Issue 10: Tech from the Military

On the Cover 

We wanted to show a mock up of the inside of a fighter jet, incorporating elements of the consoles with 

the articles inside. Some of the displays are a combination of different radars and other indicators mixed 

together to show them all in one space. Since a majority of the people interviewed in this issue are from 

the Air Force, we thought it would be fitting for a cover design. The cockpit concept was Melanie’s, but 

the pin-up was Ethan’s. Pin-up was made very popular with the military in WWII, and particularly in the 

Air Force. Some planes and jets had pin-up girls painted onto the nose as a personal touch. Military and 

technology go together like ham and eggs, or for you vegans, hummus and crackers. This issue’s table 

of contents is interactive. For quick navigation, click on the topic of choice in the close-up image of the 

cover! If you have a print version, this interactive feature will be unavailable until you acquire that robot 

butler to turn the pages for you. 

Issue 10 | Fall 2014 © 2012-2014 Origins Scientific Research Society, founded by Melanie E Magdalena 

Copyright: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Unported License. Permission of the authors is required for derivative 

works, compilations, and translations. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or 

views of Origins. The publisher, editor, contributors, and related parties assume no responsibility for loss, injury or inconvenience of any person, organization, or 

party that uses the information or resources provided within this publication, website, or related products.

From the Editor 

Why are we publishing in November?! What happened to the 

equinox?! I am certain some of you have asked. Well, this issue 

is a special issue. This issue evolved out of an idea to dive into 

our technological past and present. This issue transformed 

into an exploration of military moments in history which 

have shaped the technology many of us depend on or simply 

desire to use on a daily basis. Did you know computing today 

on our Windows or Macintosh computers was made possible 

due to software development in World War II? How about that 

astronaut trainings emerged from aircraft technology in the 

Cold War? 

This issue takes a look at technology from the military. We don’t 

just explore the United States, but the entire collaboration (be it 

knowingly or unknowingly) of the world to create gadgets and 

software all around us at this very moment. 

Our long-time contributor, researcher, and word architect, 

Morgan Courage has interviewed people of diverse backgrounds 

to bring you their stories from World War II, the Cold War, 

and the 21st Century. It almost sounds like we tried to make 

a movie. (Would anyone like us to make a movie, or short film 

on something?) Join us in this issue from land, sky, water, and 

space on this interactive journey in military technology. 

editor and creative director 

Melanie E Magdalena 

copy editor 

Margaret Smith 

graphic design 

Ethan Kellogg 

marketing & public relations 

Alex Vosburgh 

From fellow Veterans, to civilian contractors, data scientists, 

entrepreneurs, and marine mammals, everyone has played a 

part in our society’s evolution to this 11th of Novermber of 

2014. Happy Veterans’ Day! From Origins, we thank you all for 

your contributions to our lives. 

Melanie E Magdalena 

Editor-in-Chief 

editor@knowyourorigins.org 

DID YOU KNOW? 

US Navy officer Robert Ballard was 

given the mission of finding and 

investigating two wrecked nuclear 

submarines, Thresher and Scorpion. 

After this mission was successful and 

completed early, they spent time 

looking for the Titanic and found it. 

donor relations 

Fidel Junco 

interviews & research 

Morgan V Courage 

interviewees 

Roderick O Clarke 

Daniel Courage 

Stacia Martin 

David Swain 

Willard Teel 

Rod Young 

letters to the editor 

editor@knowyourorigins.org 

contact 

info@knowyourorigins.org

World War II cost more money, destroyed more property, and killed more military and civilian 

people than any other conflict or war in Earth’s history with a total loss of life from civilian 

and military at around 78,371,200. An additional death toll of 24 million Russians was 

from Joseph Stalin’s Great Terror of 1920 to 1953. Germany, under Adolph Hitler, believed in 

a new order of a perfect race and started a mass genocide of Jews, gypsies, handicapped, and 

other “undesirable” people. His part of the war accounted for about 50 million total casualties. 

Japan entered the war with the idea of racial supremacy which ended in a death total of 

about 25 million before the use of an atomic weapon was used. Japan did not surrender after 

the uranium bomb “Little Boy” destroyed Hiroshima, but until after a second strike with 

“Fat Man” destroyed Nagasaki. Japan, Germany, and the United States all had various stages 

and knowledge of nuclear fission, but due to Hitler’s genocide, scientists helped the United 

States develop the atom bomb first. The Cold War started when Russia used the atomic spy 

ring to steal secrets behind nuclear weapons and mass produce them.

Cold 

War

After World War II, or what Russians call the Great Patriotic War, two great allies turned to a 

seemingly perpetual state of distrust, intrigue, fear and hostile rivalry. They were the sole survivors. 

As the only two superpowers that commanded powerful military forces, they fueled support 

for global ideologies with their will to impose them. Both started equally by polarizing the 

rest of the world and starting an intense race called the Cold War. 

Both countries, the United States and Russia, competed to reach space first, build up nuclear 

warheads, make the best fighter jets, and influence the rest of world governments to convert to 

capitalism or socialism (respectively). The Soviet Union, despite suffering the highest loss of life 

during World War II with a devastated economy, engulfed Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, 

Romania, Albania, and East Germany as satellite states. The strategic island Sakhalin 

was also annexed. The United States executed the Marshall Plan as a response: $13 billion in aid 

to rebuild Western Europe. 

Both countries developed a nuclear triad: strategic bombers, intercontinental ballistic missiles 

(ICBMs), and submarine launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). The triad increased each nation’s 

nuclear deterrence by significantly reducing the possibility that all forces could be destroyed 

with a first attack and ensuring a second attack threat. Treaties were signed as each country continued 

a sphere of influence throughout the world. John Van Neumann, a Cold War strategist, 

inventor of Game Theory, and Chairman of the ICBM Committee, created a doctrine of military 

strategy where a full-scale use of weapons of mass destruction by opposing sides would cause 

the complete annihilation of both. Neumann created the acronym MAD for Mutually Assured 

Destruction: either side, once armed, has no incentive to initiate a conflict or disarm.

8 | ORIGINS 

DIVIDES & UNIONS 

Europe was not the only part of the world to split 

between the two superpowers. In Asia, Korea divided 

in half with a northern communist regime and 

southern republic. North Korea wanted reconciliation 

under a communist government sparking 

the following war (1950-1953). The United States 

sent 90% of military troops to defend South Korea 

with a cost of 67 billion, 33,739 soldiers killed in 

battle, and 103,284 wounded in action. The total 

loss of all life during the Korean War is estimated 

at 2,800,000. Today, South Korea remains a strong 

capitalist country. 

Vietnam divided into capitalist rebel South Vietnam 

and communist North Vietnam. The Soviet Union 

sent military supplies and advisors. The United 

States sent troops to defend South Vietnam with a 

cost of $200 billion, 47,438 soldiers killed in battle, 

and 153,303 wounded in action. The Soviet Union 

sent about 3,000 military experts to Vietnam who 

fought alongside North Vietnamese soldiers and 

helped inflict heavy damage on American planes. 

They remained forgotten soldiers until 1991. The 

total loss of life during the war is estimated at 

3,100,000. Today, Vietnam is a communist state. 

Espionage and military intelligence was the focus of 

both countries. Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s 

(MIT) Summer Study Group wrote a detailed 

analysis (1952) of the United States and Canada’s 

vulnerability to air attack. Their recommendation 

was to build an early warning system across the 

arctic as soon as possible. The system would give 

the United States and Canada an early warning of 

foreign aircrafts approaching the polar regions with 

time to initiate a defense. 

The United States built the Distant Early Warning 

System, known as the DEW Line, across Alaska, Canada, 

and Greenland. The 3,000 mile chain was composed 

of more than 50 radar and communication 

stations across the Northeast shore of Alaska to the 

eastern shore of Baffin Island, near Greenland. Prototype 

sites were first built in Alaska and were active 

until the 1980s. 

www.knowyourorigins.org 

The DEW Line 

project name 

project start 

project built 

Distant Early 

Warning System 

1954 December 

1957 July 

people involved 20,000 

building conditions 

transportation 

amount of 

materials moved 

what was built 

amenities included 

comparable to 

manned by 

replaced with 

long, dark, sub-zero 

blizzard filled winters 

dog sleds, snowmobiles, 

aircrafts 

460,000 tonnes from 

United States & Canada 

buildings, airstrips, 

hangars 

electricity, heat, water 

dismantling & moving 

2,000 Colosus of Rhodes 

1,788 miles & rebuilding 

them along the 3,000 

mile span of the Arctic 

Circle in darkness & 

extreme cold in less than 

3 years 

U.S. Air Force from 

1957 - 1992 

North Warning System 

1993 - Present

COLD WAR | 9 

map of the dew line | us airforce tech. sgt. donald l. wetterman | pd 

Origins Scientific Research Society

10 | ORIGINS 

VIGILANCE 

Stations 

station name 

POW-2 

The United States and Canada continued 

into Greenland in 1958. After negotiations 

with Denmark, four DYE 

sites were set up as annexes 

of the Sondrestrom joint 

Danish American Defense 

Area. The DEW 

Line was fully operational 

and served its 

mission without interruption. 

