Feb 2016
History of art(west and Iranian)-contemporary art
History of art(west and Iranian)-contemporary art
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<strong>Feb</strong> <strong>2016</strong><br />
Aziz<br />
Art<br />
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Competition<br />
Tomoko Imashiro<br />
photography<br />
Artist<br />
Shashin Kosha<br />
IRAN<br />
Lahijan<br />
ELENA KOURENKOVA<br />
cinema<br />
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1.Barbara Hepworth<br />
8. Competition<br />
9. Nosrat Karimi<br />
13. Tomoko Imashiro<br />
16. Competition<br />
17. Lahijan<br />
26. ELENA KOURENKOVA<br />
Director: Aziz Anzabi<br />
Editor and translator :<br />
Asra Yaghoubi<br />
Research: Zohreh Nazari<br />
Arash poem By<br />
Siavash Kasrai<br />
Told or untold here<br />
are so many points<br />
The open sky<br />
The rosy sun<br />
The gardens of<br />
flowers<br />
The planes all wide<br />
and open<br />
The rise of flower<br />
from under the<br />
snow<br />
The soft dance of<br />
the fish in the<br />
crystal glass<br />
The smell of rainy<br />
soil in the highland<br />
The sleeping of the<br />
wheat farms in the<br />
moonlight<br />
To come, to go, to<br />
run<br />
To love<br />
To feel sorrow<br />
Or to dance when<br />
people are<br />
delighted<br />
http://www.aziz-anzabi.com
Barbara Hepworth<br />
1
Dame Jocelyn Barbara Hepworth<br />
DBE (10 January 1903 – 20 May<br />
1975) was an English artist and<br />
sculptor. Her work exemplifies<br />
Modernism and in particular<br />
modern sculpture. She was one of<br />
the few women artists to achieve<br />
international prominence.<br />
Along with artists such as Ben<br />
Nicholson and Naum Gabo,<br />
Hepworth was a leading figure in<br />
the colony of artists who resided in<br />
St Ives during the Second World<br />
War.<br />
Early life<br />
Hepworth's Family of Man (1970),<br />
bronze, Yorkshire Sculpture Park<br />
Jocelyn Barbara Hepworth was<br />
born on 10 January 1903 in<br />
Wakefield, West Riding<br />
of Yorkshire, the eldest child of<br />
Gertrude and Herbert Hepworth.<br />
Her father was a civil engineer for<br />
the West Riding County Council,<br />
who in 1921 became County<br />
Surveyor. An upwardly mobile<br />
family, and a dominant father<br />
determined her to exploit fully her<br />
natural talents. She attended<br />
Wakefield Girls' High School, and<br />
won a scholarship to and studied at<br />
the Leeds School of Art from 1920.<br />
It was there that she met her fellow<br />
student, Henry Moore.They<br />
became friends and established a<br />
friendly rivalry that lasted<br />
professionally for many years.<br />
Hepworth was the first to sculpt<br />
the pierced figures that are<br />
characteristic of works by both.<br />
They would lead in the path to<br />
modernism in sculpture.<br />
Ever self-conscious as a woman in a<br />
man's world, she then won a<br />
county scholarship to the Royal<br />
College of Art (RCA) and studied<br />
there from 1921 until she was<br />
awarded the diploma of the Royal<br />
College of Art in 1924.<br />
Early career<br />
Following her studies at the RCA,<br />
Hepworth travelled to Florence,<br />
Italy, in 1924 on a West Riding<br />
Travel Scholarship. Hepworth was<br />
also the runner-up for the Prix-de-<br />
Rome, which the sculptor John<br />
Skeaping won.After travelling<br />
together through Siena and Rome,<br />
Hepworth married Skeaping on 13<br />
May 1925 in Florence.In Italy,
Hepworth learned how to carve and edited by Nicholson, Naum<br />
marble from the master sculptor, Gabo, and Leslie Martin.<br />
Giovanni Ardini.Hepworth and Hepworth married Nicholson on 17<br />
Skeaping returned to London in November 1938 at Hampstead<br />
1926, where they exhibited their Register Office in north London,<br />
works together from their flat. following his divorce from his wife<br />
Their son Paul was born in London Winifred.The couple had triplets in<br />
in 1929. Her early work was highly 1934, Rachel, Sarah, and Simon.<br />
interested in abstraction and art Rachel and Simon also became<br />
movements on the continent. In artists. The couple divorced in<br />
1933, Hepworth travelled with 1951.<br />
Ben Nicholson to France, where St Ives<br />
they visited the studios<br />
Hepworth, Nicholson and their<br />
of Jean Arp, Pablo Picasso, and children first visited Cornwall at the<br />
Constantin Brâncuşi. Hepworth outbreak of World War II in 1939.<br />
later became involved with the Hepworth lived in Trewyn Studios<br />
Paris-based art movement, in St Ives from 1949 until her death<br />
Abstraction-Création.<br />
in 1975.She said that "Finding<br />
In 1933, Hepworth co-founded the Trewyn Studio was sort of magic.<br />
Unit One art movement with Here was a studio, a yard, and<br />
Nicholson and Paul Nash, the critic garden where I could work in open<br />
Herbert Read, and the architect air and space." St Ives had become<br />
Wells Coates. The movement a refuge for many artists during the<br />
sought to unite Surrealism and war. On 8 <strong>Feb</strong>ruary 1949, Hepworth<br />
