Oliver et al (2004) Monitoring bleaching

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Table 4. Station Information (for all Synoptic and fine scale survey sites) This information only needs to be entered once for any station. Whenever a station is revisited for repeated surveys, only the station ID code needs to be recorded on the survey data sheet Station ID: Use a logical method to give each station a unique code. This should include an indication of the depth zone. E.g “BB001D” might be used to indicate Bali Barat, Station 1, deep zone. Country: Name of country Region: Name of Region (e.g. Bali Barat) Use local administrative names such as province or municipality where no other name is appropriate. Location/Reef Enter the local name used for this site or reef. This should be a unique name. If none exists, Name: Latitude: then used a modifier (e.g. a number) Latitude (in decimal degrees if possible) of starting point of the sample where observer enters the water. Use a GPS to get a fix if possible. If no GPS is available then mark the station on an aerial photograph or nautical chart and calculate the actual latitude later. Longitude: Longitude (as above) Zone: Enter the reef zone using the standard list in Table 1 of Appendix 3. Exposure: Enter the level of exposure to wind and waves for this station using the standard list in Table 2 of Appendix 3: L=Low; M=Medium; H= High Depth zone: Enter depth zone using the standard list in Table 3 of Appendix 3 (shallow/deep) Depth zone Brief description of depth range of zone and any major features notes: Station notes: Brief description of the community character, existing stresses, etc. Protection: Enter protection status of the station using the standard list in Table 4 of Appendix 3 (0 if unprotected, -1 if protected but IUCN status unknown; 1-6 for protected status if IUCN category known). Table 5 Manta Tow & Timed Swim - General data: Record ID: Station ID: Date: Time: Observer: Buddy: Vessel: SCUBA: Depth: Temperature: %HC: %SC: %MA: %OT: Bleaching: Bleaching notes: Disease: Enter a unique code for this observation Enter the station ID code (as selected in the Station Details Table) Enter the date of the observation Enter the time of the observation Enter the name of the observer Enter the name of the dive buddy (where appropriate) Enter the name of the main boat used for the survey (if available) Enter “YES” if using SCUBA; otherwise enter “NO” Enter depth where most of the observations were made (or enter depth range if observations taken from several depths) Enter the temperature (if available) of the water at the depth recorded in Depth Enter % hard coral cover using cover categories (0-5) described in Table 7 of Appendix 3 Enter % soft coral cover using cover categories (0-5) described in Table 7 of Appendix 3 Enter % fleshy algal cover using cover categories (0-5) described in Table 7 of Appendix 3 Enter % cover of other benthos using cover categories (0-5) described in Table 7 of Appendix 3 Enter % of living benthos which is bleached using bleaching categories (0-4) described in Table 8 of Appendix 3. NOTE: use the percentage of living cover which is bleached, NOT the percentage of the total bottom area. Enter any relevant observation on the severity, extent, variability or bleaching Record the frequency of occurrence of all diseases using categories (0-3) described in Table 6 of Appendix 3 COTS: Record the frequency of occurrence of crown-of-thorns starfish using categories (0-3) Cyanide fishing: Blast fishing: described in Table 6 of Appendix 3 Record the frequency of occurrence of evidence of cyanide fishing using categories (0- 3) described in Table 6 of Appendix 3 Record the frequency of occurrence of blast fishing using categories (0-3) described in 18
Anchor damage: Pictures: Comments: Table 6 of Appendix 3 Record the frequency of occurrence of anchor damage using categories (0-3) described in Table 6 of Appendix 3 Note whether any pictures were taken and indicated ID codes (if any) Add any additional comments or observations, including a note on any additional data that has been collected for this site and time. Table 6 Additional Bleaching details (recommended - for timed swims only) Acropora % cover Enter % of total coral cover that is Acropora using cover categories (0-5) described in Table 7 of Appendix 3 Acropora % bleaching: Enter % of all bleaching corals that is Acropora using bleaching categories (0-4) described in Table 8 of Appendix 3 Pocilloporid % cover: Enter % of total coral cover that is Pocilloporidae using cover categories (0- 5) described in Table 7 of Appendix 3 Pocilloporid % Enter % of all bleaching corals that is Pocilloporidae using bleaching bleaching: categories (0-4) described in Table 8 of Appendix 3 Faviid % cover: Enter % of total coral cover that is Faviidae using cover categories (0-5) described in Table 7 of Appendix 3 Faviid % bleaching: Enter % of all bleaching corals that is Faviidae using bleaching categories (0- 4) described in Table 8 of Appendix 3 Fine-scale monitoring Fine-scale monitoring provide the greatest level of detailed quantitative data. It should be used when there is a need to reliably detect or demonstrate small to moderate bleaching effects. Because these methods take more time and cover smaller areas, they should, where possible, be combined with broader scale surveys which provide information on the overall effects at a larger scale. For detailed surveys of coral cover and beaching for major coral groups, the line intercept transect method is the most frequently used. Alternative methods include area assessment within belt transects, quadrats, or other shapes covering a small discrete area or point-based assessments. The LIT is recommended as a suitable method for most purposes. Since it is the most commonly used monitoring method it is more readily compared with data from other programs The LIT provides a measured value for cover and bleaching which is not possible from area assessments, where the cover is estimated rather than directly measured. Point-based methods can provide good measures of cover, but may require a very large number of points in order to match the precision obtained from line intercept measurements. In addition point methods are also not able to provide estimates of colony abundance and size frequency. Finally detailed, repeated analysis of tagged corals provides the ability to monitor colony level effects of bleaching over time, and to examine inter-colony differences in bleaching responses. Belt Transects (English et al) Belt transects are ideal if a larger are needs to be surveyed in order to pick up rare species or events. If bleaching is only occurring in scattered colonies, but an accurate estimate of area or frequency of occurrence is needed, then a belt transect is more efficient that the large number of quadrats or line transects that would be required to record a useful number of occurrences. If other large scattered organisms such as COTS, giant clams are being counted belt transects are again the most appropriate method. The size of the transect should be determined based on a preliminary assessment of the frequency of bleaching using manta tow/swim results, but generally about 20-30m x 1-2m is effective. Use larger transects if bleaching is not very common. The width of the transect is often estimated from a central tape, however bordering tapes can be laid for greater accuracy, or a measuring stick used of the transect width is not more than 1-2m. For rapid assessments, bleaching severity should be recorded using the categories in Appendix 3, Table 8, but if time permits separate estimates of level of bleaching, and percentage of the colony which is dead should be recorded. Corals and other benthos should be recorded to level 3 in Appendix 3, Table 10 if possible. For any site at least 3 transects should be surveyed, and this should be repeated in shallow and deep sites if the depth range permits and if depth variation in bleaching is evident or important to the question being addressed. 19
Page 1 and 2: Draft A Global Protocol for Assessm
Page 3 and 4: Introduction Coral bleaching occurs
Page 5 and 6: This protocol is designed to assist
Page 7 and 8: and easily, even if only part of so
Page 9 and 10: which has very poor power to answer
Page 11 and 12: Monitoring for different scenarios
Page 13 and 14: Sites within a Location Locations w
Page 15 and 16: • The initially random selection
Page 17: Recommended Manta Tows The manta to
Page 21 and 22: Buddy: Vessel: Depth: Replicate: Be
Page 23 and 24: Colonies can be tagged using large
Page 25 and 26: Appendices Appendix 1. Data Forms S
Page 27 and 28: WWF Bleaching Monitoring Program Ti
Page 29 and 30: major effect not only on coral cove
Page 31 and 32: the event. Electronic salinity logg
Page 33 and 34: mainly for landscape/seascape conse
Page 35 and 36: Table 10. Benthic codes Level 1 Lev

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