Llinell Amser / A Line Through Time
Llinell Amser: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A Line Through Time: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline
Llinell Amser: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu
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A Line Through Time: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline
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Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
<strong>Llinell</strong> <strong>Amser</strong>: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol<br />
ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog yn ystod y gwaith<br />
o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu<br />
A <strong>Line</strong> <strong>Through</strong> <strong>Time</strong>: archaeological discoveries<br />
in the Brecon Beacons National Park during the installation<br />
of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline<br />
Parc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog
<strong>Llinell</strong> <strong>Amser</strong>: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog<br />
yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu<br />
Ynglŷn â’r prosiect<br />
About the project<br />
Yn yr oes bresennol, mae Parc Cenedlaethol<br />
Bannau Brycheiniog yn cynnwys tirwedd<br />
gyfarwydd o dir pori yr ucheldir a phentrefi<br />
a threfi yr iseldir, ond mae hanes cudd o dan<br />
y wyneb gyfarwydd hon. Roedd archaeolegwyr<br />
yn gallu dod â pheth o’r hanes cudd hwn i’r golwg yn<br />
2005–7 pan adeiladodd y Grid Cenedlaethol biblinell nwy<br />
316km o ran hyd rhwng Aberdaugleddau (Sir Benfro) a<br />
Tirley (Swydd Gaerloyw). Mae’r llyfryn hwn yn grynodeb<br />
o’r prif ddarganfyddiadau archaeolegol a wnaed ar<br />
hyd y rhan o’r biblinell honno sydd wedi’i lleoli ym Mharc<br />
Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog, gan gynnwys hefyd<br />
dystiolaeth o weddill y biblinell, a thu hwnt.<br />
Ar dudalen 28 mae rhestr o’r termau archaeolegol sy’n<br />
cael eu defnyddio (mae’r rhain mewn llythrennau italig<br />
yn y testun), ac ar dudalen 29 mae rhestr o’r safleoedd<br />
y sonnir amdanynt yn y testun ynghyd â dolenni at<br />
wefannau diddorol. Yn y llyfryn, mae awgrymiadau<br />
ynglŷn â dod o hyd i ragor o wybodaeth, neu gwestiynau<br />
yr hoffech chi feddwl amdanynt o bosibl. Mae’r<br />
adrannau hyn wedi’u hysgrifennu mewn ysgrifen borffor.<br />
Today, the Brecon Beacons National Park contains<br />
a familiar landscape of upland grazing and<br />
lowland villages and towns, but beneath this<br />
familiar surface lies a hidden history. Archaeologists<br />
were able to unearth some of this hidden history during<br />
2005–7 when National Grid constructed a 316km-long<br />
gas pipeline between Milford Haven (Pembrokeshire) and<br />
Tirley (Gloucestershire). This booklet summarises the main<br />
archaeological discoveries made along the Brecon Beacons<br />
National Park section of that pipeline, supplemented with<br />
evidence from the remainder of the pipeline and beyond.<br />
Page 28 has a glossary of archaeological terms used (these<br />
are in italics in the text) whilst Page 29 has a list of the sites<br />
mentioned in the text and links to websites of interest. Within<br />
the booklet, there are suggestions for finding out more, or<br />
questions you might like to think about. These sections are<br />
written in purple.<br />
Please note, the remains at these sites are no longer visible and<br />
not all are on publicly accessible land.<br />
Sylwch: nid yw’r gweddillion yn y safleoedd hyn yn<br />
weladwy bellach, ac nid ydynt i gyd ar dir y mae’r<br />
cyhoedd yn cael mynd arno.<br />
Cyfranwyr<br />
Testun gan Jonathan Hart. Adluniadau a darluniau eraill (ac eithrio lle nodir)<br />
gan Daniel Bashford ac Aleksandra Osinska. Dylunio gan Jonathan Hart,<br />
Aleksandra Osinska a Lucy Martin.<br />
Argraffwyd gan Modus Print Ltd<br />
Hawlfraint: © Cotswold Archaeology 2016<br />
Building 11, Kemble Enterprise Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire GL7 6BQ<br />
Cedwir pob hawl. Ni chaniateir ail-greu unrhyw ran o’r cyhoeddiad hwn na’i<br />
gadw ar system atgynhyrchu neu ei drawsgludo mewn unrhyw fodd neu trwy<br />
ddull electronig, mecanyddol, llungopïo, sganio, recordio neu unrhyw ddull<br />
arall heb ganiatâd Cotswold Archaeology<br />
Contributors<br />
Text by Jonathan Hart. Reconstruction drawings and other illustrations<br />
(except where noted) by Daniel Bashford and Aleksandra Osinska. Design<br />
by Jonathan Hart, Aleksandra Osinska and Lucy Martin.<br />
Printed by Modus Print Ltd<br />
Copyright © Cotswold Archaeology 2016<br />
Building 11, Kemble Enterprise Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire GL7 6BQ<br />
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in<br />
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,<br />
mechanical, photocopied, scanned, recorded by any other method without<br />
the permission of Cotswold Archaeology<br />
Cotswold<br />
Archaeology<br />
PARC CENEDLAETHOL<br />
BANNAU BRYCHEINIOG<br />
BRECON BEACONS<br />
NATIONAL PARK
A <strong>Line</strong> <strong>Through</strong> <strong>Time</strong>: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline<br />
1<br />
Arrow<br />
Irfon<br />
Gwy / Wye<br />
Cothi<br />
Tywi / Towy<br />
Gelli Gandryll/<br />
Hay-on-Wye<br />
Llandeilo<br />
Llanymddyfri/<br />
Llandovery<br />
Myddfai<br />
Mynydd Myddfai<br />
Llywel<br />
Trecastell/<br />
Trecastle<br />
Maescar<br />
Penpont &<br />
Llanfihangel<br />
Yscir<br />
Aberhonddu/<br />
Brecon<br />
PARC CENEDLAETHOL BANNAU BRYCHEINIOG<br />
BRECON BEACONS NATIONAL PARK<br />
Llynfi<br />
Talgarth<br />
Llyn Syfaddan/<br />
Llangors Lake<br />
Wysg / Usk<br />
Crug Hywel/<br />
Crickhowell<br />
Llwchwr / Loughor<br />
Y Fenni/<br />
Abergavenny<br />
Taf / Taff<br />
Tawe<br />
Nedd / Neath<br />
Cynon<br />
Rhymni /<br />
Rhymney<br />
Aberdulais<br />
Rhondda Fach<br />
Felindre<br />
Afan<br />
Ffin Parc Cenedlaethol<br />
Bannau Brycheiniog<br />
Brecon Beacons National<br />
Park boundary<br />
0<br />
25km<br />
FIGURE TITLE<br />
Pipeline sites<br />
more / A Ogwr<br />
Map sy’n dangos y safleoedd y sonnir amdanynt yn y testun<br />
A Rhondda Fawr<br />
Map showing CARDIFFsites mentioned in the text<br />
Cirencester 01285 771022<br />
Milton Keynes 01908 218320
2 Pryd wnaeth hyn ddigwydd? <strong>Llinell</strong> amser archeolegol<br />
Palaeolithig (Hen Oes y Cerrig: 500,000–10,000 CC)<br />
Roedd Cymru wedi’i gorchuddio â llenni iâ, ond daeth anifeiliaid yn ystod cyfnodau mwy cynnes, ac yna daeth helwyr. Darganfu<br />
archaeolegwyr a oedd yn gweithio ar hyd y biblinell wrth iddi groesi’r Parc ddau offeryn fflint a oedd wedi cael eu gollwng gan<br />
helwyr Paleolithig dros 10,000 o flynyddoedd yn ôl.<br />
Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age: 500,000–10,000 BC)<br />
Wales was covered by ice sheets but during warmer spells animals visited, followed by hunters. Archaeologists working along<br />
the pipeline as it crossed the Park discovered two flint tools which had been dropped by Palaeolithic hunters over 10,000<br />
years ago.<br />
Mesolithig (Oes Ganol y Cerrig:<br />
10,000–4000 CC)<br />
Pan enciliodd y llenni iâ o’r diwedd, cafodd<br />
y tir ei gytrefu gan blanhigion ac anifeiliaid,<br />
ac wedyn daeth grwpiau bach o<br />
helwyr-gasglwyr a oedd yn byw mewn<br />
gwersylloedd dros dro.<br />
Neolithig (Oes Newydd y Cerrig:<br />
4000–2400 CC)<br />
Yn y pen draw, cafodd y rhan fwyaf o’r tir ei<br />
orchuddio gan goetir collddail. Ymysg y<br />
coed hyn, creodd y ffermwyr cyntaf<br />
lennyrch bach ar gyfer aneddiadau mwy<br />
parhaol a oedd ag un neu ddau o dai.<br />
Yr Oes Efydd (2400–700 CC)<br />
Wrth i ffermio ddod yn fwy cyffredin, cafodd<br />
y coetir ei glirio’n raddol, gan greu tirwedd o<br />
gaeau bach a phorfeydd agored. Roedd y<br />
boblogaeth gynyddol yn byw mewn pentrefi<br />
bach a oedd yn cynnwys un neu ddau o<br />
deuluoedd.<br />
Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age:<br />
10,000–4000 BC)<br />
When the ice sheets finally retreated,<br />
plants and animals colonised the land,<br />
followed by small groups of<br />
hunter-gatherers living in temporary<br />
camps.<br />
Neolithic (New Stone Age:<br />
4000–2400 BC)<br />
Eventually, most of the land became<br />
covered by deciduous woodland. Within<br />
this, the first farmers made small clearings<br />
for more permanent settlements of one or<br />
two houses.<br />
Bronze Age (2400–700 BC)<br />
As farming became more widespread,<br />
woodland was gradually cleared, creating a<br />
landscape of small fields and open pastures.<br />
The growing population lived in small<br />
villages of one or two families.<br />
PALAEOLITHIG MESOLITHIG NEOLITHIG YR OES EFYDD YR OES HAEARN<br />
RHUFEINIG<br />
-BRYDEINIG CANOLOESOL ÔL-GANOLOESOL MODERN<br />
PALAEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC BRONZE AGE IRON AGE ROMAN MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL MODERN
When did it happen? An archaeological timeline<br />
3<br />
Yr Oes Haearn (700 CC–43 OC)<br />
Wrth i’r boblogaeth dyfu, daeth pentrefi yn<br />
rhai mwy parhaol, a daeth<br />
amaethyddiaeth yn weithgaredd mwy<br />
dwys. Cafodd bryngaerau eu hadeiladu,<br />
ac mae’n bosibl fod y rhain wedi’u<br />
defnyddio i amddiffyn neu i greu argraff,<br />
neu’n ganolfannau gweinyddol.<br />
Iron Age (700 BC–AD 43)<br />
As the population grew, villages became<br />
more permanent and agriculture<br />
intensified. Hillforts were constructed, and<br />
these may have been used for defence, for<br />
show or as administrative centres.<br />
Rhufeinig-Brydeinig (43 OC–410<br />
OC)<br />
Ar ôl i’r Rhufeiniad oresgyn Prydain yn AD 43,<br />
lledaenodd y fyddin Rufeinig tua’r gorllewin<br />
a’r gogledd, gan adeiladu caerau a oedd<br />
wedi’u cysylltu â ffyrdd. Cafodd trefi eu<br />
sefydlu’n ganolfannau gweinyddiaeth a<br />
masnach, ond roedd bywyd mwyafrif y bobl<br />
yn debyg iawn i fywyd yn ystod Oes yr<br />
Haearn.<br />
Romano-British (AD 43–AD 410)<br />
After the Roman invasion of Britain in AD<br />
43, the Roman army spread west and<br />
north, building forts linked by roads.<br />
Towns were established as administrative<br />
and trading centres but most people lived<br />
much as they had done in the Iron Age.<br />
Canoloesol (410 OC–1500 OC)<br />
Wedi i’r Rhufeiniaid adael Prydain, aeth<br />
y trefi a’r ffyrdd yn adfeilion. Yn y cyfnod<br />
canoloesol, tyfodd y trefi eto; roedd y<br />
dirwedd hon yn un amaethyddol, â<br />
ffermydd, pentrefi a mynachlogydd.<br />
Cafodd cestyll eu hadeiladu mewn<br />
lleoliadau fel croesfannau afonydd.<br />
Medieval (AD 410–AD 1500)<br />
When the Romans left Britain, towns and<br />
roads fell into disrepair. The medieval<br />
period saw the re-growth of towns; the<br />
landscape was agricultural, with farms,<br />
villages and monasteries. Castles were built<br />
at locations such as river crossings.<br />
Ôl-ganoloesol a modern (1500 OC–yr oes bresennol)<br />
Wrth i ddiwydiannaeth a gwelliannau amaethyddol ddatblygu, daeth y cyfnod canoloesol i ben.<br />
Cynyddodd y boblogaeth yn gyflym, yn arbennig mewn trefi, a dyfodd yn fwy ac yn fwy.<br />
Post-Medieval and modern (AD 1500–present day)<br />
The growth of industrialisation and agricultural improvements marked the end of the medieval<br />
period. The population grew rapidly, particularly in towns, which grew ever larger.
