Lynching in America

55. MARK SCHNEIDER, “WE RETURN FIGHTING”: THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE JAzz AGE, 80 (2001).
56. Genna Rae McNeil, Before Brown: Reflections on Historical Context and Vision, 52 AM. U. L. REV. 1431,
1435-36 (2003).
57. See ROBERT WHITAKER, ON THE LAPS OF GODS (2008); Andrew Good, On the Laps of Gods: The Red Summer
of 1919 and the Struggle for Justice That Remade A Nation by Robert Whitaker Crown Publishers
(2008), CHAMPION 59 (2009).
58. CAMERON MCWHIRTER, RED SUMMER: THE SUMMER OF 1919 AND THE AWAKENING OF BLACK AMERICA 14 (2011).
59. Williams, supra note 3, at 249 (citing Murdering Negroes at Washington, WASHINGTON BEE (Aug. 23,
1919)).
60. Id. at 227 (citing The Work of the Inter-Racial Committee, Colored Work Department Records, box 9,
Kautz Family YMC Archives), 253.
61. George Haynes, For Action on Race Riot Peril, N.Y. TIMES (Oct. 5, 1919).
62. Williams, supra note 3, at 143.
63. Joel Black, 28 LAW & HIST. REV. 876, 877 (2010) (book review) (ADRIENNE LENTz-SMITH, FREEDOM STRUGGLES:
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND WORLD WAR I, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.: HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 318 (2009)).
64. Williams, supra note 3, at 237. Decades later, Sgt. Johnson received posthumous American military
honors for his bravery and service: the Purple Heart in 1996; a Distinguished Service Cross in 2002;
and on June 2, 2015, President Obama awarded Sgt. Johnson the Medal of Honor, the nation’s highest
award for bravery.
65. Id. at 31.
66. Id. at 226-30.
67. Id. at 237-38.
68. Id. at 239.
69. Lentz-Smith, dissertation, supra note 18, at 220-21.
70. Williams, supra note 3, at 238-39. (citing Sylvester, Georgia (Aug. 1, 1919), reel 1, Files on Discrimination
in the Military, Papers of the NAACP; Negro Soldier Beat Up in Worth County,MACON NEWS, (April
29, 1919), reel 222, frame 20, TINCF); Want Assailants of Soldier Punished, N.Y. AGE (May 3, 1919).
71. Want Assailants of Soldier Punished, N.Y. AGE (May 3, 1919).
72. Barbeau, supra note 43, at 78.
73. See LAURA WEXLER, FIRE IN A CANEBRAKE: THE LAST MASS LYNCHING IN AMERICA (2004).
74. Defender Vows to Fight Until Lynch Evil Dies: Four Negroes Murdered By Georgia Mob; Horror Sweeps
Nation Victims Of Southern Insanity, THE CHICAGO DEFENDER (Aug. 3, 1946); Ga. Massacre Quiz Farmer
Six Hours; Fifty More Witnesses On List, THE CHICAGO DEFENDER (Dec. 14, 1946).
75. FBI Investigates Claim Suspects in 1946 Georgia Mass Lynching May Be Alive, THE GUARDIAN (Feb. 16,
2015).
76. The Ghosts and Terror of America’s “Last Mass Lynching,” WASH. POST (Feb. 18, 2015).
49