The radar 

used tropospheric 

scatter and ionospheric 

scatter that depends 

on minute amounts of 

ultra-high frequency electrical 

energy. The antennae 

were mammoth reflectors about 

60 feet high–with an appearance similar 

to a theater screen or circular dishes– 

and 30 feet across to capture the bits of energy in 

the signal. This type of radar system is the most reliable, 

impervious to magnetic storms. In the late 

1980s, the Soviet Union began to collapse and the 

DYE sites were gradually shut down. The last site 

was abandoned in September of 1991. 

location 

photographed 

in the media 

Oliktok Point, Alaska 

1987 February 

TSGT Donald L Wetterman 

POW-2 ended up in the 

news in 1993 after a polar 

bear came to a window of 

a common room, was 

swatted at by people with 

a magazine causing it to 

jump through a window 

and attack a man. Another 

man shot the bear and 

was fired for having a firearm 

in his room against 

regulations. 

Interestingly, as aggressive as Soviet thought was, 

an attempt to do serious damage and harm with 

military strikes never took place, although many 

people died under covert operations and wars to 

prevent the spread of communism to other countries. 

During Vietnam, the Department of Defense 

was fully concentrated in Southeast Asia, unlike the 

Soviet Union. Daniel Courage, an Air Force Vietnam 

veteran says, “Fear and the unknown kept the 

Cold War cold.” In addition to the DEW Line, underground 

command posts were built and an airborne 

command post, known as Looking Glass, flew 

without incident 24 hours every day from February 

3, 1961 to July 24, 1990. Squadrons of strategic reconnaissance 

planes collected information, surveillance 

was kept by tactical aircrafts, and Electronic 

Security Command kept vigilance. 

www.knowyourorigins.org

EXPERIENCE 1958 

TELEVISION 

The Arctic: desolate, savage, remote. A wilderness of unending barren vistas. Through most 

of the year, locked in a bitter cold and almost endless darkness. In the short summers, a swamp-like 

molasses. Not too bad for caribou or polar bears, but no place for human beings. Yet this roof of the 

world holds a stark menace to our country, to our very existence. The menace lies in the new fact of our 

time, that no two nations on Earth are any longer cut off from each other by geography. We all live at 

the edge of the same ocean: the air ocean which envelops the globe. And in the Air Age, geography has 

new meaning for the safety of the American and Canadian people. What was once the impassible Arctic 

now provides the quickest routes for attack from a wide sector of Europe and Asia. 

Watch this Public Service Announcement 

from 1958 from the National Archives

12 | ORIGINS 

DAN COURAGE 

Dan Courage received a Bachelor 

of Science in Civil Engineering from 

MIT’s Lowell Institute of Technology. 

For 30 years he’s owned a successful 

construction company. In his spare 

time he’s an inventor. 

WATCH 

OR READ! 

date 

September 2014 

location 

Austin, Texas 

interviewed by 



Why did you join the Air Force? 

I was in college. I was in my fourth year of 

college. While I was in my fourth year of college 

in May, I got a notice that my draft deferment 

was cancelled. Not paying attention to the news 

because I was in college, I went to my draft board 

to ask questions. When I got to my draft board 

it was full of people all with the same questions: 

college students who didn’t know what was 

going on. While they were all talking, I looked on 

the little card table that was in this office at the 

draft board and I noticed my name on a draft notice 

because I had a little number. I forgot what 

number it was, but my number was little. So I 

quietly walked out and walked down the street 

and walked into an Air Force recruiter and joined 

the Air Force that day. 

What about school? Did you continue your 

education? Or was it only military training? 

And so...and so from there I didn’t finish college 

but it didn’t matter I needed, I needed to go another 

year anyway because my grades were so 

low I couldn’t graduate. So I went into the service 

on June first I think. I went to basic training. 

Halfway through basic training, I think it was in 

July, it was announced in the news that they were 

suspending the lottery system so my heart kind

COLD WAR | 13 

How did you get assigned to the DEW Line 

project? 

HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY/NPS 

of sank thinking, “Oh no, I joined the service and 

I didn’t have to.” I joined the Air Force because 

my brother John was in Vietnam for three tours. 

He was in the Army and he told me his only advice 

to me was, “Don’t go into the Army, they 

are a bunch of animals.” So that’s why I went to 

the Air Force. And then I naively went in to the 

Air Force thinking that I was still going to be an 

engineer in the Air Force because I had all this 

training. So I was sort of told that you take these 

tests. They were called Bypass Tests, and that you 

would be able to get what you wanted. 

Not knowing fully what the service was like, that 

you don’t get what you want and they get what 

they want you to have, I went through basic training. 

At the end of basic training, I had a choice. 

They gave me a choice of three things because I 

scored very high on the tests. The highest score 

you needed was to be an accountant. The next 

thing was a plane loader, a person who loads 

planes. I forgot what they called it. And the third 

thing was communications. And so I put them 

in that order because I thought, “Okay, if that is 

what you need the higher score for, I guess being 

an accountant would be okay. Otherwise I 

couldn’t see myself as an accountant.” So it came 

back that I was accepted to communications. So 

I thought, “Well, I’m in the service.” 

Before I went in the service, when I was in college 

and in a company called Scott’s Contractors. 

They were all seminary students, most of them 

from Canada. And they tried to convince me to 

go to Canada, because that’s what a lot of people 

are doing right now. And they thought I could be 

a conscientious objector. So I probably spent a 

couple days thinking about it and I decided that 

if my family was threatened I could probably kill 

somebody so I couldn’t be a conscientious objector. 

And I wasn’t going to go to Canada since 

it was my duty as an American citizen to go into 

the service, so I did. 

But, being in the service, I did want to avoid going 

to Vietnam. Actually most Air Force people 

went to Thailand and Cambodia, I think. So, they 

gave me communications. What that involved 

was being in a communications center, but I had 

to have a Top Secret Crypto Clearance, which evidently 

is very high up in security. When I filled 

out all my forms, I got calls from the people I had 

names down for. One guy way up in Maine, up in 

the boondocks of Maine, said, “Hey, the FBI came 

around asking all kinds of questions about you.” 

So, I know they investigated me. 

I got my clearance. They gave us the list of where 

we wanted to go. They called it a wishlist but we 

all know that’s really not what it was. So I put 

down, of course, England, Europe, and everything 

as far away from Vietnam as possible. So 

somebody had a sense of humor and they gave 

me Greenland. So I ended up going to Greenland. 

Can you describe what Greenland was like? 

I went to a place called Sondrestrom, which in 

Danish means “Southern Fjord.” It was right on 

the Arctic Circle. It turned out to be the major 

airport of Greenland. The mission was that they 

supported the DYE Sites across Greenland and 

the North Atlantic and Northern Canada. It was 

also called the DEW Line, which I forgot what it 

stood for “defense early warning system.” I think 

that’s what it meant. Our base was actually a 

supply depot for these DYE Sites on the ice cap. 


14 | ORIGINS 

Well also it turns out that 

the place I was stationed at 

was considered “remote isolated.” 

This meant there was 

probably only 300 personnel 

there. There was actually 600 

total, but 300 of them were 

Danish people who lived in 

Greenland. So it was remote 

isolated which meant no 

women. It was isolated. As a 

matter of fact, there were actually 

no roads in Greenland. 

The longest road in Greenland 

was on our base, which 

went from the base down 

to the fjord. When the ships 

came in during the summertime, 

they’d resupply us. 

It also turned out that on this base, it was an ICO 

(which stands for “International Civil Organization”). 

Their job was to transfer all the flight plans 

for all the airplanes that flew over the North Atlantic. 

This was every plane that flew to Europe 

through the North Atlantic because that’s how 

they get there in the shortest way. 

But you weren’t flying in cargo. What did you 

have to do? 