4<br />
<strong>Llinell</strong> <strong>Amser</strong>: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog<br />
yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu<br />
Gwladychu’r tir: Helwyr-gasglwyr<br />
Mesolithig 10,000–4000 CC<br />
A land colonised: Mesolithic huntergatherers<br />
10,000–4000 BC<br />
Roedd y llenni iâ olaf wedi encilio o Gymru erbyn<br />
10,000 CC. Cafodd y tir agored newydd ei gytrefu gan<br />
blanhigion tan i goetir ddatblygu. Roedd hwn yn darparu cynefin<br />
i anifeiliaid a chyfle ar gyfer grwpiau bach o bobl a oedd yn byw<br />
drwy hela, pysgota a chasglu bwyd planhigion gwyllt a physgod<br />
cregyn: gelwir y ffordd hon o fyw yn ‘hela a chasglu’.<br />
Mae yna helwyr-gasglwyr mewn rhai rhannau o’r byd hyd<br />
heddiw. Ewch ati i ganfod rhagor am un o’r grwpiau hyn ac<br />
edrychwch ar y gwahaniaethau a’r pethau sy’n debyg rhwng eu<br />
bywyd nhw a’ch bywyd chi.<br />
Roedd lefelau’r môr yn is oherwydd roedd llawer o<br />
ddŵr y môr wedi’i rewi o hyd yn y llenni iâ a oedd<br />
wrthi’n encilio. Roedd hyn yn golygu bod pobl yn gallu cerdded<br />
i Brydain o gyfandir Ewrop, fel y mae heddiw, gan groesi tir sydd<br />
erbyn hyn wedi’i orchuddio gan y Sianel a Môr y Gogledd, sef byd<br />
boddedig, coll (1).<br />
Gan edrych ar y map gyferbyn, a allwch chi weld sut mae’r<br />
byd coll hwn yn cymharu â wyneb y tir fel y mae heddiw?<br />
Cafodd y tir ei wladychu gan grwpiau bach o<br />
deuluoedd a oedd yn dilyn y bwyd a oedd ar gael<br />
yn ôl y tymhorau. Gwnaethant adeiladu gwersylloedd lle<br />
roeddent yn aros am gyfnod rhwng rhai dyddiau a rhai misoedd,<br />
gan ddibynnu ar yr hyn roeddent yn ei gasglu. Ychydig iawn o<br />
olion y mae’r ffordd hon o fyw yn eu gadael i archaeolegwyr ddod<br />
ar eu traws, ond mae’r ffaith bod fflintiau Mesolithig wedi cael eu<br />
canfod yn dystiolaeth fod yr helwyr-gasglwyr hyn wedi dod i’r Parc.<br />
Byddai’r fflintiau hyn wedi’u cysylltu â choesau pren i greu offer ar<br />
gyfer hela, pysgota, casglu planhigion a pharatoi bwyd (2).<br />
Sut rydym yn gwybod pa mor bell yn ôl oedd<br />
hyn? Roedd plisgyn cneuen gyll a gafodd ei ganfod ar hyd y<br />
biblinell wedi cael ei losgi mewn tân, a chanfuwyd drwy ddull<br />
radiocarbon ei fod yn dyddio o’r cyfnod Mesolithig. Byddai<br />
cnau cyll wedi cael eu casglu yn hwyr yn yr haf i’w bwyta gyda<br />
bwydydd eraill, ac mae’n debyg bod yr enghraifft hon o gneuen<br />
gyll wedi cael ei thaflu i dân y gwersyll yn ystod pryd o fwyd.<br />
The last ice sheets had retreated from Wales by 10,000<br />
BC. The newly exposed land was colonised by plants until<br />
woodland developed. This provided a habitat for animals and<br />
the opportunity for small groups of people who lived by hunting,<br />
fishing and collecting wild plant foods and shellfish, a lifestyle<br />
known as hunting and gathering. Hunter-gatherers still exist in<br />
some parts of the world.<br />
Why not find out about one of these groups and look at the<br />
differences and similarities between their lives and your own.<br />
Sea levels were lower because much of the sea water<br />
was still locked in the retreating ice sheets. This meant<br />
that people could walk to Britain from what is now continental<br />
Europe, crossing land now covered by the English Channel and<br />
the North Sea, a submerged lost world (1).<br />
Looking at the map opposite, can you work out how this lost<br />
world compares to the present day land surface?<br />
The land was colonised by small family groups following<br />
seasonally available food. They built camps which were<br />
occupied for a few days to a few months depending on what they<br />
were collecting. This sort of lifestyle leaves few traces behind for<br />
archaeologists to find, but the discovery of Mesolithic flints proved<br />
that these hunter-gatherers had visited the Park. These flints would<br />
have been joined to wooden handles to produce tools for hunting,<br />
fishing, gathering plants and food preparation (2).<br />
How do we know how long ago this was? A hazelnut<br />
shell found along the pipeline had been burnt in a fire and was<br />
radiocarbon dated to the Mesolithic period. Hazelnuts would have<br />
been gathered in late summer to accompany other foods and this<br />
example was probably cast into the campfire during a meal.<br />
PALAEOLITHIG MESOLITHIG NEOLITHIG YR OES EFYDD YR OES HAEARN RHUFEINIG-BRYDEINIG CANOLOESOL ÔL-GANOLOESOL MODERN<br />
PALAEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC BRONZE AGE IRON AGE ROMAN MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL MODERN
A <strong>Line</strong> <strong>Through</strong> <strong>Time</strong>: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline<br />
5<br />
© Elaine Jaimieson<br />
Pysgota<br />
Fishing<br />
Hela<br />
Hunting<br />
Casglu planhigion<br />
Plant gathering<br />
Map sy’n dangos wyneb y tir yn y cyfnod Mesolithig (gan<br />
ddilyn Leary, J. 2015 Surviving sea-level rise after the last<br />
Ice Age. London: Bloomsbury (Debates in Archaeology<br />
series)) (yr arfordir modern wedi’i amlinellu mewn oren)<br />
2<br />
A map showing the land surface during the Mesolithic<br />
period (after Leary, J. 2015 Surviving sea-level rise<br />
after the last Ice Age. London: Bloomsbury (Debates<br />
in Archaeology series)) (modern coastline outlined in<br />
orange)<br />
Offer fflint Mesolithig (gan ddilyn Clarke, D. 1976<br />
“Mesolithic Europe: the economic basis” yn Sieveking,<br />
G. de G., Longworth, I. H. ac Eilson, K. E. (gol.)<br />
Problems in Economic and Social Archaeology)<br />
1<br />
Gwaywffon bysgota<br />
Fishing spear<br />
Saeth adfachog<br />
Barbed arrowhead<br />
Cryman cynaeafu<br />
Harvesting sickle<br />
Mesolithic flint tools (after Clarke, D. 1976 “Mesolithic<br />
Europe: the economic basis” in Sieveking, G. de G.,<br />
Longworth, I. H. and Eilson, K. E. (ed.) Problems in<br />
Economic and Social Archaeology)
6<br />
<strong>Llinell</strong> <strong>Amser</strong>: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog<br />
yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu<br />
Bywyd yn y Goedwig Wyllt Fawr: Ffermwyr<br />
Neolithig 4000–2400 CC<br />
Yn nwyrain rhanbarth Môr y Canoldir y darganfuwyd<br />
bod modd ffermio rhai planhigion ac anifeiliaid, sef<br />
syniad a ledaenodd ar draws Ewrop, gan gyrraedd<br />
Prydain tua 4000 CC. Er i ffordd o fyw yr helwyr-gasglwyr<br />
barhau mewn rhai cymunedau, mabwysiadodd eraill y ffordd<br />
newydd hon o fyw. Roedd coetir aeddfed, sef y Goedwig Wyllt<br />
Fawr, yn gorchuddio rhan helaeth o Brydain a chreodd y ffermwyr<br />
Neolithig hyn lennyrch bach ynddi i dyfu grawnfwydydd ac i ffermio<br />
gwartheg, defaid/geifr a moch. Dangosir un llannerch o’r fath yn y<br />
llun gyferbyn, ac mae wedi’i chreu drwy dorri coed i lawr â bwyeill<br />
fflint (1).<br />
Cafodd y tai cyntaf (2) eu hadeiladu gan y ffermwyr<br />
hyn gan fod angen iddynt ymsefydlu mewn un man i<br />
ofalu am eu cnydau. Mae un o’r tai hyn i’w gweld yn Aberysgir<br />
erbyn hyn ar ffurf sylfeini tyllau pyst ar gyfer adeilad sgwâr a fyddai<br />
wedi’i adeiladu â ffrâm o goed mawr i cynnal waliau plethwaith a<br />
dwb a tho gwellt. Mae’n debyg bod tai o’r fath yn eiddo i un teulu<br />
ac mae’n bosibl eu bod yn cynnwys ystafell ar wahân i ddiogelu<br />
anifeiliaid dros nos. Byddai teuluoedd eraill wedi byw mewn<br />
llennyrch eraill ac roedd dwysedd y boblogaeth yn isel iawn o hyd.<br />
Cafodd caeau bach eu creu er mwyn tyfu<br />
grawnfwydydd gan gynnwys haidd a gwenith (3). Roedd<br />
y rhain yn cael eu defnyddio i wneud bara ac uwd, ac ar gyfer<br />
bwyd anifeiliaid a gwellt gwely. Mewn mannau eraill câi gwartheg<br />
(4) a defaid/geifr eu corlannu tra bo moch (5) yn crwydro’r coetir.<br />
Roedd cŵn (6), a gafodd eu dofi am y tro cyntaf yn y cyfnod<br />
Mesolithig, yn gymdeithion i bobl yn ogystal â chael eu defnyddio i<br />
gorlannu, hela a gwarchod.<br />
Roedd bwydydd planhigion gwyllt yn dal yn bwysig ac<br />
roedd anifeiliaid fel ceirw yn cael eu hela (7). Roedd<br />
y gweithgareddau dyddiol eraill yn cynnwys naddu offer fflint (8),<br />
paratoi croen anifeiliaid i greu dillad, bagiau a blancedi (9) a llenwi<br />
llestri crochenwaith (sef datblygiad technolegol newydd) â bwyd a<br />
diod i’w coginio a’u storio (10). Roedd gwleddoedd yn rhan bwysig<br />
o ddathliadau, wrth i anifeiliaid a oedd wedi’u hela gael eu rhostio<br />
dros danau’r gwersylloedd (11).<br />
A allwch chi awgrymu bwydlen ar gyfer pryd sy’n cynnwys<br />
y bwyd yr oedd y bobl hyn yn ei ffermio a’i gasglu? Cofiwch: nid<br />
oedd siwgr yn bodoli, ond roedd pobl yn defnyddio mêl i felysu<br />
bwyd yn ei le.<br />
Life in the Great Wildwood: Neolithic<br />
farmers 4000–2400 BC<br />
The discovery that some plants and animals could<br />
be farmed was made in the eastern Mediterranean,<br />
an idea that spread across Europe, reaching Britain<br />
around 4000 BC. Whilst the hunter-gatherer way of life<br />
continued for some communities, others adopted this new lifestyle.<br />
Mature woodland, the Great Wildwood, now blanketed much of<br />
Britain and these Neolithic farmers created small clearings within<br />
this to grow cereals and farm cattle, sheep/goats and pigs. One<br />
such clearing is shown opposite and has been made by felling<br />
trees with flint axes (1).<br />
The earliest houses (2) were built by these farmers<br />
who needed to be more settled in order to tend their<br />
crops. An example at Yscir survived as the posthole foundations<br />
for a square building that would have been built with a frame of<br />
large timbers supporting wattle and daub walls and a thatched<br />
roof. Such houses probably belonged to a single family and may<br />
have included a separate room to protect animals overnight.<br />
Other families would have occupied other clearings and the<br />
overall population density was still very low.<br />
Small fields were created to grow cereals including<br />
barley and wheat (3). These were used to make bread and<br />
porridge, and for animal fodder and bedding straw. Other areas<br />
penned cattle (4) and sheep/goats whilst pigs (5) roamed the<br />
woodland. Dogs (6), first domesticated during the Mesolithic<br />
period, provided companionship as well as being used for herding,<br />
