Seventh International Congress of Hymenopterists

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7 th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-26 June 2010, Kszeg Hungary _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Sycophagine non-pollinating fig wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) Astrid Cruaud 1* , Roula Jabbour-Zahab 1 , Gwenaëlle Genson 1 , Arnaud Couloux 2 , Peng Yan-Qiong 3 , Yang Da Rong 3 , Rosichon Ubaidillah 4 , Rodrigo Augusto Santinelo Pereira 5 , Finn Kjellberg 6 , Simon van Noort 7 , Carole Kerdelhué 8 & Jean-Yves Rasplus 1 1 INRA-UMR Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, CBGP, (INRA/IRD/CIRAD/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur Lez, France; cruaud@supagro.inra.fr 2 Génoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, 2, rue Gaston Crémieux, F-91057 Evry, France 3 Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, 650223 Kunming, Yunnan, China 4 Entomology Laboratory, Zoology Division (Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense). Center Research for Biology, LIPI, Gedung Widyasatwaloka Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Km 46, Cobinong 16911, Bogor, Indonesia 5 Depto de Biologia/FFCLRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901 - Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil 6 CNRS - UMR Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France 7 Natural History Division, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of Cape Town, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa and Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701 South Africa 8 INRA, UMR BioGeCo. 69 Route d’Arcachon F-33612 Cestas Cedex, France Figs (Ficus, Moraceae) are exploited by rich communities of often host-specific phytophagous and parasitoid wasps. Among them, non-pollinating Sycophaginae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) may share a common history with Ficus and their mutualistic pollinators (Agaonidae). Therefore they could be used as an additional tool to unravel the biogeographical complexities of the fig system. We investigate here, for the first time, the phylogeny and the biogeographical history of Sycophaginae at a world level and compare the timing of radiation and dispersion of major clades with available data on Ficus and fig pollinators. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses were conducted on 4267 bp of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA to produce a phylogeny of all genera of Sycophaginae. Two relaxed clock methods with or without rate autocorrelation were used for date estimation. Analyses of ancestral area were also conducted to investigate the geographical origin of Sycophaginae. The phylogeny is well resolved and supported. Our data suggest a post-Gondwanian age of Sycophaginae (50-40 Ma) and two independent out-of-Australia dispersal events to Continental Asia. Given paleoclimatic and paleogeographic records, the following scenario appears the most likely. The ancestor of Idarnes+Apocryptophagus migrated to Greater India through the Ninetyeast Ridge (40-30 Ma). The ancestor of Anidarnes+Conidarnes dispersed later via Sundaland (25-20 Ma). Idarnes and Anidarnes subsequently reached the New World via the North Atlantic Land Bridges during the Late Oligocene Warming Event. Apocryptophagus reached Africa 20 Ma ago via the Arabic corridors and returned to Australasia following the expansion of Sundaland tropical forests (20-10 Ma). We recorded a good coincidence of timing between dispersal events and continental connections. Furthermore the timing of radiation and dispersion of Sycophaginae is concomitant with the timings estimated for Ficus, pollinators and fig dispersers. Therefore, our study highlights the power of phylogenetic multiple dating of interacting groups to reconstruct the historical biogeography of these associations. Interestingly Sycophaga renders Apocryptophagus paraphyletic. Both Sycophaga and Apocryptophagus possess similar males with a unique suite of synapomorphies: the long peritremata of the abdominal spiracles, the flat scape of the antenna and the rectangular head. 26
7 th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-26 June 2010, Kszeg Hungary _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Males of Platyneura and Sycophaga cannot be separated on tangible morphological characters. However females of Sycophaga are strongly differentiated and exhibit several morphological adaptations to crawl into the ostiole of the figs (flattened and elongated head, short fore tibiae, spurs on the hind tibia, absence of any sculpture on the mesosoma) that make them easy to identify on morphology. Our results show that for Sycophagine fig wasps 1) the ability to enter the fig through the ostiole took about 30Ma and 2) in the next 15 Ma the female wasps evolved several morphologigal adaptations to crawl through the bracts so that females of Sycophaga and Apocryptophagus seem to belong to different genera. ____________________________________ Ontogenetic origin of mermithogenic Myrmica phenotypes (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Sándor Cssz 1* & Gábor Majoros 2 1 Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary; csosz@zoo.zoo.nhmus.hu 2 Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary; majoros.gabor@aotk.szie.hu Entomopathogen parasites typically induce alternative "parasitogenic" phenotypes in ants and other insects. However, the basis of generated developmental changes is poorly understood. Parasitic mermithid nematodes also cause the formation of three discrete and aberrant morphologies within Myrmica ants. These have been called "worker-like" ("mermithergate"), "intermorphic" ("gynaecoid mermithergate") and "gyne-like" ("mermithogyne") and their formation has been attributed to infection of worker- and queen-presumptive larvae, respectively. In order to better understand the developmental mechanisms that lead to the formation of these alternative parasitogenic phenotypes we observed allometric patterns of parasitogenic Myrmica gallienii phenotypes in comparison with uninfected workers and gynes from the same nests. It was revealed that the three discrete morphologies of parasitogenic female phenotypes did not differ significantly from each other in their scaling indicating that these were trapped in the same developmental pathway. Infected individuals scaled according to basically gyne-like allometry, however significantly differed from workers in their scaling. Based on the observed scaling patterns we herein raise an alternative explanation according to which both "mermithergate", "gynaecoid mermithergate" and "mermithogyne" Myrmica phenotypes develop from the same type of larvae, namely from the queen-presumptive larvae and their formation, therefore, is rendered as a diverging process. According to the mechanism we propose effect of nematodes may turn out to be the determining factor in the formation of alternative parasitogenic morphologies. ____________________________________ Looking inside the head capsule of Chalcididae provides informative characters to infer their phylogeny Gérard Delvare Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement, (Cirad TA A 55/L), UMR CBGP, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France; gerard.delvare@cirad.fr Chalcididae are a well characterized family of chalcidoid wasps. Nevertheless, using molecular data, the family is never retrieved monophyletic. On the other hand, looking to the back of the head provided informative characters for the inference of their phylogeny in Eurytominae. In Chalcididae this region – postocciput, postgena and hypostoma – is quite variable and the homologies across the different recognized subfamilies or tribes were difficult to assess. Therefore the examination of the internal structures – tentorial arms, 27
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