abstraction in British art.<br />
and Nicholson co-founded the<br />
Hepworth also helped raise Penwith Society of Arts at the<br />
awareness of continental artists Castle Inn; nineteen artists were<br />
amongst the British public. In 1937, founding members, including Peter<br />
she designed the layout for Circle: Lanyon and Bernard Leach.<br />
An International Survey of<br />
Constructivist Art, a 300-page book<br />
that surveyed Constructivist artists<br />
and that was published in London
Hepworth was also a skilled<br />
draughtsman. After her daughter<br />
Sarah was hospitalized in 1944,<br />
she struck up a close friendship<br />
with the surgeon Norman<br />
Capener.At Capener's invitation,<br />
she was invited to view surgical<br />
procedures and, between 1947-<br />
1949, she produced nearly eighty<br />
drawings of operating rooms in<br />
chalk, ink, and pencil.Hepworth<br />
was fascinated by the similarities<br />
between surgeons and artists,<br />
stating: "There is, it seems to me,<br />
a close affinity between the work<br />
and approach of both physicians<br />
and surgeons, and painters and<br />
sculptors."<br />
In 1950, works by Hepworth were<br />
exhibited in the British Pavilion at<br />
the XXV Venice Biennale alongside<br />
works by Matthew Smith and John<br />
Constable. The 1950 Biennale was<br />
the last time that contemporary<br />
British artists were exhibited<br />
alongside artists from the past.<br />
During this period, Hepworth<br />
moved away from working only in<br />
stone or wood and began to work<br />
with bronze. Hepworth often used<br />
her garden in St Ives, which she<br />
designed with her friend the<br />
composer Priaulx Rainier, to view<br />
her large-scale bronzes.<br />
Death of son Paul<br />
Her eldest son, Paul, was killed on<br />
13 <strong>Feb</strong>ruary 1953 in a plane crash<br />
while serving with the Royal Air<br />
Force in Thailand. A memorial to<br />
him, Madonna and Child, is in the<br />
parish church of St Ives.<br />
Exhausted in part from her son's<br />
death, Hepworth travelled to<br />
Greece with her good friend<br />
Margaret Gardiner in August<br />
1954.They visited Athens, Delphi,<br />
and many of the Aegean Islands.<br />
When Hepworth returned to St Ives<br />
from Greece in August 1954, she<br />
found that Gardiner had sent her a<br />
large shipment of Nigerian guarea<br />
hardwood. Although she received<br />
only a single tree trunk, Hepworth<br />
noted that the shipment from<br />
Nigeria to the Tilbury docks came in<br />
at 17 tons. Between 1954-1956<br />
Hepworth sculpted six pieces out of<br />
guarea wood, many of which were<br />
inspired by her trip to Greece, such<br />
as "Corinthos" (1954) and "Curved<br />
Form (Delphi)" (1955).
Late career<br />
The artist greatly increased her<br />
studio space when she purchased<br />
the Palais de Danse, a cinema and<br />
dance studio, that was across the<br />
street from Trewyn in 1960. She<br />
used this new space to work on<br />
large-scale commissions.<br />
Hepworth also experimented with<br />
lithography in her late career. She<br />
produced two lithographic suites<br />
with the Curwen Gallery and its<br />
director Stanley Jones, one in 1969<br />
and one in 1971.The latter was<br />
entitled "The Aegean Suite" (1971)<br />
and was inspired by Hepworth's<br />
trip to Greece in 1954 with<br />
Margaret Gardiner. The artist also<br />
produced a set of lithographs<br />
entitled "Opposing Forms" (1970)<br />
with Marlborough Fine Art in<br />
London.Barbara Hepworth died in<br />
an accidental fire at her Trewyn<br />
studios on 20 May 1975 at the age<br />
of 72.<br />
Recognition<br />
Hepworth was awarded the Grand<br />
Prix at the 1959 Sāo Paolo Bienal.<br />
She also was awarded the Freedom<br />
of St Ives award in 1968 as an<br />
acknowledgment of her significant<br />
contributions to the town. She was<br />
awarded honorary degrees from<br />
Birmingham (1960), Leeds (1961),<br />
Exeter (1966), Oxford (1968),<br />
London (1970), and Manchester<br />
(1971).[10] She was appointed CBE<br />
in 1958 and DBE in 1965.[10][44] In<br />
1973 she was elected an honorary<br />
member of the American Academy<br />
of Arts and Letters.Following her<br />
death, her studio and home in St<br />
Ives became the Barbara Hepworth<br />
Museum, which came under<br />
control of the Tate in 1980.In 2011,<br />
the Hepworth Wakefield opened in<br />
Hepworth's hometown of<br />
Wakefield, England. The Museum<br />
was designed by the famed<br />
architect David Chipperfield.In<br />
January 2015 it was announced<br />
that Tate Britain was to stage the<br />
first big London show of<br />
Hepworth's work since 1968. It<br />
would bring together more than 70<br />
of her works, including the major<br />
abstract carvings and bronzes for<br />
which she is best known. It would<br />
also include unseen photographs<br />
from the Hepworth archive, held by<br />
the Tate, including a selfphotogram<br />
created in the 1930s<br />
and experimental photographic<br />
collages.