hunting and guarding.<br />
Wild plant foods remained important and game such<br />
as deer was hunted (7). Other day to day activities included<br />
knapping flint tools (8), preparing animal skins for clothing, bags<br />
and blankets (9) and filling pottery vessels (a new technological<br />
development) with food and drink for cooking and storage (10).<br />
Celebrations were marked by feasts, with hunted game roasted<br />
over campfires (11).<br />
Can you suggest a dinner menu based on the food that these<br />
people farmed and gathered? Remember, sugar did not exist, but<br />
people used honey as a sweetener instead.<br />
PALAEOLITHIG MESOLITHIG NEOLITHIG YR OES EFYDD YR OES HAEARN RHUFEINIG-BRYDEINIG CANOLOESOL ÔL-GANOLOESOL MODERN<br />
PALAEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC BRONZE AGE IRON AGE ROMAN MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL MODERN
A <strong>Line</strong> <strong>Through</strong> <strong>Time</strong>: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline<br />
7<br />
5<br />
7<br />
2<br />
1<br />
3 6<br />
4<br />
8<br />
11<br />
9<br />
10<br />
Pen bwyell garreg Neolithig a ganfuwyd ar hyd y bibell yn<br />
Yscir (y wyneb wedi cael ei ailddefnyddio wedyn i naddu<br />
mwy o gelfi fflint)<br />
Neolithic stone axe-head found along the pipeline at<br />
Yscir (surface subsequently re-used to flake off more flint<br />
tools)
8<br />
<strong>Llinell</strong> <strong>Amser</strong>: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog<br />
yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu<br />
Y gweithwyr metel cyntaf: pobl yr Oes<br />
Efydd 2400–700 CC<br />
Yn yr Oes Efydd y dechreuodd pobl weithio â<br />
metel. Fel yn achos ffermio, lledaenodd yr arfer o weithio â metel<br />
ar draws Ewrop i Brydain. Roedd y gwrthrychau Copr ac Efydd<br />
cyntaf yn hynod brin a dim ond pethau i’w harddangos gan<br />
arweinwyr oeddent (gweler t. 22-23) neu i’w defnyddio mewn<br />
seremonïau. Yn raddol, daeth gwaith metel yn fwy cyffredin wrth<br />
i offer gael eu creu mewn pentrefi, efallai gan weithwyr metel<br />
medrus (1) a fyddai’n teithio o bentref i bentref.<br />
Daeth yr hinsawdd yn fwy sych a rhai graddau’n<br />
gynhesach na’r hinsawdd bresennol. Golygai hyn fod<br />
modd ffermio mwy o ardaloedd, ac roedd cnydau’n cael eu<br />
tyfu yn ardaloedd yr ucheldir, lle na fyddent yn goroesi yn yr oes<br />
bresennol. Roedd hyn yn cynnal boblogaeth gynyddol a châi’r<br />
coetir ei glirio’n raddol nes bod ychydig iawn ohono ar ôl, ac<br />
eithrio ar hyd ochrau cymoedd a oedd yn rhy serth i’w ffermio (2).<br />
Yn y dirwedd hon yr oedd y coed wedi’u clirio ohoni,<br />
parhaodd y bobl i fyw drwy ffermio. Roedd grawnfwydydd<br />
yn cael eu tyfu mewn caeau bach (3) tra bo’r glaswelltiroedd (4)<br />
helaeth yn cael eu pori gan ddefaid a gwartheg. Mae’n debyg<br />
fod pentrefi bach yn gyffredin ar draws y dirwedd hon, pob un<br />
ohonynt yn cynnwys rhai teuluoedd a oedd yn byw mewn tai<br />
crwn (5).<br />
Cymharwch y dirwedd hon â thirwedd y cyfnod Neolithig,<br />
a meddyliwch am ba un sydd fwyaf tebyg i’r dirwedd heddiw.<br />
Y broses hon o ffermio’n dod yn fwy cyffredin yw’r<br />
effaith fawr gyntaf a gafodd bodau dynol ar yr<br />
amgylchedd. Roedd clirio’r coetir yn creu mwy o dir fferm, ond<br />
roedd yn galluogi dŵr glaw i dynnu priddoedd oddi ar wyneb y<br />
tir, gan olygu eu bod yn llai ffrwythlon ac achosi rhai dyfrffyrdd i<br />
lenwi â silt. Er hynny, yr Oes Efydd yw’r cyfnod pan ddechreuodd<br />
mwyafrif y boblogaeth ddibynnu ar fwydydd a oedd wedi’u<br />
ffermio.<br />
O ble y daw’r bwyd rydych chi’n ei fwyta? A yw’n cael ei<br />
gasglu mewn mannau gwyllt, yn cael ei ffermio, yn cael ei dyfu<br />
mewn gardd neu randir, neu’n cael ei greu mewn ffatrïoedd?<br />
The first metalworkers: Bronze Age people<br />
2400–700 BC<br />
The Bronze Age saw the arrival of metalworking. Like<br />
farming, this spread gradually across Europe to Britain. The<br />
first Copper and Bronze objects were extremely rare and were<br />
only used for display by leaders (see p. 22-23) or in ceremonies.<br />
Gradually, metalwork became more widespread with tools being<br />
made in villages, perhaps by skilled metalworkers (1) travelling<br />
from village to village.<br />
The climate became drier and a few degrees warmer<br />
than today. This allowed more areas to be farmed, and crops<br />
were grown on upland areas where today they would not survive.<br />
This supported a growing population and the woodland was<br />
gradually cleared until little remained, except along valley sides<br />
too steep to farm (2).<br />
Within this cleared landscape people continued to live<br />
by farming. Cereals were grown in small fields (3) whilst the<br />
extensive grasslands (4) were grazed by sheep and cattle. Small<br />
villages were probably widespread across this landscape, each<br />
consisting of a few families living within roundhouses (5).<br />
Compare this landscape with that of the Neolithic period and<br />
think about which is most similar to that of today.<br />
This expansion of farming represents the first significant<br />
human impact upon the environment. Clearing the<br />
woodland created more farmland, but allowed rainwater to strip<br />
soils from the land surface, making them less fertile and causing<br />
some waterways to silt up. Nonetheless, the Bronze Age represents<br />
the time from which the majority of the population relied on<br />
farmed foods.<br />
Where does the food you eat come from? Is it gathered in<br />
the wild, farmed, grown in a garden or allotment or created in<br />
factories?<br />
PALAEOLITHIG MESOLITHIG NEOLITHIG<br />
PALAEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC<br />
YR OES EFYDD<br />
BRONZE AGE<br />
YR OES HAEARN RHUFEINIG-BRYDEINIG CANOLOESOL ÔL-GANOLOESOL MODERN<br />
IRON AGE ROMANO-BRITISH MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL MODERN
A <strong>Line</strong> <strong>Through</strong> <strong>Time</strong>: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline<br />
9<br />
2<br />
4<br />
3<br />
5<br />
1
10<br />
<strong>Llinell</strong> <strong>Amser</strong>: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog<br />
yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu<br />
Mannau coginio, sawnau neu fannau<br />
golchi? Dirgelwch archaeolegol<br />
Darganfyddiadau annisgwyl a wnaed ar hyd y biblinell<br />
oedd safleoedd o leiaf bedwar deg o ‘dwmpathau<br />
llosg’. Fel arfer, mae’r twmpathau isel hyn o gerrig sydd wedi hollti<br />
â thân yn mesur hyd at 15m o led a 0.4m o uchder. Cafwyd hyd i un<br />
ohonynt yn y rhan o’r biblinell sydd yn y Parc, ac mae’r ffotograffau<br />
gyferbyn yn dangos enghraifft o dwmpath sydd wedi aros yn<br />
debycach i’w ffurf wreiddiol, o’r biblinell ger Aberdaugleddau (1).<br />
Mae proses o ddyddio â radiocarbon yn dangos<br />
bod mwyafrif y twmpathau llosg yn dyddio o’r Oes<br />
Efydd. Roeddent i’w cael fel arfer ar hyd nentydd (2) ac roedd<br />
ganddynt aelwydydd (3) a chafnau dŵr (4). Roedd gan rai ohonynt<br />
dyllau pyst (5) ar gyfer ategu strwythurau pren. Roedd dŵr o’r nant<br />
yn cael ei ddal yn y cafn ac yn cael ei gynhesu drwy ychwanegu<br />
cerrig poeth o’r aelwyd ato. Câi’r cerrig hyn eu hailddefnyddio ond<br />
roeddent yn hollti yn y diwedd, pan fyddent yn cael eu gwaredu,<br />
gan greu’r twmpath llosg.<br />
Mae’r dystiolaeth bresennol yn awgrymu bod mwyafrif<br />
y twmpathau wedi’u lleoli i ffwrdd o’r mannau lle roedd<br />
pobl yn byw; felly pam y gwnaed ymdrechion o’r fath<br />
i gynhyrchu dŵr poeth yn bell o’r cartref? Mae hwn yn<br />
gwestiwn y mae archaeolegwyr yn dal yn ceisio’i ateb. Mae tair o’r<br />
damcaniaethau mwyaf poblogaidd wedi’u nodi isod.<br />
Gan ddarllen drwyddynt, a oes un ddamcaniaeth yn eich<br />
argyhoeddi mwy na’r rhai eraill, neu a allwch chi feddwl am<br />
ddamcaniaethau eich hun?<br />
Mannau coginio: mae arbrofion wedi dangos bod modd berwi<br />
cig mewn cafnau gan ddefnyddio cerrig poeth i gynhesu’r dŵr. Os<br />
oedd pobl yn gwneud hyn ger y twmpathau, byddem yn disgwyl<br />
dod o hyd i esgyrn anifeiliaid wedi’u taflu o’r neilltu, ond ychydig<br />
iawn sy’n cael eu canfod. Gallai hyn fod oherwydd bod y priddoedd<br />
asidig ger y nentydd wedi erydu’r esgyrn, neu gallai awgrymu nad<br />
oedd neb byth yn coginio yno.<br />
Mannau golchi: efallai y câi’r dŵr poeth ei ddefnyddio i olchi<br />
pobl a dillad. Yn aml, bydd pobl yn yr oes bresennol nad yw dŵr<br />
tap ar gael iddynt yn defnyddio afonydd oherwydd hynny, ac mae<br />
mannau golchi o’r fath hefyd yn galluogi pobl i gwrdd a chyfnewid<br />
newyddion a straeon.<br />
Sawnau: posibilrwydd arall yw bod y cafnau wedi’u gorchuddio â<br />
strwythur ysgafn er mwyn creu sawna. Mae sawnau (6) wedi cael<br />
eu defnyddio gan Americanwyr Brodorol i lanhau’r corff ac yn ystod<br />
defodau newid byd, fel seremonïau dod i oed, gan fod eistedd<br />
mewn sawna poeth iawn yn brawf o ddycnwch!<br />
Cooking places, saunas or washing<br />
places? An archaeological puzzle<br />
An unexpected discovery along the pipeline was the<br />
presence of at least forty burnt mounds. These are low<br />
mounds of burnt stones, typically 1–15m wide and 0.4m high.<br />
One was found within the Park section of the pipeline, and the<br />
photographs opposite show a better-preserved example from the<br />
pipeline near Milford Haven (1).<br />
Radiocarbon dating shows that most burnt mounds<br />
were Bronze Age in date. They were usually alongside<br />
streams (2) and had hearths (3) and water troughs (4). Some<br />
had postholes (5) for supporting wooden structures. Water from<br />
the stream was held in the trough and was heated by adding hot<br />
stones from the hearth. These stones were re-used but eventually<br />
cracked, at which point they were cast aside, creating the burnt<br />
mound.<br />
Most mounds were located away from where people<br />
lived, so why were such efforts made to produce hot<br />
water far from home? This is a question that archaeologists<br />
are still trying to answer. Three of the most popular theories are<br />
suggested below.<br />
Reading them through, do you find one theory more<br />
convincing than the others, or can you think of theories of your<br />
own?<br />
Cooking places: experiments have shown that meat can be<br />
