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CREATED IN THE IMAGE OF GOD M.M.NINAN CHAPTER TWO PHYSICS AND LIFE A THERMODYNAMICS AND LIFE The four laws of classical thermodynamics are: • Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature. • First law of thermodynamics: Heat is a form of energy. Because energy is conserved, the internal energy of a system changes as heat flows in or out of it. Equivalently, machines that violate the first law (perpetual motion machines) are impossible. dE = dQ + dW This law states that when we have a closed system where one body performs work upon another body, the total gain of internal energy of the body acted upon, dE, is equal to the total heat lost by the acting body (and thus gained by the body acted on), dQ, added to the total work performed on the body acted on, dW • Second law of thermodynamics: The entropy of any isolated system not in thermal equilibrium almost always increases. Closed systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium—the state of maximum entropy of the system—in a process known as "thermalization". Equivalently, machines that violate the second law (perpetual motion 17
CREATED IN THE IMAGE OF GOD M.M.NINAN machines) are impossible. dS/dt = (1/T)dQ/dt > 0 where S defines Entropy of the System. This law states that for a closed system with a transformation occurring with only irreversible processes; that the time rate of change of entropy, dS/dt, must be positive. The maximum state of entropy is thermodynamic equilibrium. This law may be restated for the case where only reversible processes take place, dS/dt = 0. 2nd Law isn't really a law but rather a tendency based on probabilities. • Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of any pure substance in thermodynamic equilibrium approaches zero as the temperature approaches zero. The entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all cases is determined only by the number of different ground states it has. Obvious entropy is a measure of disorder in the system.” Hence the Second Law of Thermodynamics states that "In any closed system everything goes from order to disorder" 18
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Published Books by Prof.M.M.Ninan w
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Thinking loud on Theodicy, Soteriol
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