I was the man from ICO, which meant I stood in 

a room about 20 feet by 20 feet, probably 400 

square feet that had about 20 teletype machines. 

Every teletype machine was tied to a certain air 

space area in the United States and in Europe. My 

job was to take flight plans leaving the United 

States or Europe on teletape tape, take it from 

one machine, and go over and feed it into the 

machine where the plane was going. So that, 

back then, was how they transferred the flight 

plans and patterns of planes flying across the 

ocean. I took them from one teletype machine 

and put it in the next correct teletype machine. 

An example would be like leaving New York Kennedy 

in the United States and flying to Heathro, 

London in England. And I would have to do that. 

All airplane traffic came through that room for 

the whole northern part of the world really. 

DADEROT/NATIONAL ELECTRONICS MUSEUM | CC0 1.0 

Did this ever cause difficulties? 

Every once and a while a plane was lost. They 

couldn’t find a plane. For that, we had an air 

rescue operation. Unfortunately, because of my 

work schedule, I was never able to go on it. You 

could volunteer to go on these rescue missions 

to find out where these planes went. A lot of 

times it was just that the information got lost, 

because, you know, it was just teletype machines. 

I also had to type things on these ticket tapes. 

Sometimes, the flight plans would come over the 

teletype but wouldn’t come out as a hard copy 

and I would have to retype it to send it on. Of 

course I could already type pretty fast, but I ended 

up able to type probably 140 to 160 words 

per minute on a teletype machine. Because that’s 

all I did all day; that’s all I did for my 8 hour shift. 

What did you do when you weren’t typing or 

moving teletapes? 

So I was in Greenland, I actually liked it there. I 

was out of the 600 total personnel on base there 

was only six of us that did not drink. Everybody 

else was inebriated the whole year tour there. So 

there was only six of us who also happened to be 

the six in the chapel program, which I ended up 

getting an award for from the Air Force. I got a 

special award for being in Greenland and being 

in the chapel, probably because I wasn’t drunk. 


COLD WAR | 15 

What is one of your most memorable experiences 

from Greenland? 

I was in Greenland up until one day I thought I 

died. I had this wicked fever. There was no hospital, 

only the dispensary. I walked into the dispensary 

the next morning after a horrible, horrendous 

night where I really thought I had died 

because of whatever I had. It turns out as soon 

as they saw me, for some reason they knew the 

symptoms but it’s the only recorded case that 

they know of arrecipolis in Greenland. 

The very next day, I was on a plane to Chelsea 

Naval Hospital in Boston. Because of being a remote 

isolate back during the Vietnam War, when 

you left you were had the option of choosing 

where you wanted to go. That was kind of their 

sympathy for you because you were remote isolated. 

So they asked me where I wanted to go in 

the United States and since I had a youth group 

that I helped in Everett, Massachusetts, which is 

next door to Chelsea, I chose Chelsea Naval Hospital 

in Boston. 

That’s where they sent me. They packed me up. 

I didn’t even have a chance to go back to my 

room. I didn’t have anything. They loaded me on 

a plane. The first thing they had to do was they 

had to give me penicillin, the kind they give to 

horses I think. It was so thick that after they inject 

it into you, they have to physically knead it and 

break it up underneath your skin. So, this arrecipolis, 

I didn’t know what it was but when they 

got to Chelsea Naval Hospital every morning I 

woke up there was at least four or five doctors 

standing around the bed looking at this rare case 

of arrecipolis. It turns out it’s a viral leukemia. 

Air Force Academy Chapel Built in 1956-1962 by architect Walter Netsch with Skidmore, 

Owings and Merrill in expersionist modern style. Located in Colorado Springs, CO. 


16 | ORIGINS 

They don’t know how I got it. Also they didn’t tell 

me this at the time, but I could have died. 

I was at Chelsea Naval Hospital, and it turns out 

that one of my kids from my youth group had 

joined one of the services. I had just happened 

to meet him and he gave me the ins-and-outs of 

how I could stay at the Chelsea Naval Hospital 

the rest of my tour in the service. He had it all 

figured out because during the Vietnam War the 

hospitals were so, so crowded. The doctors were 

so busy that if they didn’t see you physically they 

didn’t know you were there. They had roll call. 

You had to be there every night. But in the morning, 

you usually had one little job to do like run 

the paper from here to there. He would actually 

hide under his bed after roll call in the morning 

and then around ten o’clock in the morning he 

would just go home because he lived right next 

door to the hospital. He would come back in the 

evening, have roll call, and repeat. As long as the 

doctor didn’t see you to process you out, you 

could stay there. He was firefighter. And so, what 

happened was, I was there. I thought, this is fine 

with me, you know, because it was nice. The Air 

Force was just like a job, it wasn’t like the Army. 

When did you leave the hospital? And how 

did you end up in Texas? 

So, what happened was they had received orders 

from Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio. I 

had won this award in Greenland and I had to be 

at the award ceremony for the chapel in the Air 

Force at Wright-Patterson on a certain day. 

I ended up going to get my award. I forgot the 

name of it. Then while I was there I got my orders 

for State-side and I was assigned to Dyess 

Air Force Base in Abilene, Texas, which was a sack 

base at that time. Back then you had a technical 

command and a strategic command. The strategic 

command was kind of the frontline: bombers, 

fighters, and spy planes. It was very secure. I still 

needed to have my Top Secret Crypto Clearance. 

So that’s where I ended up, which I did not like. 

I liked Greenland better than I like Abilene, Texas 

because there was no trees, there was really 

nothing there. 

So Greenland was wide open during Vietnam. 

The Soviets could have come in, they could 

have wiped out the whole North Atlantic 

communication, they could have taken out 

the DEW Line, they could have done serious 

damage to the United States. Why do you 

think they didn’t? 

They didn’t do it because they didn’t know what 

kind of technology we had. They didn’t know 

how well we could see them. They just didn’t 

know. They didn’t know. It really was a pretty 

good system. They knew when anything was flying 

up or coming out Russia. That’s why it was all 

across northern Canada and Greenland because 

we could see over into northern Russia. Without 

sight, it wouldn’t give us enough time. That’s 

when they had all the strategic bombers constantly 

flying. There was always a nuclear strategic 

bomber in the air at that time. And I think 

that Russians just didn’t know. They were kind of, 

in a sense, afraid not knowing what the Americans 

knew and how well we could see them, real- 


COLD WAR | 17 

STIG NYGAARD | CC BY 2.0 

ly. And that’s why the DEW Line was so important 

to maintain. Although, the ice cap was always 50 

degrees below zero. 

So, when I was in Greenland, you could go outside 

and it would be 50 or 60 degrees out. It’d 

be really nice. You go to the BX. Come out of 

the BX, it could be 50 to 70 below zero. In one 

hour it changed 100 degrees one day. And it’s 

only because the wind would change. If the wind 

blew off the ice cap it was always 50 below zero. 

It just kind of never changed. And then, in the 

summertime, the wind blew up from the United 

States and it could be up to 70 degrees. So it was 

pretty dangerous. 

They told us that if we didn’t have a buddy and 

we fell down that within three and a half minutes 

we’d be frozen solid. And they’d never shut 

off any vehicles. So, like the MP trucks and other 

stuff just constantly ran. They never shut off unless 

they drove them into a garage. 

Today, some DYE sites are empty relics, 

some have decayed and been removed 

to the concrete slab, and some are repurposed 

for scientific research. While 

names have changed, even with a focus 

shift to the Middle East since 1990 preoccupying 

global events, a desire from 

Russia has emerged to recapture the 

super power status of the past. 

The days of Soviet missiles pointed at 

a hot dog stand by the Pentagon, $15 

million failed Operation Kitty by the 

CIA to surgically place surveillance 

bugs in cats, and CIA-sponsored mislabeled 

prophylactics to disperse among 

Russian women may be a funnier side 

to an end of an era. 

What remains for the future as Russia 

and the United States collide over the 

Middle East? ◊ 


Taking 

Flight

The Union Army Balloon Corps started in 1861 after a demonstration of the methane filled balloon 

Enterprise to President Abraham Lincoln by Professor Thaddeus Lowe. Seven balloons were 

built and put into service to help make maps, artillery spotting, and aerial reconnaissance of the 

enemy: Eagle, Constitution, Washington, Union, Intrepid, Excelsior, and United States. The balloons 

were deployed with a telegraph and used at the battles of Bull Run, Yorktown, Fair Oaks, 

and Vicksburg. The Confederate Army, unable to secure the same materials as the Union Army, 

made an effective balloon, the Gazelle, from womens’ dress silk. After Gazelle was shot down by 

Union troops, the balloon was given to Professor Lowe. 

