Mortality <strong>in</strong> probits 9 IRRI Tien Giang Guil<strong>in</strong> 92 K.L. Heong, K.H. Tan, C.P.F. Garcia, L.T. Fabellar, <strong>and</strong> Z. Lu 5 1 100 10,000 1,000,000 Log Dose (ng/g) Fig. 8.1. Probit l<strong>in</strong>es for imidacloprid on BPH populations <strong>in</strong> IRRI (Philipp<strong>in</strong>es), Tien Giang (Vietnam), <strong>and</strong> Guil<strong>in</strong> (Ch<strong>in</strong>a).
References Abbott WS. 1925. A method of comput<strong>in</strong>g the effectiveness of an <strong>in</strong>secticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 18:265-267. Berge JB, Feyereisen R, Amichot M. 1998. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>secticide resistance <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>sects. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London B 353:1701-1705. Bertomeu-Sánchez JR, Nieto-Galan A. 2006. Chemistry, medic<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> crime: Mateu J.B. Orfi la (1787-1853) <strong>and</strong> his times. Sagamore Beach, Mass. (USA): Science History Publications. p 311. www.shpusa.com/books/chapters/Orfi la.pdf. Bliss CI. 1935. The calculation of the dosage-mortality curve. Ann. Appl. Biol. 22:134-167. Brattsten LB. 1990. <strong>Resistance</strong> mechanisms to carbamate <strong>and</strong> organophosphate <strong>in</strong>secticides. ACS Symp. Ser. 421:42-60. Busv<strong>in</strong>e JR. 1971. A critical review of the techniques for test<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>secticides. London (UK): Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. Carson R. 1962. Silent spr<strong>in</strong>g. Boston, Mass. (USA): Houghton-Miffl <strong>in</strong>. 368 p. Corbel V, Stankiewicz M, Bonnet J, Grolleau F, Hougard JM, Lapied B. 2006. Synergism between <strong>in</strong>secticides permethr<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> propoxur occurs through activation of presynaptic muscar<strong>in</strong>ic negative feedback of acetylchol<strong>in</strong>e release <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>sect central nervous system. Neurotoxicology 27:508-519. Endo S, Masuda T, Kazano H. 1988. Development <strong>and</strong> mechanism of <strong>in</strong>secticide resistance <strong>in</strong> rice brown planthoppers selected with malathion <strong>and</strong> MTMC. J. Pesticide Sci. 13:239-245. French-Constant RH, Anthony N, Aronste<strong>in</strong> K, Rocheleau T, Stilwell G. 2000. Cyclodiene <strong>in</strong>secticide resistance: from molecular to population genetics. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 45:449-466. F<strong>in</strong>ney DJ. 1964. Statistical methods <strong>in</strong> biological assay. 2nd edition. UK: Charles Griffi n & Co. Ltd. F<strong>in</strong>ney DJ. 1971. Probit analysis. 3rd ed. London (UK): Cambridge University Press. 318 p. F<strong>in</strong>ney DJ. 1978. Statistical methods <strong>in</strong> biological assay. 3rd edition. UK: Charles Griffi n & Co. Ltd. Fishel FM. 2008. IRAC’s <strong>in</strong>secticide mode of action classifi cation. PI-83. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food <strong>and</strong> Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. http://edis.ifas.ufl .edu/. Gao B, Wu J, Huang S, Mu L, Han Z. 2008. <strong>Insecticide</strong> resistance <strong>in</strong> fi eld populations of Laodelphax striatellus Fallen (Homoptera: Delphacidae) <strong>in</strong> Ch<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong> its possible mechanisms. Int. J. Pest Manage. 54:13-19. Gr<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong> K, editor. 1948. Paul Müller Biography. Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic<strong>in</strong>e/laureates/1948/muller-bio.html. Hama H. 1976. Modifi ed <strong>and</strong> normal chol<strong>in</strong>esterases <strong>in</strong> the respective stra<strong>in</strong>s of carbamate-resistant <strong>and</strong> susceptible green rice leafhoppers, Nephotettix c<strong>in</strong>cticeps, Uhler (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 11:239-247. Heong KL. 1981. The analysis of quantal response data us<strong>in</strong>g the Texas Instrument Programmable Calculator, TI 59. MARDI Report no. 75. Malaysian Agricultural <strong>Research</strong> <strong>and</strong> Development Institute, Kuala Lumpur. Heong KL, Schoenly KG. 1998. Impact of <strong>in</strong>secticides on herbivore – natural enemy communities <strong>in</strong> tropical rice ecosystems. In: Haskel PT, McEwen P, editors. Ecotoxicology: pesticides <strong>and</strong> benefi cial organisms. London (UK): Chapman <strong>and</strong> Hall. p 381-403. Ishaaya I, Kontsedalov S, Horowitz AR. 2003. Novaluron (Rimon), a novel IGR: potency <strong>and</strong> cross resistance. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 34:157-164. <strong>Research</strong> methods <strong>in</strong> toxicology <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>secticide resistance monitor<strong>in</strong>g of rice planthoppers 93
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Research Methods in Toxicology and
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Contents Foreword v Preface vii Ack
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Foreword By 2020, the world will re
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synergistic, antagonistic, or no ad
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CHAPTER 1: Introduction to insect t
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Toxicology (derived from two Greek
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ogy can be subdivided into many sub
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Step 8: 3-phosphoglycerate is isome
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Each pyruvate molecule when complet
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H + H + H + H + NADH Cytochrome c d
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Insect physiology Mitochondria A mi
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of sodium channels allowing sodium
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) Cytosol Pretranslation Masking, d
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CHAPTER 2: Insecticide toxicology R
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An insecticide is a pesticide used
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2. Application technique, for examp
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nant in insects. In the neurons, th
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30 g/kg, and fenoxycarb, LD 50 16.8
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tive feedback of acetylcholine rele
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Metabolic resistance via detoxifica
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5. pen—a recessive gene that decr
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1. Use of an appropriate synergist,
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CHAPTER 3: Quantal response data an
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Insecticide research generally invo
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