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Defining a generic method to build a binary tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389 Variance and generic interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391 Covariant interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393 Contravariant interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397 Quick reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397 Chapter 18 Using collections 399 What are collection classes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399 The List collection class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401 The LinkedList collection class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403 The Queue collection class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404 The Stack collection class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405 The Dictionary collection class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407 The SortedList collection class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408 The HashSet collection class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409 Using collection initializers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411 The Find methods, predicates, and lambda expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411 The forms of lambda expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413 Comparing arrays and collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 Using collection classes to play cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420 Quick reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420 Chapter 19 Enumerating collections 423 Enumerating the elements in a collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 Manually implementing an enumerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425 Implementing the IEnumerable interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429 Implementing an enumerator by using an iterator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431 A simple iterator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432 Defining an enumerator for the Tree class by using an iterator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434 Contents xiii
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436 Quick reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437 Chapter 20 Decoupling application logic and handling events 439 Understanding delegates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440 Examples of delegates in the .NET Framework class library . . . . . .441 The automated factory scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443 Implementing the factory control system without using delegates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443 Implementing the factory by using a delegate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 Declaring and using delegates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447 Lambda expressions and delegates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455 Creating a method adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455 Enabling notifications by using events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456 Declaring an event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456 Subscribing to an event. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457 Unsubscribing from an event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457 Raising an event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458 Understanding user interface events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458 Using events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .466 Quick reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .466 Chapter 21 Querying in-memory data by using query expressions 469 What is LINQ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469 Using LINQ in a C# application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470 Selecting data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472 Filtering data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474 Ordering, grouping, and aggregating data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475 Joining data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477 Using query operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479 Querying data in Tree objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481 LINQ and deferred evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487 xiv Contents
Page 1 and 2: Microsoft Visual C# Step by Step Ei
Page 3 and 4: PUBLISHED BY Microsoft Press A Divi
Page 5 and 6: PART IV BUILDING UNIVERSAL WINDOWS
Page 7 and 8: Associativity and the assignment op
Page 9 and 10: Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: Using multidimensional arrays . . .
Page 13: Using properties . . . . . . . . .
Page 17 and 18: Canceling tasks and handling except
Page 20 and 21: Introduction Microsoft Visual C# is
Page 22 and 23: ■ ■ Part III, “Defining exten
Page 24 and 25: System requirements You will need t
Page 26 and 27: For those of you who like to know a
Page 28 and 29: Project/Solution Description Chapte
Page 30 and 31: Project/Solution Description Chapte
Page 32: We want to hear from you At Microso
Page 35 and 36: Note The answers to these questions
Page 37 and 38: The outcome of the || operator is t
Page 39 and 40: notice that the Boolean expression
Page 41 and 42: Cascading if statements You can nes
Page 43 and 44: private void compareClick(object se
Page 45 and 46: else if (leftHandSide.Day > rightHa
Page 47 and 48: Understanding switch statement synt
Page 49 and 50: in a switch statement (even the def
Page 51 and 52: If the current character being copi
Page 54 and 55: Index Symbols & (ampersand) & (AND)
Page 56 and 57: inary operators creating, 232-241 d
Page 58 and 59: code CanExecuteChanged events, 670,
Page 60 and 61: CountdownEvent class concurrent ope
Page 62 and 63: Ellipse class for structures, 209 w
Page 64 and 65:
forms exception objects, 144 except
Page 66 and 67:
indexers H handheld devices. See Un
Page 68 and 69:
lock statements I/O operations asyn
Page 70 and 71:
Name property invoking through dele
Page 72 and 73:
Parallel.Invoke method okClick meth
Page 74 and 75:
eference types number of, 521 Progr
Page 76 and 77:
static properties security, unsafe
Page 78 and 79:
throughput, improving System.String
Page 80 and 81:
views voice activation, 680-695 Win
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yield keyword blocking current thre
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