Captain Cyrus Comstock, under General Joseph Hooker, was assigned to oversee the balloon 

corps. He cut the funding rendering it ineffective and reduced the pay of Professor Lowe after 

an accusation of financial impropriety. The balloon corps disbanded in July 1863 after Lowe’s 

resignation. 

Military interest in aeronautics surfaced again almost four years after the Wright Brothers’ first 

flight with Kitty Hawk. Interested in balloons and dirigibles, the United States Army Signal 

Corps created an Aeronautical Division in 1907. After the first airplane was delivered in 1909 

from the Wright Brothers, the first Aero Squadron was formed in December 1913. During World 

War I, America was lagging far behind Europe’s superior aviation industries. World War II and 

the attack on Hawaii changed the Army Air Force into a strength of 80,000 aircrafts and 2.4 million 

personnel that dominated the skies before the end of the war. September 1947 birthed the 

United States Air Force as a separate military unit. The Cold War defined the world air superiority 

of the Air Force in strategy, reconnaissance, tactical, transportation and space.

20 | ORIGINS 

WILLARD TEEL 

Willard Teel is a pilot of 44 years, a 

patriot, a former US Air Force Interceptor 

Pilot and Training Instructor, 

humanitarian and a really good role 

model. 

date 

October 2014 

location 

Austin, Texas 



currently 

Willard Teel is currently a pilot 

with Continental Airlines. The 

inspiration to become a pilot as 

a career started with his second 

dad, who was a pilot for Texas 

International. 


Why did you join the Air Force? 

I was a junior in college when I became interested 

in aviation. I got a private license between 

my junior and senior year in 1971 and it was expensive. 

I always felt that we owe something to 

give back and life shouldn’t just be a free ride. 

I went in the Air Force to be a pilot and pay off 

my license. I graduated college in 1972 and was 

accepted into Officer Training School (OTS) that 

summer. I started pilot training in January 1973. 

It was very competitive for airplanes. Only the 

top 10% of the class got a choice, Air Training 

Command took the pilots they wanted, and then 

the plane selection went by seniority of class 

rank. I was number 5 in my class and told I was 

an instructor for Air Training Command. 

What was your role in the Air Force? 

I taught the Foreign Training Squadron for two 

years. These men were from Vietnam, Chile, El 

Salvador, Saudi Arabia and other places in the 

world. What is universal is all pilots are officers. 

The customs, language skills, and appointments 

were different. Some received a pilot slot based 

on relatives or royalty and not always on ability. 

I had a great deal of respect for the Vietnamese 

pilots who dropped out and returned home in a 

war zone to protect their families. I never went 

to Vietnam, but I thought I would. Only one pilot

from my class received orders and en route was 

brought back. No one from my class ever went. 

I was assigned to the Air Force Inspection and 

Safety Center at Norton Air Force Base (AFB) and 

after graduation from the training program, I received 

orders to Peterson AFB, Northern American 

Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). I 

became chief of flying 

safety for the wing. We 

were responsible for 

sharing safety. I was able 

to be staff and an instructor 

pilot in the squadron 

to give pilots check rides 

and check maintenance 

for planes. I then attended 

F-106 training at 

Castle AFB, the Northern 

Air Defense Command 

located in Northern California. 

The F-106 is a high altitude supersonic jet 

designed to engage Russian bombers or ICBMs. 

Can you tell us about one of your missions? 

LEE LILLY | CC BY-ND 2.0 

Our mission was to defend the coastline of the 

US in the late 70s. We would sit alert, but had 

to be airborne in five minutes after the claxon 

went off. We would fly in all weather conditions 

and practiced with 

Air Force and Navy 

B-52s, KC-135, etc. 

Every three to four 

months, we had full 

blown exercises. 

Most were fun, such 

as a single pilot one 

engine (very fast) 

jet that carried four 

missiles, 2 infrared 

(IR) and 2 radar, and 

a nuclear rocket or 

a 20mm Galton gun 

like the A-10. The IR 

was best from behind, 

it tracks heat 

source. The radar 

was best from the 

side or in front. 

The normal routine 

film the interceptor 

recorded was used 

to go over training 

The Korean and Vietnam Wars 

distinctly changed the views 

and treatment of the military by 

the American people in general 

and tested our air power while 

we served continual vigilance 

towards the Soviet Union. 

TAKING FLIGHT | 21 

The F-106 (pictured left) 

is an all- weather, day or 

night fighter. It uses an 

encrypted data link with 

a computer-controlled 

radar fire control system 

to find, track, lock-on 

and destroy any adversary 

aircraft or missiles. 

It still holds the record as 

the fastest single-engine 

fighter in the world flying 

at 1525 miles an hour or 

more with the ability to 

climb over 65,000 feet 

with high maneuverability. 

The special supersonic 

tanks gave it a combat 

radius of 700 miles 

without refueling. The 

cockpit’s heavy workload 

make it one of the most 

challenging fighters to 

master. 

missions. The film records information received 

on the plane and not the pilot; it tracks missile to 

intercept point. 

I was also a part of College 

Dart Trindle Air 

Force Base F-106 primary 

training against other 

squadrons, such as 

F-106, Navy F-14 or F-4. 

We’d fly different scenarios 

against them, which 

were watchable in 3D. 

Every F-106 sat on alert 

at home base and another. 

Mine was at George 

Air Force Base in Victorville. The squadron out of 

Michigan sat on alert for an entire week. 

You haven’t mentioned any female pilots. 

Were there any? 

There were no women pilots until 1981 at Del 

Rio. There are strong women who are highly capable 

and some men were wimpy and probably 


22 | ORIGINS 

not good pilots and soldiers. Being a good pilot depends 

on a person’s ability. Fighter pilots know geography 

or air space and stay within boundaries, with 

radar to guide them. 

World War II pilots were not restricted to men, the 

first women pilots were assigned to the Women’s Air 

Force Service Pilots (WASP) and flew non-combat missions 

such as ferrying and towing targets in gunnery 

schools. They were instructors and did aerial mapping. 

Congress did not declare the women who served as a 

WASP a military pilot and veteran of WW II until 1977. 

Women military pilots did receive wings again until 

1974 and could not fly combat planes until 1991. 

How do types of pilots differ? 

A fighter pilot works with other pilots in formation b,ut 

has to be on their own. A pilot with a crew flies with 

the same crew and knows who is strong and weak. 

Crew concept is different. Navigators were always part 

of a flight crew until planes were refitted with GPS 

units. Navigation is an older technology, the ground 

based system made them few and far between. Before 

updates and modifications, planes used to have flight 

engineers. 

What do you do now that you’ve left the service? 

I left in 1982, after 10 years at age 32, but I didn’t want 

to retire at age 42 with 20 years without knowing I 

could still fly. I left the Air Force to fly as a career. I 

loved the Air Force and I knew I wanted to fly for a 

lifetime. 

I ended up flying a night freight plane for a small 

company. It was good experience but I hated it. I had a 

five-night-week, all night for 15 months. I used my GI 

bill to pay for the DC-9 typewriting qualification. 

I then applied at Continental Airlines and was hired in 

1983. In 1985, I was a DC-9 Captain and in 1987 I taught 

and gave flight checks. In 2001, I qualified to pilot a 

757/767; I still fly this plane. The primary difference is 

size and range. The DC-9 is a domestic plane. The 757 

range is short international flights such as West Coast 

to Hawaii or from the East Coast to Scotland, England 

or Ireland. A 767 is all international flying. 

I am forced to retire from flying passenger craft when I 

am 65 years old, at which time I’ll have over forty-five 

years of flying experience. ◊ 



PILOT TRAINING 

The planes used in pilot training are the Cessna 172 for six weeks, the 

T-37 for four and a half months and then the T-38 for six months. 

CESSNA 172 

The Cessna 172, the most successful aircraft in history, is a single engine 

piston based fixed wing plane that is popular with both the Air 

Force and flight schools for instrument training. The Air Force bought 

an inventory of 172s and renamed them the T-41 Mescelero. 

T-37 

The T-37 is a Cessna sub-sonic trainer for instrumentation, aircraft 

handling, formation and night flying that works on thought process. 

This plane can only fly in two craft formations. Known as the “Tweety 

Bird” from the high-pitched whine sound the static thrust engines produce, 

it was the first military jet designed as a trainer. Cessna entered 

the winning design into a contest in 1952. The prototype XT-37 made 

its first flight from the Wichita Municipal Airport on 12 October 1954. 

