Sweet Tooth for Empire: Sugar and the British Atlantic World

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afflictions, she simultaneously affirms the redemptive opportunity in her affliction, her captivity. 48 The covenant at the center of Puritan theology plays an essential role in understanding the contradictions in Rowlandson’s narrative. According to Puritan doctrine, the covenant depended upon the entire community’s adherence to sacred principles; if a single community member disobeyed or lost faith, the entire community suffered. 49 To Puritan ministers, including Cotton Mather, Indian raids reflected punishment for the disobedience of community members. Colonists also interpreted the Indian attacks as punishment for corruption and sin in their communities. 50 Through sermons, or jeremiads, Puritan preachers expressed their concern to their communities, and captivity narratives mirrored the structure of jeremiads. 51 Fitzpatrick argues that Cotton and Increase Mather, who transcribed many captivity narratives, attempted to impose a uniform theological message in the narratives as a means of bringing the community back to the covenant. 52 The publication of Rowlandson’s narrative coincided with a decline in membership in the Congregational Church, 53 and this evidence supports that Increase Mather may have viewed her narrative as a means of promoting traditional Puritan theology and a method of bringing the community back to the church. Religious themes appear constantly in Rowlandson’s work. Fitzpatrick also, however, identifies a distinct conflict between the ministers’ attempts at orthodoxy and the captives’ insistence on relating their individual experience and salvation. 54 In describing the Indian raid on her home, Rowlandson writes, “The Lord hereby would make us the more to acknowledge His 48 Fitzpatrick, “The Figure of Captivity,” 1. 49 Fitzpatrick, “The Figure of Captivtiy,” 3-4. 50 Mulford, “Mary White Rowlandson,” 306. 51 Fitzpatrick, “The Figure of Captivity,” 4. 52 Fitzpatrick, “The Figure of Captivity,” 6. 53 Mulford, “Mary White Rowlandson,” 306. 54 Fitzpatrick, “The Figure of Captivity,” 6.
hand and to see that our help is always in Him.” 55 This statement clearly reflects Rowlandson’s faith and her belief that the Lord would guide her through her affliction. The death of her sister profoundly affected Rowlandson; she writes of her hope that, “she is reaping the fruit of her good labors, being faithful to the service of God in her place.” 56 Her account demonstrates a strong connection to Puritan doctrine; Rowlandson believes that her sister will be rewarded in heaven for her service to the Lord, as the covenant promises. The theme of God supporting Rowlandson and fulfilling the promises in the covenant figures prominently in Rowlandson’s narrative. Rowlandson’s description of the Indians’ feast the night of the raid illustrates a belief in the immorality and sin outside of the Puritan community. She describes it as “the dolefullest night” and compares the Indians’ celebration to a “lively resemblance of hell.” 57 The belief that the Lord would provide and guide Rowlandson through her trials shapes her narrative; she testifies that, “I thought we should there have ended our days, as overcome with so many difficulties. But the Lord renewed my strength still and carried me along….” 58 Rowlandson emphasizes how her spiritual disobedience led to her affliction when she writes, “I then remembered how careless I had been of God’s holy time, how many Sabbaths I had lost and misspent and how evilly I had walked in God’s sight, which lay so close unto my spirit that it was easy for me to see how righteous it was with God to cut the thread of my life and cast me out of His presence forever.” 59 This statement demonstrates Rowlandson’s belief that her failure to respect the Sabbath directly influenced her captivity and suffering and reflects a strong connection to the doctrine of the Puritan covenant. Clearly, Puritan theology played a major role 55 Rowlandson, “Narrative of the Captivity,” 307. 56 Rowlandson, “Narrative of the Captivity,” 308. 57 Rowlandson, “Narrative of the Captivity,” 308. 58 Rowlandson, “The Narrative of the Captivity,” 308. 59 Rowlandson, “The Narrative of Captivity,” 309.
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Sweet Tooth for Empire: Sugar and the British Atlantic World

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