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The HIstory of Glass From our earliest origins, humans have been using glass. Historians have discovered that a form of natural glass, obsidian - formed for instance, within the mouth of a volcano - was first used as tips for spears. Archaeologists have found evidence of man-made glass which dates back to 4000BC; this took the form of glazes used for coating stone beads. It was not until 1500 BC that the first hollow glass container was made by covering a sand core with a layer of molten glass. Glass blowing became the most common way to make glass containers from the First Century BC. However, the glass made during this time was highly coloured due to the impurities of the raw material. It was not until the First Century AD when colourless glass was produced and then coloured by the addition of colouring materials. The secret of glass making came to Britain with the Romans. However, the skills and technology required were closely guarded by the Romans and it was not until their empire disintegrated that glass-making skills spread through Europe and the Middle East. In Britain, there is evidence of a glass industry around Jarrow and Wearmouth dating to 680 AD, and from the 13th Century in areas of Surrey and Sussex. A major milestone in the history of glass occurred with the invention of lead crystal glass by George Ravenscroft. He attempted to counter the effect of clouding that could occur in blown glass by introducing lead to the raw materials. The new glass he created was softer and easier to decorate and had a higher refractive index, adding to its brilliance and beauty. It proved invaluable to the optical industry and optical lenses, astronomical telescopes, microscopes and the like became possible. The modern glass industry only started to develop in Britain after the repeal of the Excise Act in 1845 relieved the heavy taxation that had been enforced on the amount of glass melted in a glasshouse. Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace at the Great Exhibition of 1851 marked the beginning of the discovery of glass as a building material. By 1887 glass making developed from traditional mouth-blowing to a semi-automatic process when Ashley introduced a machine capable of producing 200 bottles per hour in Castleford – more than three times quicker than previously. Twenty years later, in 1907, the first fully automated machine was developed in America making 2,500 bottles per hour. Other developments followed rapidly, but it was not until the First World War, when Britain became cut off from essential suppliers that glass became part of the scientific sector rather than just a craft. Today, glass making is a modern, hi-tech industry operating in a competitive global market. Few of us can imagine modern life without glass. It features in almost every aspect of our lives. And looking into the future, glass as will always exist as a material in its own right but many new applications and processes are already involving glass in combination with other materials. Courtesy of Sheffield-based British Glass St Chad’s Church, Linden Avenue, Woodseats Church Office: 9 Linden Avenue, Sheffield S8 0GA Tel: (0114) 274 5086 Page 26 email: office@stchads.org website: www.stchads.org
Where’s that from..? Codswallop Meaning - nonsense or rubbish Derived from - the mid 1800s when a certain soft drinks manufacturer, by the name of Hiram Codd, invented a technique for bottling lemonade. He inserted a glass marble into the neck of the bottle to act as a stopper. When the bottle was shaken, the pressure from the fi zzy liquid forced the marble against the neck, thus forming a seal. This new invention quickly became known as ‘The Codd Bottle’. Beer drinkers belittled those who preferred the taste of soft drinks to “wallop”, a slang word for beer. They poked fun at them by calling the lemonade in Hiram’s bottles “codswallop”, inferring that it was rubbish compared with real beer! Words, and their meanings, change with the passage of time, of course. However, the phrase “a load of codswallop” doesn’t appear until after the Second World War. Derivations are often open to speculation and are sometimes pure supposition. It could just be that, in this particular instance, the supposition is purely “a load of codswallop”! Do you have a few hours spare to support our lovely clients in Sheffield to remain independent within their own homes? More about the role: • Part Time Hours to suit you (2-20 hrs. p/w) • Full Induction training with Office Support • No previous care experience necessary • We welcome applicants of all ages! An open heart and warm smile is all you need to become a Care Companion at Home Instead *Car Driver Desirable Apply Now! Call 0114 250 7709 Or visit www.homeinstead.co.uk/sheffield 6 Shirley House, Psalter Lane, Sheffield, S11 8YL Here’s how little it costs to advertise in Adverts are priced at the following rates for one year (six editions): 1/8 page: £110 1/6 page: £155 1/4 page: £225 1/2 page: £445 Full page: £915 Call St Chad’s Church office on 0114 274 5086 or email impact@stchads.org for more information St Chad’s Church, Linden Avenue, Woodseats Church Offi ce: 9 Linden Avenue, Sheffi eld S8 0GA Tel: (0114) 274 5086 Page 27 email: offi ce@stchads.org website: www.stchads.org
Page 1 and 2: St Chad’s Church, Linden Avenue,
Page 3 and 4: Sunday March 20 Thursday March 24 S
Page 5 and 6: “Nothing is certain except what a
Page 7 and 8: Send details of your event to impac
Page 9 and 10: Angels St Chad’s Church, Linden A
Page 11 and 12: of Glass Painter & Decorator DIY wo
Page 13 and 14: with God the Maker My stained glass
Page 15 and 16: St Chad’s Church House Thursdays
Page 17 and 18: Sunday March 20 Easter worship at S
Page 19 and 20: Stories in Glass Three of the stain
Page 21 and 22: Thanks for supporting Operation Chr
Page 23 and 24: CALL FREE ON 0800 328 0006 or 01274
Page 25: A Half Forgotten Song by Katherine
Page 29 and 30: Services during Lent & Easter Febru
Page 31 and 32: St Chad’s Church, Linden Avenue,

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