In 1989, a contract was awarded for the T-37B Structural Life Extension 

Program. Today only 507 remain in Air Force inventory. Side-by-side 

seating in the T-37 made it easy for the instructor to observe and communicate 

with the student. Its flying characteristics helped student pilots 

prepare to transition to the larger, faster T-38 Talon used later 

in the pilot training program. The Foreign Training Squadron trained 

with the Cessna 172 and T-37. It was rare for a foreign country to pay 

for T-38 training and it was not to the USA. 

T-38 

The Northrup T-38 Talon’s first prototype was designed in 1959 with 

production starting in 1961 and ending in 1972 with a total 1,287 

trainers built. It is a more advanced, super-sonic trainer with advanced 

instruments and ability to fly higher altitudes with four or more planes 

in formation. The jet specifically engages student pilots to master supersonic 

techniques, aerobatics, cross-country navigation, formation, 

and night flying. The Pacer Program and ongoing upgrades and modifications 

are expected to prolong the life to 2020. Today, about 587 remain 

in inventory. These are also used by NASA for astronaut training. 

STEFG74, CC BY 2.0 | MASHLEYMORGAN, CC BY-SA 2.0 | NASA/GSFC/REBECCA ROTH CC BY 2.0 


24 | ORIGINS 

F-106 

ORDNANCE 

AIM-4F Radar Missile 

Radar missiles use a radar transceiver 

and electronics to find and 

track its target. The NATO brevity 

code is Fox Three. 

AIM-4G Infrared Missile 

IR Missiles are guided by infrared. 

This missile uses the emission 

of electromagnetic radiation 

in the infrared spectrum of 

a target to track and follow until 

the target is hit and destroyed. 

This type of missile is known as 

a “heat seeker’ and the NATO 

brevity code for air to air missiles 

in Fox Two. 

AIR-2A Genie Nuclear Rocket 

MELANIE E MAGDALENA | CC BY 4.0 

Designed to be fired into adversary 

bomber formations, this was 

the world’s first nuclear-armed 

air to air missile deployed by the 

Air Force. The rocket design included 

flip out wings for flight 

stability. These rockets were removed 

from inventory in the 

early 1980s. 

M61 20mm Cannon 

Gatling guns are rapid fire rotary 

cannons with multiple barrels in 

a rotating cluster that sustains a 

rate of fire. The M61 is a six barrel 

20mm cannon that can fire 

up to 6,600 rounds per minute. 



E 

X 

P 

L 

O 

R 

E 

How Missile 

Defense Works 

By the U.S. Department of Defense 

meet the f106 

delta dart 

the m61 

in action 

air to air 

missile launch 

test today 


In The 

21st

The United States Department of Defense, as of 2012, is the largest employer in the world with 

a workforce of about 3.2 million. The DOD is the oldest government agency with military roots, 

previously named the Department of War, dating to pre-Revolutionary times. The agency rapidly 

expanded when war broke out in Europe during the onset of World War II. 

President Roosevelt authorized the building of the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. 

Over the course of sixteen months, $83 million (or $1.3 billion in today’s US Dollar) brought a 

pentagon-shaped building to life. Reinforced concrete and concrete ramps with minimal steel, 

covered with a limestone façade, resulted from dredging about 680,000 tons of sand from the 

Potomac River. The final building stands five floors above ground and an additional two floors 

underground, spanning about 6.5 million square feet. With five sides and five ring corridors per 

floor, the design allows any person to walk between any two points in less than seven minutes. 

The United States Post Office established six zip codes for the Pentagon: Secretary of Defense, 

Joint Chiefs of Staff, Marines, Army, Navy, and Air Force. 

Behind the numerous agencies and offices that comprise the DOD, many civilian contractors, 

defense manufacturers, and organizations receive competitive and lucrative contracts to support 

the tools necessary for defense and war. First coined in the 20th Century, Military Industrial 

Complex was made famous by President Eisenhower’s January 17, 1961 farewell address to the 

nation. He warned the people to not let military industry dictate actions go unchecked as it 

would usurp the freedom of our country. But unpopular wars, terrorism and a recent popularity 

of soldiers have not altered the relationships of companies, contracts, and a check and balance.

28 | ORIGINS 

HOW BIG IS THE PENTAGON? 

The Pentagon is 1414 ft (431 m) wide. 

Compare this to (from top to bottom): 

RMS Queen Mary 2 (1132 ft/345m), USS 

Enterprise (1122 ft/342m), Hindenburg 

(804 ft/245 m), Yamato (863 ft/263 m), 

Empire State Building (1453 ft/443 m), 

and Knock Nevis tanker (1503 ft/458 m). 

That’s a pretty big five-sided building! 

A free enterprise system does give business, 

small or large, an opportunity to compete and 

play a part in defense. Perhaps the size of the 

DOD has created a secure relationship with contractors 

to provide everything it needs ranging 

from office supplies, transportation, communication, 

and building construction to clearance-level 

high technology used in weapons, espionage, 

and satellites. These companies are known as a 

MICI (Military Industrial Complex Inc.) by some 

contractors and vary in size. 

The largest ubiquitous companies are Raytheon, 

Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems, Boeing, General 

Dynamics, Booz Hamilton, Northrup Gruman, 

and others. But, small business ventures are also 

wanted and awarded contracts. For example, the 

United States Air Force is offering contracts to 

HUB, Veteran owned, Women owned, small disadvantaged, 

and Indian incentive program business 

to help meet its needs to put innovation, 

efficiency and agility to support the Air Force 

mission. 

Most every industry in America is able to bid on 

a contract opportunity. The trucking industry is 

used for about 70,000 loads a year by the DOD. 

Strict standards for security and safety must be 

met before a carrier can become a contractor. 


DEFENSE TODAY | 29 

The Pentagon As seen while taking off at Reagan National Airport, photographed from the 

northeast by David B. Gleason in 2008. Pentagon City, Arlington, Virginia. cc by-sa 2.0 


30 | ORIGINS 

STACIA MARTIN 

Stacia Martin was a truck driver 

for a U.S. Department of Defense 

contracted company for a Military 

Industrial Complex Inc. or MICI. 

How can a trucking company be a MICI? 

Trucking companies of high value freight had the 

security issues of DOD contract freight. A driver 

can be recruited for DOD driving contracts. The 

driver must pass a security secret clearance and 

a special clearance from Homeland Security to 

haul general hazardous material as a result of 

Timothy McVeigh. Trucks have a monitoring system 

linked to the DOD tracking system. I was a 

driver with both clearances. 

date 

October 2014 

location 

Austin, Texas 



currently 

Stacia Martin is working on her 

Doctorate of Psychology and 

immigrating to Canada for two 

years to finish her clinical training 

and receive a license to practice. 

She is then moving to Israel to be 

a minister and psychologist. 


What did transporting entail? 

We get an offer across onboard computer screens 

in expedite freight. A team is already waiting and 

there may be designated stops but basically it is 

only stopping for fuel. If a driver needed to rest 

overnight, the driver needed to stay on a military 

base. A driver waits for a DOD load and takes the 

call. Once we accept the load, we have to go to 

the customer, the MICI. 

All directions and specific instructions are sent 

to the truck’s computer and again on the cell 

phone. We, myself and a co-driver, were given a 

nondescript assignment, just crates and it would 

be loaded for us. We get there and log into the 

system, pull up to a gate to be buzzed in with 

cameras at every angle, and then go to a second 

gate to buzz in before driving to the loading

DEFENSE TODAY | 31 

DAVID GUO | CC BY 2.0 

dock. We go to receiving and get buzzed in 

that door and a guy says “Oh, you’re here for 

the secret crates.” We sign paperwork and 

receive the global bill of laden after the truck 

is loaded. We log into DOD to start tracking 

via satellite as we drive out of the complex. 

RESTRICTEDDATA | CC BY 2.0 

We drove about 600 miles to another MICI. 

We have to go through a big gate and drive 

down a really long driveway and another gate 

is opened and then we back into that dock. 

“So you brought our secret gates. Would 

you like to know what’s in them?” I told him, 

“I don’t ask questions, I just do what I am 

told.” He says, “Good, I would kill you if you 

saw what’s in them.” Grinning, he proceeds 

to pop the lid of one of the crates and they 

were empty wooden crates stamped with 

“SECRET” in black ink. They were just being 

recycled and were truly secret crates. 