Camera USA <strong>2016</strong>: National Photography Exhibition and Award<br />
Call for Entry - Deadline: March 16th, <strong>2016</strong><br />
All photographers residing in the United States are invited to submit one<br />
photograph taken in the United States after January 1, 2012 for Camera USA<br />
<strong>2016</strong>: National Photography Exhibition and Award. The photography exhibition<br />
will be installed in the Naples Art Association's Frederick O. Watson Gallery at<br />
The von Liebig Art Center from June 20 through August 5, <strong>2016</strong>. The Naples Art<br />
Association is located in Naples, Florida in the heart of the 5th Avenue South<br />
shopping, dining and entertainment district.<br />
Exhibition and Award A maximum of 50 photographs will be included in the<br />
Camera USA <strong>2016</strong> exhibition. One photographer will be nominated for the<br />
$5,000 National Photography Award. The award nominee will be notified by<br />
telephone or email on May 18, <strong>2016</strong>. In order to qualify for the award, the<br />
nominee must hand deliver his or her exhibit-ready photograph to the von Liebig<br />
Art Center by 2 pm on May 16, <strong>2016</strong> or ship the photograph to ARTMove LLC in<br />
Naples, Florida by May 9, <strong>2016</strong> and attend the June 17, <strong>2016</strong> preview reception<br />
for the Camera USA exhibition at the von Liebig Art Center in Naples, Florida.<br />
An award nominee residing in Florida will receive a $300 travel stipend and two<br />
nights hotel accommodations in Naples, Florida. An award nominee residing<br />
outside the State of Florida will receive domestic round-trip economy class<br />
airfare for one and two nights hotel accommodations in Naples, Florida.<br />
Eligibility<br />
Eligibility Photographers residing in any of the fifty States in the United States of<br />
America are eligible to enter one photograph taken in the United States after<br />
January 1, 2012 and not previously exhibited at The von Liebig Art Center.<br />
Accepted photographs must remain on display for the duration of the Camera<br />
USA <strong>2016</strong> exhibition.<br />
Entry Fee<br />
Entries will be accepted online until March 16, <strong>2016</strong>. The non-refundable entry<br />
fee is $32 (for current and new Naples Art Association members the entry fee is<br />
$27) and is payable online by credit card within three days of starting your<br />
application and before the March 16, <strong>2016</strong> entry deadline.<br />
For More Information:<br />
http://www.juriedartservices.com/index.php?content=event_info&event_id=10<br />
26<br />
8
Nosrat Karimi<br />
born 1925 is an award winning Iranian actor, director, make-up artist,<br />
University professor, scriptwriter and sculptor. His career spans 6<br />
decades. He is best known for his role as Agha Joon in My Uncle<br />
Napoleon and The Carriage Driver.<br />
Career<br />
After finishing elementary school, Karimi attended the German<br />
Polytechnic Institute. He then registered at the only drama school<br />
existing at that time in Tehran. There from 1938 to 1941 he studied<br />
dramatic art, the art of make-up and stage design.<br />
9
In 1940, Karimi worked as actor,<br />
make-up artist, and as stage<br />
designer in various<br />
Tehran theaters. At the beginning<br />
of 1953, Karimi travelled to Europe<br />
in order to complete his art<br />
degrees. In Rome, where he spent<br />
the first months of his stay, he<br />
became acquainted with famous<br />
Italian film directors Luchino<br />
Visconti and Vittorio De Sica. The<br />
neo-realistic films of De Sica<br />
("The Bicycle Thief", "Miracle in<br />
Milan "... ) made an impression on<br />
him.After approximately six<br />
months, Karimi traveled to Vienna<br />
and finally to Prague. There he<br />
studied film direction and TV<br />
production, specializing in puppet<br />
and animation movies. His most<br />
important teacher<br />
at The Academy of Arts in Prague<br />
was Karl Zeman, the famous Czech<br />
animation artist. After Prague, he<br />
returned to Rome and stayed there<br />
for three years. He worked as<br />
assistant director for Vittorio De<br />
Sica, performed on the stage,<br />
appeared in musicals and dubbed a<br />
number of Italian movies for<br />
distribution in Iran.<br />
In 1964, after eleven years in<br />
Europe, Karimi went back to Iran.<br />
In 1965, he was engaged by The<br />
Ministry of Art and Culture to run<br />
and extend the state workshop for<br />
animated cartoons. A little later,<br />
Karimi began his activity as<br />
professor at The Faculty of Fine Arts<br />
at Tehran University, as well as at<br />
The Academy of the Dramatic Arts,<br />
where he taught different art styles<br />
for more than twenty years.<br />
At the same period, Karimi<br />
produced two TV series: "Mr.<br />
Plaintiff", a puppet show and "The<br />
Marriage", a twenty-part family<br />
series about married life. Through<br />
these popular series, Karimi<br />
became known to a wide section of<br />
society of Iran.In 1969, Karimi<br />
began shooting the film The Thief<br />
and the Policeman - a Persian<br />
adaptation of the story of cops and<br />
robbers. However, after having<br />
finished the film for the most part,<br />
he gave up the direction due to<br />
interference from the producer. In<br />
the same year, the British director<br />
Terence Young shot some scenes of<br />
the film Poppy is also a Flower in<br />
Iran. He engaged Karimi as make-up<br />
artist for his lead Yul Bryner and<br />
other actors.