boiled in troughs using hot stones. If this was done at the mounds,<br />
we would expect to find discarded animal bones but few are ever<br />
found. This could be because the acidic soils near the streams<br />
have eaten away the bones, or might suggest that cooking had<br />
never taken place.<br />
Washing places: perhaps the hot water was used for washing<br />
people and clothes. People today without access to running water<br />
often use rivers for these reasons and such washing places also<br />
allow people to swap news and gossip.<br />
Saunas: another possibility is that the troughs were covered by<br />
light structures to provide saunas. Saunas (6) have been used<br />
by Native Americans both to clean the body and during rites of<br />
passage, such as coming of age ceremonies, since sitting in a very<br />
hot sauna is a test of endurance!<br />
PALAEOLITHIG MESOLITHIG NEOLITHIG<br />
PALAEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC<br />
YR OES EFYDD<br />
BRONZE AGE<br />
YR OES HAEARN RHUFEINIG-BRYDEINIG CANOLOESOL ÔL-GANOLOESOL MODERN<br />
IRON AGE ROMANO-BRITISH MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL MODERN
A <strong>Line</strong> <strong>Through</strong> <strong>Time</strong>: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline<br />
11<br />
6<br />
Ail-greu llun o chwysty Americanaidd Brodorol<br />
Reconstruction drawing of a Native American sweat lodge<br />
5<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
1
12<br />
<strong>Llinell</strong> <strong>Amser</strong>: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog<br />
yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu<br />
Bywyd mewn tŷ crwn: anheddiad o’r Oes<br />
Haearn 700 CC–43 OC<br />
Life inside a roundhouse: Iron Age<br />
settlement 700 BC–AD 43<br />
Yn ystod yr Oes Efydd a’r Oes Haearn, roedd bron<br />
pawb yn byw mewn tai crwn. Roedd y rhain yn adeiladau<br />
sylweddol a oedd yn gartrefi cynnes a chlyd. Mae’r dudalen hon<br />
yn dangos enghraifft o dŷ crwn arferol o’r Oes Haearn, sy’n debyg<br />
i’r rhai a gafodd eu canfod y tu mewn i’r Parc yn Aberysgir a<br />
Mynydd Myddfai.<br />
Efallai nad yw’r adeilad ei hun yn gyfarwydd i chi, ond<br />
edrychwch ar yr hyn sy’n digwydd y tu mewn; a allwch chi sylwi<br />
ar unrhyw weithgareddau rydych yn eu hadnabod o’ch cartref<br />
eich hun?<br />
Mae’r tŷ crwn hwn wedi’i adeiladu drwy osod pyst<br />
pren mawr (1) mewn tyllau. Mae’r rhain yn cynnal pwysau’r<br />
to gwellt (2), ac mae’r waliau wedi’u gwneud o blethwaith a<br />
dwb (3), sef deunyddiau sy’n inswleiddwyr effeithlon. Ar sail yr<br />
enghreifftiau a gafodd eu canfod yn y Parc, byddai diamedr y tŷ<br />
rhwng 9m ac 11m, gan greu rhwng 64 a 95 metr sgwâr o le i fyw<br />
ynddo. Gellir cymharu hyn â thŷ modern ym Mhrydain â thair llofft,<br />
sy’n darparu 88 metr sgwâr o le i fyw ynddo (ffynhonnell: Sefydliad<br />
Brenhinol Penseiri Prydain).<br />
Dewch o hyd i ardal fawr yn yr awyr agored a mesurwch<br />
gylch sydd 11m o led. Dyma faint o le a fyddai y tu mewn i’ch<br />
tŷ pe baech wedi byw yn yr Oes Haearn, felly ceisiwch ddychmygu<br />
ble y byddwch chi wedi coginio, bwyta a chysgu.<br />
Fel arfer, roedd bwlch y drws (4) yn wynebu’r de yn<br />
fras, gan adael i olau dydd ddod i mewn am y cyfnod<br />
hiraf. Byddai golau i’w gael hefyd o’r tân ar aelwyd agored (5)<br />
a oedd yn cael ei ddefnyddio i roi cynhesrwydd ac i goginio.<br />
Byddai’r celfi wedi cynnwys silffoedd storio (6), gwlâu (7) a<br />
mannau i eistedd (8). Byddai’r teulu wedi ymlacio gyda’r nos, gan<br />
baratoi bwyd a’i fwyta (9), atgyweirio offer (10) a dweud storïau<br />
yng ngoleuni’r tân.<br />
During the Bronze and Iron Age periods, almost<br />
everyone lived in circular houses known as<br />
roundhouses. These were substantial buildings providing<br />
warm, welcoming homes. This page shows a typical Iron Age<br />
example, similar to those found within the Park at Yscir and<br />
Mynydd Myddfai.<br />
The building itself might be unfamiliar, but look at what<br />
is happening inside and see if you can spot any activities you<br />
recognise from your own home.<br />
2<br />
7<br />
3<br />
PALAEOLITHIG MESOLITHIG NEOLITHIG YR OES EFYDD YR OES HAEARN RHUFEINIG-BRYDEINIG CANOLOESOL ÔL-GANOLOESOL MODERN<br />
PALAEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC BRONZE AGE IRON AGE ROMAN MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL MODERN
A <strong>Line</strong> <strong>Through</strong> <strong>Time</strong>: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline<br />
13<br />
This roundhouse has been built by setting large<br />
timber posts (1) into holes. These support the weight of<br />
the thatched roof (2), and the walls are made from wattle and<br />
daub (3), materials which provide efficient insulation. Based on<br />
examples found in the Park, the house would have been 9m–11m<br />
in diameter, giving a living area of 64–95 square metres. This<br />
compares to a modern three-bedroom house in Britain that<br />
provides a living area of 88 square metres (source: Royal Institute<br />
of British Architects). Find a large space outside and measure<br />
out a circle 11m wide. This would have been the space inside your<br />
house if you lived in the Iron Age, so try and imagine where you<br />
would have cooked, eaten and slept.<br />
The doorway (4) usually faced broadly south, allowing<br />
daylight in for the longest period of time. Other light<br />
would have come from a fire on an open hearth (5) which was<br />
used for warmth and cooking. Furniture would have included<br />
storage shelves (6), beds (7) and seating (8). The family would<br />
have relaxed in the evening, preparing and eating food (9),<br />
mending tools (10) and telling stories in the glow of the fire.<br />
1<br />
6<br />
10<br />
4<br />
5<br />
8<br />
9
14<br />
<strong>Llinell</strong> <strong>Amser</strong>: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog<br />
yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu<br />
O helwyr i ffermwyr: bwyd drwy amser<br />
Yn ystod y rhan fwyaf o hanes bodau dynol, sef cyfnod o<br />
gannoedd o filoedd o flynyddoedd, roedd bwyd yn cael<br />
ei gasglu a’i hela. Dim ond ar ôl i bobl ddechrau ffermio oddeutu<br />
4000 CC y gallent ddechrau rheoli eu cyflenwad bwyd o ddifrif. Roedd<br />
hyn yn ei dro yn annog datblygiad aneddiadau sefydlog mewn tirwedd<br />
o gaeau, sef patrwm rydym yn gyfarwydd ag ef heddiw. Mae’r llinell<br />
amser isod yn dangos sut y digwyddodd y newid hwn.<br />
Palaeolithig a Mesolithig<br />
Roedd helwyr-gasglwyr yn dibynnu ar ddod o hyd i fwyd mewn<br />
amgylchedd naturiol. Roeddent yn hela, yn pysgota, ac yn casglu<br />
dail, gwreiddiau, ffrwythau, cnau ac aeron yn y coetir. Roedd llawer<br />
o’r bwydydd hyn ar gael yn dymhorol yn unig, ac felly roedd pobl<br />
yn dilyn y bwyd a oedd ar gael, yn hytrach na byw mewn pentrefi<br />
parhaol.<br />
Neolithig<br />
Creodd y ffermwyr cyntaf lennyrch yn y Goedwig Wyllt er mwyn creu<br />
caeau bach ar gyfer grawnfwydydd ac i wartheg, defaid a geifr bori<br />
ynddynt. Byddai moch yn crwydro drwy’r Goedwig Wyllt, a oedd yn<br />
dal yn gyfan ac yn rhydd o effaith datblygiad dynol i raddau helaeth,<br />
ac roedd yn dal yn ffynhonnell o fwyd gwyllt.<br />
Palaeolithic and Mesolithic<br />
Hunter-gatherers relied on finding food in a natural environment.<br />
They hunted, fished and collected leaves, roots, fruit, nuts and berries<br />
in the woodland. Many of these foods were only available seasonally,<br />
so people followed the available food, rather than living in permanent<br />
villages.<br />
Neolithic<br />
The first farmers made clearings in the Wildwood to create small<br />
fields for cereals and to graze cattle, sheep and goats. Pigs roamed<br />
the Wildwood which was still largely intact and unaffected by human<br />
development and still provided a source of wild food.
A <strong>Line</strong> <strong>Through</strong> <strong>Time</strong>: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline<br />
15<br />
From hunters to farmers: food through time<br />
For most of human history, a period of hundreds of thousands of<br />
years, food was gathered and hunted. Only with the introduction<br />
of farming in 4000 BC could people start to take active control of their<br />
food supply. This in turn encouraged the development of fixed<br />
settlements within a landscape of fields, a pattern we are familiar<br />
with today. The timeline below shows how this change occurred.<br />
Yr Oes Efydd a’r Oes Haearn<br />
Wrth i’r hinsawdd gynhesu, daeth ffermio’n fwy cyffredin a chynyddodd<br />
y boblogaeth. Am y tro cyntaf erioed, roedd bodau dynol yn cael effaith<br />
amlwg ar yr amgylchedd: cafodd y Goedwig Wyllt ei chlirio ac roedd<br />
hyn yn galluogi dŵr glaw i dynnu pridd ffrwythlon oddi ar ardaloedd yr<br />
ucheldir, gan achosi i nentydd ac afonydd lenwi â silt ac i briddoedd<br />
amaethyddol wanhau.<br />
Rhufeinig a chanoloesol<br />
Roedd mwyafrif y bobl yn byw o hyd mewn ffermydd a phentrefi<br />
ond roedd poblogaeth drefol gynyddol, yn ogystal â gofynion o ran<br />
treth gan y wladwriaeth a’r eglwys, yn golygu bod rhaid i ffermwyr<br />
gynhyrchu mwy nag yr oedd ei angen arnynt. I alluogi hyn, cafodd<br />
bridiau anifeiliaid a grawnfwydydd mwy cynhyrchiol eu datblygu ac<br />
roedd technegau ffermio newydd yn cael eu defnyddio. Roedd y rhain<br />
yn cynnwys defnyddio ffyrnau sychu, cylchdroi cnydau, ac amaethu â<br />
gwrym a rhych.<br />
Bronze Age and Iron Age<br />
As the climate warmed, farming expanded and the population grew. For<br />
the first time ever, humans had a noticeable impact on the environment:<br />
the Wildwood was cleared and this allowed rainwater to strip upland<br />
areas of fertile soil, causing streams and rivers to silt up and agricultural<br />
soils to become impoverished.<br />
Roman and medieval<br />
Most people still lived in farms and villages but a growing urban<br />
population, as well as tax demands by the state and church, meant<br />
that famers had to produce more than they needed to live on. To allow<br />
this, more productive cereal and animal breeds were developed and<br />
new farming techniques were used. These included using drying ovens<br />
and the use of crop rotation and ridge and furrow cultivation.