Can you tell us what you transported? 

I used to haul military explosives. Military explosives 

hazard sticker is orange. Every time I pulled into refueling, 

all the truckers would move away from me 

as far as possible. Firearms were broken up in pieces 

so a truck would not haul an entire weapon system. 

On occasion, I drove to missile sites. On one time, I 

saw fire trucks at the gate and wondered. Someone 

got sick, but I asked at the gate if I would go quick 

or if I would suffer. He said not to worry, the whole 

state would go. 

What would you do if there was an emergency 

or a situation? 

We had a panic button in our truck. If we didn’t 

answer the phone, a black helicopter landed on the 

freeway by the truck. So when a driver signs the line 

that they can be shot off the road, they meant it. I 

thought it was lore and people over inflating, but 

the DOD takes it very serious. 

Aside from missiles and explosives, what did 

you learn or get to do as a MICI contractor? 

I took a brand new Freightliner truck and turned 

it into a business. I was a top 2% producer in the 

fleet. I learned excellent customer service and took 

initiative. I learned the many cultures in the United 

States, from county to county and state to state. I 

learned a lot about myself. I always drove as a team, 

never alone. Most DOD have to drive in a team to 

make sure the shipment goes to its destination 

without any hindrance. Once in a while, we went to 

a camper. Our trucks had a plug that worked like a 

camper. I took three days off and rented a space at 

Malibu across the street from the beach. 

The diversity and bidding process for 

goods and service to the DOD offer many 

an opportunity to support the United 

States and her protection. The responsibility 

falls on the CEO and other executive 

staff, Board of Directors, and stakeholders 

to keep a check and balance with military 

and government actions. Taking heed of 

President Eisenhower’s speech, the people 

who vote, work, and run companies are 

equally responsible for freedom and supporting 

those who defend us. ◊ 


32 | ORIGINS 

MILITARY 

MARINE 

MAMMALS 


MILITARY MARINE MAMMALS | 33 

During the anti-Communist war in Vietnam, human 

soldiers were not the only ones on the battlefront. 

In 1959, out of California, the U.S. Navy 

began the Marine Mammal Program. Dolphins 

were deployed to Vietnam in 1970 to patrol 

nearby warships and end underwater sabotage 

in Cam Ranh Bay. By 2003, dolphins were used 

to mark active mines for deactivation in Iraqi 

waters near Umm Qasr. 

During the Cold War, the U.S. Navy, as well as 

Russia, used dolphins to detect mines out of 

reach for human divers. Dolphins and sea lions 

are used today since both are physically ideal 

for deep sea diving. Compared to a human diver, 

dolphins can stay under water longer and 

dive much deeper. Also, dolphins do not have 

to resurface as slowly as deep divers for decompression. 

The deepest dive record is held 

by Tuffy, a U.S. Navy trained bottlenose dolphin, 

at 300 meters (900 feet). 

The U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program (NMMP) 

has five systems called marks, MK for short: 

MK4, MK5, MK6, MK7, and MK8. NMMP uses 

bottlenose dolphins and California sea lions. 

These teams can be deployed within 72 hours 

and rapidly transported around the world. 

MK4: (Dolphins) Detect and mark the location 

of mines tethered to the sea floor. 

MK5: (Sea lions) “QuickFind” system of recovery 

for hardware on the sea floor as well 

as people, such as victims of a plane crash. 

MK6: (Dolphins and sea lions) Trained for 

locating intruders in the water and detect 

threats. 

MARION DOSS | CC BY-SA 2.0 

MK7: (Dolphins) Detect and mark the location 

of mines sitting on, or buried under, the 

sea floor. 

MK8: (Dolphins) Human/dolphin teams identify 

safe corridors for taking troops to shore. 

Typically operate in very shallow water. 

The program is an accredited member of the Alliance 

of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums, 

an international organization committed to the 

care and conservation of marine mammals. ◊ 


34 | ORIGINS 

R.O. CLARKE 

Roderick O Clarke is an immigrant 

from Jamaica, an honor student, a 

retired Marine, an author of three 

published books, an entrepreneur, a 

father, a minister and a humanitarian 

running for political office. 

What brought you to the United States and 

into the Marines? 

Before I left Jamaica, it was fun. We didn’t have 

a lot of money but we had a lot of love. That 

was great, a very tight family and community. 

We have a mango walk, we collect mangos or 

gannets. We sled downhill on coconut bark, we 

cooked fish at walk, we climbed trees, we collected 

oranges. We enjoyed fresh air and each other. 

We experienced life, no video games. 

date 

October 2014 

location 

San Antonio, Texas 



author of 

Black Reign 

Loose but Bound 

Manifest 


I think we developed social skills better because 

we walked the mango groves together and built 

relationships. The history in Jamaica was very 

important. Every child knows where they came 

from, the lineage, the struggle. 

Coming to America was disappointing and full 

history of black history was lacking. I believe 

black Americans suffer from lack of identity. Immigrants 

know where they come from and lineage. 

How do you know how to treasure life 

when you don’t know your origins? 

For me, I left Jamaica at 17 and immigrated to 

America, because my dad wanted more opportunity. 

My siblings and I went to live in Florida and 

did a few months of high school, made honor roll 

and merited scholarships.

JAMAICA TO OKINAWA | 35 

JAMAICA, 

a mountainous 

island about the size 

of Connecticut located 

within the Caribbean 

archipelago, is home 

to a very diverse 

population with about 

90% African ancestry. 

I met recruiters to see world. The Navy talked 

about subs, but I am not a fan of water for 

a few months at a time. The Marines talked 

about reputation and travel. I joined in September 

1991. 

I was 18 in October and celebrated my birthday 

in boot camp. The Marines and Army 

have aggressive recruiters. I really wanted 

Marines, longest boot camp with more intangibles. 

After boot camp, I was then assigned 

a MOS and went to Squadron school for infantryman-everyone 

in Marine does infantry 

regardless of MOS. I became a warehouse 

administrative clerk from anything from tents 

to tanks. I went to Albany, Georgia for that 

WHAT IS MOS? 

3.26 | CC BY-SA 2.0 

Military Occupational Specialty code is a 

nine character code used in the United 

States Army and United States Marines to 

identify a specific job. In the United States 

Air Force, Air Force Specialty Codes (AFSC) 

are used. In the United States Navy, a system 

of naval ratings and designators is used 

along with the Navy Enlisted Classification 

(NEC) system. 

Columbus claimed the island for Spain in 1492. 

Within a few decades, the original population 

became extinct from European disease, kidnapping, 

enslavement, and genocide. 

By the early 1660s, Jamaica was sparsely populated 

by Spaniards controlling the island as a 

weigh station until the Treaty of Madrid. England 

assumed control and cultivated the land with vast 

sugar plantations and African slaves. By 1730, 

Jamaica produced 15,500 tons of sugar, placing it 

as Britain’s most prized colony. 

When the slave trade was abolished in 1807, 

Jamaica produced 78,000 tons of sugar and 

housed 324,000 African slaves. Racism, exploitation, 

and anti-slavery campaigns continued until 

The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 passed parliament 

and finally ended slavery in the British 

Empire. 

Jamaica, slowly and gradually, attained full independence 

from Britain (1962) by joining the 

Commonwealth of Nations. The United States recruited 

90,000 Jamaicans to work on the Panama 

Canal from 1881 to World War I. During both 

world wars, Jamaican men were recruited for 

service on many American bases in the region. 

The 1965 Harte-Celler Immigration Reform Act 

changed the immigration policy and opened the 

door for a surge of people moving into America. 

By 2009, 3.5 million people came from the 

Caribbean, roughly about 21 percent were from 

Jamaica. Roderick left Jamaica to finish his last 

year of high school in Greenacres, Florida and 

started a lifelong career as inspiration to many 

around him. 


36 | ORIGINS 

DVIDSHUB | CC BY 2.0 

school and then North Carolina for two years for 

that job. 

As a marine, where were you stationed? 

I wanted to go overseas and I put down Hawaii 

and Japan and got none of those but went to 

South Carolina. After two years at Camp Lejeune, 

named after General Lejeune, I put down Hawaii 

and Japan and got orders to Okinawa from the 

summer of ‘94 to ‘97. 

Okinawa welcomed Marines. I learned to speak 

Japanese almost fluently and taught English to 

students that were there. The military get along 

really well with Japanese. We are all Americans 

overseas and almost no racism. We come together 

as one. All holidays, all cultures come together 

and celebrate, go to church together, play sports. 