From 1971 to 1973, Nosrat Karimi<br />
made three feature films: The<br />
Carriage Driver, The Solution and A<br />
Bed for Three where he not only<br />
acted as director, but also wrote<br />
the film scripts and played the title<br />
roles.<br />
The Carriage Driver was a great<br />
success and went down well with<br />
the critics<br />
. This movie was chosen as the<br />
Iranian contribution for<br />
international film festivals.<br />
However, film authorities banned it<br />
from being shown abroad. Only<br />
years later could the film be<br />
performed in European cinemas.<br />
The internationally acclaimed<br />
Iranian director Abbas Kiarostami,<br />
honoured with The Golden Palm of<br />
Cannes 1997 and numerous other<br />
international motion picture<br />
awards, praised the film as an<br />
important work of the Iranian<br />
Cinema.<br />
Karimi’s fame and great success<br />
resulted in attractive offers from<br />
many producers. Thus in the 1970s<br />
he played in a number of<br />
commercial films that were<br />
directed by others. He also played a<br />
supporting role in a Japanese-<br />
Iranian co-production. In 1975, the<br />
director and actor made his fourth<br />
and last movie The Miserable One.<br />
Again, he wrote the screenplay. The<br />
film, a satire about the mounting<br />
tensions in the 1970s in Tehran,<br />
went down well and received<br />
notable reviews.
In 1976, Karimi played one of the<br />
main characters of the TV series My<br />
Uncle Napoleon. This is regarded as<br />
the most successful series ever run<br />
on Iranian television. A year later,<br />
the artist produced the TV series<br />
Khosro Mirsa II. This 16-part series<br />
was a grotesque comedy about an<br />
aristocratic family descended from<br />
the Qajar dynasty. He then wrote<br />
another film script and was<br />
preparing his next movie, but for<br />
the time being film production was<br />
stopped during the Iranian<br />
Revolution.<br />
After the Revolution<br />
After the Iranian Revolution Karimi<br />
was banned, for a long period, from<br />
working as a filmmaker or actor.<br />
during that time, he rediscovered<br />
his former interest for making<br />
sculptures. He made many mimicsculptures<br />
which were shown in<br />
numerous national and<br />
international exhibitions. In<br />
addition, Karimi wrote a number of<br />
screenplays for movie and TV<br />
productions; a few of them were<br />
commercialized under the name of<br />
others and others have not been<br />
realized until this day.<br />
Not until 1987, was Karimi allowed<br />
to perform a puppet piece again –<br />
The Uninvited Visitor. Then, he<br />
made the animated cartoon<br />
Playmate. In 1996/97, he produced<br />
for a private channel the puppet<br />
show Unruly, a TV series that has<br />
been re-run repeatedly at the<br />
request of the spectators. His other<br />
works in the post-revolutionary era<br />
include the production and<br />
direction of a series of short TV<br />
films about pollution control and<br />
health care, as well as books about<br />
theatre and cinema. Nosrat Karimi<br />
currently lives with his wife Parvin<br />
Teymouri in the north of Tehran.
Tomoko Imashiro photography<br />
Artist<br />
13
About Shashin Kosha<br />
Tadashi Yanagisawa founded<br />
Shashin Kosha in 1950. Leaving Fuji<br />
Film Company, Yanagisawa set up<br />
his own professional lab<br />
specializing in black & white prints<br />
for new Fuji products, as well as<br />
exhibition prints for Japanese<br />
photographers. Located in Kanda (a<br />
central Tokyo business district),<br />
Shashin Kosha incorporated a large<br />
shooting studio and photo lab into<br />
its headquarters building.<br />
Shashin Kosha made big news with<br />
its huge groundbreaking color<br />
prints (20m X 30m) created for the<br />
Osaka Expo in 1970. Shashin Kosha<br />
received a special award for its<br />
achievements and contributions to<br />
photography in 1976 from the<br />
Japan Photographers Society (JPS).<br />
To this day, we are the only photo<br />
lab to ever receive the prestigious<br />
JPS award.<br />
Since 1980, Shashin Kosha, in<br />
cooperation with JPS, the Tokyo<br />
Metropolitan Photo Museum, the<br />
Yokohama Museum, and the<br />
Kawasaki City Museum, has<br />
produced a special annual calendar,<br />
“A Collection of Photographs.” This<br />
calendar project is an ongoing<br />
effort to preserve and share the<br />
masterpieces of early Japanese<br />
photography from the Taisho and<br />
Showa Eras (1912 until 1945). We<br />
continue searching for unknown<br />
masters of Japanese photography<br />
for these finely printed calendars.<br />
Shashin Kosha opened a new sixstory<br />
company headquarters in<br />
Kanda in 1989, bringing our entire<br />
services together under one roof.<br />
That year we published a beautiful<br />
limited edition book of early<br />
Japanese photography from the<br />
calendar series, also entitled “A<br />
Collection of Photographs,” in<br />
celebration of our 40th anniversary.<br />
In 1990 Takuji Yanagisawa became<br />
the second company president of<br />
Shashin Kosha. He continues the<br />
traditions begun by his father, and<br />
brings a deep appreciation of<br />
photography and art, as well as<br />
international understanding to<br />
Shashin Kosha. The company<br />
expanded in 1993, establishing a<br />
service center for Shashin Kosha<br />
labs in Tokyo’s famous Ginza<br />
district. The Ginza location also<br />
includes our ArtGraph Photo<br />
Gallery and ArtGraph Photo School.
