Inequality and Climate Change Inégalité et changement climatique

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Das: Effects of Climate Change and Heat Waves on Low Income Urban Workers 183 Table 9.4: Annualised Averted Expenditures on Consumer Durable Goods Due to Heat Waves Type of heat wave averted activities at home Sample proportion who reported to have undertaken these changes due to heat waves Average cost of the activity or the materials used (in INR) (Alphabets in parenthesis are sources of money) Possible life span used Annual average cost of the activity using Eq. 10 (in INR) Wipe floor repeatedly using cooling ingredients 0.33 320 (S) One Years 320 Put thick layers of paddy straw on roof to stop transmission of heat 0.54 482 (S+B) One Years 482 Use thick curtains 0.14 503 (S+B) 5 years 126 Insulate walls with paint, mud 0.017 1020 (S) 10 years 152 Purchase fans 0.92 1295 (S+B) 15 years 151.29 Purchase Air/water cooler 0.05 4233 (S+B) 10 years 631 Purchase fridge 0.04 7162 (S+B) 20 years 729.47 Purchase Air Conditioner 0.003 18000 (B) 20 years 1833.34 Weighted annual average for a sample household 592 Note: S: Saving; B: Borrowing
184 Inequality and Climate Change Conclusion One form of increased temperature due to climate change is a heat wave, which is a continual spell of hot and humid weather for two or three days, and can be lethal (Basu and Jonathan 2002). High temperature impacts economic output through various channels like effect on health, labour productivity, productivity of crops, labour supply, etc. This paper looked into how heat waves affected time allocation between work and rest by altering the marginal utility from time spent on these activities to workers in occupations that expose them to extreme weather. Low-income category urban workers were surveyed in two different cities of eastern Indian state of Odisha, Bhubaneswar, and Sambalpur, where heat waves have occurred regularly during the summer since 1998. The results show that the working class has been seriously impacted by heat waves; they are not able to work as long as they do on a normal summer day and have to spend more on food, electricity, etc. Other health effects have necessitated hospitalisation in some cases. The results show that workers work 1.19 hours less and spend 0.46 hours less at home, and they rest 1.65 hours longer on average on a heat wave day than on a normal summer day. Work time loss is more for people doing manual work. Other than work time loss, people are found to be spending extra on routine items like food, electricity bills, etc. and undertaking other adaptive measures to cool floor and roof of the house, using thick curtains made of locally grown grasses, buying fans, water coolers, etc. Annualising this expenditure and adding the extra expenditure on routine goods and income loss due to work time loss, per head private adaptation cost of low-income informal sector urban worker is calculated to be INR195 per heat wave day or INR2340 per annum which constitutes 2.7 per cent of their income. Of this amount, 51 per cent is due to extra expenditure on food, electricity bills etc., 25 per cent due to annualised consumer durable expenditures and 24 per cent due to income loss from more rest. As per Government of India estimates, there were 644000 urban informal sector nonagricultural workers in Odisha in the year 2004-05of which nearly 128000 (20 per cent) work in construction, trade and transport sectors to which the present sample mostly belonged to. 11 Extrapolating the private adaptation cost for this group, it estimates to be INR25.12 million per heat wave day or INR3.01billion per annum at 2012-13 prices for the state of Odisha. Using a simple linear extrapolation, one finds the number of heat wave days to increase 2.5 times by 2020 and 3.5 times by 2030, which will put heavy burden on these people. This also means that, in general, labour markets in low-income countries are likely to be seriously affected in terms of both labour supply and wellbeing of the labour class. As more than 50 per cent of the adaptation cost is on food and other routine expenditure, government intervention – in the form of income supplements, subsidised ration, provision of subsidised electricity or increased wages in summer – can help workers cope better with such climate stress.
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Contents /Sommaire List of Tables,
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List of Figures, Tables and Map Fig
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Contributors / Les auteurs Tara Cae
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Introduction Gian Carlo Delgado Ram
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Ramos: Introduction 5 The transgres
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Contributors / Les auteurs xi Déve
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The Socioeconomic Implications of R
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5 A New Cartography of Internationa
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Inequality and Climate Change Inégalité et changement climatique

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