16<br />
<strong>Llinell</strong> <strong>Amser</strong>: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog<br />
yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu<br />
Ail-greu amgylchedd y gorffennol:<br />
enghraifft Mynydd Myddfai<br />
Reconstructing the past environment: the<br />
example of Mynydd Myddfai<br />
Erbyn hyn, mynydd sydd wedi’i orchuddio â mawn yw<br />
Mynydd Myddfai. Mae’r mawn yn gwneud y pridd yn asidig<br />
ac nid oes dim cnydau’n cael eu tyfu yno bellach, ond roedd<br />
gweddillion hynafol a oedd wedi’u cuddio o dan y mawn yn<br />
dangos nad felly y bu erioed. Daethpwyd o hyd i anheddiad o<br />
dai crwn o’r Oes Haearn ar y mynydd ynghyd â gweddillion llosg<br />
bwyd a choed tanwydd. Ar draws rhannau eraill o’r mynydd,<br />
ymchwiliwyd i haenlinau pridd hynafol, a elwir yn ‘briddoedd<br />
claddedig’, pan aeth archaeolegwyr ati i gloddio tyllau prawf<br />
ar hyd y llwybr (gweler y ffotograff ar y clawr). Yn ychwanegol<br />
at hynny, cafodd creiddiau eu gwthio i mewn i’r ddaear mewn<br />
cyfres o leoliadau er mwyn casglu paill i’w ddadansoddi o dan y<br />
microsgop.<br />
Roedd y dystiolaeth archaeolegol yn dangos nad<br />
oedd Mynydd Myddfai wedi’i orchuddio â mawn pan<br />
gafodd yr anheddiad Oes Haearn ei sefydlu. Yn yr<br />
Oes Haearn, roedd y priddoedd ar Fynydd Myddfai yn ddigon<br />
da i alluogi’r pobl i dyfu grawnfwydydd. Rydym yn gwybod hyn<br />
oherwydd daethom o hyd i weddillion grawnfwydydd a oedd<br />
wedi’u llosgi mewn tanau (1), yn ogystal â phaill a ddaeth o’r<br />
grawnfwydydd. Ni ddaethpwyd o hyd i ddim esgyrn anifeiliaid, ond<br />
mae’n debyg fod y rhain wedi’u herydu gan asidedd y mawn gan<br />
fod paill gwellt a gafodd ei ganfod yn y priddoedd o’r Oes Haearn<br />
yn dangos bod porfeydd helaeth yno i wartheg a defaid.<br />
Dechreuodd y mawnogydd ddatblygu yn hwyr yn hanes<br />
yr anheddiad, a gall hynny fod wedi achosi iddo gael<br />
ei adael wrth i ffrwythlondeb y pridd ddirywio. Erbyn<br />
cyfnod y Rhufeiniaid, roedd y mynydd wedi’i orchuddio â mawn<br />
ar y cyfan, gan olygu mai dim ond porfa ucheldirol y gallai fod, a<br />
dyna y bu’r mynydd hyd heddiw.<br />
Mynydd Myddfai today is a peat-covered<br />
mountain. The peat makes the soil acidic and today no crops<br />
are grown, but ancient remains hidden beneath the peat showed<br />
that this was not always the case. An Iron Age roundhouse<br />
settlement was found on the mountain and preserved the<br />
charred remains of food and fuelwood. Across other parts of<br />
the mountain, ancient soil horizons known as buried soils were<br />
investigated when archaeologists dug test pits along the route (see<br />
cover photograph). In addition, cores were driven into the ground<br />
at a series of locations to recover pollen for analysis under the<br />
microscope.<br />
The archaeological evidence showed that Mynydd<br />
Myddfai was not covered in peat when the Iron Age<br />
settlement was established. In the Iron Age the soils on<br />
Mynydd Myddfai were good enough to allow the people to grow<br />
cereals. We know this because we found the remains of cereals<br />
which had been burnt in fires (1), as well as pollen which came<br />
from the cereals. No animal bones were found, but these were<br />
probably eaten away by the acidity from the peat since grass<br />
pollen found within the Iron Age soils indicates that extensive<br />
grazing was present for cattle and sheep.<br />
The peat bogs started to form late in the life of the<br />
settlement, and may have caused it to be abandoned<br />
as soil fertility declined. By the Roman period, the mountain<br />
was largely covered in peat, making it suitable only for upland<br />
grazing, which is how it remains today.<br />
Gwenith a haidd<br />
Spelt and barley<br />
PALAEOLITHIG MESOLITHIG NEOLITHIG YR OES EFYDD YR OES HAEARN RHUFEINIG-BRYDEINIG CANOLOESOL ÔL-GANOLOESOL MODERN<br />
PALAEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC BRONZE AGE IRON AGE ROMAN MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL MODERN
A <strong>Line</strong> <strong>Through</strong> <strong>Time</strong>: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline<br />
17<br />
Darn o hanner uchaf maen melin Rhufeinig<br />
a ganfuwyd ar hyd y bibell yng Nghas-wis Sir<br />
Benfro: byddai wedi cylchdroi’n llorweddol ar<br />
garreg arall, gan falu’r grawn i gynhyrchu blawd<br />
Grawn wedi llosgi (roedd ychydig o’r grawn<br />
yn y ffwrn sychu’n llosgi’n aml)<br />
Charred cereal grains (a few grains within<br />
the drying oven often got burnt)<br />
Fragment of the top half of a Roman<br />
quernstone found along the pipeline at Wiston,<br />
Pembrokeshire: this would have rotated<br />
horizontally on another stone, grinding the cereal<br />
grains to produce flour<br />
Pwll tân<br />
Fire pit<br />
Ffliw<br />
Flue<br />
Sylfaen garreg ffwrn sychu cnwd<br />
Stone foundation of a crop-drying oven<br />
1<br />
Archwilio grawnfwydydd llosg o dan ficrosgop<br />
Examining burnt cereal grains under a microscope
18<br />
<strong>Llinell</strong> <strong>Amser</strong>: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog<br />
yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu<br />
Bywyd a’r byd a ddaw: mynwent o’r Oes<br />
Efydd ym Mannau Brycheiniog<br />
Yn ogystal â’r pentrefi yr oedd pobl yn byw ynddynt,<br />
daeth archaeolegwyr o hyd i weddillion mynwentydd<br />
lle roeddent yn cael eu claddu. Daethpwyd o hyd i fynwent<br />
yn y Parc ym Mhen-pont a Llanfihangel, ar ochr bryn sy’n edrych<br />
dros afonydd Wysg a Chamlais (1). Rydym yn gwybod o safleoedd<br />
eraill o’r Oes Efydd fod dŵr wedi’i gysylltu â’r byd a ddaw, efallai’n<br />
llwybr i’r isfyd, ac felly mae’n debyg bod y fynwent wedi’i lleoli<br />
oherwydd yr olygfa hon.<br />
Sut rydym yn gwybod mai mynwent oedd hon? Daeth<br />
archaeolegwyr o hyd i ddeuddeg o feddau bach a oedd yn<br />
cynnwys esgyrn a oedd wedi cael eu llosgi (amlosgi) ar goelcerth<br />
angladdol (llwyfan pren dros goelcerth). Mae lliw esgyrn sydd<br />
wedi’u hamlosgi rhwng gwyn a llwyd ac mae’r esgyrn yn<br />
dameidiog iawn. Oherwydd hynny, gall fod yn anodd bod yn sicr<br />
mai esgyrn dynol ydynt a gwybod a oeddent yn perthyn i oedolyn<br />
neu blentyn, neu o ddyn neu fenyw. Er hynny, yn y fynwent hon<br />
roedd yr holl esgyrn yr oedd modd eu hadnabod yn esgyrn dynol.<br />
Pwy oedd wedi’u claddu yma? Roedd mwyafrif y beddau’n<br />
cynnwys gweddillion un person, ond roedd dau fedd yn cynnwys<br />
nifer o unigolion. Daethpwyd o hyd i weddillion pedwar ar ddeg o<br />
bobl i gyd. Roedd un bedd a oedd yn cynnwys gweddillion menyw<br />
hefyd yn cynnwys oedolyn arall a phlentyn rhwng 12 a 14 oed.<br />
Nid ydym yn gwybod ai dyn neu fenyw oedd yr oedolyn<br />
arall, ond pam, yn eich barn chi, y gallai’r bobl hyn fod wedi<br />
cael eu claddu gyda’i gilydd?<br />
Sut olwg oedd ar y beddau? Tyllau syml oeddent, a oedd<br />
weithiau wedi’u hymylu â cherrig (2). Roedd yr esgyrn llosg yn<br />
cael eu gosod yn y beddau hyn ynghyd â lludw o’r goelcerth<br />
angladdol, naill ai’n rhydd neu mewn bagiau sydd wedi pydru yn<br />
y cyfamser. Ar safleoedd eraill, câi’r esgyrn eu gosod mewn llestri<br />
crochenwaith, a elwir yn yrnau, y daethpwyd o hyd i enghreifftiau<br />
ohonynt ger Aberdaugleddau (3).<br />
Gan nad oedd dim o’r beddau’n cyffwrdd ei gilydd, mae’n<br />
debyg bod rhyw fath o arwydd wedi’i roi arnynt: sut y gallai hyn<br />
fod wedi’i wneud, yn eich barn chi? (Mae cliw ar y tudalennau a<br />
ganlyn).<br />
Life and afterlife: a Bronze Age cemetery<br />
in the Brecon Beacons<br />
As well as the villages in which people lived,<br />
archaeologists also found the remains of cemeteries<br />
where they were buried. One was found within the Park at<br />
Penpont and Llanfihangel, upon a hillside overlooking the Rivers<br />
Usk and Cwm Camlais (1). We know from other Bronze Age sites<br />
that water was associated with the afterlife, perhaps as a route to<br />
the underworld, so the cemetery was probably located because of<br />
this view.<br />
How do we know that this was a cemetery? Archaeologists<br />
found twelve small graves containing bone that had been burnt<br />
(cremated) on a funeral pyre (a wooden platform over a bonfire).<br />
Cremated bone is white to grey in colour and very fragmented, so<br />
it can be difficult to be sure that it is human, and whether it came<br />
from an adult or child or from a man or woman. However, within<br />
this cemetery all of the identifiable bone was human.<br />
Who was buried here? Most of the graves contained the<br />
remains of one person, but two contained several individuals.<br />
Overall, the remains of fourteen people were found. One grave<br />
containing the remains of a woman also contained another adult<br />
and a child aged 12–14.<br />
We don’t know whether the other adult was a man or a<br />
woman, but why do you think these people might have been buried<br />
together?<br />
What did the graves look like? They were simple pits,<br />
sometimes lined with stones (2). The burnt bone was placed into<br />
these graves along with ash from the funeral pyre, either loose or<br />
in bags which have since decayed. On other sites, the bone was<br />
placed in pottery vessels, called urns, examples of which were<br />
found near Milford Haven (3).<br />
Since none of the graves touched another, they were<br />
probably marked in some way: how do you think this might have<br />
been done? (There is a clue on the following pages).<br />
PALAEOLITHIG MESOLITHIG NEOLITHIG<br />
PALAEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC<br />
YR OES EFYDD<br />
BRONZE AGE<br />
YR OES HAEARN RHUFEINIG-BRYDEINIG CANOLOESOL ÔL-GANOLOESOL MODERN<br />
IRON AGE ROMANO-BRITISH MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL MODERN
A <strong>Line</strong> <strong>Through</strong> <strong>Time</strong>: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline<br />
19<br />
Dyffryn<br />
River valley<br />
1<br />
Archaeolegwyr yn datgloddio’r fynwent ym Mhen-pont a<br />