Since 1995, Shashin Kosha has added digital services to its hi-quality<br />
black & white and color work. We pride ourselves on meeting every<br />
challenge of modern photography for our clients. Shashin Kosha’s<br />
company policy remains unchanged: to offer the best quality photo<br />
services, staying on top of technical innovations, while deepening our<br />
understanding of the wonderful creative culture of photography.
Competition<br />
ARTERIMINI <strong>2016</strong> - OPEN CALL<br />
ARTERIMINI<br />
15 to 18 April <strong>2016</strong>, Exhibition Centre of Rimini - Italy<br />
Ufofabrik seeking four artists to be exhibited for the <strong>2016</strong> edition.<br />
First edition of ArteRimini, exhibition of modern and contemporary art,<br />
dedicated to all forms of artistic expression, from the beginning of the<br />
'900 to the latest contemporary currents.<br />
The event of <strong>2016</strong> will be held 15 to 18 April, at the Rimini Expo Centre.<br />
In the new spaces of the fair in Rimini, we get to work for the first<br />
edition of ArteRimini, in an area rich in stimuli on the contemporary, art<br />
and culture; a location that not only collects the basin of Romagna, but<br />
also the etroterra, the Marche region, the city of Bologna: areas rich in<br />
culture, traditions and interests.<br />
For the direct participation is required a ethics fee.<br />
Participation is limited to all emerging artists with a resume and a<br />
professional-level production.<br />
To submit your work to send a short biography and five photographs of<br />
recent artworks: prixrimini@gmail.com<br />
LABORA PRIZE RIMINI<br />
iscrizione entro 18 febbraio/register by 18 february <strong>2016</strong><br />
prixrimini@gmail.com<br />
16
Lahijan<br />
17
Lahijan is a Caspian sea resort in<br />
and the capital of Lahijan County,<br />
Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006<br />
census, its population was 71,871,<br />
in 21,518 families.<br />
The resort Lahijan has both<br />
traditional and modern<br />
architecture. The town, which has<br />
an Iranian-European urban<br />
structure, lies on the northern<br />
slope of the Alborz mountains. Its<br />
culture and climatic favorable<br />
condition have made Lahijan a<br />
major tourist hub in northern Iran.<br />
The city is basically founded on the<br />
sediments remaining from big<br />
rivers in Gilan, including the Sefid-<br />
Rud (White River). Historically, the<br />
city was the major business center<br />
and of course the capital of East<br />
Gilan during the time of special<br />
rulers. Lahijan has also been a<br />
tourism hub of the Islamic world<br />
during different eras in Iran's<br />
history.<br />
Etymology<br />
The word "Lahijan" is originated<br />
from the economic stance the city<br />
had during its historical periods.<br />
"Lāhijān" is formed by two words:<br />
Lah, means silk and "Jan or Gan"<br />
means a place where something is<br />
done. Therefore, by compounding<br />
these two parts, the word "Lahijan<br />
or lahigan" was made, which means<br />
"a place to obtain silk fiber".<br />
Professor Bahram Farah'vashi who<br />
is an Iranian expert in ancient<br />
languages says that in the Middle<br />
Persian Language; Lah refers to silk,<br />
and in Decisive Argument; Lah<br />
means the red silk. Therefore,<br />
Lahygan (today, Lahijan) is an area<br />
where silk is obtained.<br />
Lahijan and languages<br />
Lahijan at night<br />
In Gilan there are two major Iranian<br />
language groups, namely Gilaki and<br />
Taleshi, and pockets of two other<br />
groups, Tati and Kurdish. The non-<br />
Iranian languages include Azeri and<br />
some speakers of Gypsy (Romany,<br />
of Indic origin).<br />
Gilaki is spoken by possibly three<br />
million people as a first or second<br />
language, and has had a budding<br />
literature and fledgling prose<br />
publications, including newspapers.
The five Iranian languages in Gilan<br />
belong to the north-western<br />
branch of Iranian. Gilaki,<br />
which has two main dialect types,<br />
eastern and western, with the<br />
Safid-rud Riveras the general<br />
border, is a member of the Caspian<br />
subgroup. Tati and Taleshi (Talyshi)<br />
together make up the larger<br />
dialect chains which together make<br />
up the larger Tatic family (not to be<br />
confused<br />
with Tat-Persian spoken in pockets<br />
north of the Baku area).<br />
Among these, the two Tati pockets<br />
in Gilan, Kalasi and Kabataʾī, have<br />
their closest relatives in Upper<br />
Tarom in Zanjan province.<br />
Taleshi is a dialect chain of three<br />
main types, southern, central, and<br />
northern; and southern Taleshi is<br />
closer in type and mutual<br />
comprehension to some forms of<br />
Tati than it is to central or northern<br />
Taleshi. Rudbari may originally<br />
have been a subgroup of Tatic that<br />
has largely adapted structurally to<br />
Gilaki.There are many subdialects<br />
of Gilaki, and, progressing to the<br />
east, it gradually blends into<br />
Mazandarani (Tabarestan). The<br />
intermediate dialects of the area<br />
between Tonokabon and<br />
Kalardasht serve as a transition<br />
between Gilaki and Mazandarani.<br />
The differences in forms and<br />
vocabulary lead to a low mutual<br />
intelligibility with either Gilaki or<br />
Mazandarani, and so these dialects<br />
should probably be considered a<br />
third separate language group of<br />
the Caspian area.<br />
Since the time depth between<br />
south-western Iranian and northwestern<br />
Iranian is greater than that<br />
of, for example, English and<br />
Swedish within the Germanic<br />
languages, Gilaki and Persian differ<br />
on almost all grammar points. Time<br />
depth within western Iranian,<br />
however, is not an absolute<br />
measure of distance, since northwestern<br />
Iranian and south¬western<br />
Iranian have coexisted within the<br />
same cultural zone for millennia,<br />
during which Persian has<br />
consistently been by far culturally<br />
dominant. All Caspian languages<br />
contain many lexical items (e.g.,<br />
dan- “to know,” xast “to want,”<br />
guft- “to say,” tanest “can”) and<br />
certain grammatical features (the<br />
loss of the conjugation of transitive<br />
verbs and the use of ra) that most<br />
likely show quite early influence of<br />
Persian.
