Treatment of Sex Offenders

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Chapter 9 Early Detection and Intervention for Adolescents at Risk for Engaging in Abusive Sexual Behavior: A Case for Prevention Daniel Rothman Adolescents Who Have Engaged in Abusive Sexual Behavior Sexually abusive behavior by adolescent youth is a serious problem, accounting for more than one third of all sexual offenses against minors (Finkelhor, Ormrod, & Chaffin, 2009 ). However, it is also known that most of these youth do not continue to sexually offend and most do not develop into sexually abusive adults (Caldwell, 2010 ; Taylor, 2003 ). In fact, most adolescents will desist from engaging in sexually abusive behavior after contact with the criminal justice system (van Wijk, Mali, & Bullens, 2007 ). Decades of studies indicate that between 80 and 95 % of adolescents who have engaged in abusive sexual behavior will not reoffend—even without formal therapeutic intervention—with the higher end of this range more often typifying those who complete some sort of treatment program, and the lower end more often describing those who do not (Alexander, 1999 ; Caldwell, 2002 ; Rasmussen, 1999 ; Reitzel & Carbonell, 2006 ; Worling, Litteljohn, & Bookalam, 2010 ). Although the vast majority of sexually abusive adolescents are boys, at least 7 % are girls, a population about which much less is known (Snyder, 2002 ). Targeted interventions are effective for children and adolescents who have engaged in sexually abusive behavior (Fanniff & Becker, 2006 ; Reitzel & Carbonell, 2006 ; St. Amand, Bard, & Silovsky, 2008 ). Sexually abusive adolescents who have participated in specialized treatment to address their sexual offending are approximately 12 % less likely to reoffend sexually than youth who have not participated in such treatment (Reitzel & Carbonell, 2006 ; Worling et al., 2010 ). Interventions are particularly successful when they are caregiver inclusive, strengths-based, develop- D. Rothman , Ph.D. (*) Forensic Psychological Services — Ellerby, Kolton, Rothman & Associates , 500 - 287 Broadway , Winnipeg , MB , Canada R3C 0R9 e-mail: daniel@fps-ea.com © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 D.R. Laws, W. O’Donohue (eds.), Treatment of Sex Offenders, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25868-3_9 191
192 D. Rothman mentally appropriate, matched to the youth’s dynamic risk and needs, and attentive to factors that can impact the youth’s responsiveness to intervention such as early childhood neglect and trauma, neurodevelopmental disorders, cognitive ability, learning style, and culture (Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, 2012 ). Although this description does not yet characterize the majority of North American treatment programs for sexually abusive youth, recent surveys indicate that an increasing number of clinicians are becoming attentive to these principles (McGrath, Cumming, Burchard, Zeoli, & Ellerby, 2010 ). Despite the fact that most adolescents who have engaged in abusive sexual behavior do not persist with this behavior into adulthood, it is also known that about half of adults who have sexually offended report that their first sexual offenses occurred when they were adolescents (Abel, Mittelman, & Becker, 1985 ; Groth, Longo, & McFadin, 1982 ). Furthermore, in consideration of the low sexual reoffense rates for youth, it follows that the high proportion of sexual offending perpetrated by adolescents must be largely representative of first-time offenses. Therefore, if one were interested in having a maximal impact on reducing sexual offending against young children, an especially promising approach would involve early detection and intervention with adolescents at risk for engaging in abusive sexual behavior. This requires a public health perspective and the methods of prevention. Prevention The field of sexual abuse prevention has a lengthy history, and there have been considerable gains over the last 30 years in terms of public education and awareness, legal protections for victims, funding, community mobilization, and research on the prevalence, etiology, and prevention of sexual violence (DeGue et al., 2014 ). Sexual violence has been recognized as a significant public health problem impacting millions of people on a global scale (Krug, Dahlberg, Mercy, Zwi, & Lozano, 2002 ). Public health is a population-based approach that is ultimately concerned with strategies that address the health of a population—as opposed to an individual—and a public health prevention strategy aims to benefit the largest group of people possible, recognizing that the problem is pervasive and typically affects the entire population, either directly or indirectly (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004 ). A public health intervention is also a community-oriented approach that depends upon collective action of an entire community to prevent the problem at hand (Krug et al., 2002 ). A clear advantage of a population-based intervention is that, if a strategy is widely enough implemented, even a small effect on perpetration behavior may have a large overall impact. Furthermore, large-scale public health initiatives targeting sexual violence promise significant cost savings over reactive measures to sexual abuse, when one considers the extraordinary costs of child sexual abuse in terms of health care, social services, and criminal justice (Freyd et al., 2005 ; Letourneau, Eaton, Bass, Berlin, & Moore, 2014 ). Public health interventions
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D. Richard Laws • William O’Don
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Pref ace It can be wise for a field
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Contents 1 Problems in the Classifi
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Contributors Adam J. Carter , Ph.D.
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64 R.J.B. Lehmann et al. Importantl
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66 R.J.B. Lehmann et al. United Sta
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68 R.J.B. Lehmann et al. offenders
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70 R.J.B. Lehmann et al. A good def
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72 R.J.B. Lehmann et al. Conclusion
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76 R.J.B. Lehmann et al. Grove, W.
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Chapter 4 Risk Formulation: The New
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108 R.J. Wilson and M.H. Miner Conv
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Chapter 6 Polygraph Testing of Sex
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6 Polygraph Testing of Sex Offender
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10 Community Control of Sex Offende
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244 K.N. Daly SVP laws were passed
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Chapter 12 The Shortcomings of Sexu
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12 The Shortcomings of Sexual Offen
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282 P. Lussier practitioners have r
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290 P. Lussier relatively stable ch
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292 P. Lussier Offending Trajectori
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302 P. Lussier opportunities and re
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304 P. Lussier Peer Influence While
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306 P. Lussier of offending. For ex
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308 P. Lussier Aging, self-identity
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312 P. Lussier Individual and Socia
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