Then I was assigned Maryland next from ‘98 to 

2001 and became a Marine corp recruiter. I was 

a Sergeant and my MOS allowed promotion, 

so I took recruiter over Training Instructor (TI). I 

love to teach and instruct young people. I spent 

8 weeks in San Diego and graduated at top of 

my class for recruiter communication skills. I was 

asked where to be assigned-I went to Maryland 

and ended up working in Virginia and DC. I went 

to the White House for a weekend and met President 

Clinton. I received a meritorious promotion 


to Staff Sergeant and a Marine Meritorious Honor 

medal, a NAM medal, and scholarships. I was 

one of top recruiters for 5 years. After my first 

year I recruited over 100 people in military and 

in top tier, I was awarded the Centurion award. I 

was awarded above all branches. 

WHAT IS NAM? 

A Navy and Marine Corps medal is 

the second highest non-combat decoration 

awarded for heroism, established 

in 1942 by Congress. The medal 

is considered an equivalent to the 

United States Amry’s Soldier’s medal, 

United States Air Force’s Airman’s 

Medal, and the Coast Guard Medal. 

What was your experience in Okinawa 

during 9-11? 

I went back to Okinawa, Japan the weekend 

of 9-11 and asked to go on duty to be staff 

non-comissioned officer northernmost base in 

Okinawa that weekend. No one knew it was real, 

we thought it was an action movie when the 

planes hit the towers. A Marine Corp General, 

the Commander in Chief at Camp Smedley D. 

Butler, called and asked me my assessment of attack 

and advice.

I said to General ‘Sir, we are obviously under 

attack and ready battalions to attack and pursue 

and destroy.’ I recalled all back to base and 

briefed all Marines we are under attack and definitely 

going to war against whomever the threat 

was. My thoughts were to assess the matter and 

act accordingly. 

The U.S. was in upheaval, no one knew what was 

going on. The military was responsible for calming 

nation and go where sent. All training became 

real. I was reassigned to all bases to help 

train and protect bases. I first went to Navy to 

protect that base, then an Army base for a couple 

months training to protect base and retaliate if 

hit. All training came to par at that time. I was an 

engineer specialist when invasion and war started 

in Iraq, I was training Marines on how to contain 

oil threat of environment and life. 

I was a trainer and did not go to war. I did evacuations 

for injured Marines and brought them 

back to California or nearest neutral base at time. 

I worked with security forces and made sure laws 

of war was working. I reduced threat and life to 

America as best as can. I did training from 2001 

to 2004. Operation Freedom, invade and safeguard 

Iraq and restore order in Kuwait. 


In 2004, intelligence indicated they existed and 

moved but did not know where mass destruction 

weapons were. I was told to stay back and keep 

order in Iraq. I did more training for my environmental 

specialist job in 2004, mainly protecting 

environment. I trained with Special Purpose and 

Military Police to safeguard bases. I was still in 

Okinawa for two years until 2007. 

What did you do during your retirement? 

I went to Europe to retire. We went to UK. I was a 

training instructor in UK. For two years I worked 

with civilians to spot bombs on or under school 

buses and any attacks on civilian buses; no trains, 

just civilian buses and local schools, protecting 

kids and future. I stayed in a couple years in Europe 

and published a couple of books. I also 

started a retail business in the UK selling things 

that people needed, particularly to immigrants 

coming to UK: flashlights, vests, CPR training. We 

gave recommendations on discounted stores, 

food guides, introductions to UK culture, and 

helped out with immigration of those coming to 

UK with trainings to get jobs. It was really good 

using skills from Jamaica and USA. I heard Texas 

was a good place to retire and took care of Vets 

so I came to San Antonio. I really wanted to stay 

in UK, but I trusted God. 

US MARINE CORPS | CC BY-NC 2.0 


38 | ORIGINS 

DVIDSHUB | CC BY 2.0 

You’ve published many books since you retired. What 

are they about? 

I started writing at age 12, but I published after I retired from 

the Marines. I wrote plays for my church when I was a teenager. 

My first book called Black Reign is a collection of poems 

and won awards at Cambridge University. I wrote Loose 

but Bound, a book about avoiding sin and temptation. I encourage 

people who are married to stay course and as long 

as partners are one accord, they can conquer anything and 

can fight against anything. I spoke to Matt Damon about my 

book and he got a copy. You never know where God will put 

you to witness. I trained cast members on how to wear uniform, 

salute, and look like real military for two movies. I did 

some acting. I also wrote Manifest, a book about the state of 

young men in today’s society that choose a more convenient 

lifestyle as opposed to previous generations relying on hard 

work. 

What are your thoughts on Military Intelligence? 


At the time I joined the Marines, I was not an American Citizen 

and could not be eligible for intelligence. When 9-11 

came I was asked many intel questions as acting company 

NCOIC gathering intel information. My experience in 2001 

helped in 2004 for intel work. I may have been inaccurate for 

weapons were there, but at time, area was hot zone, still is. 

Intelligence much better since 2004. Collecting better, more 

passive during 9-11 time. We knew Osama was a threat but 

did not enact on it. We get more intel and act on more. The 

military gets more proactive. ISIS needs vigilance and pro-


activity. Cold War ended, so intel lapsed and for 

many years Soviets were a big threat. After the 

wall came down, and no more threats. We became 

lax and then 9-11 hit so the intelligence 

for mass weapons was not as good as it used 

to be. When the government was downsizing, 

I think it was a wrong move to pull out of the 

area. Needed to leave a battalion or presence or 

buffer to watch over hot zone. Pulling out was 

not right thing and now we have ISIS. It is slap 

in face to Veterans that survived and those who 

died in Iraq. We need to be aggressive and offensive 

with ISIS and take battle to them. We cannot 

wait for another 9-11. 

Is America worth fighting for? 

America is worth fighting and dying for. It has 

helped so many people find purpose, achieve 

goals, liberty. Place for people to find freedom. 

We as Americans need to do it together. In WWII 

started we did it together. In Iraq was one force 

and made us victorious. We need to do it together. 

We need God in our purpose. I disagree with 

Air Force taking God out of the oath. 

Is there a transition from being Jamaican 

with a history of slavery to delivering people 

from spiritual slavery in America? 

We came to Jamaica as slaves by Spanish and 

eventually Britain gave us freedom. We see our 

islands as free with less restrictions 

than America. We had 

goats, pigs, chickens and a garden 

in our backyard and we 

never felt lack. We thought we 

were rich. I didn’t see any transition 

problems immigrating to 

America. 

The British education system is 

more advanced. We have a better 

education in math and science 

than American children. 

We have one of the best education 

systems in World because 

of the British. I have always 

been interested in ministry. I 

was baptized at age 12. It is not 

just preaching and teaching and 

I’ve always known I would be in 

ministry. 

The biggest challenge as a minister 

in America is ego, edging 

out God. There are so many 

broken churches because of 

ego. The biggest problem is we 

are all going to heaven so why 

do we judge other churches instead 

of working together? ◊ 


40 | ORIGINS 

01010110 01101001 01110011 011010 

01110111 01110111 00101110 01101011 

01101111 01110101 01110010 01101 

01101001 01101110 01110011 0010 

00100000 01110100 01101111 01100 

01100110 01101111 01110010 00100 

01100101 00100000 01100001 0 

01101101 01100101 01101110 01100 

The very first computer to solve differential 

equations, called a Water Integrator, emerged 

in 1936 from the Soviet Union. Vladimir Lukyanov 

wanted to solve the problem of concrete 

cracking. This involved calculating the material 

properties of the concrete, the curing process, 

and possible environmental conditions. Using a 

series of interconnected water-filled glass tubes, 

level markers provided numeric answers. Adjusting 

the taps and plugs changed variables. 

The results were considered more accurate than 

solving the mathematical equations by hand. 

The Water Integrator was used until 1980s to 

solve large scale modeling and other problems 

in geology, metallurgy, rocket science, and thermal 

physics. 

Also during 1936, Konrad Zuse, a German construction 

engineer, invented a device to aide in 

lengthy calculations. His device, the binary machine 

named Z1, used three elements: a control, 

a memory, and a calculator for arithmetic. The 

prototype was used to develop floating-point 

arithmetic, high capacity memory, and yes/no 

command relays. In 1941, the Z3 launched from 


donated recycled materials as the first electronic, 

fully programmable digital computer based 

on a binary-point number and switching system. 