More recently, however, due to geo system.<br />
both the economic importance of<br />
the Caspian and the Gilān’s<br />
proximity to Tehran, Gilaki has<br />
been under¬going a massive,<br />
indelible Persian imprint: heavy<br />
influx of vocabulary (e.g., Pers.<br />
pəsər, duxtər, damad, negah kudən<br />
have replaced the native rey, kor,<br />
zama, fəndərəstən), significant<br />
syntactic interference (e.g., eżāfa),<br />
changes in vowel pronunciation,<br />
and even morpheme borrowings.<br />
One thus gets the erroneous<br />
impression that Gilaki is merely a<br />
dialect of Persian. Yet it is a mixed<br />
language, and is becoming even<br />
more mixed. Virtual one-to-one<br />
correspondences between Gilaki<br />
and Persian are commonplace,<br />
and often unavoidable: Gil.<br />
“they were busy providing and<br />
making dinner.”<br />
Zahed Gilani's Shrine<br />
Lahijan enjoys a climate known as<br />
"moderate Caspian". This weather<br />
pattern emerged from the<br />
influence of the currents of both<br />
the Alborz Mountain slopes and the<br />
Caspian Sea. But before knowing<br />
about this weather pattern, we<br />
should discuss the model of climate<br />
system and of course Gilan's spacial<br />
Gilan includes the north-western<br />
end of the Alborz chain and the<br />
western part of the Caspian<br />
lowlands of Persia. The<br />
mountainous belt is cut through by<br />
the deep transversal valley of the<br />
Sefid-Rud between Manjil and<br />
Eemamzadeh Hashem near Rasht,<br />
the capital of Gilan Province. To the<br />
northwest, the Talesh highlands<br />
stretch a continuous watershed<br />
separating Gilan and Azerbaijan.<br />
Except at their northern end, where<br />
the Heyran pass at the top of the<br />
Āstārāčāy valley does not exceed<br />
1600 m, they are over 2,000 metres<br />
(6,600 ft) high, with three spots<br />
over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft)<br />
including the Baqrow Daḡ, the Ajam<br />
Daḡ, and the Shah Moʿallem or<br />
Masouleh Daḡ.
Their eastern and north-eastern<br />
side is deeply carved by parallel<br />
streams flowing down towards the<br />
Caspian, resulting in a combshaped<br />
pattern. The western Alborz<br />
itself, to the east of the Safid-rud<br />
valley, is wider and more intricate,<br />
with three parallel (WNW-ESE)<br />
ranges; the southernmost and<br />
lowest one is represented in Gilan<br />
by the Asman-sara Kuh in the<br />
Ammarlu district; the medium one<br />
is the most continuous, from the<br />
Kuh-e-Dalfak to the Keram Kuh,<br />
whereas the transversal valley of<br />
Polrud clearly divides the northern<br />
range into Kuh-e-Natesh and Kuh-e-<br />
Somam or Somamus, the highest<br />
spot of Gilan. All these mountains<br />
have a very complicated geological<br />
structure and tectonic history<br />
which connects them to the<br />
structural complex of central Persia.<br />
Though all those mountains cover a<br />
greater area than the plains, these<br />
are the most specific feature of the<br />
province, and locally, the word<br />
Gilan often refers to the plain areas<br />
or particularly to the central plain.<br />
This large parallelogram of<br />
lowlands is heterogeneous and can<br />
be divided into two main parts: the<br />
delta of the Safid-rud in the east<br />
and the Fumanat plain in the west.<br />
The former has been entirely built<br />
by the Safid-rud, a river with a high<br />
discharge and a high alluvial<br />
content. The higher part is made<br />
out of coarse ancient alluvial<br />
material, whereas in the lower part,<br />
north of Astaneh-e Ashrafiyyeh, the<br />
river often changed its course<br />
through thin silty and clayey<br />
material; it has thus abandoned its<br />
former northeastward course,<br />
which flowed into the sea at the<br />
prominent angle of the plain near<br />
Dastak, and presently flows<br />
northwards and builds a smaller<br />
living delta jutting out into the<br />
Caspian between Zibakenar and<br />
Bandar kiashahr.<br />
The Fumanat plain to the west<br />
intermingles marine alluvial<br />
deposits and former sandy beachlines<br />
with abundant alluvial<br />
deposits from the numerous rivers<br />
draining the southern part of Talesh<br />
highlands. They do not reach<br />
directly the sea, but converge into<br />
the lagoon of Anzali with a single<br />
outlet to the Caspian through the<br />
dune-covered sandy coastline. The<br />
lagoon is constantly getting smaller<br />
and shallower under the effect of<br />
silting
On the contrary, the streams of<br />
northern Talesh and eastern Gilan,<br />
even the more abundant Polrud, do<br />
not bring alluvium enough to<br />
counterbalance the action of a<br />
coastal current going eastward,<br />
and thus could not build more than<br />