Llanfihangel, gan wynebu’r gogledd a chwm afon Camlais<br />
Archaeologists excavating the cemetery at Penpont and<br />
Llanfihangel, looking north towards the Cwm Camlais river<br />
valley<br />
Bedd yn cynnwys menyw<br />
Grave containing woman<br />
2<br />
Cynllun a golwg proffil o fedd wedi’i ymylu â cherrig, o Benpont<br />
a Llanfihangel<br />
Plan and profile view of a stone-lined grave from Penpont<br />
and Llanfihangel<br />
Gwedd cynllun<br />
Plan view<br />
N<br />
Gwedd proffil<br />
Profile view<br />
3<br />
Gweddillion amlosgedig o’r Oes Efydd mewn yrnau<br />
crochenwaith. Sylwch ar y smotiau gwyn o esgyrn llosg sydd wedi<br />
arllwys o un llestr sydd wedi cwympo ar ei ochr ac a wasgwyd gan<br />
bwysau pridd y bedd (20cm a 30cm yw’r graddfeydd)<br />
Bronze Age cremated remains within pottery urns. Note the<br />
white flecks of burnt bone spilling from one vessel which has<br />
tipped onto one side and been crushed by the weight of the<br />
grave soil (scales are 20cm and 30cm)<br />
0 0.5m<br />
carreg<br />
asgwrn wedi’i losgi<br />
stone<br />
cremated bone
20<br />
<strong>Llinell</strong> <strong>Amser</strong>: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog<br />
yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu<br />
Bywyd a’r byd a ddaw: marwolaeth yn yr<br />
Oes Efydd<br />
Rydym yn gwybod o weddillion a gafodd eu canfod<br />
mewn mannau eraill fod agweddau at farwolaeth yn y<br />
gorffennol yn wahanol i agweddau yn yr oes bresennol,<br />
ac roedd y gwahaniad rhwng y meirw a’r byw yn llai<br />
clir. Ar y tudalennau hyn, gwelwn yr hyn a allai fod wedi digwydd<br />
yn dilyn marwolaeth y fenyw o’r Oes Efydd (1) a gafodd ei chladdu<br />
yn y fynwent y gwnaethom edrych arni ar y tudalennau blaenorol.<br />
Wrth i’r fenyw ddod yn nes at farwolaeth, mae’r<br />
paratoadau ar gyfer ei thaith i’r byd nesaf yn cychwyn<br />
(2). Mae coed tanwydd ar gyfer ei choelcerth amlosgi a bwyd ar<br />
gyfer gwledd yn cael eu casglu a’u paratoi. Mae aelodau’r teulu<br />
mewn pentrefi eraill yn cael eu gwahodd i’r angladd.<br />
Pa baratoadau eraill y gallai fod wedi’u gwneud ar gyfer yr<br />
angladd a’r seremoni?<br />
Mae ei chorff yn cael ei gario i’r goelcerth angladdol<br />
mewn gorymdaith (3). Mae seremoni’n cael ei chynnal tra bo’r<br />
tân yn cael ei gynnau ac mae’r galarwyr yn gwylio’r fflamau’n<br />
codi tuag at y corff. Yng ngolau’r goelcerth, mae’r galarwyr yn<br />
gwledda ac yn rhannu storïau am y fenyw. Ar ôl rhai oriau, mae’r<br />
corff wedi troi’n wasgariad o ddarnau bach o esgyrn sydd wedi<br />
gwynnu ac sydd wedi’u cymysgu â lludw’r coed.<br />
Mae’r esgyrn llosg yn cael eu casglu gan aelodau<br />
agos o’r teulu (4). Mae rhai’n cael eu cludo i’r fynwent<br />
deuluol ger yr afon. Mae twmpathau bach yn nodi beddau<br />
cynharach lle mae hynafiaid a theulu’r fenyw farw wedi’u claddu,<br />
ac mae’r galarwyr yn cerdded tuag at un o’r rhain. Mae un o’i<br />
pherthnasau’n tyllu drwy’r twmpath bach i mewn i fedd sy’n bodoli<br />
eisoes, gan ddatgelu pridd tywyll wedi’i gymysgu â darnau bach o<br />
esgyrn dynol llosg. Dyma weddillion gŵr y fenyw ac un o’i phlant.<br />
Ar ôl dweud rhai geiriau, mae merch hynaf y fenyw yn gosod<br />
gweddillion ei mam yn y bedd. Mae’r ferch hefyd yn gosod un o’r<br />
gleiniau a oedd gan ei mam, sydd wedi’i wneud o asgwrn anifail,<br />
yn y bedd, ac efallai fod y galarwyr yn ychwanegu peth o’r bwyd<br />
o’r wledd angladdol.<br />
Ni chafodd pob un o esgyrn amlosgedig y fenyw ei<br />
gladdu, ond nid ydym yn gwybod beth ddigwyddodd<br />
i’r gweddill. A oeddent yn cael eu cadw yng nghartref y teulu?<br />
A oeddent yn cael eu claddu mewn man arall? A oeddent yn cael<br />
eu gwasgaru? Un posibilrwydd yw bod gweddillion hynafiaid yn<br />
cael eu cadw fel y gellid dod â nhw allan ar achlysuron arbennig i<br />
gymryd rhan ym mywyd y teulu.<br />
Life and afterlife: death in the Bronze<br />
Age<br />
We know from remains found elsewhere that attitudes<br />
to death in the past differed from today, and the<br />
separation between the dead and the living was less<br />
clear. On these pages, we see what might have happened<br />
following the death of the Bronze Age woman (1) who was buried<br />
in the cemetery we looked at on the previous pages.<br />
As the woman approaches death, preparations for<br />
her passing to the afterlife begin (2). Fuelwood for her<br />
cremation pyre and food for a feast are collected and prepared.<br />
Family members in other villages are invited to the funeral.<br />
What other preparations might have been made for the<br />
funeral and ceremony?<br />
Her body is carried to the funeral pyre in a procession<br />
(3). A ceremony is held whilst the fire is lit and the mourners<br />
watch the flames rise towards the body. In the light of the pyre, the<br />
mourners feast and exchange stories about the woman. After a<br />
few hours, the body has turned to a scatter of small whitened bone<br />
fragments mixed with the wood ash.<br />
The cremated bone is collected by close family<br />
members (4). Some is carried to the family cemetery overlooking<br />
the river. Small mounds mark earlier graves holding the dead<br />
woman’s ancestors and family, and the mourners make for one<br />
of these. One of her relatives digs away the small mound into an<br />
existing grave, exposing dark soil mixed with white flecks of burnt<br />
human bone. These are the remains of the woman’s husband and<br />
one of her children. After saying a few words, the woman’s eldest<br />
daughter places her mother’s remains in the grave. The daughter<br />
also places one of her mother’s beads, made from animal bone,<br />
into the grave, and perhaps the mourners add some of the food<br />
from the funeral feast.<br />
Not all of the woman’s cremated bone was buried but<br />
we don’t know what happened to the remainder. Was<br />
it kept within the family home? Was it buried elsewhere? Was it<br />
scattered? One possibility is that the remains of ancestors were<br />
kept so that they could be brought out on special occasions to<br />
participate in family life.<br />
PALAEOLITHIG MESOLITHIG NEOLITHIG<br />
PALAEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC<br />
YR OES EFYDD<br />
BRONZE AGE<br />
YR OES HAEARN RHUFEINIG-BRYDEINIG CANOLOESOL ÔL-GANOLOESOL MODERN<br />
IRON AGE ROMANO-BRITISH MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL MODERN
A <strong>Line</strong> <strong>Through</strong> <strong>Time</strong>: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline<br />
21<br />
1 2<br />
3 4
22<br />
<strong>Llinell</strong> <strong>Amser</strong>: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog<br />
yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu<br />
Bywyd a’r byd a ddaw: corff coll a<br />
dirgelwch cynhanesyddol!<br />
Life and afterlife: a missing body and a<br />
prehistoric mystery!<br />
Yn Nhrecastell, daeth archaeolegwyr o hyd i ffos gron<br />
(1). Roedd y ffos yn mesur 9m o ran diamedr ac roedd wedi’i<br />
lleoli ar ben bryn. Roedd ffosydd tebyg mewn mannau eraill yn<br />
amgylchynu twmpathau claddu o’r Oes Efydd, ac felly, er na<br />
oroesodd twmpath yma, nid oedd yn syndod i’r archaeolegwyr<br />
eu bod wedi dod o hyd i dyllau maint bedd o dan y tir lle byddai’r<br />
twmpath wedi’i leoli (2).<br />
Yn rhyfedd iawn, nid oedd dim o’r tyllau hyn yn cynnwys<br />
gweddillion dynol. Yn lle hynny, roedd un yn cynnwys halberd,<br />
sef math prin o fwyell o’r Oes Efydd (3), gan gynnwys rhywfaint o’r<br />
goes bren. Mae cerfiadau ar graig a wnaed yn yr Oes Efydd (4)<br />
yn dangos bod y coesau hyn yn hir iawn (5). Canfuwyd drwy ddull<br />
radiocarbon fod y goes bren yn dyddio o 2450–2200 CC, sef adeg<br />
pan oedd y metelau cyntaf un yn cael eu cyflwyno. Mae’n debyg<br />
bod yr halberd, a oedd yn rhy werthfawr i fod yn offeryn, yn cael ei<br />
chario gan y pennaeth yn symbol o bŵer. Pan oedd yn newydd,<br />
byddai pen y fwyell wedi disgleirio, gan atgoffa pobl o’r haul,<br />
rhoddwr bywyd, ac o olau’r haul ar y dŵr, sef y llwybr i’r isfyd.<br />
Pam roedd halberd werthfawr wedi’i chladdu yn hytrach<br />
na chorff? Un posibilrwydd yw bod halberdau wedi mynd allan<br />
o ffasiwn, efallai wrth i fetelau ddod yn fwy cyffredin, ac felly<br />
cafodd yr halberd hon ei gosod i orffwys. Posibilrwydd arall yw ei<br />
bod yno yn lle corff pennaeth a fu farw mewn man arall ond na<br />
ddaethpwyd o hyd iddo erioed. Cyfnod o ryfela oedd hwn, ond<br />
roedd hefyd yn gyfnod pan deithiodd rhai pobl pellteroedd mawr,<br />
gan fasnachu mewn sgiliau a deunyddiau, ac i briodi.<br />
<br />
A allwch chi feddwl am resymau pam efallai na ddaethpwyd<br />
o hyd i gorff y pennaeth?<br />
Sut olwg oedd ar y ffos gron? Efallai ei bod wedi<br />
amgylchynu twmpath isel, ac roedd un o’r tyllau wedi bod yn<br />
cynnal postyn mawr, sef polyn totem o bosibl. Byddai’r ffaith ei fod<br />
wedi’i leoli ar ben bryn wedi golygu ei fod i’w weld o bell. Rydym<br />
yn gwybod bod pobl yn cofio’r twmpath am gyfnod hir wedi i’r<br />
halberd gael ei chladdu oherwydd, sawl canrif yn ddiweddarach,<br />
cafodd gweddillion dau berson eu claddu ar hyd ymyl y twmpath.<br />
A allai’r rhain fod yn ddisgynyddion i’r pennaeth a oedd yn<br />
berchen ar yr halberd? <br />
Pa mor bell yn ôl y gallwch olrhain hanes eich teulu?<br />
At Trecastle archaeologists uncovered a circular ditch,<br />
known as a ring-ditch (1). This was 9m in diameter and<br />
located on a hilltop. Similar ditches elsewhere surrounded Bronze<br />
Age burial mounds so, although no mound survived here, the<br />
archaeologists were not surprised to find grave-sized pits beneath<br />
where it would have been (2).<br />
Surprisingly, none of these pits contained human<br />
remains. Instead, one contained a halberd, a rare type of Bronze<br />
Age axe (3), which included some of the wooden handle. Bronze<br />
Age rock carvings (4) show that these handles were very long (5)<br />
and the wooden handle was radiocarbon dated to 2450–2200<br />
