Dimension

82 Dimension 2016
Findings
With respect to the research questions delineated above, summary responses are
provided here, which will be detailed in the narrative that follows. In response to research
question one, Do pretest / posttest questionnaire quantitative results indicate significant
change in student development of IC during an intermediate FL course in an American
university setting?, the answer is yes. The second research question, What is the nature
of both quantitative and qualitative questionnaire results and how might they inform the
pedagogy of IC for FL learners? invites a less convergent and more detailed response.
Statistically-significant change from the pre-questionnaire to the post-questionnaire
results was the sole criterion used to arrive at a “yes” response to the first
research question. As such, statistical testing indicated significant change in two of
Byram’s (1997) goal domains (“Skills of Interpreting & Relating” and “Critical Cultural
Awareness”). All of the questionnaire items pertaining to each of the selected
IC objectives were screened, so that student response differences between the preand
the post-questionnaires were less than or equal to two. The alpha level (p-value)
of 0.05 was used to determine if there was a significant difference or not. Values
lower than 0.05 were considered statistically different; values greater than or equal
to 0.05 were considered not statistically significant. These descriptive statistics are
reported in Table 1 below.
Of the two areas of significant change, results indicating change in the goal area
of “Skills of Interpreting & Relating” were statistically significant in both objectives
associated with this domain. The two objectives are (a) an ability to identify ethnocentric
perspectives in a document or event and explain their origins, and (b) an ability
to identify areas of misunderstanding and dysfunction in an interaction and explain
them in terms of each of the cultural systems present. Results indicating change in the
goal area of “Critical Cultural Awareness” were statistically significant in one of the
two objectives associated with this domain – an ability to make an evaluative analysis
of the documents and events, which refers to an explicit perspective and criteria.
Table 1
Descriptive Statistics from Questionnaire Results
Byram’s Goals Objectives n Mean SD T-value DF P-value
I. a. 45 0.0963 0.5441 1.19 44 0.2415
b. 19 0.2105 0.4852 1.32 45 0.1945
II. a. 45 0.1075 0.0836 1.28 44 0.2057
b. 45 0.1037 0.4705 1.48 44 0.1463
III a. 48 0.1528 0.4662 2.27 47 0.0278
b. 44 0.1742 0.4741 2.44 43 0.0190
IV. a. 46 0.1232 0.5724 1.46 45 0.1514
b. 46 0.0870 0.5939 0.99 45 0.3260
V. a. 48 0.1736 0.5543 2.17 47 0.0351
b. 46 0.1522 0.5292 1.95 45 0.0574
Note. Findings approach statistical significance at p