Old movie film was used to store the programs 

and data due to paper shortage. A formal presentation 

in 1946 was made before scientists of 

the Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt (German 

Laboratory for Aviation), in Berlin. 

In 1946, the high level programming language 

Plankaikül, literally formal system for planning, 

evolved out of the old movie film, which included 

arrays, subroutines, conditional statements, 

iteration, floating point arithmetic, hierarchical 

record structures, assertions, exception handling, 

and records used in a style of assignment. 

An assignment stores the value of an expression 

as a variable. The Nazi government believed victory 

was at hand and ceased support for further 

research. The language was not published until 

a paper was published in 1948 Archiv der Mathematik. 

Receiving little interest from the publication, 

Plankalkül was not reintroduced until 1972 with

WWII COMPUTING TODAY | 41 

FROM WWII: 

01 01110100 00100000 01110111 

01101110 01101111 01110111 01111001 

COMPUTING 

111 01110010 01101001 01100111 

1110 01101111 01110010 01100111 

FOR THE 21 ST 

100 01100001 01111001 00100000 

000 01101101 01101111 01110010 

1110111 01100101 01110011 01101111 

101 01110011 01110011 00100001 

the first compiler for it created until 1998. Zuse 

fled to Switzerland after his company and the 

early models, Z1 to Z3, were destroyed during 

the Second World War. Zuse finished his work 

on the Z4 at the Federal Polytechnical Institute 

of Lausanne, Switzerland, where it was used until 

1955. 

In 1939, Hewlett-Packard was founded in a 

Palo Alto garage. The HP 200A Audio Oscillator 

was used by engineers as test equipment. The 

HP200B was sold to Walt Disney Studios, who 

bought eight to use for the film Fantasia. During 

WWII, the Navy approached MIT Project Whirlwind: 

a flight simulator to train bomber pilots. 

The first model was inaccurate and led MIT to 

develop the first digital computer. The project 

was not complete until 1951, switching to Air 

Force support after the Navy lost interest. 

The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer 

(ENIAC) was completed in 1946, comprised 

of plug boards and switches, using cards, 

lights, switches, and plugs as input/output at a 

speed of 5,000 operations per second. The IBM 

CENTURY 

1401, introduced in 1959, certified the company 

as a computer maker. The famous UNIVAC I 

was delivered to the US Census Bureau in 1951. 

Remington Rand sold 46 machines at $750,000 

each and high speed printers for $185,000 each. 

The computer era began with new components 

and designs each year. In 1969, XEROX bought 

Scientific Data Systems for nearly $1 billion and 

logged more sales than Digital Equipment Corporation 

until the division was closed in 1975 

and XDS computer manufacturing ceased. 

Following Hewlett-Packard, many ubiquitous 

inventions created by entrepreneurs birthed 

from garages, restaurants, subways or the English 

countryside. In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve 

Wozniak built 50 computers out of a garage and 

sold them for $500 each. Bill Gates created a 

basic programming language called MITTS in a 

motel room at the Sundowner off Route 66. In 

1984, Michael Dell upgraded PCs in his University 

of Texas dorm room. His first month in business 

earned him $180,000. Jeff Bazos started Amazon 

by selling books out of his garage. Google was 

created when Stanford students Larry Page and 


42 | ORIGINS 

Sergey Brin paid Susan Wojcicki $1,700 a month 

to work out of her garage. Twitter originated 

by Jack Dorsey sharing the idea with his friends 

Evan Williams and Biz Stone in a San Francisco 

park. PayPal was funded with $4.5 million using 

a Palm Pilot and the new PayPal technology in 

a Woodside, California restaurant. Dennis Crowley 

and Naveen Selvadurai created FourSquare 

in two New York City coffee shops. Recent MIT 

graduate Drew Houston created DropBox on a 

bus ride from Boston to New York City. 

Paul Wright and Geoff Smith started Blyth Computers 

Ltd in 1979 as the first Apple dealership 

in Westhaston, England. Three years later, Blyth 

Software was created with a database application 

tool for the Apple 2 called “OMNIS” using 

Apple’s Pascal. The company grew and incorporated 

in San Mateo, California in 1984. After the 

release of the Apple Macintosh in 1984, the UK 

headquarters moved into Mitford House located 

in Suffolk. 

The company was renamed OMNIS Software in 

1997 and eventually became TigerLogic in 2008, 

maintaining its role as a leader in developing and 

deploying component engineering software. 

OMNIS software is a Rapid Application Development 

(RAD) tool. The RAD concept is a rigid 

paced schedule that defers improvements to the 

next version by reusing software components, 

prototyping with early reiterative user testing of 

designs, and gathering requirements from focus 

groups or workshops leaving out much of the 

formality of reviews and communication. 

OMNIS Studio versions have successfully added 

more features with new powerful capabilities, 

increasingly simpler to use. It is the only RAD 

tool that offers the integrated ability to deploy 

on many platforms with seamless interface of 

external components. The OMNIS application 

has a set of web tools that allow it to operate 

without modification using a standard browser 

as the interface. 

David Swain, OMNIS Technical Account Manager, 

says, “It is impossible to misspell. Type a character 

to retrieve code objects, never write the 

code. OMNIS is a token incorporated language. 


“ Wine has been a part 

of civilized life for some 

7,000 years. It is 

the only beverage that 

feeds the body, soul and 

spirit of man and at 

the same time stimulates 

the mind... ” 

- Robert Mondavi 

It reads tokens that represent various code. 

OMNIS command objects 2 to 4 bytes in size, 

almost like precompiled. This is very fast, incredibly 

accurate and the only concern for the 

programmer is the logic of the code. Because 

the structure is sophisticated, it is less likely to 

be hacked.” David Swain has written numerous 

articles on OMNIS to help developers and programmers 

save time and alleviate frustration. 

Rod Young has been very successful in Shaklee 

sales for over 30 years. He started his success 

with a rolodex. When he bought his Macintosh in 

1984, he learned OMNIS. His rolodex was replicated 

and he, with the aide of MIT programmers 

and David Swain, created a program after an 

in-depth market analysis of the optimal time to

WWII COMPUTING TODAY | 43 

Many times the problem could not be corrected 

because the structure of the language did not 

allow for any change in logic. Unlike IBM code, 

OMNIS is very structured, can go back to change 

anything you wanted to change and finding the 

code was easy. This was the best business partnership 

I ever had. Basically, you go in and tell 

business owners what to do and they pay you 

for it.” 

Rod Young recalls, “There were live conferences 

with the company at an English mansion 

[Mitford House] and I would see them walking 

around in this room drinking wine and talking 

about OMNIS. Their intellect was quite remarkable 

and periodically I needed a lower level explanation.” 

Young continues to use OMNIS to 

create campaign lists of voters and continue to 

run his thriving Shaklee business. 

Today, computerized technology runs autopilot 

tractors, biotechnology, cars, household appliances, 

LCD fish finders, livestock collars, medicine, 

micro-computer hair conditioning, and 

smartphone irrigation. 

RPAVICH | CC BY 2.0 

contact customers. This original program is still 

in use today because the language is a library 

of code for everything you design, the only update 

is the engine. The engine makes everything 

run on a platform, but the program written years 

ago still runs without any tweaks. 

The success of the program and business results 

created a consulting firm between Daniel 

Courage and Rod Young. Daniel Courage recalls, 

“It was like an unstructured association of programming 

geeks and business entrepreneurs. 

We immediately saw the advantage of using the 

Macintosh with OMNIS to help companies having 

problems with their burdensome IBM coded 

machines. Any change in the business would 

require scheduling a programmer to come in. 

The wine industry, led by Spanish and Swedish 

engineers from the Polytechnic University of 

Valencia and University of Galve respectively, is 

using a desktop apparatus connected to a computer 

to sense pears from apples by esters. Fruit 

is placed in a chamber with air flow to allow 

metal oxide semiconductors to detect odorous 

compounds. Software gathers and analyzes the 

data to present the results in a 3D graph. The 

technology may eventually distinguish the type 

of grape and recognize a wine’s vintage. This 

prototype will be used to develop multisensor 

systems to differentiate more complex mixtures 

of wine. 

While other computerized technology sorts and 

scans grapes by identifying color variations and 

tanks are tuned and pumped automatically, tasting 

and smelling a wine to determine if it is delicious 

may not be the best use of technology. 

Perhaps only man should smell wine, but how 

many computer systems, software or businesses 

are created or learned by drinking wine? ◊ 


46 | ORIGINS 

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REFERENCES & 

FURTHER READING

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