a narrow ribbon of lowlands, only a<br />
few kilometers wide between<br />
Astara and Safid-rud and to the<br />
east of Qasemabad<br />
[disambiguation needed], and<br />
some 10 km wide at the mouth of<br />
the Polrud around kelachay.<br />
Tea<br />
This section does not cite any<br />
sources. Please help improve this<br />
section by adding citations to<br />
reliable sources. Unsourced<br />
material may be challenged and<br />
removed. (August 2012)The history<br />
of tea culture in Iran started at the<br />
end of the 15th century. Before<br />
that coffee was the main beverage<br />
in Iran. However, most of the coffee<br />
producing countries were located<br />
far from Iran, making shipping very<br />
difficult. With a major tea<br />
producing country, China, located<br />
on a nearby trading path, "the silk<br />
road", and the shipping of tea was<br />
much easier. That was a main<br />
reason why tea became much<br />
popular in Iran. As a result, the<br />
demand for tea grew, and more tea<br />
needed to be imported to match<br />
Iran's consumption.Iran failed in<br />
their first attempt to cultivate tea in<br />
their own country in 1882 with<br />
seeds from India. In 1899 Prince<br />
Mohammad Mirza known as<br />
"Kashef Al Saltaneh" who was born<br />
in Lahijan, imported Indian tea and<br />
started its cultivation in Lahijan.<br />
Kashef, who was the first mayor of<br />
Tehran and an Iranian ambassador<br />
to India under British rule, knew<br />
that the British would not allow<br />
him to learn about the secrets of<br />
tea production, as it was their<br />
biggest business in India at the<br />
time. So being fluent in French, the<br />
prince pretended to be a French<br />
laborer and started to work in the<br />
tea plantations and factories to<br />
learn how to produce tea.<br />
Ultimately his plan was to take back<br />
some samples of this tea to Iran to<br />
cultivate. He was successful in this<br />
endeavor only because of his<br />
diplomatic immunity which<br />
stopped the British from searching<br />
his secretly stashed sample. At the<br />
time, Kashef brought 3000 saplings<br />
into his country from the Northern<br />
part of India, Kangra.
He started the cultivation in the<br />
region Gilan, south of the Caspian<br />
Sea. The climate there was well<br />
suited for tea cultivation, and the<br />
tea industry quickly expanded in<br />
Gilan and Mazanderan region.<br />
Kashef’s mausoleum in Lahijan is<br />
now part of the<br />
"Iran's National Tea Museum".<br />
Iran's National Tea Museum.<br />
In 1934 the first modern style tea<br />
factory was built. Now there are up<br />
to 107 tea factories and a total of<br />
32,000 hectare of tea farms.<br />
Most of the farms are located the<br />
hillsides of Iran like the farms in<br />
Darjeeling. These farms produce<br />
an orthodox style of black tea.<br />
The color of Iranian tea is red and<br />
taste is fairly light, and it is<br />
delicious without adding any milk<br />
or sugar. The total production of<br />
black tea in 2009 was<br />
approximately 60’000 tons.<br />
Tea in Lahijan<br />
A statue in Lahijan<br />
Historically, Lahijan is the<br />
first town in Iran to have tea<br />
plantations. With its mild weather,<br />
soil quality and fresh spring water,<br />
Lahijan stands to have the largest<br />
area of tea cultivation in Iran. One<br />
of the most notable families<br />
involved in the tea industry was the<br />
Fallahkhair family, owning hectares<br />
of tea farms controlling a vast<br />
majority of the industry's export.<br />
But today the country's tea industry<br />
is deep in trouble and the verdant<br />
gardens that once sustained<br />
millions of farmers and their<br />
workers are used only for grazing<br />
sheep and other personal<br />
purposes. Despite having one of<br />
the world's most avid tea drinking<br />
populations, the Iranian tea<br />
economy is reeling from an influx of<br />
foreign imports and smugglers who,<br />
local traders complain, often have<br />
close family ties to powerful figures<br />
in the Islamic government. The<br />
consequences are plain to see. In<br />
Lahijan, the historic capital of Iran's<br />
tea industry, land that was once a<br />
lush vista of tea bushes is now<br />
occupied by houses and flats, built<br />
by tea factory owners who have<br />
moved into the building trade in<br />
response to their industry's decline.<br />
Several of the town's tea mills are<br />
derelict.
Others are at a stand-still or operating at half capacity. Some 40% of the<br />
half-million tea farmers in tea-rich Gilan province have gone out of<br />
business, because the factories are no longer buying their crops.<br />
Hundreds of thousands of pickers have been forced out of work.