BC, a time when the very first metals were being introduced. Too<br />
precious to have been a tool, the halberd was probably carried<br />
by a chief as a symbol of power. When new, the axe-head would<br />
have shone brightly, reminding people of the sun, the giver of life,<br />
and of sunlight on water, the route to the underworld.<br />
Why was a valuable halberd buried instead of a<br />
body? One possibility is that halberds went out of fashion,<br />
perhaps as metals became more commonplace, so this one was<br />
laid to rest. Another is that it stood in place for the body of a chief<br />
who died elsewhere and was never found. This period saw warfare,<br />
but it was also a time when some people travelled over long<br />
distances, trading skills and materials and to marry.<br />
Can you think of reasons that the chief’s body might not<br />
have been found?<br />
What did the ring-ditch look like? It may have surrounded<br />
a low mound, and one of the pits had supported a large post,<br />
perhaps a totem pole. Its hilltop location would have made<br />
it visible from far away. We know that people remembered<br />
the mound long after the halberd was buried because several<br />
centuries later, the remains of two people were buried along the<br />
mound’s edge. Could these have been the descendants of the<br />
chief who owned the halberd?<br />
How far back in time can you trace your family history?<br />
PALAEOLITHIG MESOLITHIG NEOLITHIG<br />
PALAEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC<br />
YR OES EFYDD<br />
BRONZE AGE<br />
YR OES HAEARN RHUFEINIG-BRYDEINIG CANOLOESOL ÔL-GANOLOESOL MODERN<br />
IRON AGE ROMANO-BRITISH MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL MODERN
A <strong>Line</strong> <strong>Through</strong> <strong>Time</strong>: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline<br />
23<br />
Archaeolegwyr yn datgloddio’r ffos gron yn<br />
Nhrecastell<br />
Archaeologists excavating the ring-ditch at<br />
Trecastle<br />
2<br />
1<br />
Ffotograff o’r halberd: mae wedi troi’n wyrdd dros amser ond<br />
byddai wedi disgleirio â lliw euraid yn wreiddiol<br />
Photograph of the halberd: it has turned green with age but<br />
would originally have shone a golden colour<br />
3<br />
Cerfiadau ar graig o’r Alpes-Maritimes yn Ffrainc, sy’n<br />
dangos halberdau’n cael eu cario<br />
Rock carvings from the Alpes-Maritimes, France, showing<br />
halberds being carried<br />
4 5<br />
Adluniad o’r halberd ynghyd<br />
â’i choes<br />
A reconstruction drawing of the<br />
halberd with its handle
24<br />
<strong>Llinell</strong> <strong>Amser</strong>: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog<br />
yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu<br />
Teithio a masnachu: ffyrdd, afonydd, a<br />
sarnau<br />
Travel and trade: roads, rivers and<br />
trackways<br />
Yn yr oes bresennol, rydym yn gyfarwydd â ffyrdd sy’n<br />
ein galluogi i deithio’n ddidrafferth. Fodd bynnag, drwy’r<br />
rhan fwyaf o hanes, nid yw pobl wedi adeiladu ffyrdd ac yn lle<br />
hynny maent wedi teithio ar hyd llwybrau, sarnau, ac afonydd. Yn<br />
y cyfnodau Mesolithig a Neolithig, roedd pobl yn symud o un lle<br />
i’r llall yn eithaf aml a byddai llwybrau wedi para am gyfnod byr<br />
yn unig, gan ddiflannu wrth i’r coetir aildyfu. O’r Oes Efydd, pan<br />
ddaeth aneddiadau’n fwy parhaol, byddai sarnau wedi dod yn<br />
llwybrau sefydlog, gan gael eu defnyddio am flynyddoedd.<br />
Roedd afonydd fel traffyrdd cynhanesyddol, ac<br />
roeddent yn galluogi pobl ac eitemau trwm i symud ar<br />
gychod. Prin yw’r enghreifftiau o gychod cynhanesyddol, ond<br />
cafodd y rhai y daethpwyd o hyd iddynt eu creu o foncyffion<br />
wedi’u cafnu, neu o estyll wedi’u gwnïo at ei gilydd, ac rydym yn<br />
gwybod bod modd defnyddio rhai o’r cychod i groesi moroedd.<br />
Y fyddin Rufeinig a adeiladodd y ffyrdd palmantog<br />
cyntaf ym Mhrydain. Gwnaethant adeiladu rhwydwaith<br />
o ffyrdd a oedd yn cysylltu caerau (1). Yn ddiweddarach,<br />
adeiladwyd y ffyrdd hyn rhwng trefi. Roedd y prif ffyrdd Rhufeinig<br />
wedi’u hadeiladu’n dda gan ddefnyddio haenau o gerrig a silt,<br />
a chan ddarparu wyneb galed a elwir yn fetlin. Mae’r ffotograff<br />
gyferbyn yn dangos segment o ffordd Rufeinig yn y Parc (2), a<br />
dangosir hefyd adluniad o’r gaer fach yn y Waun Ddu (3).<br />
Nid oedd pob ffordd Rufeinig wedi’i hadeiladu’n<br />
dda! Byddai ffermydd a phentrefi wedi’u cysylltu â’r prif<br />
rwydwaith â sarnau baw. Byddai milwyr a oedd yn gwasanaethu<br />
mewn allbyst bach yn ymdeithio ar hyd sarnau o’r fath nes iddynt<br />
gyrraedd y prif ffordd a oedd â metlin arni. Roedd anifeiliaid yn<br />
cael eu gyrru i’r farchnad ar hyd gyrlwybrau llawer ehangach, a<br />
olygai fod modd symud gyrroedd cyfan ar yr un pryd.<br />
Yn y cyfnod canoloesol, roedd ffyrdd Rhufeinig yn cael<br />
eu defnyddio ond ni wnaed gwaith cynnal a chadw<br />
arnynt yn aml. Daeth llawer ohonynt yn gaeëdig ac, mewn<br />
rhai mannau, ardaloedd eang o dir yr oedd pobl yn ymlwybro<br />
drwyddynt orau y gallent oedd ‘ffyrdd’ canoloesol mewn<br />
gwirionedd, a dim ond wrth ddod yn nes at bentrefi a phontydd<br />
y byddai’r rhain yn culhau. Yn ystod y chwyldro diwydiannol y<br />
dychwelodd proses systematig o adeiladu ffyrdd a’u hatgyweirio,<br />
gan fod angen cynyddol i weithwyr a deunyddiau symud o<br />
amgylch y wlad. Dyma’r cyfnod hefyd pan oedd camlesi a<br />
rheilffyrdd yn cael eu datblygu.<br />
Today, we are familiar with roads which allow us to<br />
travel easily. However, for most of history, people haven’t<br />
built roads and instead travelled along paths, trackways and<br />
rivers. During the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods, people were<br />
fairly mobile and paths would have been short-lived, vanishing<br />
as woodland regenerated. When settlement became more<br />
permanent from the Bronze Age onwards, trackways would have<br />
become stable routes, used over years.<br />
Rivers were like prehistoric motorways and allowed<br />
people and heavy items to move by boat. Examples<br />
of prehistoric boats are rare, but those found were made from<br />
hollowed tree trunks or from planks sewn together and we know<br />
that some were capable of crossing seas.<br />
The first paved roads in Britain were built by the Roman<br />
army. They built a network of roads linking forts (1). Later, these<br />
roads ran between towns. The main Roman roads were well made,<br />
using layers of stone and silt, providing a hard surface called<br />
metalling. The photograph opposite shows a segment of a Roman<br />
road within the Park (2) and a reconstruction of the small fort at<br />
Waun Ddu is also shown (3).<br />
Not all Roman roads were well made! Farms and villages<br />
would have been linked to the main network by dirt trackways.<br />
Soldiers serving in small outposts would have marched along such<br />
trackways until they reached the metalled main road. Animals<br />
were driven to market along much broader droveways, which<br />
allowed whole herds to be moved at once.<br />
During the medieval period, Roman roads were used but<br />
were not often maintained. Many became impassable and<br />
in places medieval ‘roads’ were in fact broad areas of land where<br />
people picked their way through as best they could, and these only<br />
narrowed at the approaches to villages and bridges. Systematic<br />
road building and repair returned during the industrial revolution<br />
with the increasing need to move labourers and materials around<br />
the country. This was the period that also saw the development of<br />
canals and railways.
A <strong>Line</strong> <strong>Through</strong> <strong>Time</strong>: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline<br />
25<br />
Llandeilo<br />
Llandovery<br />
Brecon Gaer<br />
Cefn-Brynich<br />
Pen y<br />
Gaer<br />
1<br />
Map o’r prif gaerau a’r rhwydwaith ffyrdd<br />
Rhufeinig yn y Parc (Burnham, B C a<br />
Davies J L, 2010. Roman Frontiers in Wales<br />
and the Marches (Aberystwyth: RCAHMW).<br />
Map of the main Roman forts and road<br />
network within the Park (Burnham, B C<br />
and Davies J L, 2010. Roman Frontiers<br />
in Wales and the Marches (Aberystwyth:<br />
RCAHMW).<br />
Abergavenny<br />
Caer ategol<br />
Auxiliary fort<br />
Coelbren<br />
Penydarren<br />
Caer ategol<br />
posib<br />
Ffordd Rufeinig<br />
Possible auxiliary<br />
fort<br />
Roman road<br />
Ffordd Rufeinig<br />
bosib<br />
Possible Roman<br />
road<br />
Darn o ffordd Rufeinig a gafodd<br />
ei ddatgloddio ar hyd y biblinell<br />
A section of Roman road<br />
excavated along the pipeline<br />
2<br />
© BBNP authority<br />
3<br />
Adluniad o’r gaer Rufeinig<br />
fach (caer allbost fach) yn y<br />
Waun Ddu<br />
A reconstruction of the Roman<br />
fortlet (a small outpost fort) at<br />
Waun-Ddu
26<br />
<strong>Llinell</strong> <strong>Amser</strong>: darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog<br />
yn ystod y gwaith o osod piblinell nwy Aberdaugleddau i Aberhonddu<br />
Dewch yn dditectif y dirwedd!<br />
Nid tirwedd naturiol yw’r dirwedd o’n cwmpas, yn y parc<br />
a thu hwnt, ond cynnyrch miloedd o flynyddoedd o<br />
weithgareddau dynol. Mae hyn yn golygu y gallwch ddarllen<br />
y dirwedd fel llyfr, os ydych yn gwybod beth rydych yn chwilio<br />
amdano, gan ddatrys y cliwiau i ail-greu ei hanes. Mae’r darluniad<br />
isod yn dangos rhai o’r pethau y gallech chi sylwi arnynt yn y Parc,<br />
a gyferbyn mae rhestr o’r pethau hyn a phwyntiau am sylwi arnynt.<br />
Become a landscape detective!<br />
The landscape around us, both within the park and<br />
beyond, is not a natural one, but is the product of<br />
thousands of years of human activities. This means<br />
that if you know what to look for, you can read the landscape<br />
like a book, deciphering the clues to reconstruct its history. The<br />
illustration below shows some of the things you might spot in the<br />
Park and opposite is a list of what they are and points for spotting<br />
them.
