. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ..................................83 W. Trinidad and Tobago ...........................................84 X. Turks and Caicos Islands .......................................86 Y. Virgin Islands ................................................87 V. Militarily Important Vector-borne Diseases with Short Incubation Periods (15 days) A. Leishmaniasis .................................................. 131 B. Schistosomiasis ................................................ 137 C. Filariasis ..................................................... 143 D. Mansonellosis ................................................. 148 VII. Other Diseases of Potential Military Significance A. Leptospirosis ................................................. 151 VIII. Noxious/Venomous Animals and Plants of Military Significance A. Arthropods 1. Acari (mites and ticks) .................................... 153 2
2. Araneae (spiders) ........................................ 156 3. Ceratopogonidae (biting midges, no-see-ums, punkies) ............ 157 4. Chilopoda (centipedes) and Diplopoda (millipedes) ............... 158 5. Cimicidae (bed bugs) ..................................... 158 6. Dipterans Causing Myiasis ................................. 159 7. Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps) ......................... 161 8. Lepidoptera (urticating moths and caterpillars) ................... 163 9. Meloidae (blister beetles), Oedemeridae (false blister beetles) and Staphylinidae (rove beetles) ............................. 163 10. Scorpionida (scorpions) ................................... 164 11. Simuliidae (black flies, buffalo gnats, turkey gnats) ................ 176 12. Siphonaptera (fleas) ...................................... 176 13. Solpugida (sun spiders, wind scorpions) ....................... 177 14. Tabanidae (deer flies and horse flies) .......................... 177 B. Venomous Snakes of the Caribbean .............................. 179 C. Medical Botany ............................................. 182 IX. Selected References A. Military Publications ............................................ 186 B. Other Publications ............................................. 187 Figures Figure 1. Endemic Areas of Malaria in the Caribbean .............................91 Figure 2. Life Cycle of Plasmodium, the Malaria Parasite ..........................94 Figure 3. Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex Mosquitoes .............................98 Figure 4. Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti Adults .............................104 Figure 5. Potential Endemic Area of Yellow Fever in the Caribbean .................109 Figure 6. Endemic Area of Chagas’ Disease in the Caribbean ......................126 Figure 7. Endemic Areas of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Caribbean ...............133 Figure 8. Life Cycle of Leishmania .........................................134 Figure 9. Endemic Areas of Schistosomiasis in the Caribbean . ....................139 Figure 10. Life Cycle of Schistosomes .......................................140 Figure 11. Endemic Areas of Bancroftian Filariasis in the Caribbean .................145 Figure 12. Endemic Areas of Mansonellosis in the Caribbean ......................149 Tables Table 1. Dengue Serotypes Identified in Caribbean Countries from 1997 through 2000. .........................................101 Table 2. Distribution of Scorpions in the Caribbean ..............................167 3
Page 2 and 3: PREFACE Disease Vector Ecology Prof
Page 4 and 5: accuracy of respective arthropod gr
Page 8 and 9: Table 3. Distribution of Venomous T
Page 10 and 11: Climate. All Caribbean countries ha
Page 12 and 13: Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are
Page 14 and 15: islands of the Lesser Antilles as w
Page 16 and 17: VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES IN THE CARIBB
Page 38 and 39: IV. COUNTRY PROFILES. A. Anguilla.
Page 40 and 41: 2. Climate. Aruba’s climate is tr
Page 42 and 43: 2. Climate. The climate is tropical
Page 44 and 45: 2. Climate. The climate is tropical
Page 46 and 47: untreated industrial wastes, and ag
Page 48 and 49: cooler. The island of Hispaniola is
Page 50 and 51: of the Lesser Antilles, between the
Page 52 and 53: 1,011 km of which are paved, and 13
Page 54 and 55: MINIMUM 19 19 20 21 22 23 23 23 23
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diseases occur occasionally, as doe
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2. Climate. Navassa Island’s clim
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hydroelectric generators (1.94%). D
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available primarily in or near urba
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generators (32.81%). The economy of
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3. Population and Culture. The popu
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is based on tourism, which accounts
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Disease Distribution. Endemic malar
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homunculus. Twelve cases of P. mala
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humans and domestic animals indoors
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elapses upon their return to the Un
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prominent in the region until the 1
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more. Larvae emerge after eggs have
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per hectare, and that pupal surveys
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During the 1990s, only 6 Latin Amer
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Ae. albopictus into the Americas as
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islands. Outbreaks of EEE are infre
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competent vector of EEE virus, and
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was shown to be different from 2 No
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genetic and antigenic diversity. Th
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Habitat modification can reduce tic
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Mortality is seldom high, but morbi
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manifestations and may remain witho
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Transmission cycle(s). Triatomine b
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quinquefasciatus in Brazil, but hum
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Trinidad and Guadeloupe. The first
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ange in altitude from desert areas
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control on St. Lucia. Only a few ca
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source for B. glabrata. The snail i
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Acute filariasis is the primary mil
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aquasalis, which is a known vector
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Vector Ecology Profiles. In the Car
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sugarcane field workers. Many human
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Mites from one host species rarely
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2. Araneae (spiders). More than 35,
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from unsprayed areas. Ceratopogonid
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Myiasis is classified according to
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most stings requiring medical treat
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cantharidin in their body fluids. C
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symptoms extend beyond 72 hours. An
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Table2. continued Scorpion Species
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Table 2. continued Scorpion Species
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Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
11. Simuliidae (black flies, buffal
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Deer flies, about 8 to 15 mm long,
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The bushmaster, Lachesis muta, has
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C. Medical Botany. 1. Plants that C
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To avoid accidental poisoning, they
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IX. Selected References. A. Militar
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Beaty, B.J. and W.C. Marquardt [eds
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Chadee, D.D. and S.C. Rawlins. 1997
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Gomez, J.D., E.A. Malek and M. Varg
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Lovell, C.R. (ed.). 1993. Plants an
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Perich, M.J., M.A. Tidwell, S.E. Do
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Teelucksingh, S., A.S. Mangray, S.
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Appendix A. Vector Ecology Profiles
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insecticide. Physiological resistan
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Diaz, P.C., J.A. Bisset, T. Gonzale
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Tang, C.R., D.D. Montada, A.O. Nava
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Appendix C Sources of Snake Antiven
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Chiggers Brennan, J.M. 1953. A note
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Franke, O.F. 1978. Systematic revis
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Appendix E Personal Protective Meas
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F. Bioscience and State Department
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15. Jamaica. Ambassador Phone: 1-80
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diapause - a period of arrested dev
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(wheals) that are redder or paler t
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10. The CDC’s site for informatio
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14. London School of Hygiene and Tr
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Caribbean - Armed Forces Pest Management Board

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