ELENA KOURENKOVA<br />
Born in Volgograd (formerly<br />
Stalingrad), Russia, in 1966.<br />
Graduated from an Architectural<br />
institute in 1989 and moved to<br />
Moscow, where worked as an<br />
architect until the beginning of<br />
Gorbachev’s Perestroika, then<br />
worked as an interior designer.<br />
Moved to Glasgow, UK, in 1996.<br />
Self-taught, although studied arts<br />
as part of degree as an architect.<br />
Exhibited at the Royal Glasgow<br />
Institute, Paisley Art Institute and<br />
Aspect Prize Annual exhibitions.<br />
Was represented by established<br />
galleries at the Art Fairs in London,<br />
Battersea, Glasgow, Edinburgh,<br />
Chelsea, Birmingham, Aberdeen,<br />
Ireland etc; and have works in<br />
private and corporate collections<br />
throughout the UK, Australia, USA,<br />
Greece, Germany, Spain, Sweden<br />
and Russia. There were a number<br />
of articles in local and national<br />
press concerning my work and<br />
images had appeared in the TV<br />
Channel 4's Grand Design. Works<br />
exhibited in established galleries<br />
throughout the UK. ARTIST’S<br />
STATEMENT Growing up under the<br />
authoritarian Soviet regime, when<br />
ordinary Russians had to wear that<br />
drab look of obedience and selfsuppression,<br />
I had always wanted<br />
to escape from that total uniformity<br />
and find the way to express my<br />
vision of life in a different way,<br />
reflecting happier, funnier side of<br />
everyday life. My subjects are<br />
loosely based on own experiences<br />
and observation of life-and are<br />
therefore recognisable, which often<br />
provokes a smile or a laugh (much<br />
desired effect). I try to reflect<br />
everyday events in a different,<br />
lighter way; my subjects (although<br />
at times seemingly emotionally<br />
isolated, even when they are<br />
clustered in groups) are not lacking<br />
emotions, they only express them<br />
in their own way. They are content<br />
and happy, yet do not take<br />
themselves too seriously, they just<br />
go about their business as if no-one<br />
is looking. Their self-sufficiency is<br />
their freedom… Sometimes my<br />
characters might look quite realistic<br />
and recognisable, but their<br />
grotesque figures make them look<br />
ironic-we see one thing but they<br />
tell us another. Like many things in<br />
life-things are not always the way<br />
they seem<br />
26
In other words, I try to reflect life as we<br />
see it but don't always notice. I want to<br />
provoke a comment, a reaction, an<br />
emotion. I want to make you smile.<br />
Russians are guided by their emotions,<br />
not by common sense, and this has an<br />
effect on all my work (whether I am<br />
paying myself a compliment here, I am<br />
not sure)... Selected galleries and<br />
exhibitions: Royal Glasgow Institute of<br />
Fine Art RGI Kelly gallery Paisley Art<br />
Institute and Aspect Prize Home and<br />
Interiors Exhibitions, SECC Glasgow<br />
Scottish Contemporary Art Auction,<br />
McTears' Auctioneers Affordable Art<br />
Fairs London, Battersea, Glasgow (GAF),<br />
Chelsea, Birmingham, Aberdeen First<br />
Contemporary Art Fairs Edinburgh<br />
Karen Tailor Contemporary Fine Art,<br />
Twickenham, London Colomb Art<br />
Gallery, Marylebone, London Enid<br />
Lawson Gallery, London Off The Wall<br />
Gallery, Cardiff Regent Gallery,<br />
Somerset, Weston-super-Mare Rowan<br />
Gallery, Drymen, Loch Lomond and<br />
Helensburh Christo's Gallery, Glasgow<br />
Arteries Gallery, Glasgow The Annan<br />
Gallery, Glasgow, West End McGregor<br />
Fine Art, Glasgow Scotlandart.com,<br />
Edinburgh and Glasgow Hanover Fine<br />
Art, Edinburgh Westminster Gallery,<br />
London The Jerdan Gallery, Crail Tartan<br />
Gallery, Edinburgh Alpha art, Edinburgh<br />
Daisy Frame Gallery, Biggar<br />
Fotheringham Gallery, Bridge of Allan<br />
Devorgilla Gallery, Dumfries The storm<br />
Studies Gallery, Moffat High Street<br />
Gallery, Kirkudbright Frameworks<br />
Gallery, Troon Macmillans Cancer Relief<br />
Charity Exhibition, Glasgow and<br />
Edinburgh Hancel Foundation Art<br />
Auctions Retail Trust Charity Exhibition,<br />
Glasgow Marie Curie Cancer Relief<br />
Charity Auction The Preshal Trust<br />
Charity Auction Children's First Charity<br />
Auction University of Glasgow CHAS and<br />
Cancer research Charity Exhibition and<br />
Auction Auction Sale in Aid of Yorkhill<br />
Childrens' Hospital Tolquhon gallery, by<br />
Tarves, Aberdeenshire Castle Gallery,<br />
Inverness Frames Gallery, Artesan<br />
Gallery, Perth, and Perth Festival Central<br />
House of Artists, Moscow, Russia Tracey<br />
McNee Fine Art, Glasgow The Queens<br />
Road Gallery, Aberdeen e-gallery,<br />
Bearsden, Spring Art Fair, Sweden
http://www.aziz-anzabi.com