Who goes there: Friend or Foe?

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. . - .- —— — 48 Who Goes There: Friend or Foe? CONCLUSION Fratricide is becoming more visible and may frequently be a relatively more serious source of casualties in modem U.S. combat because major military operations are now sometimes possible with remarkably few losses, as the Persian Gulf War demonstrated. Cures for the fratricide problem deserve serious, continuing attention, but fratricide is not a cause for panic and will not lose the next war. Avoiding fratricide takes more than just identifying targets properly. And target identification is a complex problem that will not be solved by a “black box.” Much of the information needed to avoid fratricide is exactly the information needed to be a coherent combat force. Future wars will include joint operations among each of the Services and among the United States and its allies. Today, the military R&D community is pursuing several antifratricide developments. Existing efforts to coordinate with sister Services and allies should be vigorously maintained.
A s described and identification to avoid air fratricide. There are in the previous chapter, reducing fratricide requires more than improving identification. This chapter discusses ways to improve both tactical knowledge several technical approaches to better identification; each of these is described briefly below with a discussion of its advantages and disadvantages. The chapter ends with a discussion of the interaction of military identification systems with civilian air traffic control and a brief discussion of avoiding fratricide of ships. BATTLE MANAGEMENT ‘‘Battle management’ includes collecting information about where combat resources are needed, setting priorities, and allocating resources to needs. The tactical knowledge or ‘‘situational awareness’ provided by battle management is so integral a part of air combat that its importance to avoiding fratricide is easily overlooked, Yet the foremost antifratricide measure is properly coordinating friendly forces. Any efforts that improve coordination also improve combat effectiveness—and that typically is their primary justification— but these same efforts can help reduce fratricide. The Navy and the Air Force discovered during joint operations in the Persian Gulf War that air tasking orders (ATOs) were difficult to transmit between the Services’ strike planners. Air Force and Navy radios were not always compatible and the ATOs were so voluminous that transmission was time , consuming. These and other uncovered communication problems are now being corrected. The resulting improvement in attack efficiency will be obvious, but better communication and coordination also will make fratricide less likely. 49 Avoiding Fratricide of Air and Sea Targets 4 ~-—-- ------ ..-–.. ~ I I1 --1
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Who Goes There: Friend or Foe? June
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