Dalit Theology2

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EMERGENCE OF DALIT THEOLOGY : M. M. NINAN "The Dalits are known by many other names, which were/are given to them by others, mainly to despise them or to show contempt. These include: Dasa, Dasysu, Raksasa, Asura, Avarna, Nisada, Panchama, Mletcha, Svapaca, Chandala, Achchuta, Harijan, Exterior Castes, Depressed Classes, Scheduled Castes, Untouchables etc. Besides these names, there are a number of other titles or names which have been given to them at the regional language level. For example, Chura in Punjab (North West India); Bhangi or Lal-Beghi in Hindi (North India); Mahar in Marathi (Central India); Mala in Telugu, Paraiyan in Tamil, and Pulayan in Malayalam (South India)." (Nirmal) The term Dalit as referring to those outside of the varna system (avarna) was first used by Jyotiraj Phule (1827-1890), a backward class social reformer, to describe the untouchables and outcastes of India as the oppressed and broken victims of the Hindu society. Phule used it to describe the "outcastes" and "untouchables" as the "oppressed and crushed victims of the Indian caste system." In the 1970’s the Dalit Panther Movement of Maharashtra confirmed this term for all the group who fall outside the four castes. "Dalit, a term that has become synonymous with Untouchable, is the name that many Untouchables, especially politically aware individuals, have chosen for themselves. The name means "oppressed" and highlights the persecution and discrimination India's 160 million Untouchables face regularly. First used in the context of caste oppression in the 19th century, it was popularized in the 1970s by Untouchable writers and members of the revolutionary Dalit Panthers (the name was inspired by the Black Panthers of the United States). Dalit has largely come to replace Harijan, the name given to Untouchables by Gandhi, much like the Black Power movement in the United States led to the replacement of the labels colored and Negro with black. For some activists, Dalit is used to refer to all of India's oppressed peoples whether Hindus, Muslims, Christians, tribal minorities, or women." —Heidi Schultz Mahatma Jyotirao Govindrao Phule Mahatma Jyotirao Govindrao Phule (April 11, 1827 – November 28, 1890), also known as Mahatma Jyotiba Phule was a Brahmin of Mali Caste, an activist, thinker, social reformer, writer, philosopher, theologist, scholar, editor and revolutionary from Maharashtra, India in the nineteenth century. He studied in Scottish Mission's High School at Poona. He was inspired by Thomas Paine's book ' The Rights of Man'. It appears that Phule stood with Paine's denial of all religions as means of oppression and calls every one to fight of justice which the true God expects from each human being. 5
EMERGENCE OF DALIT THEOLOGY : M. M. NINAN Jotiba Phule and his wife Savitribai Phule were pioneers of women's education in India. His remarkable influence was apparent in fields like education, agriculture, caste system, women and widow upliftment and removal of untouchability. He is most known for his efforts to educate women and the lower castes as well as the masses. He, after educating his wife, opened first a school for girls in India in August 1848. In September, 1873, Jotirao, along with his followers, formed the Satya Shodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of Truth) with the main objective of liberating the Bahujans, Shudras and Ati-Shudras and protecting them from exploitation and atrocities. For his fight to attain equal rights for peasants and the lower caste and his contributions to the field of education, he is regarded as one of the most important figures of the Social Reform Movement in Maharashtra. Dhananjay Keer, his biographer, notes him as "the father of Indian social revolution" Jotiba Phule and his wife Savitribai Phule Satyashodhak Samaj On 24 September 1873, Jotirao formed 'Satya Shodhak Samaj' (Society of Seekers of Truth) with himself 6
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of black liberation theology. EMERG
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Dalit Theology2

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