A <strong>Line</strong> <strong>Through</strong> <strong>Time</strong>: archaeological discoveries in the Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
during the installation of the Milford Haven to Brecon gas pipeline<br />
27<br />
Twmpathau claddu o’r Oes Efydd: 10 pwynt (ceisiwch sylwi ar<br />
dwmpathau gwelltog isel tua 10m ar eu traws a thua dwy fetr o<br />
uchder, sy’n aml wedi’u lleoli ar ben bryniau).<br />
Bronze Age burial mounds: 10 points (look out for low grassy<br />
mounds around 10m across and a couple of metres high, often<br />
located on hilltops).<br />
Maen hir o’r Oes Efydd: 8 pwynt (cerrig ar eu pen eu hunain<br />
wedi’u gosod am i fyny ac sydd fel arfer mor dal â pherson).<br />
Bronze Age standing stone: 8 points (isolated stones<br />
standing upright and usually the height of a person).<br />
Caer Rufeinig neu wersyll ymdeithio/ymarfer: 9 pwynt<br />
(ceisiwch sylwi ar gloddiau pridd isel wedi’u gosod mewn siâp<br />
cerdyn chwarae anferth).<br />
Roman fort or marching/practice camp: 9 points (look out for<br />
low earth banks arranged in the shape of a gigantic playing<br />
card).<br />
Castell canoloesol: 6 phwynt (cestyll cerrig sydd i’w cael yn<br />
aml ger croesfannau afonydd. Weithiau mae’r rhain ar<br />
dwmpathau, sef ‘myntiau’, ac weithiau dim ond y mwnt sydd ar ôl).<br />
Medieval castle: 6 points (stone castles often found near<br />
river crossings. Sometimes these are on mounds, known as<br />
mottes, and sometimes only the motte survives).<br />
Bryngaer o’r Oes Haearn: 7 pwynt (mae’r rhain wedi’u lleoli ar<br />
ben bryniau, er nad ydynt bob amser ar fryniau uchel iawn, ac<br />
maent yn goroesi ar ffurf cloddiau a ffosydd sy’n amgylchynu<br />
ardal gron neu hirgron ddegau o fetrau ar ei thraws).<br />
Iron Age hillfort: 7 points (these are located on hilltops, although<br />
not always on very high hills, and survive as banks and ditches<br />
surrounding a circular or oval area tens of metres across).<br />
Pentref modern â tharddiad canoloesol: 3 phwynt (mae mwyafrif ein<br />
pentrefi’n dyddio o’r cyfnod canoloesol. Fel arfer, mae hen eglwys ger canol y<br />
pentref yn dangos ei fod yn dyddio o’r cyfnod hwn. Gallai edrych y tu mewn i’r<br />
eglwys roi cliwiau inni ynglŷn â pha mor hen yw, a hynny mewn arweinlyfr o<br />
bosibl. Enillwch 5 pwynt ychwanegol am ganfod pryd y cafodd yr eglwys ei<br />
hadeiladu!).<br />
Modern village with medieval origins: 3 points (most of our villages date to<br />
the medieval period. An old church near the centre usually shows that the<br />
village began at this time. Looking inside the church might give clues as to how<br />
old it is, perhaps within a guide book. Win an extra 5 points if you find out when<br />
the church was built!).<br />
Chwareli calchfaen o’r 18eg ganrif i’r 20fed ganrif: 4 pwynt (roedd<br />
calchfaen yn cael ei gloddio yn ystod y chwyldro diwydiannol ac yn cael ei<br />
brosesu i wneud deunyddiau adeiladu fel morter ac i ffrwythloni caeau.<br />
Ceisiwch sylwi ar greithiau mawr ar ochrau bryniau, sy’n dangos clogwyni llwyd).<br />
18th–20th-century lime quarries: 4 points (limestone was quarried during<br />
the industrial revolution and processed to make building materials such as<br />
mortar and to fertilise fields. Look out for big scars in hillsides, exposing grey<br />
rock faces).<br />
Corlannau defaid â waliau cerrig, nad ydynt yn cael eu defnyddio<br />
bellach: 5 pwynt (roedd y rhain yn cael eu hadeiladu mewn ardaloedd ar yr<br />
ucheldir i gorlannu defaid yn ystod cyfnodau fel wyna. Ceisiwch sylwi ar<br />
waliau cerrig sychion wedi cwympo sy’n diffinio cyfres o ardaloedd bach siâp<br />
sgwâr. Enillwch 5 pwynt ychwanegol am sylwi ar y fynedfa i unrhyw un o’r<br />
corlannau unigol).<br />
Disused stone-walled sheep folds: 5 points (these were built in upland<br />
areas to pen sheep during times such as lambing. Look out for collapsed<br />
drystone walls defining a series of small rectangular spaces. Win an extra 5<br />
points for spotting the entrance to any of the individual folds).<br />
Eich sgôr chi<br />
Your score
28 Glossary<br />
Geirfa<br />
Isod mae rhestr o rai o’r termau sy’n cael eu<br />
defnyddio yn y llyfryn hwn ynghyd â’u hystyr.<br />
Ffwrn sychu cnydau: ffwrn fach, â sylfeini cerrig a tho a waliau clai, a oedd<br />
yn cael ei defnyddio i sychu grawnfwydydd newydd eu cynaeafu i’w hatal<br />
rhag egino tra oeddent yn cael eu storio. Roedd y rhain yn cael eu defnyddio<br />
yn ystod yr Oes Haearn, y cyfnod Rhufeinig, y cyfnod canoloesol a’r cyfnod<br />
ôl-ganoloesol.<br />
Cylchdroi cnydau: system a oedd yn cael ei defnyddio yn y cyfnod<br />
canoloesol pan fo cnydau gwahanol yn cael eu tyfu mewn unrhyw gae<br />
penodol ar sail rota, er mwyn cynnal ffrwythlondeb y pridd.<br />
Fflint: carreg galed sydd ag ymyl dorri finiog pan fo’n cael ei thorri. Roedd<br />
fflint yn cael ei ddefnyddio i greu offer torri a thyllu drwy gydol cynhanes.<br />
Gweler ‘naddu’.<br />
Naddu: cyfres o drawiadau manwl â morthwyl i dorri tameidiau oddi ar<br />
fflint, a oedd wedyn yn cael eu trimio i greu offer.<br />
Microlithiau: offer torri bach iawn a wnaed â fflint a oedd yn cael eu<br />
defnyddio yn y cyfnod Mesolithig ac a oedd yn cael eu gosod gyda’i gilydd ar<br />
yr un goes.<br />
Dyddio â Radiocarbon: techneg wyddonol sy’n mesur faint o Garbon<br />
14 sydd mewn gwrthrych organig fel asgwrn, siarcol, neu bren. Mae popeth<br />
byw organig yn amsugno Carbon 14 yn ystod ei oes, ond ar ôl marwolaeth<br />
mae’n cael ei ryddhau gan ddilyn cyfradd sefydlog. Gellir defnyddio’r gyfradd<br />
ryddhau hon fel cloc, gan olygu bod modd mesur oed gwrthrych.<br />
Amaethu â gwrym a rhych: dull o aredig a oedd yn creu gwrymiau a<br />
rhychau hir a ymestynnai ar draws caeau.<br />
Gwersylloedd Ymarfer Rhufeinig: gwersylloedd bach a oedd yn cael<br />
eu hadeiladu gan filwyr Rhufeinig a oedd yn cael eu hyfforddi i adeiladu<br />
Gwersylloedd Ymdeithio tra oeddent ar ymgyrch. Câi Gwersylloedd Ymdeithio<br />
eu hadeiladu pa bryd bynnag yr oedd uned o’r fyddin Rufeinig yn aros yn<br />
rhywle am noson. Strwythurau dros dro oeddent ond maent weithiau i’w gweld<br />
ar ffurf gwrthgloddiau bach.<br />
Plethwaith a dwb: dull o orchuddio waliau. Mae strwythur gwiail yn cael<br />
ei greu gan ddefnyddio coed hyblyg fel coed cyll sydd wedyn yn cael ei<br />
orchuddio â dwb, wedi’i greu o faw a/neu â thail wedi’i gymysgu â gwellt.<br />
Mae’r wal sy’n deillio o’r broses hon yn sychu’n galed, mae’n inswleiddiad da,<br />
ac mae modd ei phaentio.<br />
Dolenni defnyddiol<br />
Adroddiadau ar safleoedd: Mae adroddiadau unigol wedi’u hysgrifennu<br />
ar y safleoedd y cyfeirir atynt yn y testun ac mae modd eu darllen drwy wefan<br />
Archwilio yn<br />
http://www.cofiadurcahcymru.org.uk/arch/index_cym.html<br />
Archaeoleg Parc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog: mae modd<br />
ymchwilio i gefndir archaeolegol ehangach y parc drwy fynd i wefan y parc yn:<br />
http://www.bannaubrycheiniog.org/<br />
Geoparc Byd-eang UNESCO y Fforest Fawr<br />
http://www.geoparcyfforestfawr.org.uk/<br />
Below is a list of some of the terms used in this<br />
booklet and what they mean.<br />
Crop drying oven: a small oven, with stone foundations and clay<br />
walls and roof, used to dry freshly harvested cereals to prevent them from<br />
germinating during storage. These were used during the Iron Age, Roman,<br />
medieval and post-medieval periods.<br />
Crop rotation: a system used in the medieval period where different crops<br />
were grown in any one field on a rota basis to maintain soil fertility.<br />
Flint: a hard stone which fractures to a sharp cutting edge. Flint was used<br />
to create cutting and piercing tools throughout prehistory. See ‘knapping’.<br />
Knapping: a series of precise hammer strokes used to flake fragments from<br />
a flint which were then trimmed to create tools.<br />
Microliths: very small flint cutting tools which were used during the<br />
Mesolithic period and which were hafted together onto a single handle.<br />
Radiocarbon dating: a scientific technique which measures the amount<br />
of Carbon 14 within an organic object such as bone, charcoal or wood. All<br />
organic lifeforms absorb Carbon 14 during their lifetime but this is released at<br />
a steady rate following death, and this release rate acts like a clock, allowing<br />
the age of the object to be measured.<br />
Ridge and furrow cultivation: a method of ploughing which produced long<br />
ridges and furrows stretching across fields.<br />
Roman Practice Camps: small camps built by Roman soldiers training<br />
to build Marching Camps when on campaign. Marching Camps were built<br />
whenever a Roman army unit halted for the night. They were temporary<br />
structures but are sometimes visible as slight earthworks.<br />
Wattle and daub: a method for cladding walls. A wicker structure is<br />
created using flexible wood such as hazel which is then clad in daub, created<br />
from mud and/or dung mixed with straw. The resulting wall dries hard,<br />
provides good insulation, and can be painted.<br />
Useful Links<br />
Site reports: The sites referred to in the text have been reported on<br />
individually and can be viewed via the Archwilio website at<br />
http://www.cofiadurcahcymru.org.uk/arch/<br />
Brecon Beacons National Park archaeology: the wider archaeological<br />
background of the park can be researched by accessing the park website at<br />
http://www.breconbeacons.org/<br />
Fforest Fawr UNESCO Global Geopark<br />
http://www.fforestfawrgeopark.org.uk/<br />
Gwefan Cotswold Archaeology:<br />
http://www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk/<br />
Cotswold Archaeology website:<br />
http://www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk/
29<br />
Safleoedd pwysig yn y Parc<br />
Safle 1942, Myddfai. Gwrthgloddiau gwrym a rhych (t. 28).<br />
Safle 37.05, Myddfai. Twmpath llosg (t.10–11).<br />
Safle 38.04-38.08, Myddfai. Fflintiau a adawyd gan helwyr-gasglwyr<br />
Mesolithig (t. 4-5 ac anheddiad o’r Oes Haearn (t. 12–13).<br />
Safle 38.14, Llywel. Rhan o’r ffordd Rufeinig rhwng Caerllion a Sarn<br />
Helen (t. 24–25).<br />
Safle 38.17, Trecastell. Ffos gron o’r Oes Efydd ynghyd â halberd<br />
(t. 22–23).<br />
Safle 47.00, Pen-pont a Llanfihangel. Mynwent o’r Oes Efydd<br />
(t. 18–21).<br />
Safle 49.05, 50.01, 50.02 a 50.11, Aberysgir. Rhannau o ffyrdd<br />
Rhufeinig ger Caer Rufeinig y Gaer (t. 24–25).<br />
Safle 51.07, Aberysgir. Tyllau Neolithig sy’n cynnwys crochenwaith a<br />
siarcol, adeilad Neolithig o bosibl (t. 6-7), ac anheddiad o dai crwn<br />
o’r Oes Haearn (t. 12–13).<br />
Significant sites within the Park<br />
Site 1942, Myddfai. Ridge and furrow earthworks (p. 28).<br />
Site 37.05, Myddfai. A burnt mound (p.10-11).<br />
Site 38.04-38.08, Myddfai. Flints left by Mesolithic huntergatherers<br />
(p. 4-5) and the remains of an Iron Age roundhouse<br />
settlement (p. 12-13).<br />
Site 38.14, Llywel. Part of the Roman road between Caerleon and<br />
Sarn Helen (p. 24-25).<br />
Site 38.17, Trecastle. A Bronze Age ring-ditch and halberd<br />
(p. 22-23).<br />
Site 47.00, Penpont and Llanfihangel. A Bronze Age cemetery<br />
(p. 18-21).<br />
Site 49.05, 50.01, 50.02 & 50.11, Yscir. Parts of Roman roads near<br />
Brecon Gaer Roman Fort (p. 25-26).<br />
Site 51.07, Yscir. Neolithic pits containing pottery and charcoal, a<br />
possible Neolithic building (p. 6-7) and an Iron Age roundhouse<br />
settlement (p. 12–13).
ISBN 9780993454523<br />
90000 ><br />
Cotswold<br />
Archaeology<br />
PARC CENEDLAETHOL<br />
BANNAU BRYCHEINIOG<br />
9 780993<br />
454523<br />
BRECON BEACONS<br />
NATIONAL PARK