Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions-Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation

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8 Methodological Approach Figure 3 shows a range of operational leakages for key technologies under the reference scenario. Operational leakages are estimated from average information on developing countries from various sources (IPCC/TEAP, 2006; IPCC, 2006; RTOC/UNEP, 2010; TEAP/UNEP, 2014), manufacturers’ brochures and interaction with different stakeholders. As operational leakage is an important parameter for estimating emissions and chemical consumption, sensitivities on reference case operational leakages are performed to in order to analyse effect of operational leakages on overall emissions for a particular sector. Various operational leakages considered are summarised in Table 4, the medium scenario forms our reference case. Operational leakage rates have further repercussions for the servicing emissions and subsequently the chemical demand for servicing sector (see Section 2.2.2). Equation 2 Operational emissions in year ‘t’ [tonnes of HFC] Operation leakage rate for equipment [percentage of initial charge per year] As defined under equation 1 [g/kW] As defined under equation 1 [kW] L Equipment lifetime [years] Equipment stock (or equipment installed base) in year ‘t’ [million units] Table 4: Operation leakage for all sectors under low, medium and high leakage scenario Sector Application Technology Operational Leakage Rate Scenarios (%) Low Medium High Residential Buildings Commercial Buildings Transport Refrigeration Passenger Transport Freight Transport Air-conditioning Residential Window/ split AC 5% 10% 15% Refrigeration Domestic Refrigerator 0.5% 1% 3% Air-conditioning Refrigeration Refrigeration Air-conditioning Air-conditioning HVAC Chiller 5% 15% 20% Medium- Large DX 5% 10% 15% Commercial Window/split AC 5% 10% 15% Standalone Refrigeration Units 1% 5% 10% Vending Machines 3% 5% 10% Remote Condensing Units 7% 10% 20% Centralised Systems 20% 30% 35% Trucks and Marine Vessels for Refrigerated Goods Mobile Air-conditioning Units in Cars, Buses and Rail Mobile Air-conditioning Units in Light Duty and Heavy Duty Trucks 15% 32.5% 50% 15% 20% 25% 15% 20% 25% Source: CEEW analysis based on IPCC/TEAP (2006); IPCC (2006); RTOC/UNEP (2010); RTOC/UNEP (2014) and stakeholder interactions
India’s Long Term Hydrofl uorocarbon <strong>Emissions</strong> 9 2.2.2 Servicing <strong>Emissions</strong> and Demand for HFCs Leak tightness of a technology for specific application and servicing sector practices at large determine the servicing demand and servicing related emissions. As the charge level drops below a certain threshold (due to slow leakage over time), equipment is not able to deliver the service to required level and has to undergo servicing. We assume that all equipment types undergo recharging whenever the refrigerant charge declines to lower than 60% of initial charge levels. With higher operational leakages, requirement for servicing over the equipment life is even more frequent. Remaining charge at the time of servicing is slightly different for various equipment types depending upon their leakage rate assumptions. Key assumption for estimating servicing emissions is that, the units, whose residual charge is lower than threshold limit in a given year, emit all the residual refrigerant charge at the time of servicing unless the recovery practices are in place. Commercial air-conditioning is the only sector where servicing recovery is enabled and is set at 60%, minimum required in order to meet the HPMP reduction targets. It is therefore assumed that same servicing practices will prevail even after the transition from HCFCs to HFCs is complete. While servicing, refrigerants are released during procedures for leak detection and at times, refrigerants are also used to rinse out any moisture, contaminants or air in the refrigerant loop (IPCC/TEAP, 2006). In wake of this additional use of refrigerant for servicing, our assumptions on servicing emissions bring forth only a conservative estimate of servicing sector’s emissions. Equation 3 Servicing emissions in year ‘t’ [tonnes of HFC] Remaining charge at the time of servicing [percentage of initial charge] Servicing recovery efficiency [percentage of residual charge at the time of servicing] As defined under equation 1 [g/kW] As defined under equation 1 [kW] Units under servicing (residual charge below the 60% threshold) in the year ‘t’ [million units] The yearly demand from servicing of equipment comes from recharging of equipment in a year ‘t’. Total refrigerant demand for this segment of market is calculated as in Equation 4.
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Page 7 and 8: About CEEW The Council on Energy, E
Page 9 and 10: About the Authors DR VAIBHAV CHATUR
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Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions-Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation

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