Unveiling Women as Pillars of Peace Peace Building in ...

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oader perspective. These efforts need to be supplemented by activities that address larger issues, and the interconnectedness of small initiatives to larger ones must be emphasised. Examining the Connection Between Local Capacity and Outside Intervention Sustainable peace demands time, patience and protracted engagement in efforts for medium, and long-range change. Affected communities must be involved throughout the cycle of peace building. However, models for peace building have assumed that members of communities afflicted by conflict are parties to the conflict and therefore unable to undertake effective peace building on their own. Consequently, attempts to nurture peace have been formulated within frameworks that depend largely on outside intervention by actors who are considered impartial. Outside actors have dominated post conflict peace activities. Evidence presented in this study suggests that the success of outside intervention depends on the extent to which it connects with local peace initiatives. As conflict becomes more localised, complex, and protracted, the “outside intervention” model is giving way to the “inside participation” model. This trend increases of local peace builders, especially women. Sources and Methodology This monograph addresses five specific questions to examine how the developments as discussed above are reflected in Kenya at the local level: • What is the nature of the conflicts that fracture communities in Kenya? • How have local and national initiatives nurtured peace building? • To what extent have women contributed to peace building and reconciliation? • What has been the role of the pillars of peace? • How have these individuals handled the challenges they face as peace builders, as Kenyans, and as women? These questions are answered by data collected from both primary and secondary sources. This study uses two types of secondary sources. (1) Materials with a gender analysis of conflict and post conflict situations provide the broad overview of peace work. (2) Literature on the conflicts in Kenya places the role of Kenyan women in context. Research documents and commissioned reports include (1) two studies by John Rogge (1993, 1994) for UNDP, (2) the Western Province Coordination Committee (WPCC) evaluation report by the Centre for Refugee Studies–Moi University (Kathina and Oduor 1995), and (3) an evaluation report on the resettlement programmes in Western Kenya and the Rift Valley (Kathina and Masika 1997). We also consulted government documents, media reports, periodicals, and newspapers. A central feature of all these publications is their focus on institutional responses to conflict. They provide the context for women’s actions, but they do not look at women’s contributions in any detail. 5
Primary data from interviews with peace workers and members of affected communities enrich the secondary material. This study employs three paths of analysis: • The author has six-year’s of experience with conflict related research throughout Kenya, and particularly the Rift Valley and Western Provinces, two areas that have experienced intense conflicts during the last decade. • Experiences of three peace workers illustrate local initiatives of women especially in the processes of building peace. In-depth interviews with openended questions allow their own voices to be heard in the narratives of their experiences with fracture and peace building. Social network analysis is used to identify the various focal points. The tools used by these individuals in the peace trade, the mechanisms for networking, and their sources of support and collaboration are identified and assessed. The constraints faced by the actors are highlighted with their modes of confrontation and negotiation. • Capacity–vulnerability analysis involves the exploration of resources within affected communities and identification of deficiencies. It identifies local resources, specifies their use, and evaluates their potential to buffer the effects of conflict on local populations. The purpose of this analysis is to illustrate arguments used to justify outside interventions in peace processes. This analysis establishes the communities’ perceptions of outside interventions and examines how their perceptions affect the restoration of peace. • Finally, the study compares the interaction between outsiders and locals in three regions that have experienced intense conflicts. Peace has been restored in Wajir District by using local resources. In Western Kenya, local efforts supplemented by ideas from outside the area have resulted in relative peace. The Northern Rift Valley analysis looks at peace building in ongoing conflict. We have selected four individual cases from more than 20 interviews to display the pillars of peace in action. The remaining narratives corroborate and embellish the narratives of the selected pillars of peace. Maps in the appendix illustrate the scope of conflicts in Kenya and the areas in this report. Organisation of the Report This study presents some general principles and lessons to share with other peace workers operating in areas that experience similar conflicts. Chapter 1 has situated the position of women in peace building at the decision-making and grassroots levels and discussed the challenges posed to conventional conflict resolution and peace building. Chapter 2 looks at types of conflict in Kenya, effects of conflict on communities, and trends in peace building. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 are the core of this monograph. They provide the analysis of women as pillars of peace in Kenya. These chapters outline the peculiarities of the types of conflict, the scale of their effects, and the form that peace building takes in each case. Chapter 3 presents a rare case of success by women building peace in Wajir District. This is an area influenced by patrilineal structures and afflicted with a combination of political and long-term resource-related conflicts. Chapter 4 turns to peace building in Western Kenya, a region deeply fractured by politically instigated conflicts. Chapter 6
Page 1 and 2: Unveiling Women as Pillars of Peace
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The hardest hit areas are border re
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As the peace workers engaged the ch
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Personally, Rose always surprised m
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Challenges from Community Members R
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Chapter 6 LESSONS FROM WOMEN PILLAR
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confidentiality and discretion, (c)
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REFERENCES Achieng, Anista. (1998).
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Kiluku, K. et al. (1992). Report of
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MAPS 73
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6 Interview with UNHCR Security Off
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3 The post-independence government
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