Understanding NRT- Reading 1- 2 of 2- Radiogaphic Testing A

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Selecting the proper film and developing the optimal radiographic technique usually involves arriving at a balance between a number of opposing factors. For example, if high resolution and contrast sensitivity is of overall importance, a slower and hence finer grained film should be used in place of a faster film. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Arithmetic of Exposure RELATIONS OF MILLIAMPERAGE (SOURCE STRENGTH), DISTANCE, AND TIME With a given kilovoltage of x-radiation or with the gamma radiation from a particular isotope, the three factors governing the exposure are the milliamperage (for x-rays) or source strength (for gamma rays), time, and source-film distance. The numerical relations among these three quantities are demonstrated below, using x-rays as an example. The same relations apply for gamma rays, provided the number of curies in the source is substituted wherever milliamperage appears in an equation. The necessary calculations for any changes in focus-film distance (D), milliamperage (M), or time (T) are matters of simple arithmetic and are illustrated in the following example. As noted earlier, kilovoltage changes cannot be calculated directly but must be obtained from the exposure chart of the equipment or the operator's logbook. All of the equations shown on these pages can be solved easily for any of the variables (mA, T, D), using one basic rule of mathematics: If one factor is moved across the equals sign (=), it moves from the numerator to the denominator or vice versa. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 1 and 2: Understandings NRT - Reading 1 Part
Page 3 and 4: NDT for Upstream Charlie Chong/ Fio
Page 5 and 6: NDT for Upstream Charlie Chong/ Fio
Page 7 and 8: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Fion Zhan
Page 9 and 10: BOK NR- Neutron Radiographic Testin
Page 11 and 12: 4. Interpretation/Evaluation • Im
Page 13 and 14: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://gr
Page 15 and 16: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 6: Radio Isotope (Gamma) So
Page 21 and 22: Cobalt-60 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 23 and 24: Cobalt-60, 60 Co, is a synthetic ra
Page 25 and 26: Decay of Co-60 The decay scheme of
Page 27 and 28: γ-Ray Spectrum of Cobalt-60 Charli
Page 29 and 30: Isomers Nuclei can have the same ne
Page 31 and 32: Half-lives (example: Gd) Charlie Ch
Page 33 and 34: Advantages of gamma ray sources inc
Page 35 and 36: Radio Isotope - Th232 Half life: 1.
Page 37 and 38: Radio Isotope - Co60 Half life: 192
Page 39 and 40: 12.7μm sensitive silver halide blu
Page 43: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 47 and 48: Milliamperage-Distance Relation The
Page 49 and 50: When very low kilovoltages, say 20
Page 51 and 52: Tabular Solution of Milliamperage-T
Page 53 and 54: Milliamperage-Time and Distance Rel
Page 55 and 56: THE RECIPROCITY LAW In the sections
Page 57 and 58: Approximate Corrections for Recipro
Page 59 and 60: Film Packaging Radiographic film ca
Page 61 and 62: Film Handling X-ray film should alw
Page 63 and 64: Subject contrast is determined by t
Page 65 and 66: Definition Radiographic definition
Page 67 and 68: Film should be located in a light,
Page 69 and 70: Sensitometric checks may be carried
Page 71 and 72: Film viewers should be clean and in
Page 73 and 74: When viewing a particular region of
Page 75 and 76: Radiographic Contrast Charlie Chong
Page 77 and 78: In the example on the right, the sa
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 12: Radiographic Density Fi
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 13: Controlling Radiographi
Page 83 and 84: Hole-Type IQIs ASTM Standard E1025
Page 85 and 86: Wire Penetrameters ASTM Standard E7
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 14: Exposure Calculations P
Page 89 and 90: General Welding Discontinuities The
Page 91 and 92: Cluster porosity is caused when flu
Page 93 and 94: Incomplete penetration (IP) or lack
Page 95 and 96:
Internal concavity or suck back is
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External or crown undercut is an er
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Inadequate weld reinforcement is an
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Cracks can be detected in a radiogr
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Oxide inclusions are usually visibl
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Chapter 16: Radiograph Interpretati
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 109 and 110:
Shrinkage is a form of discontinuit
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Dendritic shrinkage is a distributi
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Cracks are thin (straight or jagged
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Core shift shows itself as a variat
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Mottling is a radiographic indicati
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Incomplete penetration, as the name
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Root edge condition shows the penet
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Real-time radiography is a well-est
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Read More: https://www.nde-ed.org/T
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Good Luck! Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhan
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Understanding NRT- Reading 1- 2 of 2- Radiogaphic Testing A

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